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people with a history of mental defects and other hereditary diseases. Social status also played a large role in selecting a candidate. Ideally, paired candidates and their families would be of equal social status, so some candidates had a hard time finding a mate if their family was not of a certain social status. Family lineage also affected the quality of candidates historically; for example, a candidate with samurai blood was more likely to be picked than one with ancestry from a different class, especially during the
Tokugawa era.
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1311:
95:
54:
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1051:), usually in the range of 22 to 30, but had shown little or no interest in seeking a partner on their own. Most commonly now, the decision to contact a marriage agency comes directly from the person who seeks a partner, and it is usually due to their lack of opportunity to meet a suitable spouse. Unlike in Western cultures, Japanese people very rarely talk to or trust strangers, thus the
1122:
may only find satisfaction within the home as wives and mothers, with later generations more likely to place greater emphasis on the less traditional ideals of romantic love. Despite this, the number of
Japanese women pursuing careers and other avenues of fulfillment has increased, resulting in a falling rate of marriages within Japan.
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In 1995, women were reported as more inclined to seek a romantic relationship than men, with the inculturation of
Western ideals of true love, followed by marital and domestic bliss, at times seen as the cause for the discrepancy. Women in Japan were historically raised with the expectation that they
1105:
marriages. The
National Institute of Population and Social Security Research in 2005 estimated that 6.2% of marriages in Japan were arranged, with younger generations estimated in 1995 to be more likely to pursue marriages preceded by romantic courtship instead. Though the Japanese term for romantic
1175:
in modern
Japanese society comes as a result of challenges in meeting new people. In recent decades, some companies have started offering various services to their employees as ways of helping them find potential partners. These services include marriage counseling and personal introductions, where
503:
were then brought to the home of the potential spouse's family for the son or daughter to scrutinize. The participant and their family examined the photos and short personal histories based on an investigation of social consideration. The education level and occupations of the potential candidate's
434:
for many single people who struggle to find a marriage partner, but might not want to go through a matchmaker. There have also been accounts of how parents pressure their unmarried children into arranged meetings that eventually lead to marriages, particularly with children who would assume family
463:
signified that the parties were brought together expressly for the purpose of marriage on the initiative of the parents, a friend of the family, or a go-between. It also meant that the initial criteria of selection were objective ones. The potential spouse and their family met with the go-between
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also played a large role. Many were fearful of the possibility that a potential candidate's blood was contaminated with diseases such as epilepsy, neurosis, or mental illness. The fear was so prevalent that the
Eugenic Protection Law of 1948 was passed to legalize sterilization and abortion for
1201:
Men possess a greater degree of choice and freedom. Previously, a man who was not married by his 30s was considered untrustworthy by colleagues and employers, who believed that such men have not been conditioned to learn the fundamental principles of co-operation and responsibility. For males,
1005:
introduces potential candidates, and potentially their families to each other depending on requirements. The second role, which is increasingly less common in modern Japan, is as a liaison for the families to avoid direct confrontation and differences in opinions between them by serving as an
711:. The introduction was often followed by small talk between the parents. Occasionally, the conversation shifted to one of the potential candidates. Toward the end of the meeting, the potential couple were often advised to go off to spend some time alone, in order to get better acquainted.
810:, the descendants of workers traditionally associated with trades involving blood, death, or uncleanness, such as leather-workers, shoe-menders, and butchers, since shoes were too dirty to be taken into the house, and meat was in the past forbidden by the Buddhist faith. During the
730:
introduction was successful, the potential couple went through a series of dates until a decision was reached. The decision was usually expressed at the couple's third meeting. If the potential couple chose to marry, they went through a formal marriage process known as
1149:
occurs when groups of four or five men go out together with the same number of women to see how they all get along. This method has become more popular among university students and younger company workers since it is highly informal and does not involve parents.
826:
members may be identified by the region of the city where they live or by their street address, though it is getting increasingly rare and
Japanese people's views on shoes and beef among other things have changed significantly. Historically, a
1076:. In exceptional circumstances, though growing increasingly rare now, some parents send a candidacy picture to a future husband or go-between without their daughter's knowledge or consent. In general now, though, marriage agencies performing
1112:) implies that there are no constraints against selecting individuals whom one can marry, it is not always possible to classify a particular marriage as "love" or "arranged", as parental influence on potential spouses is present in both
1185:
to be treated as inferior. They are often compared to
Japanese Christmas cake: fresh up until the 25th of December but becoming less appetizing with every day past this date. A newer expression replaces Christmas cake with
795:— every 60th year — were thought to be bad luck. Women born during those years would often claim to have been born in the previous or following year. The belief was so widespread that in 1966, according to the
1069:
into casual conversation, to imply that both parents have consented for their daughter to meet eligible men. The daughter may be unaware that her parents have suggested her availability through the use of
382:
spread to other urban classes trying to emulate samurai customs. It became the practice for those seeking a union between families, and parents on both sides made all the decisions regarding marriage.
