Internet privacy - Knowledge

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information banners. Nine years later, by 25 May 2018 the European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) came into force, which aims to regulate and restrict the usage of personal data in general, irrespective of how the information is being processed. The regulation primarily applies to so-called “controllers”, which are (a) all organizations that process personal information within the European Union, and (b) all organizations which process personal information of EU-based persons outside the European Union. Article 4 (1) defines personal information as anything that may be used for identifying a “data subject” (e.g. natural person) either directly or in combination with other personal information. In theory, this even takes common Internet identifiers such as cookies or IP Addresses in the scope of this regulation. Processing such personal information is restricted unless a "lawful reason" according to Article 6 (1) applies. The most important lawful reason for data processing on the Internet is the explicit content given by the data subject. More strict requirements apply for sensitive personal information (Art 9), which may be used for revealing information about ethnic origin, political opinion, religion, trade union membership, biometrics, health or sexual orientation. However, explicit user content still is sufficient to process such sensitive personal information (Art 9 (2) lit a). “Explicit consent” requires an affirmative act (Art 4 (11)), which is given if the individual person is able to freely choose and does consequently actively opt-in.

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allowed to use information collected from these search engine websites. The Google search engine is given as an example of a search engine that retains the information entered for a period of three-fourths of a year before it becomes obsolete for public usage. Yahoo! follows in the footsteps of Google in the sense that it also deletes user information after a period of ninety days. Other search engines such as Ask! search engine have promoted a tool of "AskEraser" which essentially takes away personal information when requested. Some changes made to Internet search engines included that of Google's search engine. Beginning in 2009, Google began to run a new system where the Google search became personalized. The item that is searched and the results that are shown remember previous information that pertains to the individual. Google search engine not only seeks what is searched but also strives to allow the user to feel like the search engine recognizes their interests. This is achieved by using online advertising. A system that Google uses to filter advertisements and search results that might interest the user is by having a ranking system that tests relevancy that includes observation of the behavior users exude while searching on Google. Another function of search engines is the predictability of location. Search engines are able to predict where one's location is currently by locating IP Addresses and geographical locations.

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personally in some way, and by the time Facebook gets to taking down the photo, many people will have already had the chance to view, share, or distribute it. Furthermore, traditional tort law does not protect people who are captured by a photograph in public because this is not counted as an invasion of privacy. The extensive Facebook privacy policy covers these concerns and much more. For example, the policy states that they reserve the right to disclose member information or share photos with companies, lawyers, courts, government entities, etc. if they feel it is absolutely necessary. The policy also informs users that profile pictures are mainly to help friends connect to each other. However, these, as well as other pictures, can allow other people to invade a person's privacy by finding out information that can be used to track and locate a certain individual. In an article featured in ABC News, it was stated that two teams of scientists found out that Hollywood stars could be giving up information about their private whereabouts very easily through pictures uploaded to the Internet. Moreover, it was found that pictures taken by some phones and tablets, including

865:, barely avoided public scandal when he was photographed in 2009 on Google Street View walking with a woman who was not his wife – the woman was actually his secretary. Similar situations occur when Street View provides high-resolution photographs – and photographs hypothetically offer compelling objective evidence. But as the case of the Swiss politician illustrates, even supposedly compelling photographic evidence is sometimes subject to gross misinterpretation. This example further suggests that Google Street View may provide opportunities for privacy infringement and harassment through public dissemination of the photographs. Google Street View does, however, blur or remove photographs of individuals and private property from image frames if the individuals request further blurring and/or removal of the images. This request can be submitted for review through the "report a problem" button that is located on the bottom left-hand side of every image window on Google Street View; however, Google has made attempts to report a problem difficult by disabling the "Why are you reporting the street view" icon. 1752:

criminal activity. Studies have shown that these tools exacerbate the existing issue of over-policing in areas that are predominantly home to marginalized groups. These tools and other means of data collection can also prohibit historically marginalized and low-income groups from financial services regulated by the state, such as securing loans for house mortgages. Black applicants are rejected by mortgage and mortgage refinancing services at a much higher rate than white people, exacerbating existing racial divisions. Members of minority groups have lower incomes and lower credit scores than white people, and often live in areas with lower home values. Another example of technologies being used for surveilling practices is seen in immigration. Border control systems often use artificial intelligence in facial recognition systems, fingerprint scans, ground sensors, aerial video surveillance machines, and decision-making in asylum determination processes. This has led to large-scale data storage and physical tracking of refugees and migrants.

1721:", which was going to be used as a searching method, allowing the FBI to hopefully home in on potential criminals. Unlike the overall approval of the FBI's intervention, Carnivore was not met with as much of a majority's approval. Rather, the public seemed to be divided with forty-five percent siding in its favor, forty-five percent opposed to the idea for its ability to potentially interfere with ordinary citizen's messages, and ten percent claiming indifference. While this may seem slightly tangent to the topic of Internet privacy, it is important to consider that at the time of this poll, the general population's approval of government actions was declining, reaching thirty-one percent versus the forty-one percent it held a decade prior. This figure in collaboration with the majority's approval of FBI intervention demonstrates an emerging emphasis on the issue of Internet privacy in society and more importantly, the potential implications it may hold on citizens' lives. 512:, is a JavaScript-based application which produces cookies in a web browser that actively "resist" deletion by redundantly copying themselves in different forms on the user's machine (e.g., Flash Local Shared Objects, various HTML5 storage mechanisms, window.name caching, etc.), and resurrecting copies that are missing or expired. Evercookie accomplishes this by storing the cookie data in several types of storage mechanisms that are available on the local browser. It has the ability to store cookies in over ten types of storage mechanisms so that once they are on one's computer they will never be gone. Additionally, if Evercookie has found the user has removed any of the types of cookies in question, it recreates them using each mechanism available. Evercookies are a type of zombie cookie. However, modern browsers and anti-malware software can now block or detect and remove such cookies. 901:

to them online. Google announces they will use this information to provide, maintain and protect Google and its users. The information Google uses will give users more relevant search results and advertisements. The new privacy policy explains that Google can use shared information on one service in other Google services from people who have a Google account and are logged in. Google will treat a user as a single user across all of their products. Google claims the new privacy policy will benefit its users by being simpler. Google will, for example, be able to correct the spelling of a user's friend's name in a Google search or notify a user they are late based on their calendar and current location. Even though Google updated its privacy policy, its core privacy guidelines did not change. For example, Google still does not sell personal information or share it externally.

1098:" the plaintiffs said. This shows that once information is online it is no longer completely private. It is an increasing risk because younger people have easier Internet access than ever before, therefore they put themselves in a position where it is all too easy for them to upload information, but they may not have the caution to consider how difficult it can be to take that information down once it has been out in the open. This is becoming a bigger issue now that so much of society interacts online which was not the case fifteen years ago. In addition, because of the quickly evolving digital media arena, people's interpretation of privacy is evolving as well, and it is important to consider that when interacting online. New forms of social networking and digital media such as 382:

any type of payment. Some of these benefits are also seen as negative. For example, one of the most common ways of theft is hackers taking one's username and password that a cookie saves. While many sites are free, they sell their space to advertisers. These ads, which are personalized to one's likes, can sometimes freeze one's computer or cause annoyance. Cookies are mostly harmless except for third-party cookies. These cookies are not made by the website itself but by web banner advertising companies. These third-party cookies are dangerous because they take the same information that regular cookies do, such as browsing habits and frequently visited websites, but then they share this information with other companies.

1086:, while users who provide their information on these sites are also seen as liable by some. This relates to the ever-present issue of how society regards social media sites. An increasing number of individuals are becoming aware of the potential risks associated with sharing personal information online and placing trust in websites to maintain privacy. In a 2012 study, researchers found that young people are taking measures to keep their posted information on Facebook private to some degree. Examples of such actions include managing their privacy settings so that certain content can be visible to "Only Friends" and ignoring Facebook friend requests from strangers. 2071: 1688:

as being one of the most daunting fears and risks of the Internet, is the potential for identity theft. Although it is a typical belief that larger companies and enterprises are the usual focus of identity thefts, rather than individuals, recent reports seem to show a trend opposing this belief. Specifically, it was found in a 2007 "Internet Security Threat Report" that roughly ninety-three percent of "gateway" attacks were targeted at unprepared home users. The term "gateway attack" was used to refer to an attack which aimed not at stealing data immediately, but rather at gaining access for future attacks.

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servers responsible for maintaining information about previous transactions. As experts explain, these retailers are not doing nearly enough to maintain or improve their security measures. Even those sites that clearly present a privacy or security policy can be subject to hackers' havoc as most policies only rely upon encryption technology which only applies to the actual transfer of a customer's data. However, with this being said, most retailers have been making improvements, going as far as covering some of the credit card fees if the information's abuse can be traced back to the site's servers.

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easily prevent data privacy risks of personal information and surveillance issues. Members of historically marginalized communities face greater risks of surveillance through the process of data profiling, which increases the likelihood of being stereotyped, targeted, and exploited, thus exacerbating pre-existing inequities that foster uneven playing fields. There are severe, and often unintentional, implications for big data which results in data profiling. For example, automated systems of employment verification run by the federal government such as

1675:, public understanding of online privacy policies is actually being negatively affected by the current trends regarding online privacy statements. Users have a tendency to skim Internet privacy policies for information regarding the distribution of personal information only, and the more legalistic the policies appear, the less likely users are to even read the information. Coupling this with the increasingly exhaustive license agreements companies require consumers agree with before using their product, consumers are reading less about their rights. 857:

that, if photographed, a person is represented on Street View in a virtual replication of his or her own real-life appearance. In other words, the technology removes abstractions of a person's appearance or that of his or her personal belongings – there is an immediate disclosure of the person and object, as they visually exist in real life. Although Street View began to blur license plates and people's faces in 2008, the technology is faulty and does not entirely ensure against accidental disclosure of identity and private property.

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user's social security number. Experts have warned of the privacy risks faced by the increased merging of online and offline identities. The researchers have also developed an 'augmented reality' mobile app that can display personal data over a person's image captured on a smartphone screen. Since these technologies are widely available, users' future identities may become exposed to anyone with a smartphone and an Internet connection. Researchers believe this could force a reconsideration of future attitudes to privacy.

1950:− the world's first national data protection law. In 2012, Sweden received a Web Index Score of 100, a score that measures how the Internet significantly influences political, social, and economic impact, placing them first among 61 other nations. Sweden received this score while exceeding new mandatory implementations from the European Union. Sweden placed more restrictive guidelines on the directive on intellectual property rights enforcement (IPRED) and passed the Forsvarets Radio Anstalt (FRA) law in 2009 under the 1679:

inform themselves of the change. This tendency is interesting because as consumers become more acquainted with the Internet they are also more likely to be interested in online privacy. Finally, consumers have been found to avoid reading the privacy policies if the policies are not in a simple format, and even perceive these policies to be irrelevant. The less readily available terms and conditions are, the less likely the public is to inform themselves of their rights regarding the service they are using.

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database of 21 million members, each with their own specific ID number. The way that AOL's search engine is set up, however, allows for AOL to keep records of all the websites visited by any given member. Even though the true identity of the user is not known, a full profile of a member can be made just by using the information stored by from search history. By keeping records of what people query through AOL Search, the company is able to learn a great deal about them without knowing their names.

1132:(ISP). All data transmitted to and from users must pass through the ISP. Thus, an ISP has the potential to observe users' activities on the Internet. ISPs can breach personal information such as transaction history, search history, and social media profiles of users. Hackers could use this opportunity to hack ISPs and obtain sensitive information of victims. However, ISPs are usually prohibited from participating in such activities due to legal, ethical, business, or technical reasons. 346:. In past years, most computer users were not completely aware of cookies, but users have become conscious of the possible detrimental effects of Internet cookies: a recent study has shown that 58% of users have deleted cookies from their computer at least once, and that 39% of users delete cookies from their computer every month. Since cookies are advertisers' main way of targeting potential customers, and some customers are deleting cookies, some advertisers started to use persistent 731:

and even accelerated after Mozilla (2019), Apple (2020), and Google (2022) have announced to block third-party cookies by default. Third requests may be used for embedding external content (e.g. advertisements) or for loading external resources and functions (e.g. images, icons, fonts, captchas, JQuery resources and many others). Depending on the type of resource loaded, such requests may enable third parties to execute a device fingerprint or place any other kind of

7501: 2171:, the vulnerability of internet users to have their internet usage tracked, and the collection of personal information also exist. These concerns have begun to bring the issues of Internet privacy before the courts and judges. In recent years, there is a growing concern for children's privacy and the commercial use of their data. In addition, the use of their personal data to persuade and influence their behavior has also come under scrutiny. 1988: 1838: 1761:

example. Marginalized communities using broadband services may also not be aware of how digital information flows and is shared with powerful media conglomerates, reflecting a broader sense of distrust and fear these communities have with the state. Marginalized communities may therefore end up feeling dissatisfied or targeted by broadband services, whether from nonprofit community service providers or state providers.

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particular set of issues for this type of censorship, especially when search engines are involved. Yahoo! for example, encountered a problem after entering China in the mid-2000s. A Chinese journalist, who was also a Yahoo! user, sent private emails using the Yahoo! server regarding the Chinese government. Yahoo! provided information to the Chinese government officials to track down journalist

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exchanged on the web regularly. For instance, in China, there is a new software that will enable the concept of surveillance among the majority of online users and present a risk to their privacy. The main concern with privacy of Internet users in China is the lack thereof. China has a well-known policy of censorship when it comes to the spread of information through public media channels.

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used in order to be more accommodating. Google's new privacy policy will combine all data used on Google's search engines (i.e., YouTube and Gmail) in order to work along the lines of a person's interests. A person, in effect, will be able to find what he/she wants at a more efficient rate because all searched information during times of login will help to narrow down new search results.

