656:
457:
549:
670:
640:. Up to 90% of their dry weight may be harvested as lipids. In this process, raw algae is dewatered to yield algal oil. Algal oil gets degummed, typically via washing with acid, to removing polar lipids and metals. Degummed algal oil is then transesterified and purified to yield a mixture of omega−7 esters and eicosapentaenoic acids, which can be hydrodeoxygenated to form
1002:
438:
fatty acids. As a result, while proportions of individual highly unsaturated fatty acids may vary greatly in different tissue types due to factors such as diet, the overall concentration of highly unsaturated fatty acids is kept stable in a living organism. These individual concentrations
618:
consumed by a cow is correlated with a significant decrease in the omega−7 fatty acid content of the cow's milk. Rumenic and vaccenic acid concentrations declined significantly within one week of removing herbage from the cow's diet, suggesting that modern dairy farming methods may lead to decreases
627:
Traditional sources of omega−7 fatty acids such as macadamia nuts have proved expensive on the industrial scale, prompting the discovery of new omega−7 rich sources such as algae. Alterations to algal growing conditions such as
613:
Dairy products are one of the primary sources of dietary omega−7 fatty acids. However, the production of omega−7 fatty acids in cows is heavily diet-dependent. Specifically, a reduction in the proportion of
600:, meaning that preventing apoptosis of beta cells is crucial for maintaining a stable population of beta cells. The cytoprotective effect of omega−7 fatty acids makes them a candidate for diabetes treatment.
211:
in humans as they can be made endogenously. Diets rich in omega−7 fatty acids have been shown to have beneficial health effects, such as increasing levels of HDL cholesterol and lowering levels of LDL cholesterol.
1000:, Shinde, Sandip & Kale, "Omega 7 rich compositions and methods of isolating omega 7 fatty acids", published 2015-12-01, assigned to Heliae Dev LLC
439:
are highly influential in determining what fatty acids will be used by a given tissue type in phospholipid synthesis such as that required for the maintenance of the
422:
16- and 18-carbon omega−7 unsaturated fatty acids are known to be converted into 18- or 20-carbon highly unsaturated fatty acids in the body by nonselective
467:
713:
Mukherjee KD, Kiewitt I (October 1980). "Formation of (n-9) and (n-7) cis-monounsaturated fatty acids in seeds of higher plants".
644:
and algae green diesel, respectively. These products are then crystallized and separated to yield the desired omega−7 fatty acid.
528:
500:
507:
966:
Rapid decline of contents of beneficial omega-7 fatty acids in milk from grazing cows with decreasing herbage allowance
973:
514:
486:
1035:
875:
Morgan NG, Dhayal S (April 2010). "Unsaturated fatty acids as cytoprotective agents in the pancreatic beta-cell".
1322:
496:
160:
997:
1078:
1073:
475:
207:. They are widely used in cosmetics due to their moisturizing properties. Omega−7 fats are not
1312:
597:
1399:
471:
188:
134:
912:"Effects of Dietary Fatty Acids in Pancreatic Beta Cell Metabolism, Implications in Homeostasis"
521:
633:
482:
1394:
1307:
1083:
1028:
722:
208:
73:
782:
765:
191:
in which the site of unsaturation is seven carbon atoms from the end of the carbon chain.
8:
51:
46:
726:
1302:
1128:
1123:
1118:
938:
911:
854:
746:
693:
688:
683:
435:
431:
427:
153:
94:
84:
79:
979:
969:
943:
892:
846:
787:
738:
220:
216:
122:
858:
750:
1146:
933:
923:
884:
836:
777:
730:
615:
590:
564:
314:
200:
1224:
1068:
1021:
764:
Destaillats F, Buyukpamukcu E, Golay PA, Dionisi F, Giuffrida F (February 2005).
