Onondaga Lake - Knowledge

1238:. The state of New York joined as a plaintiff with allegations that Onondaga County had also violated the New York State Environmental Conservation Law. In 1988, ASLF, the state of New York, and Onondaga County reached a settlement outlined in a Consent Judgement which required the county to pay Upstate Freshwater Institute to create water quality models for the lake. These models would then form the basis for discharge limits imposed on the county's Metro facility. In 1990, the U.S. Congress created the Onondaga Lake Management Conference (Public Law 101-596, section 401). It ordered the group to develop a comprehensive revitalization, conservation, and management plan for Onondaga Lake that recommends priority corrective actions and compliance schedules for its cleanup. The Conference also called for coordination of implementing the plan. The largest responsibility of the Onondaga Lake Management Conference was the completion of the Onondaga Lake Management Plan. 1442:

at the Onondaga Environmental Institute, a non-profit focused on “environmental research, education, planning and restoration in Central New York” on “Environmental Injustice in the Onondaga Lake Waterscape, New York State, USA,” in which they say, “Onondaga leaders argue that infringement of their nation’s traditional resource use rights and desecration of its aboriginal territory, especially places like Onondaga ake that are central to its culture, have harmed their people’s cultural, economic, physical, emotional, and spiritual well-being.” Further, Kimmerer quotes Clan Mother Audrey Shenandoah: “In this action, we seek justice. Justice for the waters. Justice for the four-leggeds and the wingeds, whose habitats have been taken. We seek justice, not just for ourselves, but justice for the whole of Creation.”

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two societies would come together to face a common enemy or scourge, the key to success in forming partnerships lies in focusing on the river that we travel, not on the vessels and their differences. With respect to contemporary environmental problems, the Kaswentha provides a useful and powerful image for partnerships based on protection of the natural world.” This system of environmental cooperation would include valuing both indigenous knowledge and western knowledge systems to enter into collaborative partnerships. These partnerships would necessitate the recognition and protection of the “sovereignty and autonomy of each society (the ship and canoe) while allowing for the sharing of information and ideas and the creation of mutually acceptable solutions."

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reparations for the land, but the rights to the land. A newspaper article published in the New York Times on March 31, 2005, states, “What they want is influence in major policy discussions affecting the ecosystem in their ancestral lands. They also hope to use a favorable judgment to buy land to increase agricultural and housing opportunities, protect ancestors’ gravesites and safeguard the environment.” The Onondaga Nation sought the protection and conservation of the natural resources within and affecting the Nation's land, and the security of Onondaga rights to hunt, fish, and gather resources for subsistence and cultural needs. According to Sid Hill, the

435:. The names of the Nations are directly connected to their ancestral homelands in current northwest New York State. Mohawk translates to people of the flint, Onondaga to people of the hills, Oneida to people of the standing stone, Cayuga to people of the marshy area, and Seneca to people of the great hills. According to Grand River Mohawk scholar Susan M. Hill, “Among the Haudenosaunee, the names that the nations call themselves (and each other) denote key geographical features of their home territories… The recognition of geographic identity demonstrates the relationship to the land the people came from, the land they belonged to.” 4050: 45: 1249:

also led to the creation of an ambient monitoring program (AMP) to track the effectiveness of the improvements made to the wastewater collection and treatment infrastructure. The AMP is designed to identify sources of materials to the lake, evaluate in-lake water quality conditions, and examine the interactions between Onondaga Lake and Seneca River. Since 2007, Onondaga Lake has been in full compliance with the ambient water quality standards for ammonia. It was officially de-listed for that particular parameter in the State's 2008 list of impaired bodies of water.

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mercury contamination of the fish. The US Attorney General sued Allied Chemical to halt the dumping of mercury into the lake. It is estimated that Allied Chemical was dumping approximately 25 pounds (11 kg) of mercury into Onondaga Lake per day. In 1981 Allied Chemical Corporation become Allied Corporation; in 1985 it changed its name to Allied-Signal, Inc. when it merged with the Signal companies. The company announced that it would close its operations in Syracuse because of changes in environmental laws, and in 1986 began dismantling its facility.

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designed to improve the water quality of Onondaga Lake while achieving full compliance with state and federal water quality regulations by December 1, 2002. ACJ projects are divided into three main categories: wastewater treatment, collection system, and lake and tributary monitoring. In January 1998, a federal judge approved the ACJ and in September 1999, the Onondaga Lake Management Conference approved and endorsed the Amended Consent Judgment (ACJ). It incorporated the ACJ into its 1993 Onondaga Lake Management Plan entitled,

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career, the Haudenosaunee have responsibilities to the land and water they came from: “We speak in terms of responsibilities with respect to water, not in terms of water rights… From time immemorial, we have held the view that the ‘law of the land' is not man-made law, but a greater natural law, the Great Law of Peace. This law, in our view, is divine. The Haudenosaunee have a deep respect for the waters of the Earth.” For the Haudenosaunee, law is made in cooperation with land and water.

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only for “ecosystem services” but for “cultural services” as well. Renewal of relationships includes water that you can swim in and not be afraid to touch. Restoring relationship means that when the eagles return, it will be safe for them to eat the fish. People want that for themselves, too. Biocultural restoration raises the bar for environmental quality of the reference ecosystem, so that as we care for the land, it can once again care for us.

817: 82: 52: 1165:). In Onondaga Lake the chlorinated benzenes are located in the southwest portion, in the form of a dense oily liquid that has settled into the sediments. These chemicals were intentionally dumped into the lake or unintentionally seeped in from upland toxic waste sites or from the Solvay wastebeds located at the southwest end of Onondaga Lake. Approximately 6 million pounds (2.7 kt) of salty wastes made up of 670: 3952: 3940: 607:

of soda ash per day, dumping most of its waste material directly into Onondaga Lake. Eventually wastebeds were built along the southwest perimeter of the lake to contain the by-products of soda ash production. In 1907, the New York State Attorney General threatened the Solvay Process Company with legal action over the direct discharge of Solvay waste material into the lake.

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containment. The caps will not cover the entirety of the lake-bottom and they will eventually fail. The Onondaga Nation has said that New York State goals do not include making the lake swimmable or fishable, which are criteria included in the Clean Water Act. The total estimated plan, according to Onondaga Nation, of a thorough cleanup would cost $ 2.16 billion.

328:. The other tributaries, which include Ley Creek, Seneca River, Harbor Brook, Sawmill Creek, Tributary 5A, and East Flume, contribute the remaining 10% of water flow into the lake. The tributaries flush the lake out about four times a year. Onondaga Lake is flushed much more rapidly than most other lakes. The lake flows to the northwest and discharges into the 1275:

prevent contamination from the wastebeds from getting into the lake. In 2011, Honeywell completed second-phase construction on this barrier wall. The estimated cost of the cleanup plan was $ 451 million; an estimated $ 414 million in order to construct the remedy, followed by an annual maintenance cost of $ 3 million.

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bottom. Trout were found once again in the lake and when water quality took an upward turn it was front-page news. A pair of eagles have been spotted on the north shore. The waters have not forgotten their responsibility. The waters are reminding the people that they can use their healing gifts when we will use ours.