519:, the candidates and their families were judged on a larger set of criteria aimed at determining the suitability and the balance of the marriage. These criteria are formally known in Japan as
762:
was arranged by the groom's family. Contrastingly, there were also standard provisions to turn down an offer or proposal with relatively little loss of face for the party being refused.
1085:
In Japan, many women are stereotyped as looking for three attributes: height (specifically someone tall), high salary, and high education. This is commonly known as the "Three H's."
1057:
or marriage agency forms the bridge as a trusted third party. At other times, the individual may ask friends or acquaintances to introduce potential spouses in a similar way.
705:
was an opportunity for the parents to survey the bride/groom as well as the couple themselves. The meeting began with an informal introduction between the two families by the
504:
family were historically the first aspects taken into consideration at that meeting. The potential mate and their mother then created a list of primary choices and asked the
329:
598:, or detective agency. In rural areas, a common investigative method was to personally ask about the family of interest by questioning shopkeepers and neighbors through
207:
1897:
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marriage was criticized for promoting patriarchal relationships with traditional power structures and distinct divisions of labor between males and females.
1969:
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have changed significantly. According to an estimate in 1998, between ten and thirty percent of all marriages that took place in Japan at that time were
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534:. They included level of education, income, occupation, physical attractiveness, religion, social standing, and hobbies. The participant's bloodline
1440:
1222:
2069:
1625:
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1192:, a dish of noodles to see out the year on the 31st, thus creating motivation for Japanese women after the age of 25 to seek help in the form of
328:" but it can be described as a meeting opportunity with more serious considerations for the future as a process of courtship. According to the
218:
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duties only discuss introductions and registration with their clients directly, thus removing involvement of parents entirely in many cases.
1208:
often occupied dominant roles within the marriage, many of the men now registered with marriage agencies for help in finding a wife through
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592:
between the two families would be cause of embarrassment when the two sides met. One method of investigation in urban Japan was through a
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provided, and still provides, a substantial amount of information regarding each candidate. The family researched the family lineage (
372:
classes, with the intention to form and protect strong military alliances among warlords to ensure mutual support. Later, during the
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occurred, the parties scrutinized each other's pictures to prevent future rejection, something which still occurs through online
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region, were commonly avoided as well. Descendants of people who were exposed to the radiation from the atomic bombs dropped on
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processes only involve the potential partners to be married; rarely these days are the families of these candidates involved.
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frequently included the name, age, health, education, occupation and marital status of all members of the candidate's family.
1881:
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matchmaking efforts within Japan, as part of the
Japanese governments efforts to increase the declining birth rate in Japan.
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marriage also makes an implicit statement about staying in the family business. While previously men who engaged in
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occurred when a potential male candidate attempted to catch a glimpse of the female in secret. The objective of the
346:
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Family issues on marriage, divorce, and older adults in Japan : with special attention to regional variations
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were also avoided due to perceptions regarding possible child deformities and susceptibilities to rare diseases.
131:
1966:
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622:("inquire variously and compare"). If all criteria were acceptable, the matchmaker arranged an interview for a
116:
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is even consulted by the married couple after their wedding if they encounter problems in their married life.
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The idea of the cutoff age is taken quite seriously, with the tendency for women who remain unmarried past
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the employees can join a club that provides guidance and services to match them up with suitable partners.
1025:, a panel type game show which ran from 1993 to 1997 in Japan on TBS, that substituted for the role of the
1021:
marriages are less common than they once were, they do still hold a place in popular media. One example is
416:
practices accounted for 69% of marriages in Japan; by 2010 the figure had dropped to 5.2%. Modern forms of
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2006:
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introductions often came from the parents who felt that their son or daughter was of a marriageable age (
783:
were discriminated against for being "half-bloods" — i.e. not of full
Japanese ancestry. Also, the
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would gather information about the family in question by asking around and comparing responses through
145:
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and screened the portfolios to eliminate any obviously inappropriate candidates. The photographs and
3203:
2495:
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1262:, primarily due to parental pressure and a lack of opportunity to meet people of the opposite sex.
1748:
Applbaum, Kalman D. "Marriage with the Proper Stranger: Arranged Marriage in Metropolitan Japan."
