38:
1675:
37:
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1586:
557:
Labelle, P.; Zebarjad, S.M.; Burgess, C.P. (1997). "Nonrelativistic QED and next-to-leading hyperfine splitting in positronium".
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made of a heavy quark and antiquark (namely, charmonium and bottomonium). Exploration of these states through non-relativistic
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state. Positronium has been studied since the 1950s to understand bound states in
1620:
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bound state before the current convention became popular. So, despite its name,
1679:
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847:
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393:. The true analogs of positronium in the theory of strong interactions are the
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is not a bound muon–antimuon onium. A muon–antimuon bound state is called "
341:
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to the name of one of the constituent particles (replacing an
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663:
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is also important in order to clarify notions related to
556:
328:. These states are usually named by adding the suffix
1691:
16:Quantum state of a particle and its antiparticle
371:. A recent development called non-relativistic
375:(NRQED) used this system as a proving ground.
336:suffix when present), with one exception for "
622:
289:
344:" to avoid confusion with old nomenclature.
629:
615:
381:, a bound state of two oppositely-charged
340:"; a muon–antimuon bound pair is called "
296:
282:
570:
636:
1692:
1100:
518:
610:
409:are increasingly important tests of
457:— solid-state analog of positronium
385:, is interesting for exploring the
13:
14:
1716:
355:is an onium which consists of an
1673:
1566:Timeline of particle discoveries
36:
363:bound together as a long-lived
200:Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
550:
512:
468:
416:Understanding bound states of
389:. This should also be true of
1:
505:
1582:History of subatomic physics
461:
225:Positron emission tomography
7:
443:
347:
10:
1721:
527:Cambridge University Press
522:Muon and Muonium Chemistry
478:" is the name assigned by
18:
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1574:
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1416:
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1347:
1279:
1247:
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987:
942:
914:
905:
896:
878:
856:
828:
819:
735:
662:
653:
644:
162:Gravitational interaction
1599:mathematical formulation
1194:Eta and eta prime mesons
589:10.1103/PhysRevD.56.8053
19:Not to be confused with
1261:Double-charm tetraquark
373:quantum electrodynamics
498:" to reduce confusion.
411:quantum chromodynamics
403:quantum chromodynamics
195:Antiproton decelerator
131:Concepts and phenomena
1658:Wave–particle duality
1648:Relativistic particle
785:Electron antineutrino
519:Walker, D.C. (1983).
89:Antiprotonic hydrogen
888:Faddeev–Popov ghosts
638:Particles in physics
369:quantum field theory
190:Particle accelerator
1663:Particle chauvinism
1606:Subatomic particles
581:1997PhRvD..56.8053L
253:Carl David Anderson
94:Antiprotonic helium
387:strong interaction
1687:
1686:
1643:Massless particle
1451:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1412:
1411:
1275:
1274:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1035:Magnetic monopole
983:
982:
874:
873:
815:
814:
795:Muon antineutrino
780:Electron neutrino
565:(12): 8053–8061.
559:Physical Review D
536:978-0-521-24241-7
434:mesonic molecules
397:states: they are
306:
305:
167:Positron emission
23:such as ammonium.
1712:
1705:Particle physics
1677:
1653:Virtual particle
1424:Mesonic molecule
1358:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1199:Bottom eta meson
1107:
1106:
1098:
1097:
1070:W′ and Z′ bosons
1060:Sterile neutrino
1045:Majorana fermion
912:
911:
903:
902:
826:
825:
805:Tau antineutrino
660:
659:
651:
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601:
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147:Baryon asymmetry
40:
26:
25:
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1689:
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1621:Nuclear physics
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1534:
1470:Davydov soliton
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350:
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273:
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263:Andrei Sakharov
248:
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24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1680:Physics portal
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1608:
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1602:
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1594:Standard Model
1591:
1590:
1589:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1561:Quasiparticles
1558:
1553:
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1517:
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1507:
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1457:Quasiparticles
1453:
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1289:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1276:
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1272:
1270:
1269:
1264:
1253:
1251:
1249:Exotic hadrons
1245:
1244:
1242:
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1236:
1231:
1226:
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1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
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1115:
1113:
1104:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1075:X and Y bosons
1072:
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1062:
1057:
1052:
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1027:
1022:
1017:
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848:W and Z bosons
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823:
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747:
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733:
732:
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729:
724:
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709:
704:
702:Strange (quark
699:
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648:
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633:
626:
619:
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602:
572:hep-ph/9706449
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510:
509:
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501:
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466:
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430:exotic hadrons
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33:
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15:
9:
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2:
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1646:
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1641:
1639:
1638:Exotic matter
1636:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1626:Eightfold way
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1616:Antiparticles
1614:
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1609:
1607:
1604:
1600:
1597:
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1501:
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1379:
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1328:
1325:
1323:
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1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1287:Atomic nuclei
1285:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1219:Upsilon meson
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1151:Lambda baryon
1149:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1099:
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1094:
1090:
1076:
1073:
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1066:
1063:
1061:
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1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1010:Dual graviton
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
992:
990:
986:
975:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
947:
945:
941:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
921:
919:
917:
913:
910:
908:
907:Superpartners
904:
901:
899:
895:
889:
886:
885:
883:
881:
877:
867:
864:
863:
861:
859:
855:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
835:
833:
831:
827:
824:
822:
818:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
790:Muon neutrino
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
777:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
742:
740:
738:
734:
728:
725:
723:
722:Bottom (quark
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
669:
667:
665:
661:
658:
656:
652:
649:
647:
643:
639:
632:
627:
625:
620:
618:
613:
612:
609:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
573:
568:
564:
560:
553:
538:
532:
529:. p. 5.