285:, meaning that the lake water completely mixes from top to bottom twice a year. The lake is 4.6 miles (7.4 km) long and 1 mile (1.6 km) wide making a surface area of 4.6 square miles (12 km). The maximum depth of the lake is 63 feet (19 m) with an average depth of 35 feet (11 m). Its 1212:. These mudboils are the cause of the excessive sedimentation of Onondaga Lake. The sediment enters Onondaga Creek, which flows north into the lake. Sediment loading is a problem because it degrades water quality, decreases water clarity, and reduces habitat for aquatic insects, fish spawning, and plants. 1340:

Dating back to the 1600s, Onondaga Lake has always shown reports of a cold-water system supporting certain types of fish. Around the late 1800s, degradation occurred and the fish that once thrived in the lake such as the American eel, Atlantic Salmon and Whitefish declined. The decrease in population

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Since 1992, the Onondaga Lake Partnership has supported the efforts of the United States Geological Survey (USGS) in the following remedial activities: the diversion of surface water away from the mudboils, the installation of a dam on the stream that flows from the mudboils area, and the drilling of

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In the Indigenous worldview, a healthy landscape is understood to be whole and generous enough to be able to sustain its partners. It engages land not as a machine but as a community of respected non-human persons to whom we humans have a responsibility. Restoration requires renewing the capacity not

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The final stage for ammonia discharge improvements occurred in 2004. The biological aerated filter (BAF) system allows for year-round nitrification of wastewater. In 2004, Metro's annual ammonia discharge was reduced to 152 metric tons and by 2005, the annual discharge fell to 21 metric tons. The ACJ

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explores the relationship between urinary arsenic, a heavy metal, and cardiovascular disease risk factors including blood vessel, and heart ventricle thickness. The study, done with 9-11 year old children, demonstrated a correlation between cardiovascular disease and high arsenic levels, as well as a

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In June of 2023, a scientific article was published in the Journal of the American Medical Association's (JAMA) Open Network Journal, which explored the association between arsenic levels and cardiovascular disease in children who lived near the lake. The article, "Exposure to Arsenic and Subclinical

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Salt brine and limestone were the key raw materials for the production of soda ash, used to make the industrial products of glass, chemicals, detergent, and paper. The abundance of salt brine and limestone in Onondaga Lake's watershed area attributed greatly for the industrialization along the lake's

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According to Joyce Tekahnawiiaks King, a Mohawk Turtle Clan member who served as a political administrator, Federal Justice of the Peace, director of the Haudenosaunee Environmental Task Force, and advisor to the New York State Department of Conservation Environmental Justice Committee throughout her

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Onondaga Nation is also seeking avenues for cooperation via the precepts of the Kaswentha, or Two-Row Wampum. The Kaswentha is a treaty belt that represents a 17th-century agreement between early Dutch settlers and the Haudenosaunee based on mutual respect. The wampum depicts two ships: one, a Dutch

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The Onondaga Nation sees the environmental protection of Onondaga Lake as inextricably tied to fights for Haudenosaunee sovereignty and justice for nonhuman actors: “The Onondaga people still live by the precepts of the Great Law and still believe that, in return for the gifts of Mother Earth, human

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According to Kimmerer, “The Onondaga land rights action sought legal recognition of title to their home, not to remove their neighbors and not for development of casinos, which they view as destructive to community life. Their intention was to gain the legal standing necessary to move restoration of

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The cleanup plan called for the dredging of up to 2.65 million cubic yards of contaminated sediments to a depth that will allow for a cap to be built without losing any lake surface area. The plan also called for the installation of a barrier wall made of steel on the southwest corner of the lake to

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The lake is included in an ongoing land rights action filed by the Onondaga Nation, which seeks the return of its ancestral homelands to promote environmental protection in conjunction with affirming Haudenosaunee sovereignty: “Onondaga Lake is the birthplace of Haudenosaunee democracy. Subsequently

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Former chief of the Saint Regis Mohawk tribe and first director of the Haudenosaunee Environmental Task Force James Ransom and anthropologist Kreg Ettenger argue for a system of environmental cooperation based on the principles of the Kaswentha and Haudenosaunee teachings: “As in the past, when our

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According to Kimmerer and researchers at the Onondaga Environmental Institute, the Onondaga land rights action is both a fight for Haudenosaunee sovereignty and environmental justice. Tom Perreault, a geography professor at Syracuse University, collaborated with Sarah Wraight and Meredith Perreault

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overflow (CSO) also contributes pollution. In some areas of Syracuse, sewers carry both sanitary sewage and stormwater. During dry weather, these sewers carry all the sanitary sewage to Metro for treatment; however, during times of heavy rain or melting snow, the amount of water is greater than the

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One major source of pollution for Onondaga Lake is municipal sewage. For years, Syracuse dumped human waste into the lake with little or no treatment. Before European settlement and the growth of a large population in the area, the lake was oligo-mesothropic, meaning that it contained low levels of

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valley from the mid-19th century to the early 20th century. Many of these companies drilled wells into the underlying sand to obtain water for cooling purposes. They were protecting dairy products and beer, storing perishable goods, and regulating temperature in office and storage buildings by

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deposits at a depth of 1,216 feet (371 m) below land surface in the southern end of Tully Valley. From 1890 to 1986, more than 120 wells were drilled into four halite beds on the east and west flanks of the valley. Soda ash production began in 1884. The company was producing about 20 tons

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A survey in 1928 showed the lake was habitat for only ten remaining species. After clean-up and restoration efforts, researchers found a total of 54 species of fish captured in the lake between 1990 and 1999. The quality of sport fishing for large and small-mouth bass has gained national acclaim.

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is not content with the Remedial Action plan for the Onondaga Lake Bottom Site. Their website states that the dredging plan will not include the additional 8 million cubic yards that the NYSDEC found to be contaminated. They do not believe that isolation caps are a permanent, reliable form of

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Mercury contamination has been a major pollution issue. Between 1946 and 1970, 165,000 pounds (75,000 kg) of mercury was discharged into Onondaga Lake by Allied Chemical and Dye Corporation. In 2002, the findings from the remedial investigation conducted by successor Honeywell, Inc., with the

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As Syracuse's population began to grow in the 20th century, a surplus of pollution hit the lake hard. This lake was so close to the city that the effects of people's sewage, exhaust fumes, and dumping of unnecessary products all caused the lake to decline in popularity, fishing, and even swimming.

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The Nations, who had “lost sight of the harmony and balance provided for in the Original Instructions” split into warring factions. The Peacemaker brought the Nations together on the shores of Onondaga Lake, where he united them under the Great Law of Peace and formed the Haudenosaunee Confederacy

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Water, including Onondaga Lake, is central to the Thanksgiving Address: “We give thanks to all the Waters of the world. We are grateful that the waters are still here and doing their duty of sustaining life on Mother Earth. Water is life, quenching our thirst and providing us with strength, making

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The land rights action was dismissed by a federal judge on September 22, 2010. The judge claimed that the suit “came too late and would be disruptive to people settled on the land.” The Onondaga Nation then took the suit to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights in 2014, and the commission

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of the Haudenosaunee, the Onondaga people want the water, land, and air returned to its condition prior to being illegally taken by New York State in the 18th and 19th centuries. Hill considers the degraded state of Onondaga Lake as evidence that neither New York State nor federal authorities can

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Onondaga Lake is central to The Great Law of Peace, or Kayaneren’kowa. According to Haudenosaunee histories, the five Nations had fallen away from the Original Instructions of Skyholder, or the Creator, who mandated that humans cultivate the land and live alongside “all things that grow" and game

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The lake is also subject of a land right action filed on March 11, 2005, by the Onondaga Nation. The Onondaga Nation has been seeking the return of its land for over 200 years because its land was unlawfully ceded by “unauthorized Onondaga negotiators” in 1788. The Onondaga did not want monetary

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As of January 1, 2013, the Onondaga Historical Association (OHA) took over management of the Onondaga County facility known as "Sainte Marie among the Iroquois" located on the eastern shore of Onondaga Lake. The site is currently planning to repurpose the facility into a Haudenosaunee (Iroquois)

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Kimmerer argues that the precedent of the Kaswentha demonstrates the Onondaga Nation’s negotiating skills: “The Onondaga Nation, perhaps the oldest continuing democracy on the planet, protected much of its land and lifeways from the European settlers’ encroachment through skillful negotiations,

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The lawsuit sought to compel the company to clean up the hazardous wastes that it and its predecessors had dumped into and around the lake. In 2005, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) and the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued a Record of Decision that