972:, is to provide introductions for people entering a new arrangement and to assist candidates. The
211:
that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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would require a candidate to bring a family history to prove that they are not a member of the
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There are several methods for meeting potential spouses that differ from the structure of the
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are still practiced in Japan today by various marriage agencies; however, practices such as
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was a solemn practice and involved considerations that are not given as much weight by most
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648:-based services in Japan today. Although candidates rely on their photographs and resumes (
410:, the trend was to abandon the restrictive arranged-meetings system. In the 1930s and 40s,
2710:
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was, and still is, a casual meeting between the potential couple, though historically the
8:
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1786:"Omiai and Miai-gekkon, Arranged Marriages in Japan." Hanami Web. 2007. 6 Nov. 2007 <
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Historically, there was some amount of racial, class, and genetic discrimination in the
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1965:"Things Japanese: Omiai and Compa." Yamasa Student Network. 2007. 7 Nov. 2007 <
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332:, in 2005 it was estimated that around 6.2% of marriages in Japan are arranged via
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Modern Japan Through its Weddings: Gender, Person, and Society in Ritual Portrayal
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1940:"Marriage Woes: One in Three Japanese Men to Remain Single for Life | original"
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are seeking a balanced, loving relationship with mutual love between partners.
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1602:"Racing with Marriage - A Peculiar Trend of Modern Japan | Articles on Izanau"
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Geek in Japan: Discovering the Land of Manga, Anime, Zen, and the Tea Ceremony
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still serves in the role of go-between for potential marriage partners in the
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http://www.yamasa.org/acjs/network/english/newsletter/things_japanese_07.html
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in which contestants were introduced and screened for marriage possibility.
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1939:
1530:"Online Konkatsu and the Gendered Ideals of Marriage in Contemporary Japan"
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can be a family member, friend, or as is most common now, a marriage agency
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1898:"5 reasons foreigners find it hard to become friends with Japanese people"
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and the parents of both parties would be present also. Historically the
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1143:(companion) is a method young people have adopted into modern society.
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1845:"Hanami Web - Taboos in Japan - things that should not be mentioned"
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once the preliminary list had been constructed. Vast differences in
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Yoshida, Ritsuko (Apr 1990). "Getting Married the Corporate Way".
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1789:"Hanami Web - Omiai and Miai-gekkon, Arranged Marriages in Japan"
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Reserved, Copyright © 2016-2020 Active Gaming Media All Rights.
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is usually seen portrayed more in films and television dramas.
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intermediary for working out the details of the marriage. The
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The most widespread discrimination is against members of the
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was to prevent embarrassing denials based on appearances. The
397:, such as family bloodlines and class. Nowadays, this type of
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3676:
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2356:
1829:"Japanese Calendar." japan-guide.com. 2007. 18 Oct. 2007 <
1256:). In China, 82% of first-tier-city dwellers had experienced
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responsibilities such as those inheriting a family business.
358:
in an arranged marriage with a strategic purpose, Tokyo, 1937
351:
330:
National Institute of Population and Social Security Research
1694:
Love Match and Arranged Marriage; a Tokyo-Detroit Comparison
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as it is properly known in Japan with the honorific prefix
208:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
42:
820:
status was sometimes a way of punishing criminals. Today,
428:
or 'spouse hunting' have also emerged as alternatives to
1714:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1989.
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is also common in Chinese-speaking countries, known as
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is expected to play a variety of roles throughout the
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traditional custom which relates closely to Western
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http://web-japan.org/trends98/honbun/ntj980729.html
1774:. London; New York: Routledge Curzon 3rd ed., 2003.
787:in the fifth cycle of the Japanese lunar calendar,
119:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1820:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1984.
1169:marriages are fairly low, the persistence of
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1646:City Life in Japan: A Study of a Tokyo Ward
1624:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
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1484:"Omiai | Marriage Matching Marriage Agency"
1439:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
82:Learn how and when to remove these messages
4229:Marriage, unions and partnerships in Japan
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1818:Japanese Women: Constraint and Fulfillment
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476:often had photographs of candidates and a
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1528:Dalton, Emma; Dales, Laura (2016-01-02).
1401:Kumagai, Fumie, 1943- (14 October 2014).
984:process. The first is the bridging role,
799:, the birthrate in Japan took a 26% dip.
604:("inquiry of mouth"). More recently, the
470:) and examined all eligible persons. The
255:Learn how and when to remove this message
237:Learn how and when to remove this message
179:Learn how and when to remove this message
3238:Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates
1812:
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1648:. Richmond, Surrey: Japan Library, 1999.
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368:emerged in 16th century Japan among the
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281:, "matchmaking", literally "look meet")
14:
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1505:"Matchmakers in wings as singles rise"
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1198:introductions from a marriage agency.
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1039:Historically, the initiative for the
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1285:, which was published in the 1940s.