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content of text messages for three months. Verizon keeps it for three to five days. None of the other carriers keep texts at all, but they keep records of who texted who for more than a year. The document says AT&T keeps for five to seven years a record of who text messages who—and when, but not the content of the messages. Virgin Mobile only keeps that data for two to three months.

1315:), cannot be handled by conventional computer processors, and is instead stored on large server-system databases. This information is assessed by analytic scientists using software programs, which paraphrase this information into multi-layered user trends and demographics. This information is collected from all around the Internet, such as by popular services like Facebook, 455:. In a 2009 study, Flash cookies were found to be a popular mechanism for storing data on the top 100 most visited sites. Another 2011 study of social media found that, "Of the top 100 web sites, 31 had at least one overlap between HTTP and Flash cookies." However, modern browsers and anti-malware software can now block or detect and remove such cookies. 1264:, responsible for many web standards, feels that the increased capabilities of the web platform outweigh potential privacy concerns. They state that by documenting new capabilities in an open standardization process, rather than through closed source plug-ins made by companies, it is easier to spot flaws in specifications and cultivate expert advice. 1908:. Shi Tao allegedly posted state secrets to a New York-based website. Yahoo provided incriminating records of the journalist's account logins to the Chinese government and Shi Tao was sentenced to ten years in prison. These types of occurrences have been reported numerous times and have been criticized by foreign entities such as the creators of the 334:. Cookies are a common concern in the field of Internet privacy. Although website developers most commonly use cookies for legitimate technical purposes, cases of abuse occur. In 2009, two researchers noted that social networking profiles could be connected to cookies, allowing the social networking profile to be connected to browsing habits. 2094:. These FCC rules had required ISPs to get "explicit consent" before gathering and selling their private Internet information, such as the consumers' browsing histories, locations of businesses visited and applications used. Trade groups wanted to be able to sell this information for profit. Lobbyists persuaded Republican senator 1700:

these incidents of information being stolen through online purchases generally are more prevalent in medium to large e-commerce sites, rather than smaller individualized sites. This is assumed to be a result of the larger consumer population and purchases, which allow for more potential leeway with information.

1808:, cross-website-logins or 3rd-party requests are typically not disclosed, even though many opinions consider such methods in the scope of the GDPR. The reason for this controversy is the ePrivacy-Directive 2009/136/EC which is still unchanged in force. An updated version of this directive, formulated as 1654:

In this noise society, the collective expectation of privacy will increase, but the individual expectation of privacy will decrease. In other words, not everyone can be analyzed in detail, but one individual can be. Also, in order to stay unobserved, it can hence be better to blend in with the others

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A decentralized search engine developed on the basis of a community project, which started in 2005. The search engine follows a slightly different approach to the two previous ones, using a peer-to-peer principle that does not require any stationary and centralized servers. This has its disadvantages

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has asked Google to delay the onset of the new privacy policy in order to ensure that it does not violate E.U. law. This move is in accordance with objections to decreasing online privacy raised in other foreign nations where surveillance is more heavily scrutinized. Canada and Germany have both held

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which allows advertisers to keep track of the consumer's website visits to personalize and target advertisements. Ever-cookies enable advertisers to continue to track a customer regardless of whether their cookies are deleted or not. Some companies are already using this technology but the ethics are

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Some anti-fraud companies have realized the potential of Evercookies to protect against and catch cyber criminals. These companies already hide small files in several places on the perpetrator's computer but hackers can usually easily get rid of these. The advantage to Evercookies is that they resist

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When some users choose to disable HTTP cookies to reduce privacy risks as noted, new types of client-side storage were invented: since cookies are advertisers' main way of targeting potential customers, and some customers were deleting cookies, some advertisers started to use persistent Flash cookies

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Profiling becomes a more contentious privacy issue when data-matching associates the profile of an individual with personally-identifiable information of the individual. This is why Google, the dominant ad platform, that uses cookies to allow marketers to track people has announced plans to "kill the

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Some users choose to disable cookies in their web browsers. Such an action can reduce some privacy risks but may severely limit or prevent the functionality of many websites. All significant web browsers have this disabling ability built-in, with no external program required. As an alternative, users

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The architecture of the Internet Protocol necessitates that a website receives IP addresses of its visitors, which can be tracked through time. Companies match data over time to associate the name, address, and other information to the IP address. There are opposing views in different jurisdiction on

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Internet Privacy: The Views of the FTC, the FCC, and NTIA: Joint Hearing before the Subcommittee on Commerce, Manufacturing, and Trade and the Subcommittee on Communications and Technology of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, First Session,

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to sponsor legislation to dismantle Internet privacy rules; Flake received $ 22,700 in donations and Blackburn received $ 20,500 in donations from these trade groups. On March 23, 2017, abolition of these privacy protections passed on a narrow party-line vote. In June 2018, California passed the law

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The FRA has a history of intercepting radio signals and has stood as the main intelligence agency in Sweden since 1942. Sweden has a mixture of the government's strong push towards implementing policy and citizens' continued perception of a free and neutral Internet. Both of the previously mentioned

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require individuals to make an effort to inform and protect themselves via existing software solutions, to pay premiums for such protections or require individuals to place greater pressure on governing institutions to enforce privacy laws and regulations regarding consumer and personal information.

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While the processes these Internet thieves use are abundant and unique, one popular trap people fall into is that of online purchasing. In a 2001 article titled "Consumer Watch", the popular online site PC World went called secure e-shopping a myth. Though unlike the gateway attacks mentioned above,

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Some solutions to being able to protect user privacy on the Internet can include programs such as "Rapleaf" which is a website that has a search engine that allows users to make all of one's search information and personal information private. Other websites that also give this option to their users

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Google's privacy policy explains what information they collect and why they collect it, how they use the information, and how to access and update information. Google will collect information to better service its users such as their language, which ads they find useful, or people that are important

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in order to provide better services, protect against security pressure, and protect against fraud. A search engine takes all of its users and assigns each one a specific ID number. Search engines often keep records of users' Internet activity and sites visited. AOL's system is one example. AOL has a

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Third-Party Requests are HTTP data connections from client devices to addresses on the web which are different from the website the user is currently surfing. Many alternative tracking technologies to cookies are based on third-party requests. Their importance has increased during the last few years

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defined information privacy as "an individual's claim to control the terms under which personal information — information identifiable to the individual — is acquired, disclosed, and used." At the end of the 1990s, with the rise of the Internet, it became clear that governments, companies, and other

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T-Mobile USA doesn't keep any information on Web browsing activity. Verizon, on the other hand, keeps some information for up to a year that can be used to ascertain if a particular phone visited a particular Web site. According to the sheet, Sprint Nextel Corp.'s Virgin Mobile brand keeps the text

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Irrespective of the pending ePrivacy-Regulation, the European High Court decided in October 2019 (case C-673/17) that the current law is not fulfilled if the disclosed information in the cookie disclaimer is imprecise, or if the consent checkbox is pre-checked. Consequently, many cookie disclaimers

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Tools using algorithms and artificial intelligence have also been used to target marginalized communities with policing measures, such as using facial recognition softwares and predictive policing technologies that use data to predict where a crime will most likely occur, and who will engage in the

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Ultimately, however, the potential for a violation of one's privacy is typically out of their hands after purchasing from an online retailer or store. One of the most common forms in which hackers receive private information from online retailers actually comes from an attack placed upon the site's

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According to Symantec's "Internet Security Threat Report", this continues despite the increasing emphasis on Internet security due to the expanding "underground economy". With more than fifty percent of the supporting servers located in the United States, this underground economy has become a haven

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While dealing with the issue of Internet privacy, one must first be concerned with not only the technological implications such as damaged property, corrupted files, and the like, but also with the potential for implications on their real lives. One such implication, which is rather commonly viewed

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specification. HTML defines how user agents, such as web browsers, are to present websites based on their underlying code. This new web standard changes the way that users are affected by the Internet and their privacy on the Internet. HTML5 expands the number of methods given to a website to store

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With the rise of technology-focused applications, there has been a rise of medical apps available to users on smart devices. In a survey of 29 migraine-management-specific applications, researcher Mia T. Minen (et al.) discovered 76% had clear privacy policies, with 55% of the apps stated using the

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technology can be used to gain access to a person's private data, according to a new study. Researchers at Carnegie Mellon University combined image scanning, cloud computing and public profiles from social networking sites to identify individuals in the offline world. Data captured even included a

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There is controversy over where the line should be drawn on the use of this technology. Cookies store unique identifiers on a person's computer that are used to predict what one wants. Many advertisement companies want to use this technology to track what their customers are looking at online. This

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Some web-oriented marketing-research organizations may use this practice legitimately, for example: in order to construct profiles of "typical Internet users". Such profiles, which describe average trends of large groups of Internet users rather than of actual individuals, can then prove useful for

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Cookies are often associated with pop-up windows because these windows are often, but not always, tailored to a person's preferences. These windows are an irritation because the close button may be strategically hidden in an unlikely part of the screen. In the worst cases, these pop-up ads can take

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Cookies do have benefits. One is that for websites that one frequently visits that require a password, cookies may allow a user to not have to sign in every time. A cookie can also track one's preferences to show them websites that might interest them. Cookies make more websites free to use without

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Since personalised advertisements are more efficient, and thus more profitable, than non-personalised ones, online advertising providers often collect (or facilitate the collection of) user data such as browsing and search history, shopping patterns and social media behaviour. This data can then be

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Privacy is one of the biggest problems in this new electronic age. At the heart of the Internet culture is a force that wants to find out everything about you. And once it has found out everything about you and two hundred million others, that's a very valuable asset, and people will be tempted to

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Sweden was the birthplace of the Pirate Bay, an infamous file-sharing website. File sharing has been illegal in Sweden since it was developed, however, there was never any real fear of being persecuted for the crime until 2009 when the Swedish Parliament was the first in the European Union to pass

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A free software that provides access to an anonymized network that enables anonymous communication. It directs the Internet traffic through multiple relays. This encryption method prevents others from tracking a certain user, thus allowing the user's IP address and other personal information to be

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This new privacy policy came into effect on March 1, 2012. Peter Fleischer, the Global Privacy Counselor for Google, has explained that if a person is logged into his/her Google account, and only if he/she is logged in, information will be gathered from multiple Google services in which he/she has

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disseminates information, the photograph, is very immediate in the sense that it can potentially provide direct information and evidence about a person's whereabouts, activities, and private property. Moreover, the technology's disclosure of information about a person is less abstract in the sense

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published a short piece called "In The Face of Danger: Facial Recognition and Privacy Law", much of it explaining how "privacy law, in its current form, is of no help to those unwillingly tagged." Any individual can be unwillingly tagged in a photo and displayed in a manner that might violate them

413:(also known as "tracking") assembles and analyzes several events, each attributable to a single originating entity, in order to gain information (especially patterns of activity) relating to the originating entity. Some organizations engage in the profiling of people's web browsing, collecting the 130:

to ensure privacy — use of the Internet without giving any third parties the ability to link Internet activities to personally-identifiable information of the Internet user. In order to keep their information private, people need to be careful with what they submit and look at online. When filling

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gained power in China over 60 years ago. With the development of the Internet, however, privacy became more of a problem for the government. The Chinese Government has been accused of actively limiting and editing the information that flows into the country via various media. The Internet poses a

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had for the first time created awareness for tracking practices when the ePrivacy-Directive (2009/136/EC) was put in force. In order to comply with this directive, websites had to actively inform the visitor about the use of cookies. This disclosure has been typically implemented by showing small

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showed that participants of the study were most concerned about their privacy on the Internet compared to any other media. However, it is important to recall that these issues are not the only prevalent concerns society has. Another prevalent issue remains members of society sending disconcerting

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An additional feature of concern to the new Google privacy policy is the nature of the policy. One must accept the policy or delete existing Google accounts. Customizing the privacy settings of a social network is a key tactic that many feel is necessary for social networking sites. Additionally,

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Google had publicly stated on January 24, 2012, that its privacy policy would once again be altered. This new policy would change the following for its users: (1) the privacy policy would become shorter and easier to comprehend and (2) the information that users provide would be used in more ways

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Search engines also are able to retain user information, such as location and time spent using the search engine, for up to ninety days. Most search engine operators use the data to get a sense of which needs must be met in certain areas of their field. People working in the legal field are also

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to store information on the user's computer. They exhibit a similar privacy risk as normal cookies, but are not as easily blocked, meaning that the option in most browsers to not accept cookies does not affect Flash cookies. One way to view and control them is with browser extensions or add-ons.