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In 1997, New York State, Onondaga County, and ASLF reached an agreement, the Onondaga Lake Amended Consent Judgement (ACJ), on municipal wastewater collection and treatment improvements. The ACJ called for a schedule to attain compliance with the Clean Water Act. The ACJ is a multi-year program

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The first steps taken to control sewage pollution occurred in 1907 with the creation of the Syracuse Interceptor Sewage Board. It served to address sewage-related problems in Onondaga Creek and Harbor Brook. In 1960, Onondaga County established a sewer district and built the Metropolitan Sewage

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cell in 1950. Mercury-contaminated waste was also dumped directly into Onondaga Lake. Allied Chemical and Dye Corporation became Allied Chemical Corporation in 1958. Its continued practice of allowing mercury into the lake led to the federal and state governments banning fishing in 1970, due to

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Engineers, scientists, and activists have all applied the gift of human ingenuity on behalf of the water. The water, too, has done its part. With lessened inputs, the lakes and streams seem to be cleaning themselves as the water moves through. In some places, plants are starting to inhabit the

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In 1989, New York State filed a lawsuit against Allied-Signal, Inc. for its part in contamination of Onondaga Lake. New York State and Allied-Signal, Inc. signed an interim Consent Decree detailing the elements of a Remedial Investigation and Feasibility Study to be undertaken of the lake. In

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Onondaga Lake remains a sacred site for the Haudenosaunee, which King directly connects to Haudenosaunee environmental protection and sovereignty: “The value of water and the meaning of water law for the Native American called the Haudenosaunee cannot be separated from a yet-more foundational

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The ACJ achieved other successes. Between 1993 and 2006, the phosphorus discharges from Metro were decreased by 86%. Regarding contamination via CSOs, the ACJ required that by 2010 the county eliminate or capture for treatment 95% of the CSO volume generated during heavy rain and snow melt.

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Ultimately, the Onondaga Nation seeks to restore Onondaga Lake to a state that supports and honors both human and non-human life, even if full restoration may no longer be possible: “Restoration is imperative for healing the earth, but reciprocity is imperative for long-lasting, successful

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remained in effect; and women of childbearing age, infants, and children under the age of 15 were advised against eating any of the fish from the lake. In 2007, the NYSDOH updated its advisory, prohibiting the consumption of largemouth and smallmouth bass over 15-inches-long. No walleye,

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resulted from the increase in temperatures because of severe pollution and human activities taking place. Even though the species are starting to gain numbers in this lake once again, the evidence shows that pollution had a direct impact on the fish that once inhabited this environment.

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in 1973 and the closing of the major industrial polluter in 1986, Onondaga Lake remained one of the most polluted lakes in the United States until several initiatives, including a 15-year multi-stage program completed in late 2017, allowed the lake to reach criteria required by the

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The Haudenosaunee, or people of the longhouse, was founded as a conscious league based on principles of mutual respect and peaceful communication. The Onondaga Nation website describes this event as the formation of “the first representative democracy in the West.”

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In the 1980s, a decision was made to replace the structure with a historically accurate reconstruction. In addition, a visitor's center was built. This is used for the display of archeological artifacts recovered from the area, in a more accurate and "hands on"

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In 1987, Atlantic States Legal Foundation (ASLF), a Syracuse-based organization providing legal and technical assistance to citizens and organizations dealing with environmental problems, filed a lawsuit against Onondaga County alleging that Metro and the

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springs around the southern end of what they called "Salt Lake," known today as Onondaga Lake. The brine springs were reported to have extended around much of the lake for a distance of nearly 9 miles. They extended from the present-day towns of

359:. During the late 19th century, European-Americans built many resorts along the lake's shoreline, as it was a destination of great beauty. The Onondaga Nation continues to have a religious and cultural presence on the shores of the lake, today. 1270:

to implement the NYSDEC/EPA cleanup plan for the contaminated sediments in the bottom of the lake. Honeywell signed the Consent Decree that same year and began the Remedial Design and Remedial Action for the Onondaga Lake Bottom Site.

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Among its provisions was the transfer of the lands around the lake from the Onondaga Nation to local salt producers on the condition that the salt would be produced for the common use of everyone. By 1822, due to a high incidence of

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wells to reduce the pressure around the mudboils (21). The installation of several depressurization wells has led to dramatic decreases in sediment loading; an average of 30 tons per day was reduced to 1 ton per day.

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In 2011, Brown Trout were listed among Onondaga Lake's Common Species, and Lake Sturgeon, stocked in nearby Oneida Lake, had returned. In addition, in recent years, areas around the lake have become an overwintering spot for

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through New York State in the mid-1820s and the commercial production of salt brought an increase in settlement of the area. The lake's western shore became increasingly industrialized as the nineteenth century progressed.

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discussion on Haudenosaunee sovereignty and the right to protect land and Creation must be understood… Views on sovereignty are dependent upon the level of regard one has for the land itself (water, of course, included).”

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Onondaga Lake also became a popular resort area. By the late 19th century, its shoreline was dotted with hotels, restaurants, and amusement parks. The area was so popular that people traveled by railroad from as far as

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In addition, the Onondaga Nation seeks biocultural restoration beyond improving water quality. According to Citizen Potawatomi plant biologist Robin Wall Kimmerer, who lives in the vicinity of Onondaga Lake in

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shoreline. Beginning in 1838, New York State authorized the drilling of deep wells at several locations around the lake. The wells were intended to locate the source of the brine, but no source was located.

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restoration. Like other mindful practices, ecological restoration can be viewed as an act of reciprocity in which humans exercise their caregiving responsibility for the ecosystems that sustain them.”

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The Allied Chemical Corporation contributed greatly to the chemical pollution of Onondaga Lake. The surface water was found to be contaminated with mercury whereas the sediments are contaminated with

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Dogs are allowed to exercise without leashes in a 40,000 sq ft (3,700 m) fenced-in area which includes an exercise area with tunnels, jumps and bridges complete with red fire hydrants.

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and Harbor Brook. Through these tributaries, the CSO eventually reaches Onondaga Lake. CSO has been generating concerns about bacteria. In the 1960s, Syracuse had ninety points where CSO could reach

720: 965:. In the 1930s, the remains of the original fort were replaced with what was claimed to be a "replica" or reconstruction of the site. Subsequent research has revealed that it was a poor imitation. 370:, led to the severe degradation of the lake. Unsafe levels of pollution led to the banning of ice harvesting as early as 1901. In 1940, swimming was banned, and in 1970 fishing was banned due to 602:, incorporated in 1881, began drilling deep test holes in the area south of Syracuse in 1883. The company's main product was soda ash, integral to several industries. Eventually Solvay found 1295:

Audubon New York honored Honeywell with the 2015 Thomas W. Keesee Jr. Conservation Award for its role in “one of the most ambitious environmental reclamation projects in the United States.”

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and consequently, the lake is the founding site of democracy for the U.S. people and, as such, should be protected as a national treasure instead of the chemical cesspool it has become.”

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The plan called for a cap covering 580 acres (230 ha) of lake-bottom. Capping began in August 2014, and was completed in 2016. Habitat restoration was completed in November 2017.

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people have responsibility for caring for the nonhuman people, for stewardship of the land. Without title to their ancestral lands, however, their hands were tied to protect it.”

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Tango, Peter, and Neil Ringler. The Role of Pollution and External Refugia in Structuring the Onondaga Lake Fish Community. 1. 12. Taylor & Francis Online, 2009. 81-90. Print.

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As part of the scope of the cleanup project, Honeywell has funded and operates the Onondaga Lake Visitors Center, which opened in 2012. The center, located on land owned by the

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and John Glenn Boulevard. The park is located on the northern shore of Onondaga Lake near Onondaga Lake Park, but it has no formal relation to it and is operate separately.

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such water use. Once used, the water was disposed of in nearby streams that drained to Onondaga Lake. This practice increased the salinity of the surface-water system.

