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safety procedures – much to the dissatisfaction of the train drivers. On 17 July 2013 DSB abandoned these temporary manual safety procedures and resumed to operate the
Jutlandic regional trains with guards, on the grounds that the safety of their trains was not to be cast in doubt and that this was more important than "whether or not one-man operation was implemented a month or two latter than planned". DSBs preparations of the lines permanent standard procedures for one-person operation did however prove to be more difficult than first anticipated. As of September 2015 DSB was only planning to use one-person operation at the local lines north and south of Aalborg – and far from all the way to Aarhus. DSB has also stated that the rest of the remaining timeline for implementing one-person operations will be re-evaluated DSB has pointed to a bureaucratic safety approval system with an independent safety assessor as the main reason for the lack of progress.
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989:
414:. According to a 2016 presentation, OPTO is "one of the TTC's key modernization efforts" as a cost-saving measure. The Toronto Rocket trains were altered to include a train door monitor system uses cameras to display a clear view of train doors while maintaining unobstructed views of the track and signals. The cameras replace the role of the train guard who used to observe the platform for safety. However, this system was not adequate to keep passengers safe, as there has been a 50% increase of dangerous "red light violations", or train operators not stopping for stop signals, after OPTO implementation on the Sheppard subway, due in part to the sole train operator having to both monitor the cameras and simultaneously operate the vehicle.
965:
1021:
199:. At the time (and to a certain extent also today) one of the most cited arguments against one-person operation was the safety risks to passengers and bystanders if the operator fell ill. The dead man switch ensured that the tram would stop in the event of an incapacitated driver. For this reason, the Birneys were also called "safety cars". Another critical feature of the Birney in dealing with safety issues from the critics of one-person operation was its compact size which eased the driver's view of the road and reducing the number of doors to a single one.
496:
527:
1807:
892:" ZAT-FM (train dispatching by train driver with driver cab monitor). Officials pointed out that the one-person operation does even lower the time a train halts on a station – on the busy central lines the train on one side of the platform did often have to wait for the train in the opposite direction on the other side of the platform to be dispatched. Although most of the central lines will be converted to ZAT-FM, there will be about 20 stations left in the network that will continue to have platform dispatchers.
1819:
844:
758:
1101:). The remaining 70% employ approximately 6,800 guards. The term 'guard' is the common name used for the role which in most countries is referred to as a 'conductor'; it's also the name used in the railway's rule book. Many train companies use alternative names for the role (conductor, senior conductor, train manager), but the role is mostly the same regardless of operator. Since 1985, freight trains have steadily converted to one-person operation.
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692:
173:
33:
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stations are unmanned, meaning boarding or disembarking assistance for a disabled person can only be provided by the train crew, and level access between platform and train is extremely rare. If there is no Guard to put the onboard wheelchair ramp in place, or otherwise assist the disabled person in boarding/debarking, then access cannot be provided short of the driver leaving the cab. The
45:
1066:– who (in Sweden) is a train driver appointed by a trade union – deemed it to be an unsafe practice demanding it be stopped. An important safety check done mainly by the conductor is to check that all doors get closed without any passenger stuck in any. This is hard to check in long trains, and long trains usually have at least two conductors.
425:
Corbett
Communications survey of Torontonians produced similar results: 7-in-10 respondents disapproved of OPTO, and 7-in-10 disapproved of the fact that the TTC decided to not offer public consultation on the issue. This survey also revealed that 6-in-10 Torontonians would feel unsafe riding in a train operated by just one staff member.
940:) is taken when boarding the vehicle. This slip of paper has a number which corresponds to the station at which the passenger boarded; since fare is typically calculated by distance traveled, the current fare from each previous stop is shown by a screen on board. When disembarking, passengers pay at a fare collection box at the exit.
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before DSB has managed to obtain safety approval for other lines first. In August 2015 DSB stated that they would reevaluate whether or not they would implement one person operation on the
Coastal Line. DSB stated at the same time, that they did not expect one man operation to be implemented on the Coastal Line in 2015.
1857:
Trains with doors operated by drivers (known in the industry as 'Driver Only
Operation') have been in operation in Great Britain for more than 30 years. ORR has scrutinised this approach, and our inspectors are satisfied that with suitable equipment, proper procedures and competent staff in place, it
1218:
network should be DOO (driver-only operation), with a second member of train-crew only being provided where there is a commercial, technical or other imperative", in order to reach the overall industry goal of a "30% unit cost reduction" by around 2018. The RMT stated that "any proposed extensions of
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trains with a dead man's switch. The switch was introduced so that one person could operate in the driving cab on their own, which became standard for all train companies operating the London
Underground in 1908. Even though this did not make the trains one-person operated – seeing as the trains were
2274:
in July 2013 when a one-person operated
Montreal, Maine and Atlantic Railway train was involved in a major and fatal accident, the Canadian Government issued an emergency order banning one-person freight trains carrying hazardous cargo. This move was criticised as rash action before the cause of the
879:
to the train and the train has a connection back to the (existing) loudspeakers on the platform. The system was tested since 2007 but due to safety concerns its introduction was held off for several years. With its introduction a platform may be served in one-person operation either by ZAT-oU or the
571:
The lines that were planned to become one-person operated were: Copenhagen-Ringsted, Copenhagen-Kalundborg, Copenhagen-Nykøbing F., Aarhus-Aalborg, Fredericia-Esbjerg and
Roskild-Køge-Ringsted The one-person operation of the railway line Aarhus-Aalborg was implemented using temporary and very manual
1871:
Disabled passengers view the introduction of Driver Only
Operation as a major step backwards in accessibility due to the combination of several issues that conflict with the government's stated intent of allowing 'turn up and go' service for disabled people right across the network. Many UK railway
1844:
We have published several research projects over the last 15 years on various aspects of DOO on passenger trains. None of these pieces of work has identified any increased risk from dispatching a train without a guard being present – providing the correct procedures have been followed. In fact, the
594:
to offer the sacked guards a "stay healthy bonus" of up to 5000 Danish kroner per month (about US$ 900 or GB£600). The safety approval of one-person operation on the
Coastal Line is part of a joint DSB one-person operation project, which entails that the Coastal Line will not be one-person operated
424:
In 2020, a
Mainstreet Research survey of Torontonians revealed that the public strongly opposed OPTO on Line 1 Yonge-University. More than 6-in-10 respondents disapproved of OPTO, and three-quarters disapproved of the TTC's decision not to inform the public of the plan to implement OPTO. In 2021, a
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is still present on every train, although the ticket inspectors are paid less than guards. The RMT Union called strike action in Summer 2016 when New Franchisee Abellio ScotRail announced plans to extend driver-only operation. The dispute was resolved when ScotRail agreed that a conductor would be
855:
rapid transit system in Berlin and Hamburg were using platform train dispatchers to ensure all doors are closed and a train can safely start for the next section. Although there were a couple of test runs since the 1970s these mass rapid transit systems were the last train systems in Germany to be
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trains planned for the Airdrie-Bathgate line had not even been delivered with a conductor's door panel. The strikes were ultimately ended by the unions, in part because of disagreements within the RMT about which principal stand to take on one-person operations. Other sources point to a "strike
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stated in response that they had given "the RMT assurances on employing conductors in alternative customer service roles and offering a generous voluntary redundancy package to those who want it." According to RMT, the proposals to implement driver-only operations are in response to the 12.5%
1159:, already one-person operated, has one door-related incident for every seven million passengers, while the section of the network which currently uses conductors has one door-related incident for every four million passengers. On 16 August 2013, the RMT called a 48-hour strike over the August
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was well-organized in unions – which was the case in around half of all cities with streetcar companies – any proposal of one-person operation would generally be challenged, regardless of whether the streetcar company was in serious financial difficulties. In many cities, it took a municipal
988:
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metropolitan rail network is configured for driver-only operation, but also operates with Passenger Service Assistants (PSA). This is a safety role, but with a focus on customer service and revenue protection. Normally, the train driver operates the doors, but PSAs are also able to.
563:
started implementing one-person operation on several rail lines on 29 June 2013. This led to reductions in staff, followed by widespread protest and some small illegal strikes by train drivers, who accused DSB of using rolling stock which was unsafe for one-person operation. The
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stated that they had been opposed to one-person freight trains for safety reasons since the introduction of the idea approximately a decade ago. In November 2019, eight U.S. railroads filed a federal lawsuit against the union to allow for the implementation of one-person crews.