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An Alberta court ruled that police can obtain the IP addresses and the names and addresses associated with them without a search warrant; the Calgary, Alberta police found IP addresses that initiated online crimes. The service provider gave police the names and addresses associated with those IP

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adopted a plan to allow police to access the contents of individuals' computers without a warrant. The process, called "remote searching", allows one party, at a remote location, to examine another's hard drive and Internet traffic, including email, browsing history and websites visited. Police

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Sweden also uses an infamous centralized block list. The list is generated by authorities and was originally crafted to eliminate sites hosting child pornography. However, there is no legal way to appeal a site that ends up on the list and as a result, many non-child pornography sites have been

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One of the most popular topics of discussion regarding Internet privacy is China. Although China is known for its remarkable reputation for maintaining Internet privacy among many online users, it could potentially be a major jeopardy to the lives of many online users who have their information

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While broadband was implemented as a means to transform the relationship between historically marginalized communities and technology to ultimately narrow the digital inequalities, inadequate privacy protections compromise user rights, profile users, and spur skepticism towards technology among

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Internet privacy issues also affect existing class distinctions in the United States, often disproportionately impacting historically marginalized groups typically classified by race and class. Individuals with access to private digital connections that have protective services are able to more

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Furthermore, if the user has already done business with a company, or is previously familiar with a product, they tend to not read the privacy policies that the company has posted. As Internet companies become more established, their policies may change, but their clients will be less likely to

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Users and public officials have raised many concerns regarding Google's new privacy policy. The main concern/issue involves the sharing of data from multiple sources. Because this policy gathers all information and data searched from multiple engines when logged into Google, and uses it to help

1788:(GDPR) is the toughest privacy and security law in the world. Though it was drafted and passed by the European Union (EU), it imposes obligations onto organizations anywhere, so long as they target or collect data related to people in the EU. There are no globally unified laws and regulations. 1733:

claims "privacy is not the opposite of sharing – rather, it is control over sharing." Internet privacy concerns arise from the surrender of personal information to engage in a variety of acts, from transactions to commenting in online forums. Protection against invasions of online privacy will

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Sweden's recent emergence into Internet dominance may be explained by its recent climb in users. Only 2% of all Swedes were connected to the Internet in 1995 but at last count in 2012, 89% had broadband access. This was due in large part once again to the active Swedish government introducing

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in 2013, have failed to take into account that people, often minorities, may already lack Internet access or digital literacy skills and therefore be deemed ineligible for online identity verification requirements, such as forms for job applications or to receive social security benefits, for

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According to Nicklas Lundblad, another perspective on privacy protection is the assumption that the quickly growing amount of information produced will be beneficial. The reasons for this are that the costs for the surveillance will rise and that there is more noise, noise being understood as

357:

The original developers of cookies intended that only the website that originally distributed cookies to users could retrieve them, therefore returning only data already possessed by the website. However, in practice, programmers can circumvent this restriction. Possible consequences include:

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Which information an ISP collects, what it does with that information, and whether it informs its consumers, pose significant privacy issues. Beyond the usage of collected information typical of third parties, ISPs sometimes state that they will make their information available to government

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Users can also control third-party web tracking to some extent by other means. Opt-out cookies let users block websites from installing future cookies. Websites may be blocked from installing third-party advertisers or cookies on a browser, which will prevent tracking on the user's page.

98:

explains that the term privacy expresses space, decision, and information. In terms of space, individuals have an expectation that their physical spaces (e.g. homes, cars) not be intruded. Information privacy is in regard to the collection of user information from a variety of sources.

1096:"Facebook's practice of scanning the content of these messages violates the federal Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA also referred to as the Wiretap Act), as well as California's Invasion of Privacy Act (CIPA), and section 17200 of California's Business and Professions Code, 1747:

tend to misidentify people with names that do not adhere to standardized Caucasian-sounding names as ineligible to work in the United States, thus widening unemployment gaps and preventing social mobility. This case exemplifies how some programs have bias embedded within their codes.

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across the EU are now permitted to request that the British police conduct a remote search on their behalf. The search can be granted, and the material turned over and used as evidence, on the basis of a senior officer believing it necessary to prevent a serious crime. Opposition

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can be used for accessing web services without them knowing one's IP address and without one's ISP knowing what the services are that one accesses. Additional software has been developed that may provide more secure and anonymous alternatives to other applications. For example,

126:, and similar information might become acceptable trade-offs for the convenience that users could otherwise lose using the workarounds needed to suppress such details rigorously. On the other hand, some people desire much stronger privacy. In that case, they may try to achieve 1716:

With the overall public anxiety regarding the constantly expanding trend of online crimes, in 2001 roughly fifty-four percent of Americans polled showed a general approval for the FBI monitoring those emails deemed suspicious. Thus, it was born the idea for the FBI program:

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has ruled they need to be treated as personally identifiable information if the website tracking them, or a third party like a service provider knows the name or street address of the IP address holder, which would be true for static IP addresses, not for dynamic addresses.

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attacks. HTML5 also adds HTML templating and a standard HTML parser which replaces the various parsers of web browser vendors. These new features formalize previously inconsistent implementations, reducing the number of vulnerabilities though not eliminating them entirely.

1260:. With this expanded access comes increased potential for abuse as well as more vectors for attackers. If a malicious site was able to gain access to a user's media, it could potentially use recordings to uncover sensitive information thought to be unexposed. However, the 1633:, which prioritize preventing the storage and tracking of user activity. It's worth noting that while these alternatives offer enhanced privacy, some may not guarantee complete anonymity, and a few might be less user-friendly compared to mainstream search engines such as 1438:

that are short, consist of all numbers, all lowercase or all uppercase letters, or that can be easily guessed such as single words, common phrases, a person's name, a pet's name, the name of a place, an address, a phone number, a social security number, or a birth

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Some organizations attempt to respond to this privacy-related concern. For example, the 2005 Wikimania conference required that photographers have the prior permission of the people in their pictures, albeit this made it impossible for photographers to practice

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While signing up for Internet services, each computer contains a unique IP and Internet Protocol address. This particular address will not give away private or personal information, however, a weak link could potentially reveal information from one's ISP.

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is a criminally fraudulent process of trying to obtain sensitive information such as usernames, passwords, or credit card and bank information. Phishing is an Internet crime in which someone masquerades as a trustworthy entity in some form of electronic

1245:, another means of keeping information in a user's web browser. There are so many sources of data storage that it is challenging for web browsers to present sensible privacy settings. As the power of web standards increases, so do potential misuses. 1486:

Journalists have reported that the Internet's biggest corporations have hoarded Internet users' personal data to use it and sell it for large financial profits at the users' expense. Academics have called this practice informational exploitation.

747:. Since 2018 Mozilla partially mitigates the risk of third-party requests by cutting the referrer information when using the private browsing mode. However, personal information may still be revealed to the requested address in other areas of the 1139:

information about the consumers using their services. From a privacy standpoint, ISPs would ideally collect only as much information as they require in order to provide Internet connectivity (IP address, billing information if applicable, etc.).

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practitioners do so to document people in everyday life. The people depicted in these photos might not want them to appear on the Internet. Police arrest photos, considered public record in many jurisdictions, are often posted on the Internet by

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Although browsers such as Internet Explorer 8 and Firefox 3 have added a "Privacy Browsing" setting, they still allow Flash cookies to track the user and operate fully. However, the Flash player browser plugin can be disabled or uninstalled, and

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information locally on a client as well as the amount of data that can be stored. As such, privacy risks are increased. For instance, merely erasing cookies may not be enough to remove potential tracking methods since data could be mirrored in

402:) offer the option to clear cookies automatically whenever the user closes the browser. A third option involves allowing cookies in general but preventing their abuse. There is also a host of wrapper applications that will redirect cookies and 1728:

individuals have become the public producers of personal information. Users create their own "digital trails" that hackers and companies alike capture and utilize for a variety of marketing and advertisement targeting. A recent paper from the

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Search engines have the ability to track a user's searches. Personal information can be revealed through searches by the user's computer, account, or IP address being linked to the search terms used. Search engines have claimed a necessity to

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as an alternative for online chat. On the other hand, in addition to End-to-End encryption software, there are web services such as Qlink which provide privacy through a novel security protocol which does not require installing any software.

161:. Once it is posted, anyone can potentially find it and access it. Some employers may research potential employees by searching online for the details of their online behaviors, possibly affecting the outcome of the success of the candidate. 4254: 593:

relies on your browser and is a way of identifying users every time they go online and track your activity. Through fingerprinting, websites can determine the user's operating system, language, time zone, and browser version without your

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may call for new guidelines regarding privacy. What makes this difficult is the wide range of opinions surrounding the topic, so it is left mainly up to individual judgment to respect other people's online privacy in some circumstances.

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The researchers note that "many of the concerns leveled at Street View stem from situations where its photograph-like images were treated as definitive evidence of an individual's involvement in particular activities." In one instance,

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is a hacker's attempt to redirect traffic from a legitimate website to a completely different Internet address. Pharming can be conducted by changing the hosts file on a victim's computer or by exploiting a vulnerability on the DNS

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user data from these giving data to third parties for the use of advertising. The concerns raised discusses the applications without accessible privacy policies, and even more so - applications that are not properly adhering to the

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In 2013 a class action lawsuit was filed against Facebook alleging the company scanned user messages for web links, translating them to “likes” on the user's Facebook profile. Data lifted from the private messages was then used for

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blacklisted. Sweden's government enjoys a high level of trust from its citizens. Without this trust, many of these regulations would not be possible and thus many of these regulations may only be feasible in the Swedish context.

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Cookies are seen so negatively because they are not understood and go unnoticed while someone is simply surfing the Internet. The idea that every move one makes while on the Internet is being watched, would frighten most users.

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for Internet thieves, who use the system in order to sell stolen information. These pieces of information can range from generic things such as a user account or email to something as personal as a bank account number and

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is an object embedded into a web page or email and is usually invisible to the user of the website or reader of the email. It allows checking to see if a person has looked at a particular website or read a specific email

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is a web browser setting that can request a web application to disable the tracking of a user. Enabling this feature will send a request to the website users are on to voluntarily disable their cross-site user tracking.

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is a term short for "malicious software" and is used to describe software that is used to cause damage to a single computer, server, or computer network whether that is through the use of a virus, trojan horse, spyware,

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A meta-search engine that combines the search results from various search engines (excluding Google) and provides some unique services like using search boxes on various websites and providing instant answers out of the

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in 2021, which intends to replace existing behavioral tracking which relies on tracking individual user actions and aggregating them on the server side with web browser declaring their membership in a behavioral cohort.

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some fear the sharing of data amongst Google services could lead to revelations of identities. Many using pseudonyms are concerned about this possibility, and defend the role of pseudonyms in literature and history.

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mode so that users will be completely protected from ever-cookies. Never-cookies eliminate the entire manual deletion process while keeping the cookies users want like browsing history and saved account information.

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Some web browsers use "tracking protection" or "tracking prevention" features to block web trackers. The teams behind the NoScript and uBlock add-ons have assisted with developing Firefox's SmartBlock capabilities.

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classifies data into different categories and establishes corresponding levels of protection. It imposes significant data localization requirements, in a response to the extraterritorial reach of the United States

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Besides elevating privacy concerns, HTML5 also adds a few tools to enhance user privacy. A mechanism is defined whereby user agents can share blacklists of domains that should not be allowed to access web storage.

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are commonly used as ways to compile long-term records of individuals' browsing histories — a privacy concern that prompted European and US lawmakers to take action in 2011. Cookies can also have implications for

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As one of the largest growing concerns American adults have of current Internet privacy policies, identity and credit theft remain a constant figure in the debate surrounding privacy online. A 1997 study by the

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Schuster, Stefan; van den Berg, Melle; Larrucea, Xabier; Slewe, Ton; Ide-Kostic, Peter (1 February 2017). "Mass surveillance and technological policy options: Improving the security of private communications".

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about possible infringement on individual privacy. Researchers have argued that Google Street View "facilitate identification and disclosure with more immediacy and less abstraction." The medium through which

988:). Fireball is not collecting any user information. All servers are stationed in Germany, a plus considering the German legislation tends to respect privacy rights better than many other European countries. 975:

A free and open-source privacy-oriented meta-search engine which is based on a number of decentralized instances. There are a number of existing public instances, but any user can create their own if they

4373: 6284: 1820:. The new ePrivacy-Regulation was planned to come into force alongside the GDPR, but as of July 2020, it was still under review. Some people assume that lobbying is the reason for this massive delay. 1311:

is generally defined as the rapid accumulation and compiling of massive amounts of information that is being exchanged over digital communication systems. The volume of data is large (often exceeding

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that were in use at that time were confirmed to be incompliant with the current data protection laws. However, even this high court judgment only refers to cookies and not to other tracking methods.

739:. Most of the requests disclose referrer details that reveal the full URL of the actually visited website. In addition to the referrer URL, further information may be transmitted by the use of other 60:

alone could identify who an individual is without explicitly disclosing their name, as these two parameters are unique enough to identify a specific person typically. Other forms of PII may include

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assist users, privacy becomes an important element. Public officials and Google account users are worried about online safety because of all this information being gathered from multiple sources.

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Flash cookies are unlike HTTP cookies in the sense that they are not transferred from the client back to the server. Web browsers read and write these cookies and can track any data by web usage.

7019: 4246: 1931: 1079:. These social networking sites have seen a boom in their popularity starting from the late 2000s. Through these websites, many people are giving their personal information out on the Internet. 3750: 6567: 6232: 908:

Some users do not like the overlapping privacy policy, wishing to keep the service of Google separate. The update to Google's privacy policy has alarmed both public and private sectors. The

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program in which user commercial activity was released to the public for friends to see. Beacon created considerable controversy soon after it was launched due to privacy concerns, and the

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without permission. Also, users would be informed to whom the data is being sold and why. On refusal to sell the data, companies are allowed to charge a little higher to these consumers.

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for three months. Verizon keeps text messages for three to five days. None of the other carriers keep specific messages at all, but they keep a record of who texted who for over a year.

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has caused social profiling and is a growing concern for Internet privacy. Web 2.0 is the system that facilitates participatory information sharing and collaboration on the Internet, in

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Posting things on the Internet can be harmful or expose people to malicious attacks. Some information posted on the Internet persists for decades, depending on the terms of service, and

7128: 6411: 2363: 1954:. The law allowed for the legal sanctioning of surveillance of Internet traffic by state authorities and allowed authorities to monitor all cross-border communication without a warrant 1004:

A Dutch-based meta-search engine (obtains results from various sources). It commits also to the protection of the privacy of its users. Ixquick uses similar safety features as Fireball.

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The magazine reports on a band of startup companies that are demanding privacy and aiming to overhaul the social media business. Popular privacy-focused mobile messaging apps include

2147:, said "The public will want this to be controlled by new legislation and judicial authorization. Without those safeguards it's a devastating blow to any notion of personal privacy." 3282: 604:" can not only be used to track users across the web, but they are also hard to detect and difficult to remove since they are stored in a different place than the standard cookies. 1621:

To safeguard user data from tracking by search engines, various privacy focused search engines have been developed as viable alternatives. Examples of such search engines include

735:. Irrespective of the intention, such requests do often disclose information that may be sensitive, and they can be used for tracking either directly or in combination with other 111:

organizations would need to abide by new rules to protect individuals' privacy. With the rise of the Internet and mobile networks, Internet privacy is a daily concern for users.