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966:, especially the traditional way of
580:) of each candidate provided by the
491:The families then sat down with the
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117:adding citations to reliable sources
88:
47:
2004:
1502:
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24:
1606:Izanau | Jobs In Japan Made Simple
1368:Marriage ever-changing institution
660:process, an older custom known as
442:set aside ¥3 billion to help with
324:is sometimes mistranslated as an "
25:
4245:
1462:. Tuttle Publishing. p. 39.
666:(hidden look) was once employed.
510:to investigate the first choice.
438:In 2014, Japanese prime minister
63:This article has multiple issues.
27:Japanese relationship matchmaking
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846:, an indigenous people from the
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482:, a small personal history. The
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2019:
1998:
1994:: 171–175 – via ProQuest.
1979:
1932:
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1118:and "love" marriages in Japan.
872:
746:, in which a betrothal ceremony
631:
104:needs additional citations for
71:or discuss these issues on the
34:. For the railway station, see
4178:Marriage in pre-Islamic Arabia
2246:Light skin in Japanese culture
1870:Lebra, Joyce C. (2019-03-20).
1772:Understanding Japanese society
1593:
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13:
1:
3787:Ghost marriage in South Sudan
2112:Blood type personality theory
2078:Japanese social concepts and
2026:Mccoy, Patrick (2014-08-30).
1696:. New York, Free Press, 1967.
1546:10.1080/10371397.2016.1148556
1350:
1275:is one of the main topics of
376:(1603–1868), the practice of
3162:Japanese blue collar workers
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3154:
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3106:
3097:
3088:
3079:
3071:
3062:
3053:
3043:
3034:
3025:
3016:
3005:
2988:
2979:
2970:
2961:
2942:
2922:
2908:
2902:
2893:
2874:
2860:
2851:
2842:
2833:
2819:
2786:
2777:
2768:
2759:
2750:
2741:
2732:
2721:
2712:
2701:
2692:
2683:
2674:
2643:
2634:
2622:
2611:
2602:
2593:
2563:
2536:
2522:
2497:
2488:
2479:
2470:
2461:
2452:
2443:
2434:
2425:
2416:
2407:
2398:
2376:
2367:
2358:
2349:
2340:
2331:
2322:
2313:
2304:
2294:
2282:
2273:
2264:
2255:
2238:
2229:
2215:
2206:
2197:
2188:
2179:
2173:
2164:
2155:
2146:
2127:
2104:
2095:
1676:Marriage in Changing Japan.
1288:
1271:
1258:
1244:
1238:
1210:
1204:
1194:
1188:
1181:
1171:
1165:
1156:
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1139:
1133:
1127:
1114:
1108:
1101:
1095:
1078:
1072:
1062:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1027:
1017:
1008:
1001:
986:
980:
974:
968:
962:
960:The general purpose of the
951:
937:
931:
925:
919:
913:
905:
888:
879:
864:
835:
829:
822:
816:
804:
789:
772:
756:
733:
726:
716:
707:
701:
692:
686:
680:
674:
668:
662:
656:
650:
644:
638:
624:
618:
612:
606:
600:
594:
588:
582:
576:
570:
556:
544:
521:
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506:
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493:
484:
478:
472:
466:
459:
450:
444:
430:
424:
418:
412:
399:
386:
378:
364:
334:
320:
302:
285:
268:
10:
4250:
4234:Japanese words and phrases
1503:Ito, Masami (2011-11-01).
1163:Although current rates of
797:Japan Statistical Yearbook
720:(excuse, apology, refusal)
341:
40:
29:
4191:
4160:
4140:
4077:
4024:
3972:
3949:
3897:
3857:
3811:
3752:
3743:
3700:
3638:
3612:
3404:
3295:
3124:
2933:
2668:
2661:
2508:
2387:
2223:Japanese political values
2086:
1678:London: Croom Helm, 1981.
1253:
993:
945:
929:, especially with modern
923:is not necessary for all
899:
886:
766:Historical discrimination
750:
740:
538:
528:
294:
277:
2007:
1925:. 1998. 6 Nov. 2007 <
1093:Modern attitudes toward
41:Not to be confused with
3167:Japanese business terms
3139:Business card etiquette
2950:Japanese street fashion
1873:Women In Changing Japan
1816:Lebra, Takie Sugiyama.
1458:Garcia, Hector (2012).
3775:Chinese ghost marriage
2011:(in Chinese (China)).
1710:Edwards, Walter Drew.
1575:Mckisty (2016-09-16).
1236:A similar practice to
1233:
359:
217:by rewriting it in an
3199:Labor unions in Japan
2028:"The Makioka Sisters"
1231:Chengdu People's Park
1225:
349:
30:For the Go term, see
2087:Sociocultural values
1944:Tokyo Business Today
1335:Matrimonial websites
113:improve this article
32:Go terms § Miai
4016:Royal intermarriage
3718:Mystery of Crowning
3204:Lifetime employment
2556:Japanese honorifics
1752:34.1 (1995): 37-51.
