22:
283:(DSA) by Ferdinand Wrede et al. (1927–1956). The atlases include maps that show the corresponding names for a concept in different regions as they were gathered in interviews with dialect speakers (mostly old rural males) by means of a questionnaire. In English linguistics, onomasiology and linguistic geography have played only a minor role—the first linguistic atlas for the US was initiated by
468:
level (where the concrete morphemes are selected ). The level of feature analysis (and possibly the onomasiological level) can be spared if the speaker simply borrows a word from a foreign language or variety; it is also spared if the speaker simply takes the word s/he originally fell back on and just shortens it.
471:
If the speaker does not shorten an already existing word for the concept, but coins a new one, s/he can select from several types of processes. These coinages may be based on a model from the speaker's own idiom, on a model from a foreign idiom, or, in the case of root creations, on no model at all.
467:
In the case of intentional, conscious innovation, speakers have to pass several levels of a word-finding or name-giving process: (1) analysis of the specific features of the concept, (2) onomasiological level (where the semantic components for the naming units are selected ), (3) the onomatological
377:
When a speaker has to name something, they first try to categorize it. If the speaker can classify the referent as member of a familiar concept, they will carry out some sort of cognitive-linguistic cost-benefit-analysis: what should I say to get what I want. Based on this analysis, the speaker can
458:
The following alleged motives found in many works have been claimed (with corresponding argumentation) to be invalid by Grzega (2004): decrease in salience, reading errors, laziness, excessive phonetic shortness, difficult sound combinations, unclear stress patterns, cacophony.
306:. According to Trier, lexical changes must always be seen, apart from the traditional aspects, in connection with the changes within a given word-field. After World War II, few studies on onomasiological theory have been carried out (e.g. by
158:: here one starts with a word and asks what it means, or what concepts the word refers to. Thus, an onomasiological question is, e.g., "what are the names for long, narrow pieces of potato that have been deep-fried?" (answers:
209:
movement, which emphasized that every study of a word needed to include the study of the object it denotes. Schuchardt also underlined that the onomasiologist, in tracing back the history of a word, needs to respect both the
154:
Onomasiology, as a part of lexicology, starts from a concept which is taken to be prior (i.e. an idea, an object, a quality, an activity etc.) and asks for its names. The opposite approach is known as
893:
Lexicology: An
International Handbook on the Nature and Structure of Words and Vocabularies / Lexikologie: Ein internationales Handbuch zur Natur und Struktur von Wörtern und Wortschätzen
189:
Onomasiology was initiated in the late 19th century, but it received its name only in 1902, when the
Austrian linguist Adolf Zauner published his study on the body-part terminology in
225:
Another branch that developed from onomasiology and at the same time enriched it in turn was linguistic geography (areal linguistics) since it provided onomasiologists with valuable
909:(academic journal, internet dictionary links, bibliography of onomasiological works and onomasiological sources, edited by Joachim Grzega, Alfred Bammesberger and Marion Schöner)
378:
then either fall back on an already existing word or decide to coin a new designation. These processes are sometimes more conscious, sometimes less conscious.
311:
454:
prestige/fashion (based on the prestige of another language or variety, of certain word-formation patterns, or of certain semasiological centers of expansion)
193:. It was by linguists studying Romance languages that the most important onomasiological works were written. Early linguists were basically interested in the
330:, Alfred Bammesberger and Marion Schöner. A recent representative of synchronic onomasiology (with a focus on word-formation processes) is Pavol Stekauer.
170:?" (answers: 'long, narrow pieces of potato that have been deep-fried' in the UK, 'slim slices of potatoes deep fried or baked until crisp' in the US).
242:
673:
In order to create a new word, the speaker first selects one or two physically and psychologically salient aspects. The search for the motivations (
810:"literal", i.e. objectively visible, similarity and contiguity of concepts (e.g. with the transfer of names among spruce and fir in many dialects)
388:
fuzzy difference between superordinate and subordinate term due to the monopoly of the prototypical member of a category in the real world
197:
of expressions that were clearly-defined, unchangeable, or concrete objects or actions. Later, the
Austrian linguists Rudolf Meringer and
674:
385:
difficulties in classifying the thing to be named or attributing the right word to the thing to be named, thus confusing designations
895:, (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft 21), Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, vol. 1, pp. 1142-1178.