675:
41:
888:
1363:
1214:
841:
824:
661:
629:
365:
224:
983:
807:
Handbook of phytochemical constituents of GRAS herbs and other economic plants
238:
The monounsaturated omega−7 fatty acids have the general chemical structure CH
1388:
1242:
1204:
1199:
1184:
1151:
1063:
440:
331:
204:
146:
36:
1332:
1294:
1257:
1252:
1219:
1209:
1156:
947:
896:
791:
742:
589:. In adult organisms, new beta cells are most commonly the result of
348:
228:
101:
850:
1373:
1368:
1358:
1317:
1267:
1262:
1247:
1194:
1189:
1166:
1161:
106:
636:
enrichment have been shown to potential bias algal biosynthesis towards
1176:
1138:
928:
734:
641:
485:
if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
423:
69:
1234:
1113:
594:
578:
127:
1340:
1282:
1277:
763:
655:
586:
582:
569:
1013:
1350:
1272:
766:"Vaccenic and rumenic acids, a distinct feature of ruminant fats"
574:
232:
1045:
909:
637:
27:
1097:
1092:
23:
877:
Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and
Essential Fatty Acids
199:
The two most common omega−7 fatty acids in nature are
963:
651:
619:
in beneficial fatty acid content of dairy products.
231:. A lesser but useful source of palmitoleic acid is
910:Acosta-Montaño P, García-González V (March 2018).
1386:
825:"Biochemistry and physiology of n-3 fatty acids"
712:
481:Please review the contents of the section and
1029:
227:are the primary sources of vaccenic acid and
154:
874:
1036:
1022:
161:
147:
937:
927:
840:
781:
964:Elgersma A, Ellen G, Tamminga S (2004).
223:in the form of palmitoleic acid, while
1387:
996:
1017:
822:
426:. The same enzymes also act on
959:
957:
870:
868:
818:
816:
804:
450:
1043:
622:
13:
809:. Boca Raton, Florida.: CRC Press.
14:
1411:
954:
865:
813:
783:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)72705-3
668:
654:
563:Omega−7 fatty acids, especially
547:
455:
16:Class of unsaturated fatty acids
1323:Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
990:
903:
798:
757:
706:
585:, a condition associated with
483:add the appropriate references
1:
699:
603:
417:
7:
889:10.1016/j.plefa.2010.02.018
647:
558:
468:reliable medical references
446:
360:Octadeca-9,11-dienoic acid
194:
10:
1416:
1079:Polyunsaturated fatty acid
1074:Monounsaturated fatty acid
842:10.1096/fasebj.6.8.1592205
608:
1349:
1331:
1313:Phosphatidyl ethanolamine
1293:
1233:
1175:
1137:
1106:
1052:
474:or relies too heavily on
221:sea buckthorn (berry) oil
770:Journal of Dairy Science
593:rather than from direct
998:US Patent 9200236B2
968:. vdf Hochschulverlag.
805:Duke, James A. (1992).
189:unsaturated fatty acids
135:Fat interesterification
411:17-Tetracosenoic acid
823:Lands WE (May 1992).
634:dipotassium phosphate
581:in beta cells in the
343:11-Octadecenoic acid
309:7-Tetradecenoic acid
215:Rich sources include
209:essential fatty acids
176:(also referred to as
1308:Phosphatidylinositol
1084:Essential fatty acid
497:"Omega-7 fatty acid"
424:desaturating enzymes
326:9-Hexadecenoic acid
74:Essential fatty acid
727:1980Plant.149..461M
394:15-Docosenoic acid
377:13-Eicosenoic acid
235:fruit (25,000ppm).