528:
524:
523:
515:
511:
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493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
471:
467:
456:
453:
451:
448:
447:
441:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
299:
294:
292:
287:
285:
280:
279:
277:
276:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
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250:
244:
243:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
222:
216:
215:
208:
205:
201:
198:
196:
193:
192:
191:
188:
186:
185:Cloud chamber
183:
182:
176:
175:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
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128:
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115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
86:
85:
84:
83:
76:
73:
71:
68:
66:
63:
61:
58:
56:
53:
52:
49:
48:Antiparticles
44:
43:
39:
35:
34:
31:
28:
27:
22:
1678:
1349:Hypothetical
1316:
1297:Exotic atoms
1166:Omega baryon
1156:Sigma baryon
1146:Delta baryon
898:Hypothetical
880:Ghost fields
866:Higgs boson
800:Tau neutrino
692:Charm (quark
562:
558:
552:
540:. Retrieved
521:
514:
496:true muonium
470:
415:
405:(NRQCD) and
377:
351:
342:true muonium
333:
329:
326:antiparticle
313:
309:
307:
207:Penning trap
157:CP violation
142:Baryogenesis
137:Annihilation
104:True muonium
81:
80:
79:
70:Antihydrogen
1631:Quark model
1399:Theta meson
1302:Positronium
1214:Omega meson
1209:J/psi meson
1139:Antineutron
1050:Dark photon
1015:Graviphoton
974:Stop squark
682:Down (quark
450:Exotic atom
407:lattice QCD
353:Positronium
318:bound state
114:Positronium
65:Antineutron
1694:Categories
1373:Heptaquark
1334:Superatoms
1267:Pentaquark
1257:Tetraquark
1239:Quarkonium
1129:Antiproton
1030:Leptoquark
965:Neutralino
727:antiquark)
717:antiquark)
712:Top (quark
707:antiquark)
697:antiquark)
687:antiquark)
677:antiquark)
646:Elementary
506:References
438:pentaquark
395:quarkonium
365:metastable
258:Paul Dirac
247:Scientists
119:Quarkonium
75:Antihelium
60:Antiproton
30:Antimatter
21:onium ions
1611:Particles
1556:Particles
1515:Polariton
1505:Plasmaron
1475:Dropleton
1368:Hexaquark
1339:Molecules
1327:Protonium
1204:Phi meson
1189:Rho meson
1161:Xi baryon
1093:Composite
929:Gravitino
672:Up (quark
462:Footnotes
426:protonium
391:protonium
312:(plural:
1587:timeline
1439:R-hadron
1394:Glueball
1378:Skyrmion
1312:Tauonium
1025:Inflaton
1020:Graviton
1000:Curvaton
970:Sfermion
960:Higgsino
955:Chargino
916:Gauginos
775:Neutrino
760:Antimuon
750:Positron
745:Electron
655:Fermions
488:antimuon
484:electron
444:See also
440:states.
432:such as
420:such as
361:positron
357:electron
348:Examples
324:and its
322:particle
55:Positron
1575:Related
1546:Baryons
1520:Polaron
1510:Plasmon
1485:Fracton
1480:Exciton
1434:Diquark
1429:Pomeron
1404:T meson
1361:Baryons
1322:Pionium
1307:Muonium
1234:D meson
1229:B meson
1134:Neutron
1119:Nucleon
1111:Baryons
1102:Hadrons
1065:Tachyon
1040:Majoron
1005:Dilaton
934:Photino
770:Antitau
737:Leptons
597:6258393
577:Bibcode
542:23 June
492:muonium
476:Muonium
455:Exciton
422:pionium
418:hadrons
379:Pionium
338:muonium
316:) is a
179:Devices
109:Pionium
99:Muonium
1551:Mesons
1500:Phonon
1495:Magnon
1417:Others
1387:Mesons
1280:Others
1176:Mesons
1124:Proton
988:Others
943:Others
924:Gluino
858:Scalar
838:Photon
821:Bosons
664:Quarks
595:
533:
482:to an
399:mesons
359:and a
330:-onium
235:Weapon
1539:Lists
1530:Trion
1525:Roton
1465:Anyon
1292:Atoms
1055:Preon
995:Axion
950:Axino
843:Gluon
830:Gauge
593:S2CID
567:arXiv
480:IUPAC
383:pions
320:of a
310:onium
152:Comet
1700:Onia
1490:Hole
1317:Onia
1224:Kaon
1184:Pion
755:Muon
544:2020
531:ISBN
436:and
424:and
314:onia
268:CERN
230:Fuel
219:Uses
82:Onia
765:Tau
585:doi
334:-on
308:An
1696::
591:.
583:.
575:.
563:56
561:.
525:.
413:.
1263:)
1259:(
976:)
972:(
630:e
623:t
616:v
599:.
587::
579::
569::
546:.
486:–
474:"
297:e
290:t
283:v
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