86:
759:
strong relation between contents of signs and "literal" similarity of concepts (e.g. with generalization of meaning, e.g.
58:
820:
The concrete associations may or may not be incited by a model which can be of speaker's own idiom or a foreign idiom.
853:
OED: "The study of language which deals with the identification of a preconceived meaning or concept by name or names"
891:
Koch, Peter (2002), "Lexical
Typology from a Cognitive and Linguistic Point of View", in: Cruse, Alan et al. (eds.),
881:
752:"literal" or "figurative" similarity between the forms of a sign and the concept (e.g. with onomatopoetic words like
105:
65:
249:
670:
The name-giving process is completed with (4) the actual phonetic realization on the morphophonological level.
43:
72:
39:
143:
concerned with the question "how do you express X?" It is in fact most commonly understood as a branch of
497:
54:
602:
518:
347:
32:
512:
874:
Bezeichnungswandel: Wie, Warum, Wozu? Ein
Beitrag zur englischen und allgemeinen Onomasiologie
532:
166:
in the UK, etc.), while a semasiological question is, e.g., "what is the meaning of the term
417:
avoidance of words that are phonetically similar or identical to negatively associated words
913:
697:
A complete catalog distinguishes the following associative relations (cf. also Koch 2002):
612:
303:
694:
These relations can be seen between forms, between concepts and between form and concept.
472:
In sum, we get the following catalog of formal processes of word-coining (cf. Koch 2002):
204:
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941:
936:
659:
256:
877:
773:
strong relation between contents of signs and "literal" similarity of concepts (e.g.
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morphological misinterpretation (creation of transparency by changes within a word =
381:
The coinage of a new designation can be incited by various forces (cf. Grzega 2004):
190:
677:) is based on one or several cognitive-associative relations. These relations are:
342:
226:
578:
482:
198:
777:
in the
English sense of "wheat" or Scottish sense of "oats" instead of "cereal")
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174:
813:"literal" similarity of referents and strong relation between contents of signs
564:
430:
327:
319:
307:
125:
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strong relation between contents of signs and contrast of concepts (e.g. with
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institutionalized and non-institutionalized linguistic pre- and proscriptivism
925:
592:
326:, which is published at the Katholische Universität Eichstätt-Ingolstadt by
216:('prove the regularity of sound changes or explain irregularities') and the
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315:
238:
829:
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408:
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and derivations, which are, very consciously, not further subclassified)
704:"figurative", i.e. individually felt, similarity of the concepts (e.g.
560:
291:
144:
404:
355:
272:
194:
21:
489:
338:
The most important instruments for historical onomasiologists are:
118:
Branch of linguistics concerned with how to express a given concept
318:). But onomasiology has recently seen new light with the works of
546:
148:
333:
906:
816:
multiple associations (e.g. with certain forms of word-play)
147:, the study of words (although some apply the term also to
627:
439:
desire for plastic/illustrative/telling names for a thing
420:
abolition of forms that can be ambiguous in many contexts
763:
for any kind of fir tree or even any kind of conifer)
481:
an already existing word of speaker's own language (
298:
Der deutsche
Wortschatz im Sinnbezirk des Verstandes
780:("literal") similarity of the forms of signs (e.g.
46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
770:in the sense of "teach" in some English dialects)
738:'place of an inn where drinks are mixed' for the
567:, although these come up non-intentionally, e.g.
263:Sprach- und Sachatlas Italiens und der Südschweiz
923:
681:contiguity relations (= "neighbor-of" relations)
684:similarity relations (= "similar-to" relations)
322:, Andreas Blank, Peter Koch and the periodical
690:contrast relations (= "opposite-to" relations)
334:Instruments for the historical onomasiologist
886:Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik
687:partiality relations (= "part-of" relations)
609:as a plural word instead of a singular word)
296:
277:
261:
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231:
217:
211:
202:
632:stress alteration (e.g. stress shift in E.
287:, the first one for the UK by Eugen Dieth.
451:changes in the categorization of the world
915:English and General Historical Lexicology
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
445:cultural-induced prominence of a concept
791:contiguity of the forms of signs (e.g.