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Randall, Audrey; Snyder, Peter; Ukani, Alisha; Snoeren, Alex C.; Voelker, Geoffrey M.; Savage, Stefan; Schulman, Aaron (25 October 2022). "Measuring UID smuggling in the wild".

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has become the most popular and best-supported standard. Even if users encrypt the data, the ISP still knows the IP addresses of the sender and the recipient. (However, see the

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information required in complex websites. It may also be used for user-tracking by storing special usage history data in a cookie, and such cookies — for example, those used by

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Accountability for the collection and distribution of personal information has been a subject of ongoing discussion. Social networks have been held responsible for storing the

2869: 1293:, which includes the geographical location where the photo has been taken. If the photo has been taken at the photographer's house, his address and identity could be reveled. 913:

investigations into the legality of both Facebook, against respective privacy acts, in 2010. The new privacy policy only heightens unresolved concerns regarding user privacy.

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regulatory provisions to promote competition among Internet service providers. These regulations helped grow web infrastructure and forced prices below the European average.

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There have been reports that personal information has been sold. For example, students preparing for exams would receive calls from unknown numbers selling school supplies.

56:(PII) or non-PII information such as a site visitor's behavior on a website. PII refers to any information that can be used to identify an individual. For example, age and 1225:

keeps for five to seven years a record of who texts who and the date and time, but not the content of the messages. Virgin Mobile keeps that data for two to three months.

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California regulations say IP addresses need to be treated as personal information if the business itself, not a third party, can link them to a name and street address.

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A meta-search engine (obtains results from various sources) and in Germany by far the most popular safe search engine. MetaGer uses similar safety features as Fireball.

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Used by government agencies are array of technologies designed to track and gather Internet users' information are the topic of much debate between privacy advocates,

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in files uploaded to the internet can divulge privacy compromising data. For example, most digital cameras and smartphones automatically embed image metadata, such as

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emails to one another. It is for this reason in 2001 that for one of the first times the public expressed approval of government intervention in their private lives.

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out forms and buying merchandise, information is tracked and because it is not private, some companies send Internet users spam and advertising on similar products.

6669: 2971: 7173: 6842: 5513: 5252: 3100: 1569:, which mitigates web tracking on mobile to a large extent, including Total Cookie Protection and similar to the private mode in the conventional Firefox browser. 1191:

General concerns regarding Internet user privacy have become enough of a concern for a UN agency to issue a report on the dangers of identity fraud. In 2007, the

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There are also several governmental organizations that protect an individual's privacy and anonymity on the Internet, to a point. In an article presented by the

4370: 1919: 6373: 2948: 146:, being mindful of personal financial details, creating and managing strong passwords, and intelligent web-browsing behaviours are recommended, among others. 3260: 2078:

spearheaded an effort to pass legislation allowing ISPs and tech firms to sell private customer information, such as their browsing history, without consent.

1812:, shall enlarge the scope from cookies only to any type of tracking method. It shall furthermore cover any kind of electronic communication channels such as 5098: 2678: 7188: 7069: 5358: 5178: 4224: 3401: 6856: 6829:

Livingstone, Sonia, Mariya Stoilova, and Rishita Nandagiri. "Children's data and privacy online: growing up in a digital age: an evidence review." (2019).

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are viewed differently from traditional expectations of privacy. Internet privacy is primarily concerned with protecting user information. Law Professor

78:'s essay entitled, "The Value of Privacy", he says, "Privacy protects us from abuses by those in power, even if we're doing nothing wrong at the time of 6808: 4150: 3383: 7400: 4869: 6586: 5701: 3897: 3742: 2893: 7108: 6202: 4662: 950:

A free software that reports to be a privacy-first website browsing service, blocking online trackers and ads, and not tracking users' browsing data.

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for Internet service providers (ISPs) and tech firms persuaded lawmakers to dismantle regulations to protect privacy which had been made during the

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additions created controversy among critics but they did not change the public perception despite the new FRA law being litigated in front of the

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the intellectual property rights directive. This directive persuaded Internet service providers to announce the identity of suspected violators.

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Milne, G. R.; Culnan, M. J. (2004). "Strategies for reducing online privacy risks: Why consumers read (or don't read) online privacy notices".

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of sites visited. The resulting profiles can potentially link with information that personally identifies the individual who did the browsing.

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Rich web apps are not new, and HTML5 offers big security improvements compared to the proprietary plugin technologies it's actually replacing.

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advocates and those who believe such measures are necessary for law enforcement to keep pace with rapidly changing communications technology.

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Send tailored recommendations to mobile devices at just the right time, while customers are in the right location to take advantage of offers.

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Internet privacy is a growing concern with children and the content they are able to view. Aside from that, many concerns for the privacy of

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than trying to use for example encryption technologies and similar methods. Technologies for this can be called Jante-technologies after the

666:, where "each user's behavior follows them from site to site as a label, inscrutable at a glance but rich with meaning to those in the know". 3792: 2709: 337:

In the past, websites have not generally made the user explicitly aware of the storing of cookies, however, tracking cookies and especially

7138: 6719: 4117:"Rethinking Online Privacy Litigation as Google Expands Use of Tracking: Giving Meaning to Our Online Browsing and the Federal Wiretap Act" 2008: 1272:

is a proposed standard whereby sites may assign privileges to different domains, enforcing harsh limitations on JavaScript use to mitigate

142:

and other cyber-attacks. Preventing or limiting the usage of Social Security numbers online, being wary and respectful of emails including

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trade and do commerce with that asset. This wasn't the information that people were thinking of when they called this the information age.

5959: 2995: 1507:, which provide peer-to-peer encryption and give the user the capacity to control what message information is retained on the other end. 244: 6540: 4817: 1445:

Using the same login name and/or password for multiple accounts where one compromised account leads to other accounts being compromised.

235:

automatically processed to display ads more likely to be successful with the particular user they are being displayed to, as well as to

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While Internet privacy is widely acknowledged as the top consideration in any online interaction, as evinced by the public outcry over

1607:. Many times, the functionality of the website fails. For example, one may not be able to log in to the site, or preferences are lost. 5412: 2139:

and civil liberties advocates are concerned about this move toward widening surveillance and its possible impact on personal privacy.

5818: 4722: 2969:"Trust and Privacy Online: Why Americans Want to Rewrite the Rules". Pew Internet & American Life Project. Released Aug. 20, 2000 1384:

Massive personal data extraction through mobile device apps that receive carte-blanche-permissions for data access upon installation.

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websites – featuring controversial topics – to attract and track unwary people. This constitutes a potential danger for individuals.

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is hidden, and even if one switches to another browser on the same device. This may allow a service provider to detect and prevent

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It has been suggested that the "appeal of online services is to broadcast personal information on purpose." On the other hand, in

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is information collected about the software and hardware of a remote computing device to identify individual devices even when

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Infer detailed psycho-demographic profiles of Internet users, even if they were not directly expressed or indicated by users.

967:

An EU-based web-search engine that is focusing on privacy. It has its own index and has servers hosted in the European Union.

543:

Anonymizer "nevercookies" are part of a free Firefox plugin that protects against Evercookies. This plugin extends Firefox's

4839: 2918: 425:. Although the aggregate data does not constitute a privacy violation, some people believe that the initial profiling does. 7203: 7009: 5889:"The downside of digital inclusion: Expectations and experiences of privacy and surveillance among marginal Internet users" 5463: 4616: 4068: 3871: 3790:

In the Face of Danger: Facial Recognition and the Limits of Privacy Law. (2007). Retrieved from Harvard, Harvard Law Review

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Create retail coupons based on a proportional scale to how much the customer has spent, to ensure a higher redemption rate.

941:(defunct since 2012) anonymize Google searches. The following are some of the more notable privacy-focused search engines: 37:

concerning the storage, re-purposing, provision to third parties, and display of information pertaining to oneself via the

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An ISP cannot know the contents of properly encrypted data passing between its consumers and the Internet. For encrypting

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observed that, "The American public simply isn't demanding a privacy law... They want free more than they want privacy."

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Online users must seek to protect the information they share with online websites, specifically social media. In today's

1659:, which states that you are nobody special. This view offers new challenges and perspectives for the privacy discussion. 848: 53: 6907: 5307: 5249: 3107: 1595:

does not prevent (all) tracking attempts because it usually only blocks the storage of information on the visitor site (

7100: 7074: 7034: 5546: 4750: 3646: 3402:"What is Canvas Fingerprinting and how the companies use it to track you online | So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish" 2707:

No Author. Washington State Office of the Attorney General. (2008). "Families and Educators: Information is Permanent".

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Determine root causes of failures, issues and defects by investigating user sessions, network logs and machine sensors.

138:, in October 2011, a number of pointers were brought to attention that help an individual Internet user avoid possible 3317: 2802: 2580: 2387:"Some Thoughts About the Social Implications of Accessible Computing. Proceedings 1965 Fall Joint Computer Conference" 2317: 1442:

Use of recycled passwords or the same password across multiple platforms which have become exposed from a data breach.

45:. Privacy concerns have been articulated from the beginnings of large-scale computer sharing and especially relate to 7277: 7198: 7183: 7079: 6943: 6869:

Topolsky, J. (2012, February 16). "Tempted by cool apps, users should see Apple's privacy issues as a wake-up call".

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As of June 2020, typical cookie implementations are not compliant with this regulation, and other practices such as

1451:

Using out-of-date software that may contain vulnerabilities that have been fixed in newer, more up-to-date versions.

575:

are used by advertisers to help identify which channels are most successful in helping convert browsers into buyers.

118:. Internet users may protect their privacy through controlled disclosure of personal information. The revelation of 6966: 6365: 3446: 3252: 2940: 153:

of particular services offered online. This can include comments written on blogs, pictures, and websites, such as

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than it is presently being used. The goal of Google is to make users' experiences better than they currently are.

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Miyazaki, A. D.; Fernandez, A. (2001). "Consumer Perceptions of Privacy and Security Risks for Online Shopping".

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data to some other location. Concerns exist that the privacy benefits of deleting cookies have been over-stated.

258:. This category includes shortened links on many social media platforms leading to potentially harmful websites, 123: 5174: 4411: 1144:

authorities upon request. In the US and other countries, such a request does not necessarily require a warrant.

7375: 7355: 7309: 7272: 7178: 7133: 2221: 1959: 1859: 1693: 779: 659: 17: 4925: 2216: 7282: 7113: 7088: 6864:"Protecting Consumer Privacy in an Era of Rapid Change: A Proposed Framework for Businesses and Policymakers" 6800: 4444: 3518: 3380: 2127: 2087: 649: 6876: 4865: 3422: 1448:

Allowing unused or little-used accounts, where unauthorized use is likely to go unnoticed, to remain active.

1296:

This problem can be mitigated by removing metadata from files before uploading them to the internet using a

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are in need of proper regulation, as these apps store medical data with identifiable information on a user.

7143: 6583: 5687: 5126: 4578:"Guillermo Arduino (2014, December 13). A simple Security Protocol which does not require special software 3893: 2890: 2231: 2064: 784: 718:, but also to compile long-term records of individuals' browsing histories even when they're attempting to 581:

is used by advertisers to measure the number of clicks they receive on their ads per number of impressions.

322:

is data stored on a user's computer that assists in automated access to websites or web features, or other

6194: 4892: 3773:"INTERNET PRIVACY: Additional Federal Authority Could Enhance Consumer Protection and Provide Flexibility" 2154:

software program was the topic of much debate when it was publicized in November 2001. Magic Lantern is a

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allows websites to identify and track users using HTML5 canvas elements instead of using a browser cookie.

266:

sites, threats include malicious software being presented as legitimate content. When using a smartphone,

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is where people are manipulated or tricked into performing actions or divulging confidential information.

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but also the simple advantage of greater privacy when surfing due to basically no possibility of hacking.

669:"UID smuggling" was found to be prevalent and largely not mitigated by latest protection tools – such as 67:

data used by apps, as the daily commute and routine information can be enough to identify an individual.

6904:- nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world 6606: 5148: 3924: 3366: 6779: 6081: 4674: 3050: 2091: 799:

rights. Some people wore a "no photos" tag to indicate they would prefer not to have their photo taken

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anything that interferes with the process of a receiver trying to extract private data from a sender.

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is China's first comprehensive law on personal data rights and is modeled after the European Union's

1261: 1237: 1129: 247:(COPPA), limiting options obtaining personal information of children and stipulating requirement for 61: 6753: 5856: 5269: 4116: 1344:

Swiftly reconfigure risk portfolios in minutes and understand future opportunities to mitigate risk.

6898:- independent research center dedicated to privacy, data protection and information security policy 3616: 2832: 2155: 2144: 1900: 1397:

is a piece of software that obtains information from a user's computer without that user's consent.

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customer data for insight and create advertising strategies for customer acquisition and retention.

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and e-mail attachments that persuade users to install malware or disclose personal information. On

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of personalized search results. It differentiates itself from other search engines by using local

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over the screen and while one tries to close them, they can take one to another unwanted website.

7390: 7385: 7257: 7039: 6879:, Internet-Draft, Phillip Hallam-Baker, Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), October 27, 2014. 6475: 3789: 3017: 2706: 2151: 1848: 1774: 1709: 1462: 1269: 1195:

held its first annual Data Protection Day on January 28, which has since evolved into the annual

663: 531: 354:, but modern browsers and anti-malware software can now block or detect and remove such cookies. 6727: 7431: 7029: 7024: 6971: 5851: 2266: 2001: 1504: 590: 472: 279: 2987: 2471:

Valentino-DeVries, Jennifer; Singer, Natasha; Keller, Michael H.; Krolik, Aaron (2018-12-10).