1862:
The RMT union disputes the independence of both the RSSB due to the involvement of train operating company representatives on the RSSB board. and says that both RSSB and ORR are disregarding wider safety issues by one-person working beyond the operation of the doors.
1104:
On the UK light railways and tramways, conductors have all but disappeared in an operational sense and now the term 'conductor' is commonly used for revenue and customer service staff. Historically 'operational' conductors were the 'norm' on all systems including the
421:(ATC), which allows trains to be run entirely by computers to remove the need for the guard, these dates were pushed back. Line 1 was fully converted to OPTO in November 2022; however, a conversion of Line 2 to ATC and OPTO has been pushed out indefinitely.
129:, requiring a smaller investment in, for example, platform intruder detection systems and track protection (fencing, bridge-caging, CCTV etc.). In some cases, one-person operation can be seen as an intermediate step towards automatic train operation.
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accident had been uncovered. Critics of the emergency order further pointed to a 1997 "Study of One-Person Train Operations", commissioned by Transport Canada which concluded that it is unlikely that two persons in the cab improves safety.
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In the US, regardless of various technological solutions to resolve the safety issues of one-person operation, there was consistent resistance towards one-person operation among the drivers and conductors of the streetcars. Whenever the
1925:, all three subway lines became completely one-person operated at the end of March 2012. This marked the ending of the gradual implementation of one-person operations that started in 1996 with parts of the subway's shortest line, the
1845:
removal of any possible miscommunication, which could exist between driver and guard could, potentially, deliver some safety benefits. If we had found evidence to suggest that DOO was not safe when done correctly, we would say so.
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breaker" clause in ScotRail's contract, which enabled ScotRail to draw compensation from Scottish taxpayers during a strike, as another factor in the union's ending of the strikes. Even though the trains are now driven without a
1981:
since its opening in 1964. On 31 October 1993, the Orange Line began operating DOO trains as well, and this gradually spread to the entire network. As of 1998, the whole system runs with only a single crew member per train.
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British buses also once had operational conductors on most services, most buses were front-engined, meaning the passenger saloon door had to be behind the driver's cab. The last buses to have a conductor were in London on
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in Ontario operates with a conductor and engineer in the cab, as well as a conductor called a "Customer Service Ambassador" located within the train who is responsible for controlling the doors and making announcements.
583:, which led to the sacking of 50 guards. The one-person operation was set to start from 15 December 2013. Meanwhile, sickness absence among the sacked guards rose to six times the normal levels, resembling "sick-out"
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route. This is the system currently used for the 10-car Class 442 used on Gatwick Express, but the union claimed that extending this to 12-car trains put too much pressure on the driver and was unsafe. The operators
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While the Birney was one of the first public transport vehicles designed for one-person operation, it was not the first public transport vehicle to be equipped with a dead man's switch. In 1903, the
307:) began one-person operation in 1993, as part of a wider reform of public transport by the newly elected Kennett government. By 22 November 1995, all suburban trains were one-person operated.
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2054:. On 1 September 1997, OPTO began on the Franklin Avenue Shuttle and Rockaway Park Shuttle during all times, and on the B-West End Shuttle and 5-Dyre Avenue Shuttle during late nights.
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are DCO as the employ conductors, but do not assist with the doors or any operational roles. Many systems employ some form of ticket examiner for revenue and customer service reasons.
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of railways also helped reduce the required staff in the locomotive to a sole operator – as diesel and electric traction does not require a fireman to shovel coal into a boiler.
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start using two-person train crews in the US. The US has however not issued a ban on one-person-operated freight trains. In July 2013, the 55,000-member Canadian and American
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4415:
2331:, one-person operated freight trains are "very rare" in the United States because it is hard to comply with federal safety regulations with only one person on the train.
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services are DCO as they have an 'on board manager' for mainly revenue and customer service duties. Mainline Services from Kent are also DCO when operating within London.
4534:
1503:– operates automatically, occasionally with a member of staff carrying out much of the role of a conductor, but also has the ability to take manual control of the train.
862:" SAT (self-dispatching by the train driver) was first introduced in 2000 and the last station was becoming unstaffed in 2006. On the bigger Berlin S-Bahn network the "
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1288:(RMT) staged several strikes, claiming that the system was unsafe. ScotRail replied that they had been using one-person operated trains since the 1980s, and that the
847:
Classic platform dispatcher with central control – the operated electric switch is connected to the signal at the start of the platform that the train driver can see.
1782:
unions over the extension of driver-only trains across the rest of the network, ASLEF Drivers accepted a deal on 8 November 2017, resulting in the implementation of
2380:
2373:"Lac-Mégantic investigation: Use of one-person train crew under scrutiny: Transport Canada says MMA one of only two railway companies to operate that way in Canada"
125:
Although extra infrastructure such as cameras and mirrors might require additional investment, one-person operation is usually faster and cheaper to implement than
3006:"Toronto-wide poll rejects TTC's 'One Person Train Operation' plan to eliminate Subway Guards before year-end. Safety and need for public input are major concerns"
1166:
According to the RMT, the proposal set forth by Transport for London would imply driver-only operations on the whole of the London Overground network and make 130
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Most British freight trains are one-person or driver-only-operated, but certain freight trains do have guards on board for operational or safety reasons (such as
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introduced in the United States in 1916. The Birney was pre-equipped with one of the most important safety devices for enabling one-person operation – the
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By 1997, more than 90 percent of all trains – both passenger and freight – operated by the then main freight and passenger rail operator in New Zealand,
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417:
It was expected that Line 1 would have had OPTO implemented in 2019, and Line 2 would follow with OPTO in 2021. However, due to delays in implementing
856:
converted to a one-person operation as rapid transit requires to ensure a minimum time to call at a station especially in rush hours. In Hamburg the "
3524:
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In general all passenger trains on railways in Sweden have a driver and at least one conductor on board by rules, even it is not entirely mandatory.
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435:, the TTC's future light rail lines under construction as of 2022, will use one-person operation. Line 5 will also use ATC in its tunneled section.
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We have 30 years of data which we have analysed. We have found that the driver performing the task does not increase the risk to passengers at all.
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as it reduces the number of crew required and correspondingly reduces costs, it is for that reason controversial and is often strongly opposed by
1666:
375:: Still uses two-person crews on the entire line. Future plans include the introduction of OPTO over the next decade after the implementation of
614:
which operates in the sparsely populated most northern parts of Denmark also uses exclusively one-person operated trains. The railway companies
2701:"One-man train crews are unsafe, says union negotiating with Montreal, Maine and Atlantic Railway – Penobscot – Bangor Daily News – BDN Maine"
2641:
1853:(ORR) responded by letter to the Transport Select Committee's enquiry into rail safety. In their related press release an ORR spokesman said:
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are either Driver Only or Driver Controlled Operation, as some services maintain a ticket examiner for revenue and customer service duties.
2161:'s Broad Street Subway, Market-Frankford Subway-Elevated, Media & Sharon Hill Light Rail and Norristown High-Speed Lines are all OPTO.
4278:
2003:
1730:– Operates an entirely DCO service; they do provide a 'customer service representative' on board for revenue and customer service duties.
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is one-person operated. This practice is however only utilized when there is an abrupt shortage of train managers. In 2013 the company's
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ordinance to authorize one-person operation, thus also politicizing the subject. The result of all this was typically strikes and other
1942:
1922:
17:
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3155:
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has used a system where an electronic monitor is in the driver's cab. There is a camera on the platform that transmits the images via
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2675:"Warning over passenger safety as union vows to fight driver only trains plan (From East London and West Essex Guardian Series)"
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described DOO and unmanned stations as a "toxic combination" that potentially breaches the government's obligations under the
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1155:(RMT) challenged the move, claiming passenger safety would be compromised. Transport for London replied that at the time the
868:" ZAT (train dispatching by the train driver) was introduced in 2006. However it was only used on straight platforms so far.
713:
664:
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1364:
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1941:
is also DOO, but uses one crewmember per car; a typical train has two cars and thus requires two crewmembers. According to
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Trams and metro trains are however in general one-person operated. Freight trains are in general also one-person operated.
1766:
1258:
3871:
Realising the potential of BG rail – Report of the Rail Value for Money Study – Summary Report (aka: the McNulty report)
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4347:
2062:
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1371:
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2809:
2239:
1603:
1428:
1404:
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794:
739:
678:
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721:
2460:"Realising the Potential of GB Rail – Final Independent Report of the Rail Value for Money Study – Detailed Report"
2135:
2125:
2111:
2101:
1542:
1423:– Has operated entirely driver-only or one-person operated services since 2000. Certain Underground trains (on the
1097:
On the British railway network, around 30% of all passenger services are single crewed or 'driver-only operated' (
118:
must be able to see the whole train to make sure that all the doors are safe for departure. On curved platforms a
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2139:
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area, the subway trains over 300 feet (91 m) and with over five cars are operated by a two-person crew of a
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1703:
1353:
1117:– all current UK light rail systems are of modern construction and were built as 'new' for one-person operation.