2888: 4256: 2924: 3636: 1182: 380: 3828: 1696: 3988: 1927: 1844: 1282:. The dredging was completed in November 2014, a year ahead of schedule, having removed approximately 2.2 million cubic yards of contaminated sediment. 2184: 473:. This belt conveys the guiding principles of the Haudenosaunee, the story of the Great Peacemaker, and the founding of the league at Onondaga Lake. 130: 2776: 1061:

and low-oxygen conditions. The low oxygen levels lead to the choking out of fish and plants, especially in the deeper areas of the lake. Eventually

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and the southwestern shore abut industrial areas and expressways; the northeastern shore and northwestern end border a series of parks and museums.

4168: 2593: 4336: 842:. The park offers seven miles of shoreline, with a variety of areas for family picnics, including developed areas in Willow Bay and Cold Springs. 3450: 4060: 4031: 1278:

Dredging began in July 2012. The sediments were hydraulically dredged from the bottom of the lake and piped to a sediment consolidation area in

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Matthews, David A.; Steven W. Effler; Carol M. Matthews (Nov–Dec 2000). "Ammonia and Toxicity Criteria in Polluted Onondaga Lake, New York".

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and traders, followed the Jesuit missionaries and French explorers into the Syracuse area during the 17th and 18th centuries. After the

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Perreault, Tom; Wraight, Sarah; Perreault, Meredith (2012). "Environmental Injustice in the Onondaga Lake Waterscape, New York State, USA".

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Heritage Center named Skä•noñh Center – Great Law of Peace Center. Skä•noñh, is an Onondaga welcoming greeting meaning Peace and Wellness.

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British-American colonists began salt production in the area in the late 18th century. Following the victory of the United States in the

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the plants grow and sustaining us all. Let us gather our minds together and with one mind, we send greetings and thanks to the Waters.”

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in the lake. When these excessive algae growths die, bacteria decompose the dead algae using large quantities of oxygen, which causes

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correlation between high arsenic levels and children who lived in the southern and eastern areas near the bottom of Onondaga Lake.

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In 2015, the EPA's first five-year review found that the addition of diluted calcium nitrate solution was effective in containing

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Europeans began to learn about salt springs in the area in 1654, when the Onondagas revealed their presence to French explorers.

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beginning with the and continuing through subsequent treaties based on the same principles of sovereignty and mutual respect.

4564: 3966: 3926: 3753: 3734: 3704: 3489: 2004: 559:. The low-lying swampy area, located in what is now the northern end of downtown Syracuse, was drained.The completion of the 4549: 3790: 3524: 3370: 3028: 2748:"First Five-Year Review Report Onondaga Lake Bottom Subsite Of The Onondaga Lake Superfund Site Onondaga County, New York" 2128: 3944: 3714: 3699: 3355: 1574: 1390:, and white perch of any size should be consumed. The Department of Health advises not more than four meals per month of 1366: 615: 1302:

adjacent to Honeywell's cleanup headquarters on the southwestern shore, presents information about the ongoing cleanup.

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The Salt Museum was built around a still-standing boiling block chimney. It opened in 1933 during the Great Depression.

316:. The Metropolitan Syracuse Wastewater Treatment Plant (METRO) contributes 20% of the annual flow. No other lake in the 4544: 3974: 3853: 2931: 1430:

the land forward. Only with the title can they ensure that mines are reclaimed and that Onondaga Lake is cleaned up.”

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Approximately 18 miles (29 km) south of Syracuse, the Tully Valley has unique hydro-geological features called

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is another county park. It hugs the eastern shore of the lake and has its offices at 6790 Onondaga Lake Trail in

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outlined the remediation plans of Onondaga Lake. The Federal Court approved a Consent Decree in 2007, obliging

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New York. Department of Environmental Conservation .New York State DEC. New York, New York:, 2014. Print. <

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According to Kimmerer, these improvements are both the work of restoration efforts and the water itself:

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Onondaga Lake Park, in the northern suburbs of Syracuse, attracts over one million visitors each year.

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capacity of the sewers. They overflow and discharge a combination of runoff and sanitary sewage into

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Hydrogeology of the Tully Valley and characterization of mudboil activity, Onondaga County, New York

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missionaries visiting the Syracuse region in the same time period were the first to report on salty

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contamination. Mercury pollution is still a problem for the lake today. Despite the passage of the

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With the industrialization of the region, much of the lake's shoreline was developed; domestic and

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to visit the lake. Fish from the lake were harvested and served in restaurants across the state.

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section of Onondaga Lake Park. It is open from sunrise to sunset, seven days a week year round.

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compliance with the Consent Decree, the study was conducted by Allied-Signal, Inc. which became

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that contribute approximately 70% of the total water flow to the lake. These tributaries are

181: 2521: 2067: 1845:"Final Habitat Enhancements Mark Successful Completion of Honeywell's Onondaga Lake Cleanup" 4506: 4476: 4446: 4411: 4371: 4270: 3873: 3823: 3541: 3494: 3078: 1768: 1646: 3092: 1880: 289:

has a surface area of 642 square kilometers (248 sq mi), encompassing Syracuse,

8: 4421: 4391: 4301: 4286: 4281: 4264: 4211: 4158: 4118: 4103: 3833: 3631: 3390: 2209:"Citizen Participation Plan for the Onondaga Lake Bottom Subsite Remedial Design Program" 2161: 1982:

Braiding Sweetgrass: Indigenous Wisdom, Scientific Knowledge, and the Teachings of Plants

1827: 1606:"Citizen Participation Plan for the Onondaga Lake Bottom Subsite Remedial Design Program" 1514: 894: 839: 517: 2704: 2649: 2356: 1650: 1234:(CSO) discharges were violating federal water pollution standards established under the 961:

was the site of an early attempt by French Jesuits and colonists to establish a base in

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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In 1920, the Solvay Process Company merged with four other chemical companies, forming

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region, it is not traditionally counted as one of the Finger Lakes. Onondaga Lake is a

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in 1788 with supposed Haudenosaunee negotiators who were unauthorized by the Nations.

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Exiled in the land of the free: democracy, indian nations & the U.S. constitution

1947: 1519: 1138: 623: 371: 1730: 1674: 1406: 4306: 4241: 4206: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4098: 4093: 4083: 4073: 3660: 3606: 3328: 3305: 3295: 3189: 3093:"Onondaga Nation Announce Land Rights Action Promising No Evictions and No Casinos" 3063: 2574: 2033: 1939: 1654: 1524: 1499: 1104: 1070: 962: 880: 806: 798: 784: 779: 513: 509: 485: 432: 363: 255: 111: 2622: 4226: 4153: 3682: 3668: 3531: 3323: 1387: 1306: 632: 525: 462: 413: 375: 352: 348: 298: 290: 269: 3177: 2720:"Onondaga Lake cleanup hits milestone this week with completion of barrier wall" 2378: 850:

The Onondaga Lake Park Marina is located on Onondaga Lake Parkway in Liverpool.

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animals. Included in the Original Instructions was the Thanksgiving Address, or

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Kimmerer, Robin Wall (October 2015). "Honor the Treaties Protect the Earth".

3040: 2747: 2045: 1951: 1658: 1289: 1062: 1013:- The North American championship of hydroplane racing - annual event in the 569: 425: 421: 417: 409: 317: 294: 282: 145: 132: 116: 2777:"Honeywell's Onondaga Lake habitat restoration: See before and after photos" 985: 3424: 3300: 2305: 1262: 1154: 584: 367: 341: 333: 278: 4490:‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties 4013: 3803: 3775: 3563: 3504: 3106: 1800: 1636: 1489: 1395: 1374: 1370: 1189:

Cardiovascular Disease in 9- to 11-Year-Old Children, Syracuse, New York,

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New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (October 2008).