7410: 6981: 6936: 6532: 6225:"The GDPR and Browser Fingerprinting: How It Changes the Game for the Sneakiest Web Trackers" 4813: 2458:"The new meaning of PII — can you ever be anonymous?: Case study: Is GPS data personal data?" 2291: 2246: 2070: 1378: 1341:

Inspect product availability and optimize prices for maximum profit while clearing inventory.

1297: 874: 732: 689: 572: 566: 6315: 5076:

Measuring Apps' Privacy-Friendliness: Introducing transparency to apps' data access behavior

3494: 3082:

The Journal of Policy, Regulation and Strategy for Telecommunications, Information and Media

7229: 7014: 5531: 4960: 4670: 2520: 2256: 2060: 1905: 1718: 1554:. However, VPNs cost money and as of 2023 NoScript may "make general web browsing a pain". 1273: 1091: 1083: 985: 433: 374: 236: 5032:

Arp, Daniel (2017). "Privacy Threats through Ultrasonic Side Channels on Mobile Devices".

4718: 4522:"Privacy Issues in Smartphone Applications: An Analysis of Headache/Migraine Applications" 2012: 8: 7446: 7314: 7299: 7249: 6986: 6901: 6863: 5074: 2511: 2211: 1257: 945: 558: 459: 445: 399: 5842:

de Cornière, Alexandre; de Nijs, Romain (2016-02-01). "Online advertising and privacy".

4964: 4390: 3132: 2524: 7530: 7486: 6854:"Online trust and perceived utility for consumers of web privacy statements – Overview" 6434:"The Market Value of Who We Are: The Flow of Personal Data and Its Regulation in China" 6335: 6174: 5916: 5744: 5669: 5665: 5090: 5055: 4983: 4949:"Private traits and attributes are predictable from digital records of human behaviour" 4948: 4554: 4521: 4501:"Lawsuit Claiming Facebook Scanned Private Messages to Better Target Ads Moves Forward" 4482: 3695: 2660: 2625: 2196: 2181: 1805: 1600: 1253: 844: 808: 792: 775: 615: 578: 463: 343: 6151:. Klaus Miller, Yuxi Jin, Lennart Kraft, René Laub, Julia Schmitt. Frankfurt am Main. 4211:"Steinhauser, G. (2012, February 3). Google's Privacy Policy Changes Prompt EU Probe. 3161: 2770:"Behind the One-Way Mirror: A Deep Dive Into the Technology of Corporate Surveillance" 2532: 1517: 7456: 7239: 6479: 6403: 6339: 6162: 6152: 5951: 5908: 5869: 5748: 5673: 5594: 5514:"Think you're anonymous online? A third of popular websites are 'fingerprinting' you" 5313: 5277: 5080: 5045: 4988: 4698: 4559: 4541: 4486: 4176: 3925:"Rodrigues, J. (November 29, 2009). Google Street View's headaches around the world. 3699: 3685: 3543:"Redirect tracking protection - Privacy, permissions, and information security | MDN" 3077: 3025: 2536: 2480: 2439: 2286: 2206: 2140: 2047: 1947: 1529: 1435: 1192: 1060: 1020: 934: 715: 699: 597: 476: 170: 71: 64: 46: 5920: 5359:"How to use Ublock Origin and Privacy Badger to prevent browser tracking in Firefox" 4637: 2158:

program that logs users' keystrokes, rendering encryption useless to those infected.

1737: 984:

Germany's first search engine that obtains web results from various sources (mainly

114:

People with only a casual concern for Internet privacy do not need to achieve total

7504: 7370: 7329: 7219: 6976: 6929: 6445: 6327: 6058: 5943: 5900: 5861: 5736: 5661: 5584: 5225: 5037: 4978: 4968: 4661: 4549: 4533: 4474: 4016: 4011: 3999: 3972: 3677: 3361: 3351: 2769: 2652: 2617: 2528: 2429: 2421: 2241: 2226: 2099: 1757: 1730: 1222: 1210: 1196: 832: 719: 544: 327: 150: 57: 5059: 4840:"HTML5 and Security on the New Web: Promise and problems for privacy and security" 3356: 3339: 3338:

Boerman, Sophie C.; Kruikemeier, Sanne; Zuiderveen Borgesius, Frederik J. (2017).

2891:"On the Leakage of Personally Identifiable Information Via Online Social Networks" 2050:, offered his thoughts on Internet privacy in an interview published in May 2000: 1252:

or webcam, a capability previously only possible through the use of plug-ins like

7234: 7224: 6613: 6590: 6571: 5344: 5339: 5256: 4478: 4397: 4377: 4358: 4338: 4318: 4285: 3933: 3863: 3796: 3387: 2975: 2941:"Sen. Rockefeller: Get Ready for a Real Do-Not-Track Bill for Online Advertising" 2910: 2897: 2747: 2713: 2116: 1500: 1362:

Analyze data from social media to detect new market trends and changes in demand.

771: 619: 422: 395: 274: 91: 6063: 6046: 4060: 7471: 7451: 7324: 6562:"Do as the Swedes do? Internet policy and regulation in Sweden – a snapshot" | 5573:"Web Tracking Domain and Possible Privacy Defending Tools: A Literature Review" 4613:"Online Privacy: Using the Internet Safely | Privacy Rights Clearinghouse" 4612: 4031: 2358: 2322: 2191: 1912:, which was designed to circumvent network surveillance in multiple countries. 1896: 1797: 1638: 1596: 1563: 1536: 1148: 909: 881: 759: 740: 711: 636: 607: 584: 351: 267: 248: 139: 75: 6500: 6166: 5888: 5613: 4577: 2425: 7519: 7441: 7436: 7334: 7294: 7289: 6908:

Expectation of privacy for company email not deemed objectively reasonable –

6407: 6331: 5955: 5912: 5904: 5873: 5598: 5589: 5572: 5281: 4781:"Vega, T. (2010, October 10). New web code draws concern over privacy risks. 4545: 3029: 2484: 2473:"Your Apps Know Where You Were Last Night, and They're Not Keeping It Secret" 2443: 2201: 2186: 1909: 1634: 1566: 1532: 1474: 1218: 1214: 1171: 1024: 930: 736: 703: 674: 654: 626: 496: 475:. Adobe's Flash and (PDF) Reader are not the only browser plugins whose past 403: 363: 263: 143: 103: 5865: 4973: 4000:"Privacy, reconsidered: New representations, data practices, and the geoweb" 3681: 3568:"New browser-tracking hack works even when you flush caches or go incognito" 2608:

Kang, Jerry (1998-01-01). "Information Privacy in Cyberspace Transactions".

243:

considered the lack of privacy for children on the Internet and created the

7481: 7262: 6146: 5041: 4992: 4776: 4563: 4196:

Cain Miller, C. (2012, January 25). "A New Policy On Privacy From Google".

3248: 2540: 2043: 1656: 1604: 1592: 1579: 1469:

of the user to be read. It is enabled by default in major browsers such as

1428: 1206: 1202: 254:

Apart from corporate data collection, on-line privacy threats also include

174: 107: 79: 42: 6450: 6433: 6047:"International migration management in the age of artificial intelligence" 5935: 5688:"Menn, J. (Feb. 19, 2012), Data Collection Arms Race Feeds Privacy Fears. 4032:"Online Privacy: Using the Internet Safely - Privacy Rights Clearinghouse" 1682: 7476: 6996: 5947: 5006: 4678: 4520:

Minen, Mia T.; Stieglitz, Eric J.; Sciortino, Rose; Torous, John (2018).

4465:

Young, Alyson Leigh (2013). "Privacy Protection Strategies on Facebook".

4277:"Reuters. (2012, February 1). Google defends change to privacy policies. 3190: 2349: 2131: 1770: 1347: 1242: 1034: 862: 853: 796: 744: 509: 319: 313: 259: 6114:"Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council" 5094: 3340:"Online Behavioral Advertising: A Literature Review and Research Agenda" 1458: 795:, and doing the same in a public place would violate the photographers' 362:

the placing of a personally identifiable tag in a browser to facilitate

7461: 4537: 3743:"Preventing data leaks by stripping path information in HTTP Referrers" 2664: 2629: 2386: 2095: 2075: 1862: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1622: 1547: 1466: 1365:

Use clickstream analysis and data mining to detect fraudulent behavior.

1320: 1256:. It is also possible to find a user's geographical location using the 1249: 1176: 1163: 1028: 953: 707: 645:

can be used to track users since they persist across browsing sessions.

632: 601: 505: 500: 255: 119: 95: 6892:- an organization devoted to privacy and intellectual freedom advocacy 5740: 5413:"Mozilla unveils Total Cookie Protection for Firefox Focus on Android" 3808: 3337: 3247: 2643:

Kang, Jerry (1998). "Information Privacy in Cyberspace Transactions".

106:, the 1997 Information Infrastructure Task Force (IITF) created under 7426: 6915: 6889: 6082:"Directive 2009/136/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council" 2434: 2296: 2104: 1924: 1630: 1213:

keeps a record of the websites a subscriber visits for up to a year.

1180: 1099: 1068: 822: 764: 115: 5387:"Our Favorite Ad Blockers and Browser Extensions to Protect Privacy" 2656: 2621: 1837: 1756:

users. Some automated systems, like the United Kingdom government's

4505: 4219: 2470: 1817: 1744: 1543: 1415: 1408: 1312: 1308: 1286: 1103: 1064: 938: 826: 818: 611: 487:

to be installed: there have also been problems with Oracle's Java.

154: 38: 6017:"A troubling tale of a Black man trying to refinance his mortgage" 5034:

2017 IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy (EuroS&P)

239:

content displayed to the user on social media sites. In 1998, the

6952: 5696: 5122: 4586: 4436: 3519:"FullStory | Build a More Perfect Digital Experience | FullStory" 2509:

Pogue, David (January 2011). "Don't Worry about Who's watching".

2410: 1738:

Impact of Internet surveillance tools on marginalized communities

1725: 1626: 1525: 1470: 1401: 1394: 1387: 1324: 1076: 1072: 1056: 999: 991: 670: 642: 484: 480: 394:

may frequently delete any stored cookies. Some browsers (such as

158: 34: 4946: 6662:"California passes strictest online privacy law in the country" 6472:

High Wire: How China Regulates Big Tech and Governs Its Economy

6396:"Yahoo helped Chinese to prosecute journalist (Published 2005)" 5439:"If You Care About Privacy, It's Time to Try a New Web Browser" 4412:"People Search Engines: Limit the Information They Can Collect" 1454: 1316: 814: 377:

or other techniques to steal information from a user's cookies.

5810: 5381: 5379: 5309:

The Privacy Fallacy: Harm and Power in the Information Economy

1791: 1248:

HTML5 also expands access to user media, potentially granting

610:

scripts allows the ability to replay a visitor's journey on a

7466: 5780:

Kandra, Anne. (2001, July). "The myth of secure e-shopping".

5570: 5270:"The WIRED Guide to Your Personal Data (and Who Is Using It)" 4519: 3642:"New web tracking technique is bypassing privacy protections" 3018:"Google Has a New Plan to Kill Cookies. People Are Still Mad" 2354:"How the Republicans Sold Your Privacy to Internet Providers" 2168: 1813: 1672: 1496: 1233: 1152: 970: 962: 677:– by a 2022 study, which also contributed to countermeasures. 662:

has criticized FLoC as retaining the fundamental paradigm of

2724:

Mediati, N. (2010). "The Most Dangerous Places on the Web".

1044: 847:, released in the U.S. in 2007, is currently the subject of 635:

are commonly used to check whether or not an individual who

27:

Right or mandate of personal privacy concerning the internet

7405: 6895: 5647: 5645: 5376: 3894:"More Than Facial Recognition – Carnegie Mellon University" 3674:

Proceedings of the 22nd ACM Internet Measurement Conference

3101:"A Look At Flash Cookies and Internet Explorer Persistence" 2063:, director of the Digital Trade and Data Governance Hub at 1668: 1290: 1118:

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)

1023:

that prioritizes maintaining user privacy and avoiding the

1007: 587:

collects the user's mouse cursor positions on the computer.

473:

Flash cookies can be disabled on a per-site or global basis

6921: 3667: 3665: 1645: 1562:

On mobile, the most advanced method may be the use of the

924: 722:, raising a major concern for Internet privacy advocates. 462:, work the same way as normal cookies and are used by the 6076: 6074: 5987:"How Artificial Intelligence Impacts Marginalised Groups" 5776: 5774: 5123:"Resources and Tools for IT Professionals | TechNet" 4247:"Google To Update Privacy Policy to Cover Wider Data Use" 3676:. Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 230–243. 3671: 3390:. SecurityWeek.Com (2010-11-10). Retrieved on 2013-08-16. 3078:"Social media and cookies: challenges for online privacy" 2086:

in control of all three branches of the U.S. government,

1551: 1481: 1372: 1328: 1167: 1110: 6691:"California passes nation's toughest online privacy law" 6639:"How Congress dismantled federal Internet privacy rules" 5764:

Krapf, E. (2007). "A Perspective On Internet Security".

5642: 5571:

Abdulaziz Saad Bubukayr, Maryam; Frikha, Mounir (2022).

5117: 5115: 4091:"Consumer Privacy Advocates Seek Search Engine Solution" 3864:"Online photos can reveal our private data say, experts" 3447:"What is online tracking and how do websites track you?" 1977: 6148:

The impact of the GDPR on the online advertising market

5259:

TorrentFreak.com (2015-01-30). Retrieved on 2015-02-21.