1642:Dore, Ronald Philip
1579:. Oxon: Routledge.
1376:, November 3, 2009.
1282:The Makioka Sisters
1277:Jun'ichirō Tanizaki
3882:Marriage allowance
3512:Widow conservation
3289:Types of marriages
3209:Management culture
2629:Sitting positions
2005:杜园春 (2017-07-04).
1972:2014-06-03 at the
1921:"Tying the Knot."
1234:
1218:In other countries
917:process. Though a
812:Tokugawa shogunate
781:Japan-born Koreans
699:Historically, the
513:In more selective
360:
219:encyclopedic style
206:is written like a
4224:Arranged marriage
4211:
4210:
3945:
3944:
3932:Mixed-orientation
3782:Widow inheritance
3461:Marriage in Islam
3451:Clerical marriage
3255:
3254:
3120:
3119:
2165:Hara hachi bun me
2135:Celibacy syndrome
2013:China Youth Daily
1883:978-1-000-01107-4
1692:Blood, Robert O.
1586:978-1-315-48919-3
1469:978-1-4629-0629-1
1414:978-981-287-185-5
1325:Arranged marriage
1035:Selection process
785:year of the Horse
326:arranged marriage
265:
264:
257:
247:
246:
239:
189:
188:
181:
163:
86:
16:(Redirected from
4241:
4199:
4198:
4173:Mail-order bride
3750:
3749:
3620:Marriageable age
3434:Eastern Orthodox
3282:
3275:
3268:
3259:
3258:
3247:
3233:
3194:
3185:
3176:
3157:
3148:
3109:
3100:
3091:
3082:
3074:
3065:
3056:
3046:
3037:
3028:
3019:
3008:
2991:
2982:
2973:
2964:
2945:
2925:
2923:Yamato nadeshiko
2911:
2905:
2896:
2882:Net cafe refugee
2877:
2863:
2854:
2845:
2836:
2822:
2803:
2789:
2780:
2771:
2762:
2753:
2744:
2735:
2724:
2715:
2704:
2695:
2686:
2677:
2666:
2665:
2646:
2637:
2625:
2614:
2605:
2596:
2587:
2566:
2551:Honorific speech
2546:Dining etiquette
2539:
2525:
2500:
2491:
2482:
2473:
2464:
2455:
2446:
2437:
2428:
2419:
2410:
2401:
2379:
2370:
2361:
2352:
2343:
2334:
2325:
2316:
2307:
2297:
2285:
2276:
2267:
2258:
2241:
2232:
2218:
2209:
2200:
2191:
2182:
2176:
2167:
2158:
2149:
2130:
2107:
2098:
2072:
2065:
2058:
2049:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2008:82%一线城市受访者有过相亲经历
2002:
1996:
1995:
1983:
1977:
1963:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1936:
1930:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1867:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1847:. Archived from
1840:
1834:
1827:
1821:
1814:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1791:. Archived from
1784:
1775:
1768:
1753:
1746:
1715:
1708:
1697:
1690:
1679:
1672:
1649:
1639:
1630:
1629:
1623:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1534:Japanese Studies
1525:
1519:
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1516:
1515:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1490:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1434:
1426:
1398:
1392:
1390:
1383:
1377:
1364:
1345:Culture of Japan
1319:
1314:
1313:
1305:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1274:
1261:
1255:
1247:
1241:
1213:
1207:
1197:
1191:
1184:
1174:
1168:
1159:
1148:
1142:
1136:
1130:
1117:
1111:
1104:
1098:
1081:
1075:
1073:"onegai shimasu"
1068:
1065:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1030:
1020:
1011:
1004:
998:
996:
995:
989:
983:
977:
971:
965:
956:
954:
948:
947:
940:
934:
928:
922:
916:
910:
908:
902:
901:
891:
882:
867:
838:
832:
825:
819:
809:
794:
775:
761:
759:
753:
752:
745:
743:
742:
736:
729:
719:
710:
704:
695:
689:
683:
677:
671:
665:
659:
654:) in the modern
653:
647:
641:
627:
621:
615:
609:
603:
597:
591:
585:
579:
573:
559:
549:
547:
541:
540:
533:
531:
530:
524:
518:
509:
502:
496:
487:
481:
475:
469:
462:
453:
447:
433:
427:
421:
415:
402:
389:
381:
367:
362:The practice of
337:
323:
305:
299:
297:
296:
290:
282:
280:
279:
273:
260:
253:
242:
235:
231:
228:
222:
199:
198:
191:
184:
177:
173:
170:
164:
162:
121:
97:
89:
78:
56:
55:
48:
21:
4249:
4248:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4238:
4214:
4213:
4212:
4207:
4187:
4156:
4136:
4073:
4020:
3968:
3941:
3893:
3853:
3807:
3745:
3739:
3696:
3648:Sister exchange
3634:
3608:
3400:
3340:Serial monogamy
3296:Legal scenarios
3291:
3286:
3256:
3251:
3116:
2929:
2887:Parasite single
2797:
2662:Types of people
2657:
2651:Other positions
2581:
2530:Bowing in Japan
2513:
2504:
2383:
2377:Yamato-damashii
2117:Brother complex
2082:
2076:
2046:
2045:
2036:
2034:
2032:The Japan Times
2024:
2020:
2009:
2003:
1999:
1988:Japan Quarterly
1984:
1980:
1974:Wayback Machine
1964:
1957:
1948:
1946:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1923:Trends in Japan
1920:
1916:
1907:
1905:
1904:. 14 March 2014
1896:
1895:
1891:
1884:
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1864:
1854:
1852:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1828:
1824:
1815:
1808:
1798:
1796:
1787:
1785:
1778:
1769:
1756:
1747:
1718:
1709:
1700:
1691:
1682:
1673:
1652:
1640:
1633:
1617:
1616:
1610:
1608:
1598:
1594:
1587:
1573:
1569:
1526:
1522:
1513:
1511:
1509:The Japan Times
1501:
1497:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1470:
1456:
1452:
1428:
1427:
1415:
1399:
1395:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1365:
1358:
1353:
1330:Shotgun wedding
1315:
1308:
1301:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1268:
1220:
1161:
1131:. For example,