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4559:
3916:
2864:
2339:
2119:
2088:
2078:
1585:
1342:
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944:
717:
228:
1758:– Operate a large network of driver-only trains on their Metro services, mainly around South East London. The
2058:
2031:
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has always operated under the "one man rule" from the opening of the first line in 1976. In addition to the
4008:
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1991:
1298:
770:
630:
576:
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1722:– Operates an entirely driver-only operated train service on the Thameslink and Great Northern sub-brands.
927:, often accompanied by a pre-recorded in-car announcement mentioning that the train is a "one man train".
832:
4198:
3257:
1811:
1783:
1699:
1230:. Additionally it has been proposed for the new Hitachi Super Express Trains which will be in use on the
1176:
1002:, while the red section is where the customer pays. A boarding voucher dispenser is pictured to the left.
952:
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routes and lines are driver only operated, with 2 metro lines currently operating completely unattended.
479:
100:
3177:
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throughout the rest of the network which was not previously operating DOO services, excluding routes to
1277:'s trains are one-person operated, mainly electric services around the Glasgow and Strathclyde regions.
1137:
are single-person operated. Conversion to one-person operation began in 1984 and was completed in 2000.
2923:
2051:
1799:
1627:
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1294:
1281:
1227:
1167:
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909:
347:
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3332:
2335:
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1451:– Operates an entirely driver-only operated service and has done since the Modernisation in 1977–1980.
3724:
1683:
1509:– All bus services in the United Kingdom are one-person operated. The last regular bus services were
1211:
670:
380:
320:
126:
2022:) has been using one-person operation on all of its transit lines since it began operating in 1991.
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streetcar, one of the first public transport vehicles designed specifically for one-person operation
4665:
3031:"Torontonians' attitudes on eliminating subway guards and public consultation on TTC subway safety"
1873:
1791:
1718:
1251:
1231:
1207:
995:
702:
443:
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1125:
double-deck buses (primarily withdrawn in 2005), otherwise, all UK buses are one-person operated.
407:(conductor). The guard is responsible for operating the doors, as well as observing the platform.
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2074:
1850:
1691:
1655:
1574:
1499:
1331:
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A LED fare chart on a bus. The fare to be paid corresponds to the number on the boarding voucher.
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588:
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152:
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2019:
1954:
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304:
276:
243:
133:
49:
4535:"Short-line rail operators, the 'special teams' of the railway industry, defend safety record"
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On 9 October 2016, OPTO was implemented on the heavy-rail Line 4, which uses four-car sets of
319:
network is driver-only operated. Conversion to DOO initiated in the early 1990s when then new
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2842:
2084:
2047:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1222:
The British government has proposed the extension of driver-only trains as a part of the new
560:
539:
396:
372:
297:
4372:
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3125:
2542:
1014:
A boarding voucher printed with the number and station where the passenger boarded the train
3964:"Union demand assurances from First Group on the future of train buffet services and staff"
3840:
3199:
2316:
1514:
1480:
1455:
1280:
When First ScotRail launched a plan to implement one-person operations on the newly opened
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580:
196:
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Most freight trains in Canada do not allow one-person train operation for safety reasons.
2221:
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kept on all new trains with the driver opening the doors and the conductor shutting them.
242:
ended the need for a second crew member in the driving cab to assist with coupling at the
8:
1945:
spokesperson Joe Pesaturo, the Carmen's Union "has never embraced" one-person operation.
1835:(RSSB) has stated that its research found no increased risks from driver-only operation.
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1631:
1488:
1472:
1235:
611:
534:
looking out of the side window to make sure all the doors are safely closed for departure
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509:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
507:. The reason given is: most of this refers to events after September 2015 as the future.
2465:. Department for Transport & Office of Rail Regulation. p. 200. Archived from
1930:
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1245:
trade union refused to pick up passengers using DOO on the new Class 387 trains on the
1147:
network as driver-only trains. The latest conversion was announced in July 2013 on the
1134:
1106:
607:
549:
system in 1975. The S-train system has been completely one-person operated since 1978.
388:
354:
4181:
3661:
2575:. Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. pp. 4(a) & 5(b). Archived from
3878:
3659:
3450:
2748:
1978:
1974:
1938:
1902:
1881:
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operated services are driver-only trains, operating mostly in the Thames Valley from
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1199:
1144:
1110:
975:
526:
432:
209:
145:
141:
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948:
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1913:
All light rail lines, and the one subway line, operate on single-person operation.
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inquiry of the rail industry in the United Kingdom, tabled a scoping report titled
1156:
1059:
886:" ZAT-oU (train dispatching by train driver without technical support) or the new "
634:
326:
282:
216:
185:
108:
37:
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Eisuke Isobe; Jinko Cho; Itaru Morihisa; Toshihiko Sekizawa; Ryuji Tanaka (1999).
3607:
2610:. PARSONS TRANSPORTATION GROUP. 26 February 2010. p. 1&35. Archived from
2517:
2217:
1806:
1770:– Operates driver-only trains in South London and on the Brighton mainline. After
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with the exception of Norwich services which are DCO. Formally trains operated by
1265:
trade union went on strike over plans to introduce DOO on more Southern services.
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2342:
2152:
1934:
1818:
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1214:(ORR). The report recommended that "the default position for all services on the
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An increasing number of subways are becoming one-person operation, including the
816:
428:
404:
400:
360:
4134:
3557:"Die S-Bahn führt neues Zugabfertigungssystem ein // 2014 // S-Bahn Berlin GmbH"
3525:"Scheduling of inspectors for ticket spot checking in urban rail transportation"
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329:
trains between Kewdale and West Merriden are occasionally driver-only operated.
285:
trains between Adelaide and Port Augusta are occasionally driver-only operated.
4399:"Staff levels 'completely inadequate' for rail access, say government advisers"
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1179:
1114:
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At the start of 2013 DSB also used one-person operated trains on the two small
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343:
268:
259:
137:
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3283:"Ikke altid nemt at blive enige, men der må ikke herske tvivl om sikkerheden"
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2043:
1970:
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1432:
1223:
1109:(who used the term 'guard' like the mainline railway). With exception to the
872:
584:
553:
543:
239:
232:
4607:"U.S. railroad chief 'shocked' at Maine company's single-person train crews"
2413:
951:, which was one-person operated since its opening in the year 1990, and the
930:
Most buses are also one-person operations. In most cases, when not using an
2292:
2175:
1510:
1424:
1160:
1086:
1082:
1055:
876:
843:
272:
115:
104:
53:
4441:
William F. McClellan Deputy Director – Red Line Operations (31 May 2011).
3100:"DSB: studiemateriale – milepaele-i-jernbanens-historie – S-tog år for år"
2568:
William F. McClellan Deputy Director – Red Line Operations (31 May 2011).
883:
Zugabfertigung durch den Triebfahrzeugführer ohne technische Unterstützung
2015:
1549:
was the last bus route to have conductors until it was withdrawn in 2020.
1538:
1443:
with a 'train operator' to carry out other duties such as door operation.
1215:
1195:
156:
1738:– Has operated an entirely driver-only operated service since July 2013.
757:
224:
still operated with a guard – it was one of the first steps towards it.
188:
vehicle that was developed specifically for one-person operation is the
4448:. Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. p. 5. Archived from
1898:
1588: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1273:
DCO was first implemented in the 1980s, and currently more than 56% of
1219:
DOO would be fought by the union on grounds of safety and efficiency".
1040:
931:
889:
Zugabfertigung durch den Triebfahrzeugführer mittels Führerraum-Monitor
619:
615:
316:
403:
all originally operated with two-person crews of a train operator and
2458:
Roy McNulty – Chairman of the Rail Value for Money Study (May 2011).
294:
204:
192:
4579:
4577:
4323:"ORR's statement on driver only operation – Office of Rail and Road"
4304:
3939:"RMT launches Northern Rail and Transpennine Express campaign – rmt"
1563:
1320:
691:
568:
stated in 2011 "that one-person operation wasn't their cup of tea".
4184:
1468:
458:
operates with two locomotive cngineers and several on-board staff.