3662: 1683:

Concerns of Internet privacy and real-life implications

6071: 5771: 5464:"Firefox enables its anti-tracking feature by default" 706:) cannot be read or stored in the browser, the client 5250:

Huge Security Flaw Leaks VPN Users' Real IP-addresses

5112: 4947:

Kosinski, Michal; Stillwell, D.; Graepel, T. (2013).

4312:"E.U. Presses Google to Delay Privacy Policy Changes" 4121:

Hastings Communications and Entertainment Law Journal

3714:"Google to 'phase out' third-party cookies in Chrome" 3381:"Nevercookie Eats Evercookie With New Firefox Plugin" 2384: 6607:"Privacy law's hidden roadblock: Americans' beliefs" 6255:"e-Privacy Regulation victim of a "lobby onslaught"" 5837: 5835: 5722: 5720: 5718: 5547:"Firefox 87 reveals SmartBlock for private browsing" 4352:"Google Relents, Will Hand Over European Wi-Fi Data" 2803:"What Is A "Reasonable Link" Under CCPA? | Lexology" 2315: 6720:"California Passes A Sweeping New Data Privacy Law" 6316:"Controlling the internet in China: The real story" 5805: 5803: 3283:"'Evercookie' is one cookie you don't want to bite" 1381:

identifies users' activity across multiple devices.