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had control of the lake taken from them by New York State following the

30: 3868: 3838: 3360: 2858:"Onondaga Lake Visitor Center offers upbeat picture of massive cleanup" 1494: 1350: 1050: 560: 325: 163: 3223:

USA Today: Honeywell agrees to spend $ 451 million to clean up NY lake

2829:"Honeywell receives Audubon's highest award for Onondaga Lake cleanup" 2803:"EPA: Onondaga Lake is cleaner than expected after Honeywell dredging" 2578: 2053: 2021: 1027:- Onondaga Lake Park in Liverpool from late November to early January. 182: 3275: 2329: 2022:"Rhetorical Sovereignty: What Do American Indians Want from Writing?" 1913:

The Clay We Are Made of: Haudenosaunee Land Tenure on the Grand River

1504: 1267: 1122: 1058: 816: 532:, British traders replaced the French, but encounters were limited. 3568: 3333: 2037: 1323:

In 2022, the lake was declared to be at its cleanest in 100 years.

1166: 1126: 619: 405: 1398:, and not more than one meal per month of any species not listed. 293:

except the eastern and northern edges, the southeastern corner of

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Our Lake: Central NY Near-Real-Time Surface Water Quality Network

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were dumped into the lake before Allied Chemical closed in 1986.

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Confederacy, a Confederacy of Indigenous Nations made up of the

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Non-salt-producing companies also became established along the

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Outlet on the shores of Onondaga Lake in Liverpool, New York,

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takes place which emits harmful and foul-smelling gases like

551:, the lake's water level was lowered after its outlet to the 504: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2451: 1434:

allowed the Nation to pursue two of its claims in May 2023.

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Entrance to the park is located at 49 Cold Springs Trail in

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Onondaga Lake outside Syracuse, New York, in the moonlight

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sailing ship, the other a Haudenosaunee birch bark canoe.

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Treatment Plant ("Metro") on the south shore of the lake.

3129: 2594:"30-year lawsuit that cleaned up Onondaga Lake is ending" 2448: 2569:

Kappel, W. M.; Sherwood, D. A.; Johnston, W. H. (1996).

1767:. The Upstate Freshwater Institute (UFI). Archived from 399: 2984:"State Health Department Issues Annual Fish Advisories" 2492: 1995:

Lyons, Oren (1998). "The American Indian in the Past".

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In 1989, the State of New York filed a lawsuit against

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New York State Department of Environmental Conservation

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New York State Department of Environmental Conservation

2568: 2507:. US Environmental Protection Agency. 29 January 2013. 1833:. US Environmental Protection Agency. 29 January 2013. 1065:(oxygen-free) conditions set in parts of the lake and 2480: 2478: 2476: 1744: 1623: 1465: 1053:

due to the dumping of sewage wastewater have led to

2617: 2615: 2613: 1426:adequately care for the land and water resources. 1215: 2591: 2473: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2253:. Onondaga Community College, 2010. Archived from 3176:Ransom, James W; Ettenger, Kreg T (August 2001). 2644: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2632: 4521: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2610: 2167:. Department of Interior U.S. Geological Survey. 461:The event was recorded with the creation of the 123: 2592:gcoin@syracuse.com, Glenn Coin | (2019-10-07). 2269: 2226:"Onondaga Lake: We Stand at a Fork in the Road" 1915:. University of Manitoba Press. pp. 16–43. 1791: 1789: 1787: 3262: 3175: 3138:(2): 485–506 – via Environment Complete. 2690:. US Department of Environmental Conservation. 2629: 2431:"The Onondaga New York Salt Works (1654–1926)" 1402:Onondaga sovereignty and environmental justice 3982: 3248: 2976: 2755:United States Environmental Protection Agency 2699: 2697: 2673: 2328:. Onondaga County Parks, 2010. Archived from 1256: 385:United States Environmental Protection Agency 301:, and supports approximately 450,000 people. 2623:"Legal Foundation for Onondaga Lake Cleanup" 1784: 1353:, a demonstration that the fishing is good. 845: 480: 2717: 2711: 2288:"Honeywell & Onondaga Lake: A Timeline" 2131:. Onondaga Lake Partnership. Archived from 1799:. Onondaga Lake Partnership. Archived from 1729:. Onondaga Lake Partnership. Archived from 1300:New York State Department of Transportation 1220: 258:, immediately northwest of and adjacent to 3989: 3975: 3451:Transportation Center/Amtrak train station 3255: 3241: 2694: 1690: 1688: 1686: 1684: 944: 489:Onondaga Lake motorboat ride by moonlight 3029:"Hoping to Reverse History and Pollution" 2320: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2149: 1822: 1820: 1818: 788:Long Branch Park in Liverpool, New York, 3151: 3064:"Onondaga Land Rights Action Background" 2851: 2849: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2306:http://www.dec.ny.gov/chemical/8668.html 2228:. Syracuse Peace Council. Archived from 1979: 1885:Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy 1584:United States Department of the Interior 1405: 1326: 1095: 1000: 984: 857: 853: 815: 783: 583: 484: 469:whose design would later be used as the 268: 3617:SUNY Environmental Science and Forestry 3058: 3056: 2820: 2768: 2539:"Onondaga Lake Contaminents of Concern" 2533: 2531: 2486:"Onondaga Lake Contaminants of Concern" 2398: 2396: 2371: 2243: 1681: 1369:(NYSDOH) lifted the advisory on eating 1335: 646: 404:Onondaga Lake is the birthplace of the 16:Lake in Onondaga County, New York, U.S. 4522: 3026: 3007: 2954:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2742: 2740: 2429:Bell, Valerie Jackson (October 1998). 2406:. VirtualTourist, 2010. Archived from 2311: 2146: 1925: 1815: 3970: 3236: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3147: 3145: 2855: 2846: 2422: 2344: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2026:College Composition and Communication 2019: 1999:. Santa Fe: Clear Light. p. 13. 1994: 1984:. Milkweed Editions. pp. 310–40. 1975: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1891:(3): 449–472 – via Law Commons. 1874: 1872: 1870: 1868: 1091: 824: 618:. In 1950 it began the production of 400:Haudenosaunee history and land tenure 81: 51: 3939: 3053: 2886: 2826: 2800: 2794: 2774: 2528: 2428: 2393: 2357:"Onondaga Lake Park Longbranch Park" 2182: 1910: 1878: 1694: 1036: 907: 4555:Superfund sites in New York (state) 3951: 3008:Watson, Taylor (26 February 2017). 2737: 1575:Geographic Names Information System 1562: 1367:New York State Department of Health 773: 616:Allied Chemical and Dye Corporation 13: 4535:Lakes of Onondaga County, New York 4048: 3997:Municipalities and communities of 3182:Environmental Science & Policy 3164: 3142: 2718:O'Toole, Catie (7 December 2011). 2705:"The Onondaga Lake "Cleanup" Plan" 2573:(Report). U.S. Geological Survey. 2171: 2159: 1958: 1895: 1879:King, Joyce Tekahnawiiaks (2007). 1865: 1145:(PAHs), chlorinated benzenes, and 588:Salt Wells at Syracuse, New York, 14: 4576: 3211: 3076: 2856:Riede, Paul (November 15, 2012). 2404:"Sainte Marie among the Iroquois" 2290:. Onondaga Nation. Archived from 3950: 3938: 3902: 3901: 3829:Museum of Science and Technology 3675:Upstate Medical University Arena 3111:Onondaga Environmental Institute 2775:Coin, Glenn (17 November 2017). 2522:"Pollutants & Onondaga Lake" 1485:Central New York Regional Market 1468: 1216:Legal action and cleanup efforts 1143:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 912: 668: 661: 654: 471:Flag of the Iroquois Confederacy 229:4.6 sq mi (12 km) 80: 73: 50: 43: 29: 4540:Geography of Syracuse, New York 3637:SUNY Upstate Medical University 3228:Onondaga Lake Park Marina, 2010 3123: 3099: 3095:. Neighbors of Onondaga Nation. 3085: 3070: 3066:. Neighbors of Onondaga Nation. 3020: 3001: 2962: 2917: 2908: 2887:Coin, Glenn (6 December 2022). 2880: 2827:Coin, Glenn (6 November 2017). 2667:"Cleanup: Municipal Wastewater" 2659: 2585: 2562: 2556:"Cleanup: Industrial Chemicals" 2298: 2218: 2201: 2085: 2060: 2013: 1988: 1919: 1851: 1580:United States Geological Survey 1005:Sailboating on the lake in 1907 951:Sainte Marie among the Iroquois 2801:Coin, Glenn (9 October 2015). 2688:"Onondaga Lake Superfund Site" 1859:"Sustainable Restoration Plan" 1837: 1719: 1597: 1088:, Harbor Brook, or Ley Creek. 980: 809:at 3813 Long Branch Road near 304:Onondaga Lake has two natural 262:. The southeastern end of the 1: 3627:Syracuse City School District 3597:Bryant & Stratton College 3194:10.1016/s1462-9011(01)00027-2 2381:. Onondaga County Parks, 2010 2020:Lyons, Scott Richard (2000). 1980:Kimmerer, Robin Wall (2013). 1697:"Background of Onondaga Lake" 1556: 1411: 1268:Honeywell International, Inc. 1108: 879:was the first of its kind in 863: 789: 589: 490: 94:Show map of the United States 4565:Sacred lakes of the Americas 2972:. Onondaga Lake Partnership. 2669:. Onondaga Lake Partnership. 2625:. Onondaga Lake Partnership. 2558:. Onondaga Lake Partnership. 2524:. Onondaga Lake Partnership. 2469:. Onondaga Lake Partnership. 2183:Hill, Michael (2023-09-30). 2129:"Human Use of Onondaga Lake" 1031: 524:. European settlers, mostly 340:, and ultimately ends up in 7: 4550:Parks in Syracuse, New York 3552:Turning Stone Resort Casino 3027:Semple, Kirk (2005-03-31). 2467:"Water Quality in the Past" 1926:Keeler, Kyle (2024-03-01). 1461: 1197: 955:The Old French Fort at the 575: 10: 4581: 3612:Onondaga Community College 2650:"A Historical Perspective" 2251:"History of Onondaga Lake" 1639:Water Environment Research 1257:Chemical pollution cleanup 1201: 948: 903: 828: 777: 537:American Revolutionary War 394: 357:American Revolutionary War 347:The lake is sacred to the 4545:Lakes of New York (state) 4495: 4485: 4465: 4335: 4255: 4167: 4059: 4046: 4030: 4011: 4000:Onondaga County, New York 3897: 3784: 3645: 3587: 3547:Oneida Nation Enterprises 3433: 3314: 3271: 3081:. Syracuse Peace Council. 2505:"Region 2: Onondaga Lake" 1944:10.1215/00029831-11092045 1727:"Onondaga Lake Watershed" 1119:polychlorinated biphenyls 996: 921:This section needs to be 846:Onondaga Lake Park Marina 805:, located in the town of 803:Onondaga County, New York 747:Onondaga Lake Park Marina 481:Early European settlement 299:Onondaga Nation Territory 241: 233: 225: 217: 213:4.6 mi (7.4 km) 209: 205: 194: 180: 161: 146:43.0891802°N 76.2103857°W 122: 103: 37: 28: 23: 1701:Mercury in Onondaga Lake 1659:10.2175/106143000X138355 1221:Sewage pollution cleanup 332:which combines with the 320:receives as much of its 277:Although it is near the 3849:Niagara Mohawk Building 3602:Empire State University 1911:Hill, Susan M. (2017). 1476:New York (state) portal 1236:Clean Water Act of 1972 1232:combined sewer overflow 1067:anaerobic decomposition 989:The Salt Museum in 2015 958:Mission of Sainte Marie 945:Mission of Sainte Marie 221:1 mi (1.6 km) 151:43.0891802; -76.2103857 4053: 3809:Clinton String Quartet 3748:Le Moyne Events Center 3559:Raymour & Flanigan 2894:Syracuse Post-Standard 1510:Inner Harbor, Syracuse 1417: 1363: 1321: 1114: 1101:Solvay Process Company 1055:excessive algae growth 1042:aquatic plant blooms. 1006: 990: 883:and is located in the 869: 821: 795: 600:Solvay Process Company 595: 541:Treaty of Fort Stanwix 496: 445:Ohenton Kariwatehkwen. 