455:
264:
172:
1467:– Most tram systems in the UK are one-person operated, including:
357:: Complete OPTO since the beginning of operation on 22 March 1985.
275:
all feature train managers who perform a similar role, as did the
32:
4574:
4348:"Southern boss is key player on "independent" safety board – rmt"
4305:"Railway safety inquiry follow up | Office of Rail and Road"
1966:
1459:– Has been entirely driver-only operated since it opened in 1980.
1054:
In Sweden around two daily departures on the Swedish part of the
623:
603:
546:
531:
44:
2155:
has also had one-person OPTO operation from its opening in 1969.
350:(TTC), uses a mix of one-person and two-person train operation.
151:
While one-person operation is popular and on the rise among the
4627:
4235:"RSSB-research-projects-find-no-increased-safety-risk-from-doo"
3231:(in Danish). Dansk Jernbaneforbund. 15 January 2013. p. 10
2091:): 4 cars (except summer weekends when extended trains operate)
1254:
took legal action, and the union ultimately dropped the claim.
852:
599:
189:
177:
2104:
train (Dyre Avenue and East 180th Street) during late nights (
1305:
3308:"Status vedr. enmandsbetjening i Nordjylland og på Kystbanen"
3154:(in Danish). Jyllands-posten.dk. 18 July 2013. Archived from
2158:
947:, which was designed to operate on one-person operation, the
3990:"Aslef drops legal action and accepts 12-car Gatwick trains"
2810:"The Underground Electric Train – 17. Deadmen and Tripcocks"
2295:
are one-person operated, however most freight trains of the
2865:"TTC launching single-operator system on subway this month"
2747:. Westport: Greenwood Press. pp. 74, 75, 77 & 78.
900:
Most trains operating in Ireland are driver-only operated.
379:(ATC) which would require new rolling stock as the current
119:
3841:"Britain: Rail unions betray London Overground conductors"
1642:– Operates an entirely driver-only operated train service.
579:
decided to implement one-person operation on the tendered
391:
has operated with a single operator, while the heavy-rail
3530:. DSB S-tog, Dept. of Production Planning. Archived from
3126:"Kystbanen får kniven: Færre afgange og mindre personale"
2819:(November). London Underground Railway Society: 1 & 2
1638:
1634:
rolling stock required the presence of a guard/conductor.
1175:
reduction in Transport for London's funding announced in
4031:"Travellers face more rail strikes after talks collapse"
2307:
Swedish freight trains are usually one-person operated.
2065:
are used for one-person operation as of July 2018:
4110:"Row over 'strike breaker' clause in ScotRail contract"
2283:
Danish freight trains are usually one-person operated.
978:. Notice the green sign above the driver window saying
559:
As a result of several years of major annual deficits,
369:: Entire line converted to OPTO since 20 November 2022.
122:
system, mirror or station dispatch staff are required.
4640:(152). United States Government Printing Office: 48218
3583:"S-Bahn will auf 50 Bahnhöfen die Aufsicht abschaffen"
3522:
3178:"Medlemsinformation nr. 14_2013/enmandsbetjening igen"
2777:"Not the First Time the 'Dead-Man' Switch Did Its Job"
1714:
via the Cotswolds are operated with a guard/conductor.
1286:
National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers
1153:
National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers
610:
to operate the lines in 2003. The small train company
4552:
3719:
3717:
3662:"Linear Metro Transport Systems for the 21st Century"
1226:
and has left it optional to the new operators of the
4599:
4061:"Fresh peace moves in long-running ScotRail dispute"
3818:"London Overground guards to strike on bank holiday"
2291:
Irish freight trains operated by locomotives of the
629:
On all Danish one-person operated passenger trains,
4416:"MBTA cuts down to single-operator Red Line trains"
3863:
3861:
2894:"TTC forging ahead with one-operator subway trains"
2694:
2692:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2663:
1345:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3714:
2744:Urban Mass Transit: The Life Story of a Technology
1849:In December 2016, the overall rail regulator, the
1771:
819:is entirely operated using driver-only operation.
478:All Canadian light rail systems are either DOO or
140:freight trains are almost exclusively crewed by a
4628:Federal Railroad Administration (7 August 2013).
4182:London's New Routemaster buses cut 300 conductors
4003:
4001:
3999:
3504:(in Danish). HUR Trafik. 15 April 2013. p. 9
3423:(in Danish). Epn.dk. 10 July 2013. Archived from
3302:
3300:
3152:"DSB: Enmandsbetjente tog er kommet for at blive"
2095:
2068:
1698:. For operational reasons, Networker services to
626:, use solely one-person operated trains as well.
606:have been one-person operated since Arriva won a
542:started implementing one-person operation on the
4657:
4560:"Study of one-person train operations – Summary"
4478:""L" To the Southwest Side: A New Way to Midway"
4261:"RSSB: 'No evidence of increased risk' from DOO"
3858:
3523:Thorlacius, Per; Jens Clausen (17 August 2010).
3449:(in Danish). Nordjyske Jernbaner. Archived from
3200:"Togene kører igen ved Københavns Hovedbanegård"
3180:(in Danish). Dansk Jernbaneforbund. 28 June 2013
2689:
2660:
2364:
2351:Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers and Trainmen
2263:are the only two railways in Canada approved by
2018:, the city's rapid transit system (known as the
363:: Entire line converted to OPTO in October 2016.
159:, often claiming that it is an unsafe practice.
36:A freight train driver on a one-person operated
27:Operation of a train, bus, or tram by one person
4520:OPTO One Parson Train Operation Shuttle Service
4443:"Red Line Single Person Train Operation (SPTO)"
4009:"Second rail strike likely as talks break down"
3787:"RMT announces London Overground strike action"
3377:"Minister om Kystbanen: Vi sparer 25 millioner"
2570:"Red Line Single Person Train Operation (SPTO)"
1658:are driver-only operated with the exception of
955:, which became driver-only operated from 2009.
913:
859:Selbstabfertigung durch den Triebfahrzeugführer
212:whenever one-person operation was implemented.
103:, is operation of a train, bus, or tram by the
48:A platform mirror for driver-only operation at
4434:
4196:TfL axes remaining heritage Routemaster route
3996:
3917:"McNulty: union declares war on DOO proposals"
3727:(in Swedish). Sekotidningen. 29 September 2013
3391:
3369:
3297:
3258:"DSBs plan om enmandsbetjente tog koster dyrt"
2912:
2888:
2886:
2636:
2634:
2632:
935:
920:
633:still board the train now and then to perform
3325:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3246:
2599:
2597:
2543:"Lokofører: Skal jeg slå passagererne ihjel?"
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
1977:– has been using one-person operation on the
1933:in 2010 and ended with the longest line, the
1878:Disabled Persons Transport Advisory Committee
136:are normally one-person operated, the larger
114:On one-person operated passenger trains, the
4410:
4408:
4373:"Rail dispute: are driver-only trains safe?"
3911:
3909:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3780:
3778:
3653:
3277:
3275:
2920:"Line 1 (Yonge-University)–Service increase"
1990:Cleveland's only heavy rail metro line, the
887:
881:
865:Zugabfertigung durch den Triebfahrzeugführer
863:
857:
538:In Denmark, the state owned railway company
4472:
4470:
3867:
3699:
3333:"Enmandsbetjente tog er stadig kun en plan"
2883:
2629:
1541:that had their conductors removed in 2016.
1306:Current driver-only / one-person operations
720:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
679:Learn how and when to remove these messages
387:Since its opening in 1985, the light-metro
4630:"FRA Emergency Order No. 28, Notice No. 1"
4491:
3696:. Tokyo Metro Press Release. 28 March 2009
3475:(in Danish). Regionstog.dk. Archived from
3243:
3118:
2594:
2561:
2442:
2220:. Please do not remove this message until
1943:Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority
1921:On the Boston subway, also referred to as
1257:In the summer of 2016, guards working for
4526:
4405:
4107:
4081:
3906:
3805:
3775:
3421:"Arriva: Kun gode erfaringer med solotog"
3379:(in Danish). ekstrabladet.dk. 9 July 2013
3335:(in Danish). Berlingske.dk. 20 March 2015
3272:
3260:(in Danish). Berlingske.dk. 31 March 2014
2803:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2436:The dictionary of transport and logistics
2408:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2240:Learn how and when to remove this message
1626:are driver-only operated as far north as
1604:Learn how and when to remove this message
1405:Learn how and when to remove this message
795:Learn how and when to remove this message
740:Learn how and when to remove this message
622:, operating the single-track railways of
556:lines Svendborgbanen and Aarhus nærbane.