521:(i.e. morpheme deletion, e.g. the noun
135:'to name', which in turn is from ὄνομα
924:
918:(by Joachim Grzega and Marion Schöner)
605:alteration (e.g. number change as in
511:composition (in a broad sense, i.e.
294:introduced a new method in his book
44:adding citations to reliable sources
15:
245:, published beginning in 1888, the
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900:
884:. (reviewed by Bernhard Kelle in
708:for a computer device that looks
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233:Sprachatlas des Deutschen Reiches
888:vol. 73.1 (2006), p. 92-95)
623:, which already meant 'peacock')
535:(i.e. morpheme shortening, e.g.
488:a word from a foreign language (
173:Onomasiology can be carried out
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442:natural prominence of a concept
372:
250:Atlas Linguistique de la France
31:needs additional citations for
847:
222:('justify semantic changes').
1:
835:
734:partiality of concepts (e.g.
715:contiguity of concepts (e.g.
290:In 1931, the German linguist
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840:
643:graphic alteration (e.g. E.
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7:
823:
745:contrast of concepts (e.g.
391:everyday contact situations
10:
958:
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701:identity (e.g. with loans)
912:free teaching materials:
426:excessive length of words
348:Etymological dictionaries
203:
129:
872:Grzega, Joachim (2004),
436:deletion of irregularity
403:disguising things (i.e.
302:, which is known as the
749:in the sense of "good")
139:'name') is a branch of
876:. Heidelberg: Winter,
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727:for a container made
666:and expressive words)
279:Deutscher Sprachatlas
229:. The first ones are
181:, i.e. historically.
448:changes in the world
352:Dialect dictionaries
312:Stanley R. Witkowski
304:lexical field theory
40:improve this article
907:Onomasiology Online
324:Onomasiology Online
151:and conversation).
866:General references
343:Linguistic atlases
227:linguistic atlases
797:breakfast + lunch
275:(1928–1940), the
259:(1902–1920), the
205:Wörter und Sachen
191:Romance languages
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527:daily newspaper
483:semantic change
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257:Jules Gilliéron
243:Ferdinand Wrede
219:dame sémantique
213:dame phonétique
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308:Cecil H. Brown
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373:Explanations
362:text corpora
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316:Brent Berlin
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239:Georg Wenker
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201:started the
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160:french fries
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122:Onomasiology
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50:
38:Please help
33:verification
30:
830:Semasiology
723:Picasso or
662:(including
597:goody-goody
583:to baby-sit
563:(including
476:adoption of
409:doublespeak
405:euphemistic
360:Diachronic
285:Hans Kurath
269:Karl Jaberg
162:in the US,
156:semasiology
141:linguistics
932:Lexicology
926:Categories
836:References
587:babysitter
498:conversion
407:language,
292:Jost Trier
185:Definition
145:lexicology
66:newspapers
942:Semantics
937:Semiotics
841:Citations
786:asparagus
717:a Picasso
626:wordplay/
573:asparagus
561:blendings
513:compounds
502:to e-mail
463:Processes
273:Jakob Jud
267:(AIS) by
255:(ALF) by
195:etymology
96:July 2023
824:See also
712:a mouse)
675:iconemes
649:discreet
645:discrete
547:acronyms
533:clipping
519:ellipsis
490:loanword
397:flattery
356:Thesauri
861:Sources
617:peacock
541:fanatic
149:grammar
133:onomāzο
130:ὀνομάζω
80:scholar
880:
793:brunch
740:entire
731:glass)
729:out of
638:impórt
634:ímport
607:people
595:(e.g.
581:(e.g.
549:(e.g.
506:e-mail
500:(e.g.
400:insult
124:(from
82:
75:
68:
61:
53:
803:from
795:from
768:learn
725:glass
706:mouse
585:from
553:from
539:from
525:from
523:daily
414:taboo
168:chips
164:chips
137:onoma
126:Greek
87:JSTOR
73:books
878:ISBN
784:for
775:corn
754:purr
742:inn)
710:like
647:vs.
636:vs.
628:puns
571:for
485:) or
271:and
241:and
59:news
801:VAT
747:bad
736:bar
621:pea
551:VAT
537:fan
237:by
177:or
42:by
928::
799:,
721:by
314:,
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