366:, due to industry and 274: 237:63 ft (19 m) 4052: 3819:Everson Museum of Art 1695:Driscoll, Charles T. 1409: 1358: 1327:Sedimentation control 1316: 1099: 1004: 988: 885:Cold Springs Mud Lock 861: 854:Wegmans Good Dog Park 819: 787: 754:Wegmans Good Dog Park 587: 530:French and Indian War 520:to near the mouth of 488: 272: 245:370 feet (110 m) 4508:United States portal 4477:Onondaga Reservation 3874:Rosamond Gifford Zoo 3730:women's field hockey 3495:Bristol Myers Squibb 3425:Underground Railroad 3154:Earth Island Journal 2359:. Syr-Area.com, 2010 2332:on November 27, 2010 2326:"Onondaga Lake Park" 1707:on 29 September 2011 1336:Fishing improvements 801:is a public park in 647:Parks and recreation 431:and after 1772, the 64:Show map of New York 3879:Syracuse in fiction 3834:New York State Fair 3632:Syracuse University 3463:Interstate highways 3391:Matilda Joslyn Gage 2160:Kappel, William M. 1932:American Literature 1771:on 27 December 2011 1651:2000WaEnR..72..731M 1535:New York State Fair 1515:Liverpool, New York 1263:Allied-Signal, Inc. 1181:supervision of the 1107:, on Onondaga Lake 1045:The high levels of 726:Parks & Museums 142: / 4427:Shepard Settlement 4054: 3864:Onondaga Lake Park 3859:Onondaga Creekwalk 3759:women's basketball 3735:women's ice hockey 3705:women's basketball 3542:O'Brien & Gere 3490:Air National Guard 3265:Syracuse, New York 3132:Water Alternatives 3033:The New York Times 2868:Syracuse, New York 2707:. Onondaga Nation. 2541:. Onondaga Nation. 2488:. Onondaga Nation. 1545:Onondaga Creekwalk 1418: 1280:Camillus, New York 1115: 1092:Chemical pollution 1025:Lights on the Lake 1019:Onondaga Lake Park 1011:Syracuse Hydrofest 1007: 991: 870: 836:Onondaga Lake Park 831:Onondaga Lake Park 825:Onondaga Lake Park 822: 796: 740:Onondaga Lake Park 596: 497: 275: 273:Onondaga watershed 260:Syracuse, New York 4517: 4516: 4432:Skaneateles Falls 3964: 3963: 3814:Erie Canal Museum 3742:Le Moyne Dolphins 3689:JMA Wireless Dome 3510:Downtown Syracuse 3386:Samuel Joseph May 3281:Metropolitan area 2988:www.health.ny.gov 2863:The Post-Standard 2579:10.3133/wri964043 2006:978-0-940666-50-4 1520:Mercury poisoning 1244:A Plan of Action. 1037:Sewage wastewater 942: 941: 249: 248: 242:Surface elevation 4572: 4560:Central New York 4509: 4502: 4051: 4023: 4016: 4006: 4001: 3991: 3984: 3977: 3968: 3967: 3954: 3953: 3942: 3941: 3905: 3904: 3754:men's basketball 3715:women's lacrosse 3700:men's basketball 3661:NBT Bank Stadium 3607:Le Moyne College 3408:Syracuse station 3376:Notable citizens 3329:Great Peacemaker 3306:Upstate New York 3296:Central New York 3257: 3250: 3243: 3234: 3233: 3206: 3205: 3188:(4–5): 219–228. 3173: 3162: 3161: 3149: 3140: 3139: 3127: 3121: 3120: 3118: 3117: 3103: 3097: 3096: 3089: 3083: 3082: 3074: 3068: 3067: 3060: 3051: 3050: 3048: 3047: 3024: 3018: 3017: 3014:The Daily Orange 3005: 2999: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2966: 2960: 2959: 2953: 2945: 2943: 2942: 2936: 2930:. 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Archived from 1692: 1679: 1678: 1634: 1621: 1620: 1618: 1616: 1610: 1601: 1595: 1594: 1592: 1590: 1566: 1525:NBT Bank Stadium 1500:Geddes, New York 1478: 1473: 1472: 1471: 1416: 1413: 1129:, heavy metals ( 1113: 1110: 1105:Solvay, New York 1071:hydrogen sulfide 963:Central New York 937: 934: 928: 916: 915: 908: 881:Central New York 868: 865: 799:Long Branch Park 794: 791: 780:Long Branch Park 774:Long Branch Park 766: 759: 752: 745: 738: 733:Long Branch Park 731: 722: 716: 711: 706: 701: 696: 691: 686: 679: 672: 671: 665: 658: 594: 591: 495: 492: 364:industrial waste 256:Central New York 184: 183:Primary outflows 165: 157: 156: 154: 153: 152: 147: 143: 140: 139: 138: 135: 125: 95: 84: 83: 77: 65: 54: 53: 47: 33: 21: 20: 4580: 4579: 4575: 4574: 4573: 4571: 4570: 4569: 4520: 4519: 4518: 4513: 4507: 4501:New York portal 4500: 4491: 4481: 4468: 4461: 4442:Spafford Valley 4387:Messina Springs 4338: 4331: 4251: 4163: 4055: 4049: 4044: 4026: 4021: 4014: 4007: 4004: 3999: 3995: 3965: 3960: 3893: 3788: 3780: 3771:ESF Mighty Oaks 3683:Syracuse Orange 3669:Syracuse Crunch 3641: 3583: 3574:University Hill 3532:Lockheed Martin 3525:Columbus Circle 3429: 3366:Historic places 3324:Onondaga Nation 3310: 3291:Onondaga County 3267: 3261: 3214: 3209: 3174: 3165: 3150: 3143: 3128: 3124: 3115: 3113: 3105: 3104: 3100: 3091: 3090: 3086: 3077:Kehow, Robert. 3075: 3071: 3062: 3061: 3054: 3045: 3043: 3025: 3021: 3006: 3002: 2992: 2990: 2982: 2981: 2977: 2968: 2967: 2963: 2947: 2946: 2940: 2938: 2934: 2927: 2925:"Archived copy" 2923: 2922: 2918: 2913: 2909: 2899: 2897: 2885: 2881: 2872: 2870: 2854: 2847: 2837: 2835: 2825: 2821: 2811: 2809: 2799: 2795: 2785: 2783: 2773: 2769: 2759: 2757: 2750: 2746: 2745: 2738: 2728: 2726: 2716: 2712: 2703: 2702: 2695: 2686: 2685: 2674: 2665: 2664: 2660: 2652: 2648: 2647: 2630: 2621: 2620: 2611: 2602: 2600: 2590: 2586: 2567: 2563: 2554: 2553: 2546: 2537: 2536: 2529: 2520: 2519: 2512: 2503: 2502: 2493: 2484: 2483: 2474: 2465: 2464: 2449: 2439: 2437: 2435:Science Tribune 2427: 2423: 2413: 2411: 2402: 2401: 2394: 2384: 2382: 2377: 2376: 2372: 2362: 2360: 2355: 2354: 2345: 2335: 2333: 2324: 2323: 2312: 2303: 2299: 2286: 2285: 2270: 2260: 2258: 2249: 2248: 2244: 2235: 2233: 2224: 2223: 2219: 2211: 2207: 2206: 2202: 2193: 2191: 2181: 2172: 2164: 2158: 2147: 2138: 2136: 2127: 2126: 2111: 2102: 2100: 2097:Onondaga Nation 2093:"Hiawatha Belt" 2091: 2090: 2086: 2077: 2075: 2072:Onondaga Nation 2068:"Onondaga Lake" 2066: 2065: 2061: 2018: 2014: 2007: 1993: 1989: 1978: 1959: 1924: 1920: 1909: 1896: 1877: 1866: 1857: 1856: 1852: 1843: 1842: 1838: 1830: 1828:"Onondaga Lake" 1826: 1825: 1816: 1806: 1804: 1803:on 20 July 2011 1797:"Onondaga Lake" 1795: 1794: 1785: 1774: 1772: 1765:"Onondaga Lake" 1763: 1762: 1745: 1736: 1734: 1725: 1724: 1720: 1710: 1708: 1693: 1682: 1635: 1624: 1614: 1612: 1608: 1602: 1598: 1588: 1586: 1570:"Onondaga Lake" 1568: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1554: 1505:Honeywell, Inc. 1474: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1414: 1404: 1388:channel catfish 1338: 1329: 1307:Onondaga Nation 1259: 1223: 1218: 1206: 1200: 1111: 1094: 1039: 1034: 999: 983: 953: 947: 938: 932: 929: 926: 917: 913: 906: 866: 856: 848: 833: 827: 792: 782: 776: 771: 770: 769: 767: 764: 762: 761:Skä•noñh Center 760: 757: 755: 753: 750: 748: 746: 743: 741: 739: 736: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 723: 719: 717: 714: 712: 709: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 683:O n o n d a g a 682: 680: 677: 675: 673: 669: 666: 659: 649: 633:Honeywell, Inc. 592: 578: 493: 483: 402: 397: 376:Clean Water Act 353:Onondaga people 349:Onondaga Nation 291:Onondaga County 198: countries 173: 164:Primary inflows 150: 148: 144: 141: 136: 133: 131: 129: 128: 115: 108:Onondaga County 99: 98: 97: 96: 93: 92: 91: 90: 89: 85: 68: 67: 66: 63: 62: 61: 60: 59: 55: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4578: 4568: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4511: 4504: 4496: 4493: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4483: 4482: 4480: 4479: 4473: 4471: 4463: 4462: 4460: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4437:South Spafford 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4347:Apulia Station 4343: 4341: 4333: 4332: 4330: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4268: 4261: 4259: 4253: 4252: 4250: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4232:North Syracuse 4229: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4173: 4171: 4165: 4164: 4162: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4065: 4063: 4057: 4056: 4047: 4045: 4043: 4042: 4036: 4034: 4028: 4027: 4012: 4009: 4008: 3994: 3993: 3986: 3979: 3971: 3962: 3961: 3959: 3958: 3948: 3936: 3935: 3934: 3932:transportation 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3898: 3895: 3894: 3892: 3891: 3886: 3884:Syracuse Stage 3881: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3854:Old Erie Canal 3851: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3824:Pass Arboretum 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3795: 3793: 3782: 3781: 3779: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3762: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3739: 3738: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3725:women's soccer 3722: 3717: 3712: 3710:men's lacrosse 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3680: 3679: 3678: 3666: 3665: 3664: 3651: 3649: 3643: 3642: 3640: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3593: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3582: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3555: 3554: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3528: 3527: 3522: 3520:Clinton Square 3517: 3507: 3502: 3500:Carrier Global 3497: 3492: 3487: 3486: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3460: 3459: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3441:Transportation 3437: 3435: 3431: 3430: 3428: 3427: 3422: 3417: 3416: 3415: 3410: 3400: 3399: 3398: 3396:Louis Marshall 3393: 3388: 3383: 3381:John Wilkinson 3373: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3352: 3351: 3349:Simon Le Moyne 3346: 3338: 3337: 3336: 3331: 3320: 3318: 3312: 3311: 3309: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3272: 3269: 3268: 3260: 3259: 3252: 3245: 3237: 3231: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3213: 3212:External links 3210: 3208: 3207: 3163: 3141: 3122: 3098: 3084: 3069: 3052: 3019: 3000: 2975: 2961: 2916: 2907: 2879: 2845: 2819: 2793: 2767: 2736: 2710: 2693: 2672: 2658: 2628: 2609: 2584: 2561: 2544: 2527: 2510: 2491: 2472: 2447: 2421: 2410:on May 4, 2010 2392: 2370: 2343: 2310: 2297: 2294:on 2012-03-11. 