4467:
4135:"Travel delays as ScotRail staff strike"
3753:
3706:"Study of One-person Train Operations".
2698:
2216:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1817:
1805:
1241:In April 2016, drivers belonging to the
842:
525:
171:
43:
31:
3580:
3401:(in Danish). berlingske.dk. 9 July 2013
3357:(in Danish). berlingske.dk. 9 July 2013
2736:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2427:
2370:
2261:Quebec North Shore and Labrador Railway
1043:, had only one person in the loco cab.
807:Several systems within France are DOO.
438:
14:
4658:
4609:. Main Sunday Telegram. 23 August 2013
4532:
4418:. Metro. 21 March 2012. Archived from
4211:
4157:"Scotrail industrial dispute resolved"
4082:Henderson, Damien (20 December 2012).
3838:
2942:"One-Person Train Operation on Line 1"
2930:from the original on 19 November 2022.
2807:
2794:
2774:
2395:
1746:– Most electric train services in the
1089:systems are all driver-only operated.
602:on the rural single-track railways of
238:On the London Underground, the use of
4587:(in Danish). TV2 Nord. 31 August 2011
2968:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2677:. Guardian-series.co.uk. 19 July 2013
2642:"No more one-man crews on oil trains"
2490:
908:In Japan, passenger trains without a
3725:"Kräver stopp för ensamma lokförare"
3347:
2740:
2715:
2605:"COPENHAGEN S-BANE AUTOMATION STUDY"
2510:
2433:
2347:Montreal, Maine and Atlantic Railway
2257:Montreal, Maine and Atlantic Railway
2190:
2146:
1586:adding citations to reliable sources
1557:
1343:adding citations to reliable sources
1314:
1189:
751:
718:adding citations to reliable sources
685:
644:
489:
4585:"Mogens kom forbi – Britt og toget"
3839:Barnes, Michael (15 January 2014).
3784:
3399:"DSB betaler togførere for at møde"
3355:"DSB betaler togførere for at møde"
3102:(in Danish). Dsb.dk. Archived from
2310:
2165:
227:Besides the dead man's switch, the
162:
24:
3968:Wilts and Gloucestershire Standard
3710:(May). Transport Canada: 28. 1997.
3473:"Regionstog – Billetter og priser"
2959:
2379:. Montreal, Quebec. Archived from
2322:
2267:to run one-person freight trains.
1831:The UK rail safety regulator, the
1204:Realising the potential of GB rail
25:
4687:
4108:Henderson, Damien (22 May 2012).
3581:Fülling, Thomas (19 April 2013).
3285:(in Danish). DSB.dk. 17 July 2013
2181:
1172:London Overground Rail Operations
1092:
660:This section has multiple issues.
461:
337:
3608:"Transportation in Japan: Buses"
3313:(in Danish). DSB. 18 August 2015
3202:(in Danish). Dr.dk. 28 June 2013
2493:"CCTV and passenger information"
2414:"MTA One-Person Train Operation"
2195:
2037:
1887:
1822:Driver Dispatch Screen side view
1562:
1553:
1319:
1310:
1064:health and safety representative
1019:
1007:
987:
963:
912:are indicated by a sign reading
756:
690:
649:
494:
470:operates with one-person crews.
4621:
4512:
4391:
4365:
4340:
4315:
4297:
4271:
4253:
4227:
4205:
4190:
4175:
4149:
4127:
4101:
4075:
4053:
4023:
3982:
3956:
3931:
3832:
3739:
3687:
3625:
3600:
3574:
3549:
3516:
3491:
3465:
3439:
3413:
3214:
3192:
3170:
3144:
3092:
3071:
3047:
3023:
2998:
2934:
2857:
2831:
2768:
2699:Sambides, Nick (17 July 2013).
2648:. Pressherald.com. 23 July 2013
2371:Bagnall, Janet (11 July 2013).
2329:Federal Railroad Administration
2299:are operated by two engineers.
1997:
1833:Rail Safety and Standards Board
1573:needs additional citations for
1330:needs additional citations for
668:or discuss these issues on the
184:One of the first examples of a
4533:Deveau, Scott (13 July 2013).
4037:. 8 April 2010. Archived from
3747:"Skyddsombud/arbetsmiljöombud"
2535:
2484:
2340:Federal Railroad Administrator
2096:Part-time one-person operation
2069:Full-time one-person operation
2009:
1622:– All trains operating out of
1034:
945:Nagahori Tsurumi-ryokuchi Line
13:
1:
4676:Automated track-bound traffic
4522:, New York City Transit, 1996
4084:"Rail union U-turn on strike"
3761:"London Underground Glossary"
3708:5.2.2 Tranzrail (New Zealand)
2357:
2116:Ozone Park–Lefferts Boulevard
2059:New York City Subway services
1208:Department of Transport (DfT)
1184:Comprehensive Spending Review
998:train. The blue section is a
473:
217:Metropolitan District Railway
85:single person train operation
4199:Bus & Coach Preservation
4011:. BBC News. 24 February 2010
3222:"På bekostning af trygheden"
2974:"One Person Train Operation"
2839:"Victorian railways history"
2518:"Track To Train CCTV System"
2286:
2278:
1992:Red Line (RTA Rapid Transit)
1985:
1908:
1858:is a safe method of working.
1814:, used for closing the doors
810:
577:Danish Ministry of Transport
288:
249:
7:
3868:Roy McNulty (15 May 2011).
2775:Newman, Andy (7 May 2010).
2302:
2222:conditions to do so are met
2186:
2118:branch during late nights (
2032:Miami-Dade County Metrorail
1948:
1810:Driver Dispatch Screens at
1784:Driver Controlled Operation
1268:
1177:Chancellor of the Exchequer
953:Tokyo Metro Marunouchi Line
914:
530:A Danish train driver on a
480:driver-controlled operation
450:
383:is not compatible with ATC.
254:
101:driver-controlled operation
10:
4692:
3820:. BBC News. 16 August 2013
2924:Toronto Transit Commission
2841:. Mark Bau. Archived from
2006:are driver-only operated.
1960:
1892:
1477:Nottingham Express Transit
1282:Airdrie-Bathgate Rail Link
1149:Gospel Oak to Barking line
895:
838:
485:
412:Bombardier Toronto Rockets
348:Toronto Transit Commission
167:
93:one-person train operation
18:One person train operation
4671:Rail transport operations
4063:. Railnews. 19 March 2010
3992:. BBC News. 23 June 2016.
3694:東京メトロ丸ノ内線全線 ワンマン運転実施のお知らせ
1994:, is operated using DOO.
1916:
1866:
1826:
1670:– Most 'Networker' Class
1212:Office of Rail Regulation
1143:now operates 100% of its
1128:
1113:, London Underground and
1046:
936:
921:
833:Tramways in Île-de-France
640:
503:This section needs to be
332:
153:train operating companies
127:automatic train operation
4562:. Transport Canada. 1997
4212:TheJMR (25 March 2013).
3132:(in Danish). 7 June 2013
2741:Post, C. Robert (2007).
2549:(in Danish). 7 June 2013
2025:
1874:Department for Transport
1719:Govia Thameslink Railway
1650:– Services operating to
1543:London heritage route 15
1252:Govia Thameslink Railway
1072:
996:Shigaraki Kohgen Railway
903:
822:
310:
298:suburban railway network
4279:"Driver only operation"
3919:. Railnews. 20 May 2011
2336:Lac-Mégantic derailment
2272:Lac-Mégantic derailment
2075:Franklin Avenue Shuttle
1851:Office of Rail and Road
1500:Docklands Light Railway
1228:Trans Pennine franchise
880:ZAT-FM, being the old "
598:The trains operated by
589:train operating company
419:automatic train control
393:Line 1 Yonge-University
377:Automatic Train Control
367:Line 1 Yonge-University
302:train operating company
300:(currently operated by
3785:RMT (16 August 2013).
2808:Connor, Piers (2006).
1955:Bay Area Rapid Transit
1905:are both DOO systems.
1860:
1847:
1841:
1823:
1815:
1680:British Rail Class 387
1652:Aylesbury Vale Parkway
1619:Abellio Greater Anglia
1354:"One-person operation"
934:, a boarding voucher (
888:
882:
864:
858:
848:
535:
305:Metro Trains Melbourne
244:terminal train station
181:
57:
41:
3789:. RMT. Archived from
3499:"lokalplan 2006-2015"
3079:"OPERATIONAL FACTORS"
2703:. Bangordailynews.com
2646:Maine Sunday Telegram
2491:Transport, Faiveley.