174:Omega−7 fatty acids
52:Polyunsaturated fat
47:Monounsaturated fat
1303:Phosphatidylserine
1129:Omega−9 fatty acid
1124:Omega−6 fatty acid
1119:Omega−3 fatty acid
929:10.3390/nu10040393
735:10.1007/BF00385748
694:Omega−9 fatty acid
689:Omega−6 fatty acid
684:Omega−3 fatty acid
567:, have been shown
292:5-Dodecenoic acid
1382:
1381:
556:
555:
532:
441:cellular membrane
415:
414:
217:macadamia nut oil
187:) are a class of
171:
170:
123:Fat hydrogenation
115:Manufactured fats
1407:
1147:Arachidonic acid
1038:
1031:
1024:
1015:
1014:
1008:
1006:
1005:
1001:
994:
988:
987:
961:
952:
951:
941:
931:
907:
901:
900:
872:
863:
862:
844:
820:
811:
810:
802:
796:
795:
785:
761:
755:
754:
710:
678:
673:
672:
671:
664:
659:
658:
623:Algal extraction
565:palmitoleic acid
551:
550:
542:
539:
533:
531:
490:
459:
458:
451:
315:Palmitoleic acid
266:
265:
201:palmitoleic acid
163:
156:
149:
19:
18:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1364:Corticosteroids
1345:
1327:
1289:
1229:
1225:Lignoceric acid
1171:
1133:
1102:
1069:Unsaturated fat
1048:
1042:
1012:
1011:
1003:
995:
991:
976:
962:
955:
908:
904:
873:
866:
821:
814:
803:
799:
762:
758:
711:
707:
702:
676:Medicine portal
674:
669:
667:
660:
653:
650:
625:
611:
606:
598:differentiation
561:
552:
548:
543:
537:
534:
491:
480:
476:primary sources
460:
456:
449:
420:
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
197:
178:ω−7 fatty acids
167:
42:Unsaturated fat
17:
12:
11:
5:
1413:
1403:
1402:
1400:Alkenoic acids
1397:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1355:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1337:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1299:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1250:
1245:
1239:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1215:Arachidic acid
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1181:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1152:Prostaglandins
1149:
1143:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1041:
1040:
1033:
1026:
1018:
1010:
1009:
989:
974:
953:
902:
883:(4–6): 231–6.
864:
812:
797:
756:
704:
703:
701:
698:
697:
696:
691:
686:
680:
679:
665:
662:Biology portal
649:
646:
642:algae jet fuel
630:carbon dioxide
624:
621:
610:
607:
605:
602:
560:
557:
554:
553:
546:
544:
463:
461:
454:
448:
445:
419:
416:
413:
412:
409:
402:
396:
395:
392:
385:
379:
378:
375:
368:
366:Paullinic acid
362:
361:
358:
351:
345:
344:
341:
334:
328:
327:
324:
317:
311:
310:
307:
300:
294:
293:
290:
283:
277:
276:
275:Chemical name
273:
270:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
225:dairy products
196:
193:
185:−7 fatty acids
169:
168:
166:
165:
158:
151:
143:
140:
139:
138:
137:
132:
131:
130:
117:
116:
112:
111:
110:
109:
104:
99:
98:
97:
92:
87:
82:
64:
63:
59:
58:
57:
56:
55:
54:
49:
39:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1412:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1333:Sphingolipids
1330:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1295:Phospholipids
1292:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1243:Monoglyceride
1241:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1205:Palmitic acid
1203:
1201:
1200:Myristic acid
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1185:Caprylic acid
1183:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1064:Saturated fat
1061:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1039:
1034:
1032:
1027:
1025:
1020:
1019:
1016:
999:
993:
985:
981:
977:
975:9781351442121
971:
967:
960:
958:
949:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
921:
917:
913:
906:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
871:
869:
860:
856:
852:
848:
843:
838:
835:(8): 2530–6.
834:
830:
829:FASEB Journal
826:
819:
817:
808:
801:
793:
789:
784:
779:
775:
771:
767:
760:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
709:
705:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
681:
677:
666:
663:
657:
652:
645:
643:
639:
635:
631:
620:
617:
601:
599:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
571:
566:
545:
541:
530:
527:
523:
520:
516:
513:
509:
506:
502:
499: –
498:
494:
493:Find sources:
488:
484:
478:
477:
473:
469:
464:This section
462:
453:
452:
444:
442:
437:
433:
429:
425:
410:
407:
403:
401:
398:
397:
393:
390:
386:
384:
381:
380:
376:
373:
369:
367:
364:
363:
359:
356:
352:
350:
347:
346:
342:
339:
335:
333:
332:Vaccenic acid
330:
329:
325:
322:
318:
316:
313:
312:
308:
305:
301:
299:
296:
295:
291:
288:
284:
282:
279:
278:
274:
271:
268:
267:
264:
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
213:
210:
206:
205:vaccenic acid
202:
192:
190:
186:
184:
179:
175:
164:
159:
157:
152:
150:
145:
144:
142:
141:
136:
133:
129:
126:
125:
124:
121:
120:
119:
118:
114:
113:
108:
105:
103:
100:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
77:
75:
71:
68:
67:
66:
65:
61:
60:
53:
50:
48:
45:
44:
43:
40:
38:
37:Saturated fat
35:
34:
33:
32:
29:
25:
21:
20:
1374:Secosteroids
1369:Sex steroids
1258:Triheptanoin
1253:Triglyceride
1220:Behenic acid
1210:Stearic acid
1167:Leukotrienes
1157:Prostacyclin
1088:
1059:
992:
965:
919:
915:
905:
880:
876:
832:
828:
806:
800:
773:
769:
759:
721:(5): 461–3.