1091:
1066:
1037:
999:, in which the
990:
942:
896:
893:
875:
870:
842:Members of the
768:
747:
737:
724:If the initial
722:
634:
566:
535:
525:
395:Japanese people
374:Tokugawa period
344:
291:
274:
261:
250:
249:
248:
243:
232:
226:
223:
215:help improve it
212:
200:
196:
185:
174:
168:
165:
122:
120:
110:
98:
57:
53:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4247:
4237:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4205:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4164:
4162:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4146:
4144:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4134:
4133:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4107:
4102:
4101:
4100:
4090:
4084:
4082:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4030:
4028:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3997:Middle Eastern
3989:
3978:
3976:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3966:
3961:
3955:
3953:
3947:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3901:
3899:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3890:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3869:
3863:
3861:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3789:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3756:
3754:
3747:
3744:Circumstantial
3741:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3704:
3702:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3665:
3655:
3650:
3644:
3642:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3616:
3614:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3573:
3566:
3559:
3552:
3545:
3538:
3531:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3453:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3414:
3408:
3406:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3332:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3310:
3305:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3292:
3285:
3284:
3277:
3270:
3262:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3240:
3235:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3187:
3178:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3150:
3141:
3136:
3130:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3102:
3093:
3084:
3067:
3058:
3048:
3030:
3021:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3000:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2984:
2975:
2957:
2947:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2918:
2913:
2898:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2870:
2865:
2856:
2847:
2838:
2829:
2824:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2791:
2782:
2773:
2764:
2755:
2746:
2737:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2697:
2688:
2669:
2663:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2639:
2627:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2607:
2589:
2575:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2558:
2548:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2527:
2517:
2515:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2493:
2484:
2475:
2466:
2457:
2448:
2439:
2430:
2421:
2412:
2403:
2393:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2372:
2363:
2354:
2345:
2336:
2327:
2318:
2309:
2300:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2278:
2269:
2260:
2250:Mental states
2248:
2243:
2234:
2225:
2220:
2211:
2202:
2193:
2189:Ichi-go ichi-e
2184:
2169:
2160:
2151:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2123:
2121:Sister complex
2114:
2109:
2100:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2075:
2074:
2067:
2060:
2052:
2044:
2043:
2018:
1997:
1978:
1955:
1931:
1914:
1889:
1882:
1862:
1835:
1822:
1806:
1776:
1754:
1716:
1698:
1680:
1650:
1631:
1592:
1585:
1567:
1520:
1495:
1475:
1468:
1450:
1413:
1393:
1378:
1366:Ito, Masami, "
1355:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1317:Society portal
1306:
1290:
1287:
1267:
1264:
1219:
1216:
1189:toshikoshisoba
1160:
1152:
1090:
1087:
1063:onegai shimasu
1036:
1033:
952:kekkonsōdansho
892:
885:
874:
871:
869:
860:
814:, demotion to
767:
764:
721:
713:
633:
630:
565:
562:
554:Historically,
457:Historically,
343:
340:
263:
262:
245:
244:
203:
201:
194:
187:
186:
101:
99:
92:
87:
61:
60:
58:
51:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4246:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4204:
4203:
4194:
4193:
4190:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4159:
4153:
4152:
4151:Mariage blanc
4148:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4139:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4112:
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4108:
4106:
4103:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4081:
4076:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4054:International
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4023:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3971:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3948:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
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2015:. p. 07.