2085:Rockaway Park Shuttle
2004:US light rail systems
1929:, continued with the
1855:
1842:
1837:
1821:
1809:
1796:Ashford International
1788:Milton Keynes Central
1706:and services west of
1667:Great Western Railway
1545:that was operated by
1456:Tyne & Wear Metro
1261:and belonging to the
1198:, chair of the major
1194:By 21 July 2010, Sir
846:
831:lines and all of the
587:. This compelled the
529:
397:Line 2 Bloor-Danforth
373:Line 2 Bloor-Danforth
344:Toronto subway system
175:
69:driver-only operation
47:
35:
4223:– via YouTube.
4214:"FCC Train Dispatch"
3749:. Arbetsmiljöverket.
2986:on 11 September 2018
2926:. 20 November 2022.
2434:Lowe, David (2002),
1582:improve this article
1481:Manchester Metrolink
1441:driven automatically
1339:improve this article
1206:commissioned by the
714:improve this section
575:On 7 June 2013, the
566:Danish Railway Union
439:Greater Toronto Area
219:equipped two of its
61:One-person operation
4311:. 25 November 2016.
3633:"運行について>列車の利用方法"
2869:OHS Canada Magazine
2334:In the wake of the
2209:of this section is
1660:'locomotive hauled'
1632:'locomotive hauled'
1489:Sheffield Supertram
1473:West Midlands Metro
1058:system operated by
612:Nordjyske Jernbaner
3453:on 5 November 2013
3086:onlinepubs.trb.org
2781:The New York Times
2617:on 20 January 2016
1824:
1816:
1678:and 'Electrostar'
1420:London Underground
1224:Northern franchise
1135:London Underground
1133:All trains on the
1107:London Underground
849:
769:. You can help by
536:
389:Line 3 Scarborough
355:Line 3 Scarborough
346:, operated by the
182:
58:
42:
4379:. 6 December 2016
4285:on 3 October 2017
4267:. 18 August 2016.
4241:on 3 October 2017
3970:. 19 January 2015
3894:on 22 August 2014
3884:978-1-84864-123-5
3793:on 17 August 2013
3675:(3). Hitachi: 148
3067:on 20 April 2022.
2754:978-0-313-33916-5
2522:Ogier Electronics
2472:on 3 January 2014
2383:on 17 August 2013
2327:According to the
2319:nuclear trains).
2250:
2249:
2242:
2147:Philadelphia Area
2034:is DOO operated.
1957:is entirely DOO.
1903:Atlanta Streetcar
1882:Equality Act 2010
1735:London Overground
1684:London Paddington
1647:Chiltern Railways
1614:
1613:
1606:
1485:Blackpool Tramway
1415:
1414:
1407:
1389:
1190:England and Wales
1145:London Overground
976:Muroran Main Line
805:
804:
797:
787:
786:
750:
749:
742:
683:
631:ticket inspectors
524:
523:
433:Line 6 Finch West
323:were introduced.
210:industrial action
197:dead man's switch
107:alone, without a
77:one-man operation
67:), also known as
16:(Redirected from
4683:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4645:
4634:Federal Register
4625:
4619:
4618:
4616:
4614:
4603:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4592:
4581:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4567:
4556:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4545:
4530:
4524:
4523:
4516:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4505:
4495:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4484:
4474:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4460:
4454:
4447:
4438:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4427:
4422:on 7 August 2013
4412:
4403:
4402:
4395:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4369:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4358:
4344:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4319:
4313:
4312:
4301:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4281:. Archived from
4275:
4269:
4268:
4257:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4246:
4237:. Archived from
4231:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4220:
4209:
4203:
4202:June 2021 page 6
4194:
4188:
4179:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4168:
4163:. 4 October 2019
4161:Holyrood Website
4153:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4105:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4068:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4046:
4027:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4005:
3994:
3993:
3986:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3960:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3949:
3935:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3913:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3899:
3893:
3887:. Archived from
3876:
3865:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3836:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3814:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3782:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3721:
3712:
3711:
3703:
3697:
3691:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3666:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3578:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3561:s-bahn-berlin.de
3553:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3536:
3529:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3503:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3373:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3312:
3304:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3279:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3254:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3229:Jernbane Tidende
3226:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3083:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3060:. Archived from
3059:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3035:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2985:
2979:. Archived from
2978:
2970:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2900:. 2 October 2016
2890:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2871:. 4 October 2016
2861:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2817:Underground News
2814:
2805:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2738:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2696:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2671:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2638:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2616:
2609:
2601:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2581:
2574:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2497:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2471:
2464:
2455:
2440:
2439:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2410:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2368:
2265:Transport Canada
2245:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2225:
2199:
2198:
2191:
2172:Washington Metro
2166:Washington, D.C.
1969:the city's main
1748:Strathclyde area
1727:Heathrow Express
1624:Liverpool Street
1609:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1589:
1566:
1558:
1547:AEC Routemasters
1539:New Routemasters
1410:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1390:
1388:
1347:
1323:
1315:
1299:ticket inspector
1157:East London line
1111:Blackpool system
1060:Veolia Transport
1023:
1011:
994:A fare box on a
991:
967:
939:
938:
926:
924:
923:
917:
891:
885:
867:
861:
800:
793:
782:
779:
760:
752:
745:
738:
734:
731:
725:
694:
686:
675:
653:
652:
645:
519:
516:
510:
498:
497:
490:
327:Pacific National
283:Pacific National
260:Adelaide Metro's
186:public transport
163:Passenger trains
99:), similarly to
40:train in Denmark
38:DB Schenker Rail
21:
4691:
4690:
4686:
4685:
4684:
4682:
4681:
4680:
4666:Bus terminology
4656:
4655:
4654:
4653:
4643:
4641:
4626:
4622:
4612:
4610:
4605:
4604:
4600:
4590:
4588:
4583:
4582:
4575:
4565:
4563:
4558:
4557:
4553:
4543:
4541:
4531:
4527:
4518:
4517:
4513:
4503:
4501:
4497:
4496:
4492:
4482:
4480:
4476:
4475:
4468:
4458:
4456:
4452:
4445:
4439:
4435:
4425:
4423:
4414:
4413:
4406:
4401:. 28 July 2022.