2268: 2242: 2217: 2200: 2170: 2145: 2109: 2084: 2059: 2038:10.2307/358744 2032:(3): 447–468. 2012: 2005: 1987: 1957: 1918: 1894: 1864: 1850: 1836: 1814: 1783: 1743: 1718: 1680: 1645:(6): 731–741. 1622: 1596: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1540:Onondaga Creek 1537: 1532: 1530:Ninemile Creek 1527: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1481: 1480: 1479: 1463: 1460: 1403: 1400: 1392:brown bullhead 1337: 1334: 1328: 1325: 1258: 1255: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1199: 1196: 1093: 1090: 1086:Onondaga Creek 1082:Onondaga Creek 1077:Combined sewer 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1028: 1022: 998: 995: 982: 979: 946: 943: 940: 939: 920: 918: 911: 905: 902: 855: 852: 847: 844: 826: 823: 775: 772: 763: 756: 749: 742: 735: 728: 725: 718: 713: 708: 703: 698: 693: 688: 681: 674: 667: 660: 653: 652: 651: 650: 648: 645: 640:Onondaga Creek 577: 574: 539:, it made the 522:Ninemile Creek 482: 479: 401: 398: 396: 393: 314:Onondaga Creek 310:Ninemile Creek 287:drainage basin 254:is located in 247: 246: 243: 239: 238: 235: 231: 230: 227: 223: 222: 219: 215: 214: 211: 207: 206: 203: 202: 199: 192: 191: 186: 178: 177: 175:Onondaga Creek 170:Ninemile Creek 167: 159: 158: 126: 120: 119: 105: 101: 100: 87: 86: 79: 78: 72: 71: 70: 69: 57: 56: 49: 48: 42: 41: 40: 39: 38: 35: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4577: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4530:Onondaga Lake 4528: 4527: 4525: 4510: 4505: 4503: 4498: 4497: 4494: 4488: 4484: 4478: 4475: 4474: 4472: 4470: 4464: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4417:Pompey Center 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4402:Onondaga Hill 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4334: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4322:Village Green 4320: 4318: 4317:Seneca Knolls 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4272: 4269: 4266: 4263: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4254: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4187:East Syracuse 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4177:Baldwinsville 4175: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4166: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4058: 4041: 4038: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4024: 4017: 4010: 4005:United States 4002: 3992: 3987: 3985: 3980: 3978: 3973: 3972: 3969: 3957: 3949: 3947: 3946: 3937: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3917:neighborhoods 3915: 3913: 3910: 3909: 3908: 3900: 3899: 3896: 3890: 3889:Thornden Park 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3844:Thornden Park 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3799:Annual events 3797: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3787: 3783: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3749: 3745: 3744: 3743: 3740: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3690: 3686: 3685: 3684: 3681: 3677: 3676: 3672: 3671: 3670: 3667: 3663: 3662: 3658: 3657: 3656: 3655:Syracuse Mets 3653: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3644: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3586: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3553: 3550: 3549: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3537:National Grid 3535: 3533: 3530: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3515:Armory Square 3513: 3512: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3465: 3464: 3461: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3443: 3442: 3439: 3438: 3436: 3432: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3405: 3404: 3401: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3379: 3378: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3356:Ethnic groups 3354: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3341: 3339: 3335: 3332: 3330: 3327: 3326: 3325: 3322: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3313: 3307: 3304: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3292: 3289: 3287: 3286:Onondaga Lake 3284: 3282: 3279: 3277: 3274: 3273: 3270: 3266: 3258: 3253: 3251: 3246: 3244: 3239: 3238: 3235: 3229: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3215: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3159: 3155: 3148: 3146: 3137: 3133: 3126: 3112: 3108: 3102: 3094: 3088: 3080: 3073: 3065: 3059: 3057: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3023: 3015: 3011: 3004: 2989: 2985: 2979: 2971: 2965: 2957: 2951: 2937:on 2014-04-15 2933: 2926: 2920: 2911: 2896: 2895: 2890: 2883: 2869: 2865: 2864: 2859: 2852: 2850: 2834: 2830: 2823: 2808: 2804: 2797: 2782: 2778: 2771: 2756: 2749: 2743: 2741: 2725: 2721: 2714: 2706: 2700: 2698: 2689: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2668: 2662: 2651: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2624: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2599: 2595: 2588: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2565: 2557: 2551: 2549: 2540: 2534: 2532: 2523: 2517: 2515: 2506: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2487: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2468: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2436: 2432: 2425: 2409: 2405: 2399: 2397: 2380: 2374: 2358: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2331: 2327: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2307: 2301: 2293: 2289: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2256: 2252: 2246: 2232:on 2012-03-17 2231: 2227: 2221: 2210: 2204: 2190: 2186: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2163: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2135:on 2014-04-16 2134: 2130: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2114: 2098: 2094: 2088: 2073: 2069: 2063: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2016: 2008: 2002: 1998: 1991: 1983: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1922: 1914: 1907: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1875: 1873: 1871: 1869: 1860: 1854: 1846: 1840: 1829: 1823: 1821: 1819: 1802: 1798: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1770: 1766: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1754: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1733:on 2013-12-21 1732: 1728: 1722: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1691: 1689: 1687: 1685: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1633: 1631: 1629: 1627: 1607: 1600: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1576: 1571: 1565: 1561: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1482: 1477: 1466: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1424: 1408: 1399: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1365:In 1999, the 1362: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1346: 1342: 1333: 1324: 1320: 1315: 1311: 1308: 1303: 1301: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1290:methylmercury 1286: 1283: 1281: 1276: 1272: 1269: 1264: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1245: 1239: 1237: 1233: 1227: 1213: 1211: 1205: 1195: 1192: 1186: 1184: 1178: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1089: 1087: 1083: 1078: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1043: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1009: 1008: 1003: 994: 987: 978: 974: 972: 971:living museum 966: 964: 960: 959: 952: 936: 924: 919: 910: 909: 901: 899: 898:NYS Route 370 896: 891: 888: 886: 882: 878: 877:Good Dog Park 876: 860: 851: 843: 841: 837: 832: 818: 814: 812: 811:NYS Route 370 808: 804: 800: 786: 781: 721: 664: 657: 644: 641: 636: 634: 628: 625: 621: 617: 612: 608: 605: 601: 586: 582: 573: 571: 570:New York City 565: 562: 558: 554: 550: 544: 542: 538: 533: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 506: 502: 487: 478: 474: 472: 468: 464: 463:Hiawatha Belt 459: 455: 451: 447: 446: 440: 436: 434: 430: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 406:Haudenosaunee 392: 388: 386: 382: 377: 373: 369: 365: 360: 358: 354: 350: 345: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 318:United States 315: 311: 307: 302: 300: 296: 295:Cayuga County 292: 288: 284: 283:dimictic lake 280: 271: 267: 265: 261: 257: 253: 252:Onondaga Lake 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 201:United States 200: 197: 193: 190: 187: 185: 179: 176: 171: 168: 166: 160: 155: 127: 121: 118: 117:United States 113: 109: 106: 102: 88:Onondaga Lake 76: 58:Onondaga Lake 46: 36: 32: 27: 24:Onondaga Lake 22: 19: 4362:Delphi Falls 4202:Fayetteville 4019: 3943: 3746: 3720:men's soccer 3687: 3673: 3659: 3344:Sainte Marie 3301:Finger Lakes 3285: 3185: 3181: 3157: 3153: 3135: 3131: 3125: 3114:. 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