2014:
2010:
2001:
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1960:
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1935:
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1876:. Routledge.
1875:
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1851:on 2007-11-03
1850:
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1826:
1819:
1813:
1811:
1795:on 2013-07-24
1794:
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1770:Hendry, Joy.
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1674:Hendry, Joy.
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1410:
1407:. Singapore.
1406:
1405:
1397:
1389:(in Japanese)
1387:
1386:健康と出産に関する全国調査
1382:
1375:
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1273:
1266:In literature
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1023:Wedding Bells
1019:
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939:
935:parties. The
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564:Investigation
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230:
227:November 2011
220:
216:
210:
209:
204:This article
202:
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183:
180:
172:
161:
158:
154:
151:
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144:
140:
137:
133:
130: –
129:
125:
124:Find sources:
118:
114:
108:
107:
102:This article
100:
96:
91:
90:
85:
83:
76:
75:
70:
69:
64:
59:
50:
49:
44:
37:
33:
19:
4200:
4168:Dishu system
4149:
4034:Human–animal
4006:Same-surname
3796:
3681:
3667:
3601:
3575:
3568:
3561:
3554:
3547:
3540:
3533:
3526:
3507:Self-uniting
3487:
3471:Nikah mut'ah
3372:Nikah mut'ah
3214:Nenko system
3126:Work culture
2916:Yakuza ranks
2793:
2577:
2514:social norms
2292:
2291:
2035:. Retrieved
2031:
2021:
2000:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1947:. Retrieved
1943:
1934:
1922:
1917:
1906:. Retrieved
1901:
1892:
1872:
1865:
1853:. Retrieved
1849:the original
1838:
1825:
1817:
1797:. Retrieved
1793:the original
1771:
1749:
1711:
1693:
1675:
1645:
1609:. Retrieved
1605:
1595:
1577:Jinsei Annai
1576:
1570:
1537:
1533:
1523:
1512:. Retrieved
1508:
1498:
1487:. Retrieved
1478:
1459:
1453:
1403:
1396:
1381:
1371:
1303:Japan portal
1280:
1269:
1235:
1226:
1200:
1178:
1162:
1124:
1120:
1092:
1084:
1059:
1038:
1022:
1015:Even though
1014:
959:
895:A matchmaker
894:
877:Today, most
876:
873:Participants
841:
801:
796:
778:
769:
723:
698:
635:
632:Introduction
567:
553:
512:
490:
456:
437:
405:
384:
361:
286:
269:
266:
251:
233:
224:
205:
175:
166:
156:
149:
142:
135:
123:
111:Please help
106:verification
103:
79:
72:
66:
65:Please help
62:
36:Miai Station
4088:Concubinage
4059:Interracial
4049:Interethnic
4044:Inter-caste
3982:Consanguine
3910:Watta satta
3859:Convenience
3713:Handfasting
3502:Scientology
3476:Nikah 'urfi
3318:Nikah 'urfi
3219:Office lady
3017:Netto-uyoku
2934:Subcultures
2861:Kyōiku mama
2798: [
2582: [
2573:Gift-giving
1902:Japan Today
1540:(1): 1–19.
1373:Japan Times
1154:Gender and
862:Modern-day
844:Ainu people
734:miai kekkon
636:Before the
619:toriawaseru
613:kikiawaseru
408:Pacific War
350:Wedding of
318:. The term
312:matchmaking
4218:Categories
4080:monogamous
4069:Morganatic
4064:Interfaith
3987:Avunculate
3959:Common-law
3877:Green card
3844:Tongyangxi
3760:Posthumous
3701:Ceremonial
3692:Tongyangxi
3549:Prajapatya
3352:Remarriage
3192:Kyariaūman
2955:Genderless
2820:Hikikomori
2603:Giri choco
2389:Aesthetics
2323:Omotenashi
2037:2020-10-19
1949:2020-10-19
1908:2020-10-19
1855:2017-09-27
1799:2017-09-27
1611:2020-10-17
1514:2020-10-17
1489:2020-10-17
1351:References
1340:Matchmaker
1229:corner in
1067:("please")
440:Shinzo Abe
406:After the
139:newspapers
68:improve it
4125:Polyandry
4039:Hypergamy
3887:Predatory
3829:Hypergamy
3812:Financial
3728:Las Vegas
3708:Betrothal
3663:Abduction
3585:Ayyavazhi
3577:Paishacha
3556:Gandharva
3427:Josephite
3417:Christian
3405:Religious
3367:Hollywood
3362:Temporary
3313:Customary
3224:Salaryman
3155:Ho-Ren-Sō
3044:Akiba-kei
2875:Otokonoko
2760:Burakumin
2510:Etiquette
2480:Wabi-sabi
2417:Jo-ha-kyū
2314:Nemawashi
2305:Mottainai
2216:Isagiyosa
1750:Ethnology
1562:147632293
1554:1037-1397
1431:cite book
1423:894231777
1182:tekireiki
1089:Attitudes
1048:tekireiki
987:hashikake
868:practices
852:Hiroshima
836:burakumin
823:burakumin
817:burakumin
806:burakumin
776:process.