4397:
4396:
4392:
4382:
4380:
4371:
4370:
4366:
4356:
4354:
4346:
4345:
4341:
4331:
4329:
4321:
4320:
4316:
4303:
4302:
4298:
4288:
4286:
4277:
4276:
4272:
4259:
4258:
4254:
4244:
4242:
4233:
4232:
4228:
4218:
4216:
4210:
4206:
4195:
4191:
4180:
4176:
4166:
4164:
4155:
4154:
4150:
4140:
4138:
4133:
4132:
4128:
4118:
4116:
4114:Herald Scotland
4106:
4102:
4092:
4090:
4088:Herald Scotland
4080:
4076:
4066:
4064:
4059:
4058:
4054:
4044:
4042:
4041:on 9 April 2010
4035:Herald Scotland
4029:
4028:
4024:
4014:
4012:
4007:
4006:
3997:
3988:
3987:
3983:
3973:
3971:
3962:
3961:
3957:
3947:
3945:
3937:
3936:
3932:
3922:
3920:
3915:
3914:
3907:
3897:
3895:
3891:
3885:
3874:
3866:
3859:
3849:
3847:
3837:
3833:
3823:
3821:
3816:
3815:
3806:
3796:
3794:
3783:
3776:
3766:
3764:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3745:
3744:
3740:
3730:
3728:
3723:
3722:
3715:
3705:
3704:
3700:
3692:
3688:
3678:
3676:
3664:
3658:
3654:
3644:
3642:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3616:
3614:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3591:
3589:
3579:
3575:
3565:
3563:
3555:
3554:
3550:
3540:
3538:
3537:on 30 June 2011
3534:
3527:
3521:
3517:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3482:
3480:
3479:on 30 July 2013
3471:
3470:
3466:
3456:
3454:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3430:
3428:
3427:on 30 July 2013
3419:
3418:
3414:
3404:
3402:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3382:
3380:
3375:
3374:
3370:
3360:
3358:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3338:
3336:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3305:
3298:
3288:
3286:
3281:
3280:
3273:
3263:
3261:
3256:
3255:
3244:
3234:
3232:
3224:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3205:
3203:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3183:
3181:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3161:
3159:
3158:on 7 April 2014
3150:
3149:
3145:
3135:
3133:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3109:
3107:
3106:on 7 April 2014
3098:
3097:
3093:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3064:
3057:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3014:
3012:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2976:
2972:
2971:
2960:
2950:
2948:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2903:
2901:
2892:
2891:
2884:
2874:
2872:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2848:
2846:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2822:
2820:
2812:
2806:
2795:
2785:
2783:
2773:
2769:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2739:
2716:
2706:
2704:
2697:
2690:
2680:
2678:
2673:
2672:
2661:
2651:
2649:
2640:
2639:
2630:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2607:
2603:
2602:
2595:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2572:
2566:
2562:
2552:
2550:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2526:
2524:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2485:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2462:
2456:
2443:
2432:
2428:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2411:
2396:
2386:
2384:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2343:Joseph C. Szabo
2325:
2313:
2305:
2289:
2281:
2246:
2235:
2229:
2226:
2215:
2200:
2196:
2189:
2184:
2168:
2153:PATCO Speedline
2149:
2132:) : 5 cars
2098:
2071:
2040:
2028:
2012:
2000:
1988:
1963:
1951:
1919:
1911:
1895:
1890:
1869:
1829:
1704:Gatwick Airport
1610:
1599:
1593:
1590:
1579:
1567:
1556:
1493:Edinburgh Trams
1469:London Tramlink
1411:
1400:
1394:
1391:
1348:
1346:
1336:
1324:
1313:
1308:
1271:
1247:Gatwick Express
1200:value for money
1192:
1131:
1123:AEC Routemaster
1095:
1079:Barcelona Metro
1075:
1049:
1037:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1015:
1012:
1003:
992:
983:
968:
918:
906:
898:
871:Since 2014 the
841:
825:
817:Marseille Metro
813:
801:
790:
789:
788:
783:
777:
774:
767:needs expansion
761:
746:
735:
729:
726:
711:
695:
654:
650:
643:
520:
514:
511:
508:
499:
495:
488:
476:
464:
453:
441:
429:Line 5 Eglinton
401:Line 4 Sheppard
361:Line 4 Sheppard
340:
335:
321:A-series trains
313:
291:
257:
252:
229:electrification
170:
165:
144:as well as the
132:While European
50:Vykhino station
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4689:
4679:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4652:
4651:
4620:
4598:
4573:
4551:
4539:Financial Post
4525:
4511:
4490:
4466:
4455:on 13 May 2013
4433:
4404:
4390:
4364:
4339:
4314:
4309:www.orr.gov.uk
4296:
4270:
4252:
4226:
4204:
4189:
4174:
4148:
4137:. 21 June 2016
4126:
4100:
4074:
4052:
4022:
3995:
3981:
3955:
3930:
3905:
3883:
3877:. p. 61.
3857:
3831:
3804:
3774:
3763:. trainweb.org
3752:
3738:
3713:
3698:
3686:
3669:Hitachi Review
3652:
3638:Ōigawa Railway
3624:
3599:
3573:
3548:
3515:
3490:
3464:
3438:
3412:
3390:
3368:
3346:
3324:
3296:
3271:
3242:
3213:
3191:
3169:
3143:
3117:
3091:
3070:
3046:
3022:
2997:
2958:
2933:
2911:
2882:
2856:
2845:on 30 May 2008
2830:
2793:
2767:
2753:
2714:
2688:
2659:
2628:
2593:
2582:on 13 May 2013
2560:
2534:
2509:
2483:
2441:
2426:
2394:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2345:demanded that
2338:in July 2013,
2324:
2321:
2312:
2311:United Kingdom
2309:
2304:
2301:
2288:
2285:
2280:
2277:
2270:Following the
2248:
2247:
2203:
2201:
2194:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2182:Freight trains
2180:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2156:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2133:
2123:
2109:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2082:
2070:
2067:
2057:The following
2039:
2036:
2027:
2024:
2011:
2008:
1999:
1996:
1987:
1984:
1962:
1959:
1950:
1947:
1918:
1915:
1910:
1907:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1868:
1865:
1828:
1825:
1804:
1803:
1774:with both the
1763:
1751:
1739:
1731:
1723:
1715:
1663:
1643:
1635:
1612:
1611:
1570:
1568:
1561:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1504:
1496:
1460:
1452:
1448:Glasgow Subway
1444:
1413:
1412:
1327:
1325:
1318:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1270:
1267:
1191:
1188:
1180:George Osborne
1130:
1127:
1115:Glasgow Subway
1094:
1093:United Kingdom
1091:
1074:
1071:
1048:
1045:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1006:
1004:
1000:change machine
993:
986:
984:
969:
962:
959:
958:
957:
949:Toei Ōedo Line
905:
902:
897:
894:
840:
837:
824:
821:
812:
809:
803:
802:
785:
784:
764:
762:
755:
748:
747:
698:
696:
689:
684:
658:
657:
655:
648:
642:
639:
522:
521:
502:
500:
493:
487:
484:
475:
472:
468:Montreal Metro
463:
462:Montreal Metro
460:
452:
449:
440:
437:
385:
384:
370:
364:
358:
339:
338:Toronto subway
336:
334:
331:
312:
309:
290:
287:
277:Great Southern
269:Indian Pacific
256:
253:
251:
248:
240:multiple units
169:
166:
164:
161:
138:North American
134:freight trains
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4688:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4624:
4608:
4602:
4586:
4580:
4578:
4561:
4555:
4540:
4536:
4529:
4521:
4515:
4500:
4494:
4479:
4473:
4471:
4451:
4444:
4437:
4421:
4417:
4411:
4409:
4400:
4394:
4378:
4374:
4368:
4353:
4349:
4343:
4328:
4324:
4318:
4310:
4306:
4300:
4284:
4280:
4274:
4266:
4262:
4256:
4240:
4236:
4230:
4215:
4208:
4201:
4200:
4193:
4186:
4183:
4178:
4162:
4158:
4152:
4136:
4130:
4115:
4111:
4104:
4089:
4085:
4078:
4062:
4056:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4026:
4010:
4004:
4002:
4000:
3991:
3985:
3969:
3965:
3959:
3944:
3940:
3934:
3918:
3912:
3910:
3890:
3886:
3880:
3873:
3872:
3864:
3862:
3846:
3842:
3835:
3819:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3792:
3788:
3781:
3779:
3762:
3756:
3748:
3742:
3726:
3720:
3718:
3709:
3702:
3695:
3690:
3674:
3670:
3663:
3656:
3641:(in Japanese)
3640:
3639:
3634:
3628:
3613:
3609:
3603:
3588:
3587:morgenpost.de
3584:
3577:
3562:
3558:
3552:
3533:
3526:
3519:
3500:
3494:
3478:
3474:
3468:
3452:
3448:
3447:"Salgssteder"
3442:
3426:
3422:
3416:
3400:
3394:
3378:
3372:
3356:
3350:
3334:
3328:
3309:
3303:
3301:
3284:
3278:
3276:
3259:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3230:
3223:
3217:
3201:
3195:
3179:
3173:
3157:
3153:
3147:
3131:
3130:Ekstra Bladet
3127:
3121:
3105:
3101:
3095:
3087:
3080:
3074:
3063:
3056:
3055:"Poll Report"
3050:
3032:
3026:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2982:
2975:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2947:
2943:
2937:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2915:
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2547:Ekstra Bladet
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2117:
2114:train on the
2113:
2110:
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2100:
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2076:
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2072:
2066:
2064:
2063:rolling stock
2060:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2044:New York City
2038:New York City
2035:
2033:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2007:
2005:
1995:
1993:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1971:rapid transit
1968:
1958:
1956:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1937:in 2012. The
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1914:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1888:United States
1885:
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1657:
1654:and south of
1653:
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1620:
1616:
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1597:
1594:November 2020
1587:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1571:This section
1569:
1565:
1560:
1559:
1554:National Rail
1548:
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1398:
1395:December 2023
1387:
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1366:
1363:
1359:
1356: –
1355:
1351:
1350:Find sources:
1344:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1328:This article
1326:
1322:
1317:
1316:
1311:Metro systems
1303:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1284:in 2010, the
1283:
1278:
1276:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1236:Great Western
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974:train on the
973:
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890:
884:
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873:Berlin S-Bahn
869:
866:
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854:
845:
836:
834:
830:
820:
818:
808:
799:
796:
781:
778:November 2020
772:
768:
765:This section
763:
759:
754:
753:
744:
741:
733:
730:November 2020
723:
719:
715:
709:
708:
704:
699:This section
697:
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586:
585:strike action
582:
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567:
562:
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555:
554:regional rail
550:
548:
545:
544:commuter rail
541:
533:
528:
518:
515:November 2020
506:
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4377:fullfact.org
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2376:
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2326:
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2306:
2290:
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2254:
2251:
2236:
2230:October 2017
2227:
2205:
2176:DC Streetcar
2169:
2056:
2041:
2029:
2013:
2001:
1989:
1964:
1952:
1920:
1912:
1896:
1870:
1861:
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1838:
1830:
1765:
1755:Southeastern
1753:
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1725:
1717:
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1645:
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1600:
1591:
1580:Please help
1575:verification
1572:
1537:operated by
1511:London Buses
1506:
1498:
1463:
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1446:
1418:
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1392:
1382:
1375:
1368:
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1349:
1337:Please help
1332:verification
1329:
1279:
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1256:
1240:
1238:franchises.