292:whether an IP address is personal information. The 286: 7401:International Association of Privacy Professionals 6752: 5841: 5760: 5758: 4719:"Document Shows How Phone Cos. Treat Private Data" 2679:"Preventing Identity Theft and Other Cyber Crimes" 1599:). It does not help, however, against the various 1524:The most advanced protection tools are or include 5832: 5715: 5651: 5197: 5195: 3997: 3958: 3956: 3838:"Celebrities' Photos, Videos May Reveal Location" 1334:Big data provides companies with the ability to: 1128:Internet users obtain Internet access through an 7517: 7366:Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility 6843:"How Privacy Can Vanish Online, a Bit at a Time" 5800: 5489:"What is an Opt Out Cookie? - All about Cookies" 4745: 4743: 2581:"The Eternal Value of Privacy by Bruce Schneier" 2237:Privacy concerns with social networking services 2162: 774:and post their photographs online. For example, 6902:Pew Research Center - Online Privacy and Safety 5980: 5978: 5976: 5755: 4953:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3251:; Jennifer Valentino-DeVries (April 22, 2011). 1546:, the use of an alternative search engine like 6632: 6630: 6628: 6626: 6465: 6463: 6461: 5192: 4371:"Google privacy policy is subject of backlash" 4332:"Facebook vs. Canada. It's about to get ugly." 3993: 3991: 3989: 3953: 3777:United States Government Accountability Office 3399: 2578: 1542:Moreover, they may include the browser add-on 778:practitioners do so for artistic purposes and 754: 6937: 6620:, August 22, 2022. Retrieved October 5, 2022. 6574:. Policyreview.info. Retrieved on 2014-05-25. 5933: 4866:"What are HTML5 Security and Privacy Issues?" 4740: 3965:"Google begins blurring faces in Street View" 3075: 2862:"IP Addresses No Longer Protected in Alberta" 1941: 1123: 6776:"FBI 'Lantern' Software Does Log Keystrokes" 6195:"Security risks of logging in with facebook" 5973: 4703:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4061:"AOL's disturbing glimpse into users' lives" 3918: 3916: 3914: 3367:11245.1/30b8da2b-de05-4ad9-8e43-ce05eda657e5 2800: 2603: 2601: 1827: 1179:can be used as an alternative for email and 164: 6751:. London: Timesonline.co.uk. Archived from 6749:"Police set to step up hacking of home PCs" 6623: 6458: 5886: 5726: 4526:Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain 3986: 3420: 2911:"New net rules set to make cookies crumble" 2737: 1792:European General Data protection regulation 1490: 1457:is a protocol which suffers from a serious 1031:on searches and delayed history expiration. 829:unless this function is manually disabled. 551: 6944: 6930: 6179:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5934:Barocas, Solon; Selbst, Andrew D. (2016). 2938: 2011:. Please do not remove this message until 1779: 1510: 33:involves the right or mandate of personal 6449: 6062: 5855: 5588: 5146: 4982: 4972: 4553: 4151:"The Troubling Future of Internet Search" 4015: 3962: 3922: 3911: 3365: 3355: 2598: 2433: 2031:Learn how and when to remove this message 1878:Learn how and when to remove this message 1280: 1051:Privacy issues of social networking sites 1045:Privacy issues of social networking sites 432:Governments and organizations may set up 222:Learn how and when to remove this message 6539:. Law Library of Congress. 10 May 2017. 6363: 6044: 5621:Stockholm Institute for Scandinavian Law 5611: 5312:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 5201: 5079:(Doctoral thesis). Karlstad University. 4721:. Associated Press. September 29, 2011. 4467:Information, Communication & Society 3639: 3471:"Cookies - Definition - Trend Micro USA" 2796: 2794: 2555:"The Value of Privacy by Bruce Schneier" 2262:European Union Data Protection Directive 2069: 2007:Relevant discussion may be found on the 758: 683: 245:Children's Online Privacy Protection Act 4924:. W3C. 23 February 2013. Archived from 3770: 3614: 2830: 2767: 2348: 2316:The Editorial Boards (March 29, 2017). 2130:in Brussels, in January 2009, the UK's 1764: 1646:Protection through information overflow 1353:Identify customers who matter the most. 925:Privacy-focused search engines/browsers 725: 14: 7518: 6289:Court of Justice of the European Union 6144: 6119:Official Journal of the European Union 6087:Official Journal of the European Union 5984: 5887:Gangadharan, Seeta Peña (2015-11-09). 5356: 5305: 5155:from the original on 22 September 2013 4814:"Capturing Audio & Video in HTML5" 4321:'The New York Times,' February 3, 2012 4244: 3874:from the original on November 23, 2017 3565: 3310:"Personal information gathering sites" 3053:. University of California, Berkeley. 1482:Reduction of risks to Internet privacy 1373:Other potential Internet privacy risks 1111:Privacy issues of medical applications 294:Court of Justice of the European Union 7381:Electronic Privacy Information Center 6925: 6877:"PRISM-Proof Security Considerations" 6811:from the original on 12 November 2018 6636: 6543:from the original on 23 November 2017 6501:"Implementing Data Protection in Law" 6469: 6014: 5630:from the original on 29 November 2014 5072: 4899:from the original on 26 February 2013 4872:from the original on 18 November 2012 4846:from the original on 10 February 2013 4820:from the original on 13 December 2012 4464: 4114: 3941:from the original on February 2, 2017 3923:Rodrigues, Jason (29 November 2009). 3098: 2791: 2508: 2318:"Republicans Attack Internet Privacy" 2217:Location-based service#Privacy issues 2143:, director of the human rights group 2128:European Union's council of ministers 1978:Internet privacy in the United States 839: 521:deletion and can rebuild themselves. 6393: 6366:"China boosts internet surveillance" 6313: 5436: 5333:The Revolution Will Not Be Monetized 5013:from the original on 16 January 2013 4890: 4775: 4177:"What Search Engines Know About You" 4174: 3998:Elwood, S.; Leszczynski, A. (2011). 3285:. September 20, 2010. Archived from 2746:. pp. 1137–1206. Archived from 2642: 2607: 2366:from the original on August 11, 2020 1981: 1952:National Defense Radio Establishment 1860:adding citations to reliable sources 1831: 1591:Contrary to popular belief, browser 273:In late 2007, Facebook launched the 178: 85: 7361:Center for Democracy and Technology 6778:. Rumormillnews.com. Archived from 6513:from the original on 19 August 2017 6431: 5342:, in the July–August 2014 issue of 5147:Goodchild, Joan (11 January 2010). 5031: 4757:from the original on 6 January 2013 4245:Miller, Claire (January 24, 2012). 4148: 3191:"Security Bulletins and Advisories" 3048: 3015: 2988:"Six Common Internet Privacy Myths" 2889:Krishnamurthy B, Wills CE. (2009). 2414:Computer Standards & Interfaces 2103:restricting companies from sharing 1932:Personal Information Protection Law 737:personally identifiable information 524: 54:personally identifiable information 24: 6835: 6235:from the original on 2 August 2020 5797:. Houndmills: MacMillan Press Ltd. 5666:10.1111/j.1745-6606.2001.tb00101.x 4638:"UN warns on password 'explosion'" 3647:University of California-San Diego 3617:"Google's FLoC Is a Terrible Idea" 3263:from the original on 30 March 2014 2330:from the original on March 8, 2020 1946:On 11 May 1973 Sweden enacted the 1936:General Data Protection Regulation 1786:General Data Protection Regulation 1603:methods. Such fingerprints can be 1205:does not store any information on 1135:Normally ISPs do collect at least 625:"Redirect tracking" is the use of 515: 347: 194:tone or style may not reflect the 41:. Internet privacy is a subset of 25: 7547: 6883: 6805:Gale encyclopedia of everyday law 6659: 6285:"JUDGMENT OF THE COURT 1/10/2019" 5228:. Help Net Security. 2010-01-29. 5202:Sengupta, Somini (17 July 2013). 4409: 4257:from the original on May 12, 2013 3253:"Apple, Google Collect User Data" 3133:"How to disable Flash in Firefox" 3057:from the original on 27 July 2014 2533:10.1038/scientificamerican0111-32 2282:Computer and network surveillance 2277:Privacy laws of the United States 1250:access to a computer's microphone 1156: 868: 7500: 7499: 6967:Right of access to personal data 6823: 6793: 6768: 6741: 6712: 6683: 6653: 6649:from the original on 2017-07-30. 6600: 6577: 6555: 6525: 6498: 6492: 6425: 6387: 6357: 6307: 6295:from the original on 3 July 2020 6277: 6265:from the original on 4 July 2020 6247: 6217: 6205:from the original on 3 July 2020 6187: 6138: 6106: 6038: 6008: 5927: 5880: 5787: 5680: 5605: 5564: 5544: 5538: 5524: 5506: 5481: 5456: 5437:Chen, Brian X. (31 March 2021). 5430: 5405: 5357:Wallen, Jack (24 October 2018). 5350: 5326: 5299: 5262: 5243: 5218: 5214:from the original on 2017-06-10. 5204:"Digital Tools to Curb Snooping" 5167: 5149:"Social Engineering: The Basics" 4685:from the original on 20 May 2011 4138:– via BerkeleyLaw Library. 3844:from the original on 28 May 2014 3423:"What is cross-device tracking?" 3076:Heyman, R.; Pierson, J. (2011). 2385:E. E. David; R. M. Fano (1965). 2110: 1986: 1836: 1516:This section is an excerpt from 1461:that compromises the privacy of 1431:(or other "anonymity" services). 785:online mug shot publishing sites 557:This section is an excerpt from 452: 439: 287:Internet protocol (IP) addresses 256:criminal and fraudulent activity 204:guide to writing better articles 183: 6701:from the original on 2018-06-28 6672:from the original on 2022-02-19 6584:"What I've Learned: Andy Grove" 6414:from the original on 2021-04-04 6376:from the original on 2018-01-28 6346:from the original on 2020-10-27 6027:from the original on 2021-11-02 5997:from the original on 2021-11-02 5962:from the original on 2023-01-17 5821:from the original on 2008-02-25 5704:from the original on 2022-04-04 5288:from the original on 2021-08-04 5232:from the original on 2013-06-05 5181:from the original on 2012-11-26 5140: 5129:from the original on 2008-08-20 5101:from the original on 2023-01-17 5066: 5025: 4999: 4940: 4914: 4884: 4858: 4832: 4806: 4795:from the original on 2017-06-30 4769: 4725:from the original on 2019-05-13 4711: 4655: 4644:from the original on 2009-04-25 4630: 4619:from the original on 2011-10-20 4605: 4594:from the original on 2015-05-14 4570: 4513: 4493: 4458: 4447:from the original on 2016-01-21 4429: 4418:from the original on 2012-10-21 4403: 4383: 4364: 4344: 4324: 4304: 4269: 4238: 4227:from the original on 2016-03-04 4203: 4190: 4168: 4157:from the original on 2019-10-30 4142: 4131:from the original on 2018-09-26 4108: 4097:from the original on 2013-05-10 4088: 4082: 4071:from the original on 2012-10-26 4053: 4042:from the original on 2011-01-15 4024: 3900:from the original on 2011-11-25 3886: 3856: 3830: 3819:from the original on 2009-04-30 3801: 3783: 3771:Cackley, Alicia Puente (2019). 3764: 3753:from the original on 2020-06-17 3735: 3724:from the original on 2022-02-14 3706: 3633: 3615:Cyphers, Bennett (2021-03-03). 3608: 3584: 3559: 3535: 3511: 3487: 3463: 3439: 3414: 3393: 3374: 3331: 3302: 3293: 3275: 3241: 3230:from the original on 2019-10-10 3212: 3201:from the original on 2010-04-06 3183: 3172:from the original on 2012-09-19 3154: 3143:from the original on 2012-09-20 3125: 3092: 3069: 3042: 3009: 2998:from the original on 2022-02-15 2980: 2962: 2951:from the original on 2011-08-24 2932: 2921:from the original on 2018-08-10 2903: 2883: 2872:from the original on 2022-02-15 2854: 2843:from the original on 2022-02-15 2824: 2813:from the original on 2022-02-13 2780:from the original on 2022-02-13 2768:Cyphers, Bennett (2019-12-02). 2761: 2731: 2718: 2700: 2671: 2636: 2587:from the original on 2017-05-10 2579:Bruce Schneier (May 18, 2006). 2561:from the original on 2022-05-02 2491:from the original on 2019-04-03 2393:from the original on 2000-08-16 2046:, co-founder and former CEO of 1847:needs additional citations for 1662: 1528:'s tracking protection and the 629:to track users across websites. 307: 7376:Electronic Frontier Foundation 7356:American Civil Liberties Union 7310:Privacy-enhancing technologies 6890:Electronic Frontier Foundation 6637:Kindy, Kimberly (2017-05-30). 6364:Branigan, Tania (2011-07-26). 5766:Business Communications Review 5614:"Privacy in the Noise Society" 4179:. Online (Weston, Connecticut) 4017:10.1016/j.geoforum.2010.08.003 3621:Electronic Frontier Foundation 3592:"Federated Learning Component" 2801:O'Connor, Cozen (2020-02-14). 2774:Electronic Frontier Foundation 2572: 2547: 2502: 2464: 2450: 2404: 2378: 2342: 2309: 2222:Privacy-enhancing technologies 2098:and Republican representative 1960:European Court of Human Rights 780:social documentary photography 490: 122:, non-personally-identifiable 13: 1: 5936:"Big Data's Disparate Impact" 5844:The RAND Journal of Economics 3400:Andrea Fortuna (2017-11-06). 3357:10.1080/00913367.2017.1339368 3106:. McAfee, Inc. Archived from 2303: 2163:Children and Internet privacy 2059:More than two decades later, 1962:for human rights violations. 825:of the picture taken through 650:Federated Learning of Cohorts 458:Flash cookies, also known as 6533:"Online Privacy Law: Sweden" 6470:Zhang, Angela Huyue (2024). 6229:European Frontier Foundation 6045:Beduschi, Ana (2020-02-10). 5793:Langford, D. (Ed.). (2000). 5532:"Firefox 42.0 release notes" 4891:Hill, Brad (February 2013). 4479:10.1080/1369118X.2013.777757 3963:Shankland, S. (2008-05-13). 2833:"CCPA Clarity in California" 2831:Coleman, June (2020-02-20). 2126:Following a decision by the 2065:George Washington University 559:Web tracking § Other methods 538: 535:still being widely debated. 339:third-party tracking cookies 7: 7101:Data protection authorities 6951: 6849:, Wednesday, March 17, 2010 6432:Han, Dong (12 April 2017). 6394:Kahn, Joseph (2005-09-08). 6015:Olick, Diana (2020-08-19). 5985:Jansen, Nani (2021-05-29). 5654:Journal of Consumer Affairs 5226:"Top 5 Online Privacy Tips" 3051:"Flash Cookies and Privacy" 2738:Grimmelmann, James (2009). 2174: 2013:conditions to do so are met 1303: 1168:I2P – The Anonymous Network 817:, automatically attach the 800: 755:Photographs on the Internet 673:'s tracking protection and 367: 10: 7552: 7305:Social networking services 6862:Federal Trade Commission, 5612:Lundblad, Nicklas (2010). 4893:"HTML5 Security Realities" 4675:"Celebrating data privacy" 3566:Goodin, Dan (2021-02-19). 3421:BigCommerce (2019-12-12). 1942:Internet privacy in Sweden 1768: 1515: 1159:section for workarounds.) 1124:Internet service providers 1094:, the plaintiffs claimed. 1048: 872: 687: 556: 494: 443: 311: 168: 52:Privacy can entail either 7495: 7419: 7396:Global Network Initiative 7348: 7340:Virtual assistant privacy 7320:Privacy-invasive software 7248: 7212: 7099: 6995: 6959: 6616:Margaret Harding McGill, 6094:: 11–36. 18 December 2009 6064:10.1093/migration/mnaa003 3220:"Alert for CVE-2012-4681" 2939:Edmond Lee (2011-05-06). 2426:10.1016/j.csi.2016.09.011 2252:Privacy in Australian law 1927:or similar foreign laws. 1828:Internet privacy in China 1518:Web tracking § Prevention 1262:World Wide Web Consortium 1238:Hypertext Markup Language 1236:is the latest version of 1130:Internet service provider 921:are Facebook and Amazon. 270:data may be compromised. 165:Risks to Internet privacy 6332:10.1177/1354856512439500 6314:Dong, Fan (2012-05-28). 5905:10.1177/1461444815614053 5590:10.32604/jcs.2022.029020 5577:Journal of Cybersecurity 5306:Cofone, Ignacio (2023). 5007:"Big Data – What Is It?" 4640:. BBC News. 2006-12-04. 2866:Canadian Lawyer Magazine 1491:Private mobile messaging 1228: 770:Today, many people have 552:Other Web tracking risks 241:Federal Trade Commission 7391:Future of Privacy Forum 7386:European Digital Rights 6476:Oxford University Press 6438:Media and Communication 6259:European Digital Rights 5940:SSRN Electronic Journal 5893:New Media & Society 5866:10.1111/1756-2171.12118 5493:www.allaboutcookies.org 4974:10.1073/pnas.1218772110 4391:"A Case for Pseudonyms" 4361:'PCWorld,' June 3, 2010 3682:10.1145/3517745.3561415 3257:The Wall Street Journal 1780:Global privacy policies 1775:Information privacy law 1758:Universal Credit system 1710:Boston Consulting Group 1511:Web tracking prevention 1465:, by allowing the true 1270:Content Security Policy 929:Search engines such as 882:retain such information 532:behavioural advertising 7432:Cellphone surveillance 7349:Advocacy organizations 6972:Expectation of privacy 6564:Internet Policy Review 6145:Skiera, Bernd (2022). 5175:"Protect Your Privacy" 5042:10.1109/EuroSP.2017.33 4751:"Privacy, Web Storage" 4580:CNN Technology CLIXCNN 4400:EFF.org, July 29, 2011 4380:'The Washington Post.' 3344:Journal of Advertising 2272:Privacy laws in Russia 2267:Privacy in English law 2202:Anonymous web browsing 2079: 2074:US Republican senator 2057: 1895:has been prominent in 1429:Malicious proxy server 1281:Uploaded file metadata 767: 591:Browser fingerprinting 280:Lane v. Facebook, Inc. 7411:Privacy International 6982:Right to be forgotten 6852:Gazaleh, Mark (2008) 6451:10.17645/mac.v5i2.890 5073:Momen, Nurul (2020). 4615:. Privacyrights.org. 4341:'Techi,' May 22, 2010 4115:Babic, Filip (2013). 3840:. ABC. 16 July 2010. 3747:Mozilla Security Blog 3640:Patringenaru, Ioana. 3547:developer.mozilla.org 3162:"Adobe - Web Players" 2292:Search engine privacy 2247:Right to be forgotten 2073: 2052: 1806:device fingerprinting 1379:Cross-device tracking 1298:metadata removal tool 875:Search engine privacy 762: 690:Device fingerprinting 684:Device fingerprinting 573:Cross-device tracking 567:Canvas fingerprinting 479:defects have allowed 169:Further information: 6597:Magazine, 1 May 2000 5991:Digital Freedom Fund 5948:10.2139/ssrn.2477899 5700:. 19 February 2012. 4671:Shuman Ghosemajumder 4509:. December 26, 2014. 4153:. The Free Library. 2257:Canadian privacy law 2092:Obama administration 2061:Susan Ariel Aaronson 1856:improve this article 1765:Laws and regulations 1274:cross-site scripting 1092:targeted advertising 1084:information and data 1073:X (formerly Twitter) 1063:media websites like 726:Third-Party Requests 664:surveillance economy 460:local shared objects 375:cross-site scripting 159:X (formerly Twitter) 7447:Global surveillance 7315:Privacy engineering 7300:Personal identifier 7250:Information privacy 6987:Post-mortem privacy 5729:J. Interactive Mark 5495:. 27 September 2018 5095:0000-0002-5235-5335 4965:2013PNAS..110.5802K 4779:(11 October 2010). 4213:The Huffington Post 4067:. CBS Interactive. 3596:source.chromium.org 3137:electrictoolbox.com 2645:Stanford Law Review 2610:Stanford Law Review 2525:2011SciAm.304a..32P 2512:Scientific American 2460:. October 18, 2022. 