651:rirekisho
601:kuchikiki
595:kooshinjo
500:rirekisho
485:rirekisho
479:rirekisho
356:Hiro Saga
169:June 2010
74:talk page
4202:Category
4130:Polygyny
4120:Polygamy
4011:Homogamy
3974:Endogamy
3951:De facto
3937:Sororate
3927:Sologamy
3905:Exchange
3867:Lavender
3792:Levirate
3640:Arranged
3570:Rakshasa
3483:Levirate
3422:Catholic
3389:Putative
3384:Voidable
3377:Wedlease
3357:Same-sex
3347:Marriage
3335:Monogamy
3308:Covenant
3245:Zaibatsu
3183:Keiretsu
3080:Shotacon
3054:moe zoku
3026:Omorashi
2943:Bōsōzoku
2852:Jouhatsu
2778:Chūnibyō
2751:Bishōnen
2350:Tsundoku
2256:Fudōshin
2239:Kotodama
2147:Gekokujō
1970:Archived
1620:cite web
1289:See also
1259:xiangqin
1245:xiangqin
1227:xiangqin
856:Nagasaki
848:Hokkaidō
791:hinoeuma
717:Kotowari
451:konkatsu
425:konkatsu
316:marriage
308:Japanese
4183:Walking
4142:Sexless
4026:Exogamy
3964:Plaçage
3770:Germany
3723:Wedding
3687:Shotgun
3522:Vivaaha
3497:Natural
3456:Islamic
3323:Plaçage
3231:Shinise
3174:Karoshi
3089:Reki-jo
3072:Lolicon
3063:Fujoshi
3051:Figure
3003:Visual
2971:Ganguro
2808:Freeter
2742:Bishōjo
2722:Sukeban
2693:Shizoku
2561:Manual
2523:Aizuchi
2341:Sontaku
2332:Shuhari
2283:Zanshin
2274:Shoshin
2180:tatemae
2128:Bushido
1250:Chinese
370:samurai
342:History
306:, is a
213:Please
153:scholar
4115:Bigamy
4110:Plural
3992:Cousin
3819:Boston
3798:Yibbum
3765:France
3669:Raptio
3658:Forced
3528:Brahma
3489:Yibbum
3466:Misyar
3444:Quaker
3439:Mormon
3412:Jewish
3110:fandom
2998:Lolita
2980:Gyaruo
2903:Senpai
2894:Sensei
2843:Ikemen
2834:Iemoto
2769:Chikan
2713:Banchō
2702:Heimin
2684:Kazoku
2623:Kamiza
2537:Dogeza
2471:Shibui
2444:Miyabi
2426:Kawaii
2265:Mushin
2230:Kaizen
2198:Ikigai
2156:Hansei
2080:values
1880:
1583:
1560:
1552:
1466:
1421:
1411:
1252::
1109:ren'ai
1106:love (
1054:nakōdo
1028:nakōdo
1009:nakōdo
1002:nakōdo
975:nakōdo
963:nakōdo
938:nakōdo
920:nakōdo
906:nakōdo
889:Nakōdo
830:nakōdo
708:nakōdo
693:nakōdo
687:nakōdo
675:kagemi
669:Kagemi
663:kagemi
607:nakōdo
589:iegara
583:nakōdo
577:iegara
571:nakōdo
522:iegara
507:nakōdo
494:nakōdo
473:nakōdo
467:nakōdo
392:modern
155:
148:
141:
134:
128:"Miai"
126:
4161:Other
4093:Group
3917:Heqin
3898:Other
3849:Trial
3834:Naked
3824:Flash
3753:Death
3746:basis
3733:Proxy
3677:Heqin
3653:Flash
3625:Child
3603:Manus
3595:Yogic
3590:Vedic
3563:Asura
3542:Arsha
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