1221:
1203:
1193:
1165:
1161:bank holiday
1139:
1132:
1119:
1103:
1098:
1096:
1087:Madrid Metro
1083:Bilbao Metro
1076:
1068:
1056:Oresundtrain
1053:
1050:
1038:
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971:
942:
929:
925:, "one man")
907:
899:
877:wireless LAN
870:
850:
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814:
806:
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775:
771:adding to it
766:
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712:Please help
700:
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663:
662:Please help
659:
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581:Coastal Line
574:
570:
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551:
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465:
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427:
423:
416:
409:
386:
341:
325:
314:
292:
281:
273:The Overland
258:
237:
226:
214:
201:
183:
157:trade unions
150:
131:
124:
113:
96:
92:
88:
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80:
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72:
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64:
60:
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54:Moscow Metro
29:
4644:2 September
4613:1 September
4591:1 September
4167:30 November
4141:30 November
3767:5 September
3645:10 December
3617:10 December
3010:newswire.ca
2951:14 February
2946:ttc.cahttps
2898:thestar.com
2849:1 September
2760:5 September
2553:5 September
2498:. p. 4
2476:1 September
2377:The Gazette
2016:Los Angeles
2010:Los Angeles
1979:Yellow Line
1931:Orange Line
1812:Clock House
1700:Basingstoke
1439:lines) are
1196:Roy McNulty
1170:redundant.
1035:New Zealand
829:Paris Métro
635:spot checks
592:DSB Øresund
315:The entire
4660:Categories
4352:rmt.org.uk
4327:orr.gov.uk
3943:rmt.org.uk
3457:2 November
2904:6 November
2875:6 November
2358:References
2207:neutrality
2138:weekends (
2128:weekends (
1998:Light rail
1939:Green Line
1800:Eastbourne
1628:Colchester
1365:newspapers
1232:East Coast
1041:Tranz Rail
665:improve it
620:Lokalbanen
616:Regionstog
474:Light rail
444:GO Transit
317:Transperth
4544:19 August
4504:19 August
4499:"History"
4483:19 August
4289:3 October
4245:3 October
3824:17 August
3797:17 August
2297:071 Class
2293:201 Class
2218:talk page
2142:): 4 cars
2122:): 4 cars
2108:): 5 cars
2081:): 2 cars
2052:conductor
1986:Cleveland
1973:system –
1927:Blue Line
1909:Baltimore
1712:Worcester
1662:services.
1290:Class 334
1163:weekend.
910:conductor
811:Marseille
701:does not
671:talk page
295:Melbourne
289:Melbourne
250:Australia
205:workforce
193:streetcar
142:conductor
109:conductor
56:in Russia
4566:6 August
4459:7 August
4426:7 August
4383:22 April
4357:22 April
4332:22 April
4219:22 April
4185:BBC News
4119:5 August
4093:5 August
4067:5 August
4045:5 August
4015:5 August
3974:22 April
3948:22 April
3923:5 August
3898:5 August
3850:22 April
3845:wsws.org
3612:DigJapan
3592:22 April
3566:22 April
3541:5 August
3508:5 August
3483:5 August
3431:5 August
3405:5 August
3383:5 August
3361:5 August
3339:21 March
3289:31 March
3264:31 March
3235:5 August
3206:5 August
3184:5 August
3162:5 August
3110:5 August
2990:27 April
2928:Archived
2707:5 August
2681:5 August
2652:5 August
2621:8 August
2586:7 August
2527:30 April
2502:6 August
2419:6 August
2387:4 August
2211:disputed
2048:motorman
1949:Bay Area
1935:Red Line
1901:and the
1792:Uckfield
1772:disputes
1767:Southern
1743:ScotRail
1710:towards
1437:Northern
1433:Victoria
1275:ScotRail
1269:Scotland
1259:Southern
1210:and the
827:Various
456:Via Rail
451:Via Rail
381:T series
265:The Ghan
255:Adelaide
146:engineer
116:engineer
3136:1 April
2287:Ireland
2279:Denmark
2042:In the
1967:Chicago
1961:Chicago
1923:"The T"
1893:Atlanta
1876:'s own
1692:Banbury
1656:Banbury
1513:routes
1429:Central
1425:Jubilee
1379:scholar
1216:GB rail
982:(ワンマン).
932:IC card
896:Ireland
839:Germany
722:removed
707:sources
624:Zealand
604:Jutland
547:S-train
532:S-train
505:updated
486:Denmark
221:A Stock
168:History
3881:
3039:31 May
2751:
2303:Sweden
2187:Canada
2050:and a
1917:Boston
1867:Access
1827:Safety
1708:Oxford
1696:Oxford
1688:Bedwyn
1381:
1374:
1367:
1360:
1352:
1168:guards
1151:. The
1129:London
1085:, and
1047:Sweden
980:wanman
972:wanman
915:wanman
853:S-Bahn
641:France
608:tender
600:Arriva
333:Canada
267:, the
190:Birney
178:Birney
105:driver
91:), or
4453:(PDF)
4446:(PDF)
3892:(PDF)
3875:(PDF)
3665:(PDF)
3535:(PDF)
3528:(PDF)
3502:(PDF)
3311:(PDF)
3225:(PDF)
3082:(PDF)
3065:(PDF)
3058:(PDF)
3034:(PDF)
3015:6 May
2984:(PDF)
2977:(PDF)
2813:(PDF)
2786:7 May
2615:(PDF)
2608:(PDF)
2580:(PDF)
2573:(PDF)
2496:(PDF)
2470:(PDF)
2463:(PDF)
2159:SEPTA
2026:Miami
2020:Metro
1975:the L
1899:MARTA
1780:ASLEF
1464:Trams
1386:JSTOR
1372:books
1295:guard
1243:ASLEF
1073:Spain
904:Japan
823:Paris
405:guard
311:Perth
4646:2013
4615:2013
4593:2013
4568:2013
4546:2013
4506:2013
4485:2013
4461:2013
4428:2013
4385:2018
4359:2018
4334:2018
4291:2017
4265:Rail
4247:2017
4221:2018
4169:2019
4143:2019
4121:2013
4095:2013
4069:2013
4047:2013
4017:2013
3976:2018
3950:2018
3925:2013
3900:2013
3879:ISBN
3852:2018
3826:2013
3799:2013
3769:2013
3733:2013
3681:2013
3647:2020
3619:2020
3594:2018
3568:2018
3543:2013
3510:2013
3485:2013
3459:2013
3433:2013
3407:2013
3385:2013
3363:2013
3341:2015
3319:2015
3291:2014
3266:2014
3237:2013
3208:2013
3186:2013
3164:2013
3138:2014
3112:2013
3041:2024
3017:2021
2992:2019
2953:2024
2906:2022
2877:2022
2851:2013
2825:2013
2788:2010
2762:2013
2749:ISBN
2709:2013
2683:2013
2654:2013
2623:2013
2588:2013
2555:2013
2529:2020
2504:2013
2478:2013
2421:2013
2389:2013
2259:and
2255:The
2204:The
2170:The
2140:R160
2130:R160
2106:R142
2061:and
2030:The
2002:All
1953:The
1897:The
1794:and
1778:and
1694:and
1674:and
1533:and
1491:and
1483:and
1435:and
1358:news
1297:, a
1234:and
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851:The
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705:any
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431:and
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271:and
231:and
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97:OPTO
89:SPTO
2317:DRS
2120:R46
2089:R46
2079:R68
2014:In
1965:In
1798:to
1776:RMT
1760:HS1
1686:to
1676:166
1672:165
1639:c2c
1584:by
1535:390
1507:Bus
1341:by
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1182:'s
1141:TFL
1099:DOO
937:整理券
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716:by
561:DSB
540:DSB
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