2212:Internet censorship 2122:Specific examples: 2000:of this article is 1810:ePrivacy Regulation 763:'No photos' tag at 653:(FLoC), trialed in 530:is known as online 446:Local shared object 7487:Personality rights 6847:The New York Times 6801:"Internet Privacy" 6612:2022-10-05 at the 6589:2015-01-20 at the 6570:2014-04-15 at the 6400:The New York Times 6126:: 1–88. 4 May 2016 5443:The New York Times 5391:The New York Times 5338:2014-06-14 at the 5255:2021-01-08 at the 4789:The New York Times 4783:The New York Times 4538:10.1111/head.13341 4396:2012-01-14 at the 4376:2017-07-18 at the 4357:2013-04-20 at the 4337:2011-12-04 at the 4317:2017-06-30 at the 4198:The New York Times 3870:. August 3, 2011. 3795:2010-08-02 at the 3649:via techxplore.com 3475:www.trendmicro.com 3386:2012-02-10 at the 3099:Benninger, Corey. 2974:2012-01-13 at the 2896:2011-08-17 at the 2712:2011-10-05 at the 2477:The New York Times 2352:(March 29, 2017). 2197:Anonymous remailer 2182:Anonymous blogging 2080: 1423:Social engineering 1055:The advent of the 863:a Swiss politician 845:Google Street View 840:Google Street View 809:Harvard Law Review 793:candid photography 776:street photography 768: 700:persistent cookies 696:device fingerprint 616:mobile application 579:Click-through rate 464:Adobe Flash Player 344:computer forensics 128:Internet anonymity 7513: 7512: 7457:Mass surveillance 6896:Ponemon Institute 6158:978-3-9824173-0-1 6051:Migration Studies 5741:10.1002/dir.20009 5393:. 10 January 2023 5086:978-91-7867-137-3 5051:978-1-5090-5762-7 5036:. pp. 1–13. 4959:(15): 5802–5805. 4350:Robert McMillan, 4175:Blakeman, Karen. 4036:privacyrights.org 3523:www.fullstory.com 3139:. November 2009. 3049:Soltani, Ashkan. 2837:ACA International 2740:"Saving Facebook" 2683:onguardonline.gov 2287:Mass surveillance 2207:Digital footprint 2141:Shami Chakrabarti 2048:Intel Corporation 2041: 2040: 2033: 1920:Data Security Law 1888: 1887: 1880: 1550:and the use of a 1223:AT&T Mobility 1193:Council of Europe 1061:social networking 849:an ongoing debate 716:credit card fraud 639:actually read it. 637:received an email 232: 231: 224: 198:used on Knowledge 196:encyclopedic tone 171:Digital footprint 108:President Clinton 86:Levels of privacy 47:mass surveillance 16:(Redirected from 7543: 7536:Terms of service 7526:Internet privacy 7503: 7502: 7371:Data Privacy Lab 7330:Privacy software 6977:Right to privacy 6946: 6939: 6932: 6923: 6922: 6910:Bourke v. Nissan 6830: 6827: 6821: 6820: 6818: 6816: 6797: 6791: 6790: 6788: 6787: 6772: 6766: 6765: 6763: 6762: 6756: 6745: 6739: 6738: 6736: 6735: 6726:. Archived from 6716: 6710: 6709: 6707: 6706: 6687: 6681: 6680: 6678: 6677: 6660:Kelly, Heather. 6657: 6651: 6650: 6634: 6621: 6604: 6598: 6581: 6575: 6559: 6553: 6552: 6550: 6548: 6529: 6523: 6522: 6520: 6518: 6512: 6505: 6496: 6490: 6489: 6467: 6456: 6455: 6453: 6429: 6423: 6422: 6420: 6419: 6391: 6385: 6384: 6382: 6381: 6361: 6355: 6354: 6352: 6351: 6311: 6305: 6304: 6302: 6300: 6281: 6275: 6274: 6272: 6270: 6251: 6245: 6244: 6242: 6240: 6221: 6215: 6214: 6212: 6210: 6191: 6185: 6184: 6178: 6170: 6142: 6136: 6135: 6133: 6131: 6110: 6104: 6103: 6101: 6099: 6078: 6069: 6068: 6066: 6042: 6036: 6035: 6033: 6032: 6012: 6006: 6005: 6003: 6002: 5982: 5971: 5970: 5968: 5967: 5931: 5925: 5924: 5884: 5878: 5877: 5859: 5839: 5830: 5829: 5827: 5826: 5811:"Pew Research -" 5807: 5798: 5791: 5785: 5778: 5769: 5762: 5753: 5752: 5724: 5713: 5712: 5710: 5709: 5684: 5678: 5677: 5649: 5640: 5639: 5637: 5635: 5629: 5618: 5609: 5603: 5602: 5592: 5568: 5562: 5561: 5559: 5557: 5542: 5536: 5535: 5528: 5522: 5521: 5510: 5504: 5503: 5501: 5500: 5485: 5479: 5478: 5476: 5474: 5460: 5454: 5453: 5451: 5449: 5434: 5428: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5409: 5403: 5402: 5400: 5398: 5383: 5374: 5373: 5371: 5369: 5354: 5348: 5330: 5324: 5323: 5303: 5297: 5296: 5294: 5293: 5266: 5260: 5247: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5237: 5222: 5216: 5215: 5199: 5190: 5189: 5187: 5186: 5171: 5165: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5144: 5138: 5137: 5135: 5134: 5119: 5110: 5109: 5107: 5106: 5070: 5064: 5063: 5029: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5018: 5003: 4997: 4996: 4986: 4976: 4944: 4938: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4922:"HTML Templates" 4918: 4912: 4911: 4906: 4904: 4888: 4882: 4881: 4879: 4877: 4862: 4856: 4855: 4853: 4851: 4836: 4830: 4829: 4827: 4825: 4810: 4804: 4803: 4801: 4800: 4773: 4767: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4747: 4738: 4737: 4731: 4730: 4715: 4709: 4708: 4702: 4694: 4692: 4690: 4659: 4653: 4652: 4650: 4649: 4634: 4628: 4627: 4625: 4624: 4609: 4603: 4602: 4600: 4599: 4574: 4568: 4567: 4557: 4532:(7): 1014–1027. 4517: 4511: 4510: 4497: 4491: 4490: 4462: 4456: 4455: 4453: 4452: 4433: 4427: 4426: 4424: 4423: 4407: 4401: 4387: 4381: 4368: 4362: 4348: 4342: 4328: 4322: 4308: 4302: 4301: 4299: 4298: 4289:. 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5768:, 37(6), 10–12. 5763: 5756: 5725: 5716: 5707: 5705: 5686: 5685: 5681: 5650: 5643: 5633: 5631: 5627: 5616: 5610: 5606: 5569: 5565: 5555: 5553: 5543: 5539: 5530: 5529: 5525: 5518:Washington Post 5512: 5511: 5507: 5498: 5496: 5487: 5486: 5482: 5472: 5470: 5462: 5461: 5457: 5447: 5445: 5435: 5431: 5421: 5419: 5411: 5410: 5406: 5396: 5394: 5385: 5384: 5377: 5367: 5365: 5355: 5351: 5340:Wayback Machine 5331: 5327: 5320: 5304: 5300: 5291: 5289: 5268: 5267: 5263: 5257:Wayback Machine 5248: 5244: 5235: 5233: 5224: 5223: 5219: 5200: 5193: 5184: 5182: 5173: 5172: 5168: 5158: 5156: 5145: 5141: 5132: 5130: 5121: 5120: 5113: 5104: 5102: 5087: 5071: 5067: 5052: 5030: 5026: 5016: 5014: 5005: 5004: 5000: 4945: 4941: 4931: 4929: 4920: 4919: 4915: 4902: 4900: 4889: 4885: 4875: 4873: 4864: 4863: 4859: 4849: 4847: 4838: 4837: 4833: 4823: 4821: 4812: 4811: 4807: 4798: 4796: 4774: 4770: 4760: 4758: 4749: 4748: 4741: 4728: 4726: 4717: 4716: 4712: 4696: 4695: 4688: 4686: 4663:Peter Fleischer 4660: 4656: 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2672: 2657:10.2307/1229286 2641: 2637: 2622:10.2307/1229286 2606: 2599: 2590: 2588: 2577: 2573: 2564: 2562: 2553: 2552: 2548: 2507: 2503: 2494: 2492: 2469: 2465: 2456: 2455: 2451: 2409: 2405: 2396: 2394: 2383: 2379: 2369: 2367: 2347: 2343: 2333: 2331: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2301: 2177: 2165: 2117:civil liberties 2113: 2037: 2026: 2020: 2017: 2006: 1991: 1987: 1980: 1944: 1901:communist party 1884: 1873: 1867: 1864: 1853: 1841: 1830: 1794: 1782: 1777: 1769:Main articles: 1767: 1740: 1685: 1665: 1648: 1643: 1642: 1619:Search Engines 1530:browser add-ons 1521: 1513: 1493: 1484: 1375: 1306: 1283: 1258:geolocation API 1231: 1126: 1113: 1053: 1047: 927: 877: 871: 842: 772:digital cameras 757: 741:request methods 728: 692: 686: 681: 680: 620:web application 562: 554: 541: 527: 518: 516:Anti-fraud uses 503: 495:Main articles: 493: 448: 442: 423:market analysis 409:The process of 396:Mozilla Firefox 316: 310: 289: 228: 217: 211: 208: 201: 188: 184: 177: 167: 92:digital privacy 88: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7549: 7539: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7511: 7510: 7508: 7507: 7496: 7493: 7492: 7490: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7472:Search warrant 7469: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7452:Identity theft 7449: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7423: 7421: 7417: 7416: 7414: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7352: 7350: 7346: 7345: 7343: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7325:Privacy policy 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7286: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7265: 7260: 7254: 7252: 7246: 7245: 7243: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7216: 7214: 7210: 7209: 7207: 7206: 7204:United Kingdom 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7119:European Union 7116: 7111: 7105: 7103: 7097: 7096: 7094: 7093: 7092: 7091: 7077: 7075:United Kingdom 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7035:European Union 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7001: 6999: 6993: 6992: 6990: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6963: 6961: 6957: 6956: 6949: 6948: 6941: 6934: 6926: 6920: 6919: 6913: 6905: 6899: 6893: 6885: 6884:External links 6882: 6881: 6880: 6874: 6867: 6860: 6850: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6831: 6822: 6792: 6767: 6740: 6711: 6682: 6652: 6622: 6599: 6576: 6554: 6524: 6491: 6484: 6457: 6424: 6386: 6356: 6326:(4): 403–425. 6306: 6276: 6246: 6216: 6186: 6157: 6137: 6105: 6070: 6057:(3): 576–596. 6037: 6007: 5972: 5926: 5899:(4): 597–615. 5879: 5831: 5799: 5786: 5770: 5754: 5714: 5679: 5641: 5604: 5563: 5551:techxplore.com 5537: 5523: 5505: 5480: 5455: 5429: 5404: 5375: 5349: 5325: 5318: 5298: 5261: 5242: 5217: 5208:New York Times 5191: 5166: 5139: 5111: 5085: 5065: 5050: 5024: 4998: 4939: 4913: 4883: 4857: 4831: 4805: 4768: 4739: 4710: 4654: 4629: 4604: 4569: 4512: 4492: 4473:(4): 479–500. 4457: 4428: 4402: 4382: 4363: 4343: 4323: 4310:James Canter, 4303: 4268: 4251:New York Times 4237: 4202: 4189: 4167: 4149:Pariser, Eli. 4141: 4127:(2): 471–488. 4107: 4089:Dye, Jessica. 4081: 4052: 4023: 3985: 3952: 3910: 3885: 3855: 3829: 3800: 3782: 3763: 3749:. 2018-01-31. 3734: 3720:. 2020-01-14. 3705: 3690: 3661: 3632: 3607: 3583: 3558: 3534: 3510: 3486: 3462: 3438: 3413: 3392: 3373: 3350:(3): 363–376. 3330: 3301: 3292: 3289:on 2011-12-23. 3274: 3240: 3211: 3182: 3153: 3124: 3091: 3068: 3041: 3008: 2994:. 2014-10-23. 2979: 2961: 2931: 2917:. 2011-03-08. 2902: 2882: 2868:. 2020-02-11. 2853: 2823: 2790: 2760: 2730: 2717: 2699: 2670: 2635: 2597: 2571: 2546: 2501: 2463: 2449: 2403: 2377: 2359:New York Times 2341: 2323:New York Times 2307: 2305: 2302: 2300: 2299: 2294: 2289: 2284: 2279: 2274: 2269: 2264: 2259: 2254: 2249: 2244: 2239: 2234: 2229: 2224: 2219: 2214: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2194: 2192:Anonymous post 2189: 2184: 2178: 2176: 2173: 2164: 2161: 2160: 2159: 2148: 2112: 2109: 2039: 2038: 1994: 1992: 1985: 1979: 1976: 1943: 1940: 1897:Mainland China 1886: 1885: 1844: 1842: 1835: 1829: 1826: 1798:European Union 1793: 1790: 1781: 1778: 1766: 1763: 1739: 1736: 1684: 1681: 1664: 1661: 1647: 1644: 1639:Microsoft Bing 1613: 1612: 1601:fingerprinting 1589: 1588: 1575: 1574: 1564:mobile browser 1560: 1559: 1537:Privacy Badger 1522: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1492: 1489: 1483: 1480: 1479: 1478: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1436:weak passwords 1432: 1426: 1420: 1413: 1412:communication. 1406: 1398: 1392: 1385: 1382: 1374: 1371: 1370: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1305: 1302: 1282: 1279: 1230: 1227: 1125: 1122: 1112: 1109: 1049:Main article: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1041: 1037: 1032: 1017: 1016:Search Encrypt 1014: 1010: 1005: 1002: 997: 994: 989: 982: 977: 973: 968: 965: 960: 956: 951: 948: 926: 923: 910:European Union 873:Main article: 870: 869:Search engines 867: 841: 838: 756: 753: 727: 724: 720:avoid tracking 712:identity theft 704:zombie cookies 688:Main article: 685: 682: 679: 678: 667: 646: 640: 630: 627:redirect pages 623: 608:Session replay 605: 595: 588: 585:Mouse tracking 582: 576: 570: 563: 555: 553: 550: 540: 537: 526: 523: 517: 514: 492: 489: 453:zombie cookies 444:Main article: 441: 438: 379: 378: 371: 352:zombie cookies 312:Main article: 309: 306: 288: 285: 230: 229: 191: 189: 182: 166: 163: 140:identity theft 87: 84: 76:Bruce Schneier 26: 18:Online privacy 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7548: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7523: 7521: 7506: 7498: 7497: 7494: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7442:Eavesdropping 7440: 7438: 7437:Data security 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7424: 7422: 7418: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7353: 7351: 7347: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7335:Secret ballot 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7295:Personal data 7293: 7291: 7288: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7270: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7255: 7253: 7251: 7247: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7217: 7215: 7211: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7106: 7104: 7102: 7098: 7090: 7086: 7083: 7082: 7081: 7080:United States 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7002: 7000: 6998: 6994: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6964: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6947: 6942: 6940: 6935: 6933: 6928: 6927: 6924: 6918: 6917:July 14, 2011 6914: 6912: 6911: 6906: 6903: 6900: 6897: 6894: 6891: 6888: 6887: 6878: 6875: 6872: 6868: 6865: 6861: 6858: 6855: 6851: 6848: 6844: 6841:Lohr, Steve, 6840: 6839: 6826: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6796: 6782:on 2012-06-23 6781: 6777: 6771: 6757:on 2011-09-29 6755: 6750: 6744: 6730:on 2018-07-03 6729: 6725: 6721: 6715: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6686: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6656: 6648: 6644: 6640: 6633: 6631: 6629: 6627: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6608: 6603: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6585: 6580: 6573: 6569: 6566: 6565: 6558: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6528: 6509: 6502: 6499:Öman, Sören. 6495: 6487: 6485:9780197682258 6481: 6477: 6473: 6466: 6464: 6462: 6452: 6447: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6428: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6390: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6360: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6310: 6294: 6290: 6286: 6280: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6250: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6220: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6190: 6182: 6176: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6154: 6150: 6149: 6141: 6125: 6121: 6120: 6115: 6109: 6093: 6089: 6088: 6083: 6077: 6075: 6065: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6041: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6011: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5981: 5979: 5977: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5930: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5883: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5838: 5836: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5806: 5804: 5796: 5790: 5783: 5777: 5775: 5767: 5761: 5759: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5723: 5721: 5719: 5703: 5699: 5698: 5693: 5691: 5683: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5648: 5646: 5626: 5622: 5615: 5608: 5600: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5567: 5552: 5548: 5545:Katz, Sarah. 5541: 5533: 5527: 5519: 5515: 5509: 5494: 5490: 5484: 5469: 5465: 5459: 5444: 5440: 5433: 5418: 5414: 5408: 5392: 5388: 5382: 5380: 5364: 5360: 5353: 5347: 5346: 5345:Inc. magazine 5341: 5337: 5334: 5329: 5321: 5319:9781108995443 5315: 5311: 5310: 5302: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5265: 5258: 5254: 5251: 5246: 5231: 5227: 5221: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5198: 5196: 5180: 5176: 5170: 5154: 5151:. csoonline. 5150: 5143: 5128: 5124: 5118: 5116: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5082: 5078: 5077: 5069: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5028: 5012: 5008: 5002: 4994: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4943: 4928:on 2013-03-10 4927: 4923: 4917: 4910: 4898: 4894: 4887: 4871: 4867: 4861: 4845: 4841: 4835: 4819: 4815: 4809: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4784: 4778: 4777:Vega, Tanzina 4772: 4756: 4752: 4746: 4744: 4736: 4724: 4720: 4714: 4706: 4700: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4658: 4643: 4639: 4633: 4618: 4614: 4608: 4593: 4589: 4588: 4583: 4581: 4573: 4565: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4516: 4508: 4507: 4502: 4496: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4461: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4432: 4417: 4413: 4406: 4399: 4395: 4392: 4389:Jillian York 4386: 4379: 4375: 4372: 4367: 4360: 4356: 4353: 4347: 4340: 4336: 4333: 4327: 4320: 4316: 4313: 4307: 4293:on 2012-02-06 4292: 4288: 4287: 4282: 4280: 4272: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4241: 4226: 4222: 4221: 4216: 4214: 4206: 4199: 4193: 4178: 4171: 4156: 4152: 4145: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4111: 4096: 4092: 4085: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4056: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4027: 4018: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3975:on 2013-12-04 3974: 3970: 3966: 3959: 3957: 3940: 3936: 3935: 3930: 3928: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3899: 3895: 3889: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3859: 3843: 3839: 3833: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3809:"Data Policy" 3804: 3798: 3794: 3791: 3786: 3778: 3774: 3767: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3738: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3709: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3691:9781450392594 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3668: 3666: 3650: 3648: 3643: 3636: 3622: 3618: 3611: 3597: 3593: 3587: 3573: 3569: 3562: 3548: 3544: 3538: 3524: 3520: 3514: 3500: 3496: 3490: 3476: 3472: 3466: 3452: 3448: 3442: 3428: 3424: 3417: 3403: 3396: 3389: 3385: 3382: 3377: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3334: 3320:on 2018-03-21 3319: 3315: 3311: 3305: 3296: 3288: 3284: 3278: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3244: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3215: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3186: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3157: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3128: 3113:on 2012-06-17 3109: 3102: 3095: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3072: 3056: 3052: 3045: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3012: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2983: 2977: 2973: 2970: 2965: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2935: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2906: 2899: 2895: 2892: 2886: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2857: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2827: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2797: 2795: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2764: 2750:on 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