718:
714:
708:
626:
612:
573:to decrease
568:
562:
535:
525:
518:
511:
504:
492:
472:verification
465:
421:
405:
399:
388:
382:
371:
354:
349:Rumenic acid
337:
320:
303:
297:
286:
280:
269:Common name
237:
229:rumenic acid
214:
198:
182:
181:
177:
173:
172:
102:Triglyceride
89:
1395:Fatty acids
1359:Cholesterol
1318:Cardiolipin
1278:Trilinolein
1268:Tripalmitin
1263:Trimyristin
1248:Diglyceride
1195:Lauric acid
1190:Capric acid
1177:Fatty acids
1162:Thromboxane
1139:Eicosanoids
591:replication
577:-sensitive
466:needs more
272:Lipid name
107:Cholesterol
1389:Categories
1273:Tristearin
1235:Glycerides
1060:Saturation
984:1019033379
922:(4): 393.
776:(2): 449.
700:References
604:Production
508:newspapers
418:Metabolism
250:-CH=CH-(CH
70:Fatty acid
62:Components
1114:Trans fat
1044:Types of
916:Nutrients
595:stem cell
579:apoptosis
538:June 2019
128:Trans fat
22:Types of
1351:Steroids
1341:Ceramide
1283:Triolein
1107:Geometry
948:29565831
897:20206490
859:24182617
792:15653508
751:22892828
743:24306473
648:See also
587:diabetes
583:pancreas
570:in vitro
559:Diabetes
447:Research
195:Overview
1053:General
939:5946178
851:1592205
723:Bibcode
616:herbage
609:In cows
575:glucose
522:scholar
487:removed
436:omega−9
432:omega−6
428:omega−3
233:avocado
95:Omega−9
90:Omega−7
85:Omega−6
80:Omega−3
1046:lipids
1004:
982:
972:
946:
936:
895:
857:
849:
790:
749:
741:
715:Planta
638:lipids
524:
517:
510:
503:
495:
434:, and
404:24:1 (
387:22:1 (
370:20:1 (
353:18:2 (
336:18:1 (
319:16:1 (
302:14:1 (
285:12:1 (
1089:Other
855:S2CID
747:S2CID
529:JSTOR
515:books
980:OCLC
970:ISBN
944:PMID
893:PMID
847:PMID
788:PMID
739:PMID
501:news
470:for
408:−7)
400:none
391:−7)
383:none
374:−7)
357:−7)
340:−7)
323:−7)
306:−7)
298:none
289:−7)
281:none
242:-(CH
219:and
203:and
28:food
24:fats
1098:Oil
1093:Fat
934:PMC
924:doi
885:doi
837:doi
778:doi
731:doi
719:149
632:or
262:H.
258:-CO
180:or
26:in
1391::
1091::
1062::
978:.
956:^
942:.
932:.
920:10
918:.
914:.
891:.
881:82
879:.
867:^
853:.
845:.
831:.
827:.
815:^
786:.
774:88
772:.
768:.
745:.
737:.
729:.
717:.
489:.
443:.
430:,
76:)
1037:e
1030:t
1023:v
1007:.
986:.
950:.
926::
899:.
887::
861:.
839::
833:6
794:.
780::
753:.
733::
725::
540:)
536:(
526:·
519:·
512:·
505:·
479:.
406:n
389:n
372:n
355:n
338:n
321:n
304:n
287:n
260:2
256:n
254:)
252:2
248:5
246:)
244:2
240:3
183:n
162:e
155:t
148:v
72:(
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