1489:
4730:
59:
3751:
1007:
770:
207:
1642:
3233:
3804:(incomplete at his death in 1935) share many of the same characteristics as described above, though Berg combined his highly personal interpretation of Schoenberg's twelve-tone technique with melodic passages of a more traditionally tonal nature (quite Mahlerian in character) which perhaps partially explains why his operas have remained in standard repertory, despite their controversial music and plots. Schoenberg's theories have influenced (either directly or indirectly) significant numbers of opera composers ever since, even if they themselves did not compose using his techniques.
221:
2042:
1130:
196:
3417:
2309:
1872:
1225:
959:
5056:
2563:
1851:
4990:
4501:
2887:
3284:
480:
3808:
8951:
3522:
8961:
628:
8941:
2521:
1556:, chose to write most of their operas in foreign languages, especially Italian. In contrast to Italian opera, which was generally composed for the aristocratic class, German opera was generally composed for the masses and tended to feature simple folk-like melodies, and it was not until the arrival of Mozart that German opera was able to match its Italian counterpart in musical sophistication. The theatre company of
8971:
1564:
2296:
8997:
759:
748:
4904:, and a podium was used to make it easier for all the musicians to see him or her. By the time Wagnerian operas were introduced, the complexity of the works and the huge orchestras used to play them gave the conductor an increasingly important role. Modern opera conductors have a challenging role: they have to direct both the orchestra in the
2645:(following the efforts of a number of young English composers beginning about 1876), but he claimed that even his light operas constituted part of a school of "English" opera, intended to supplant the French operettas (usually performed in bad translations) that had dominated the London stage from the mid-19th century into the 1870s. London's
833:. Before such elements were forced out of opera seria, many libretti had featured a separately unfolding comic plot as sort of an "opera-within-an-opera". One reason for this was an attempt to attract members of the growing merchant class, newly wealthy, but still not as cultured as the nobility, to the public
4888:. In Wagner and the work of subsequent composers, such as Benjamin Britten, the orchestra "often communicates facts about the story that exceed the levels of awareness of the characters therein. As a result, critics began to regard the orchestra as performing a role analogous to that of a literary narrator."
1893:
1894:
5085:
was broadcast live from its original Roman settings and times of the day: the first act came from the 16th-century Church of Sant'Andrea della Valle at noon on
Saturday; the 16th-century Palazzo Farnese was the setting for the second at 8:15 pm; and on Sunday at 6 am, the third act was broadcast from
5039:
accounted for 22% of the funds in the Arts
Council's national portfolio. During that period, the Council undertook an analysis of its funding for large-scale opera and ballet companies, setting recommendations and targets for the companies to meet prior to the 2015–2018 funding decisions. In February
3933:
A common trend throughout the 20th century, in both opera and general orchestral repertoire, is the use of smaller orchestras as a cost-cutting measure; the grand
Romantic-era orchestras with huge string sections, multiple harps, extra horns, and exotic percussion instruments were no longer feasible.
4035:
Smaller companies in the US have a more fragile existence, and they usually depend on a "patchwork quilt" of support from state and local governments, local businesses, and fundraisers. Nevertheless, some smaller companies have found ways of drawing new audiences. In addition to radio and television
2550:
in
English and was a huge success, holding the stage until the 1830s. Although Arne imitated many elements of Italian opera, he was perhaps the only English composer at that time who was able to move beyond the Italian influences and create his own unique and distinctly English voice. His modernized
4932:
Until the mid-1950s, it was acceptable to produce operas in translations even if these had not been authorized by the composer or the original librettists. For example, opera houses in Italy routinely staged Wagner in
Italian. After World War II, opera scholarship improved, artists refocused on the
5006:
Outside the US, and especially in Europe, most opera houses receive public subsidies from taxpayers. In Milan, Italy, 60% of La Scala's annual budget of €115 million is from ticket sales and private donations, with the remaining 40% coming from public funds. In 2005, La Scala received 25% of
4182:
is used in some modern concert halls and theatres where operas are performed. Although none of the major opera houses "...use traditional, Broadway-style sound reinforcement, in which most if not all singers are equipped with radio microphones mixed to a series of unsightly loudspeakers scattered
4933:
original versions, and translations fell out of favor. Knowledge of
European languages, especially Italian, French, and German, is today an important part of the training for professional singers. "The biggest chunk of operatic training is in linguistics and musicianship", explains mezzo-soprano
4855:
The role of the orchestra in accompanying the singers changed over the 19th century, as the
Classical style transitioned to the Romantic era. In general, orchestras got bigger, new instruments were added, such as additional percussion instruments (e.g., bass drum, cymbals, snare drum, etc.). The
4953:
broadcast of an
Italian opera). These subtitles target not only the hard of hearing but the audience generally, since a sung discourse is much harder to understand than a spoken one—even in the ears of native speakers. Subtitles in one or more languages have become standard in opera broadcasts,
4891:
As the role of the orchestra and other instrumental ensembles changed over the history of opera, so did the role of leading the musicians. In the
Baroque era, the musicians were usually directed by the harpsichord player, although the French composer Lully is known to have conducted with a long
1082:
Gluck's reforms have had resonance throughout operatic history. Weber, Mozart, and Wagner, in particular, were influenced by his ideals. Mozart, in many ways Gluck's successor, combined a superb sense of drama, harmony, melody, and counterpoint to write a series of comic operas with libretti by
6035:
stated, "The accompaniments... are delightful to hear, and especially does the treatment of the woodwind compel admiring attention. Schubert himself could hardly have handled those instruments more deftly. ...we have a genuine
English opera, forerunner of many others, let us hope, and possibly
5046:
termed "the unprecedented step" of threatening to withdraw public funding if the council's concerns were not met by 2017. European public funding to opera has led to a disparity between the number of year-round opera houses in Europe and the United States. For example, "Germany has about 80
1400:
contains many little motifs and mottos, that, rather than being expanded upon, are introduced and subsequently dropped, only to be brought up again later. These motifs never are expanded upon, and just as the audience expects a character to launch into a long melody, a new character speaks,
4916:
Since the days of Handel and Mozart, many composers have favored Italian as the language for the libretto of their operas. From the Bel Canto era to Verdi, composers would sometimes supervise versions of their operas in both Italian and French. Because of this, operas such as
977:
3893:(1918: "to be read, played, and danced"; in both cases the descriptions and instructions are those of the composer). In the latter, the actors declaim portions of speech to a specified rhythm over instrumental accompaniment, peculiarly similar to the older German genre of
2657:
as "a genuine English opera, forerunner of many others, let us hope, and possibly significant of an advance towards a national lyric stage". Sullivan produced a few light operas in the 1890s that were of a more serious nature than those in the G&S series, including
4699:
and a bass instrument. The string orchestra typically only played when the singer was not singing, such as during a singer's "...entrances and exits, between vocal numbers, for dancing". Another role for the orchestra during this period was playing an orchestral
4431:(these are both roles sometimes sung by sopranos; there is quite a lot of movement between these two voice-types). For the true contralto, the range of parts is more limited, which has given rise to the insider joke that contraltos only sing "witches, bitches, and
1327:. This opera, and the ones that would follow in Verdi's career, revolutionized Italian opera, changing it from merely a display of vocal fireworks, with Rossini's and Donizetti's works, to dramatic story-telling. Verdi's operas resonated with the growing spirit of
4518:
Early performances of opera were too infrequent for singers to make a living exclusively from the style, but with the birth of commercial opera in the mid-17th century, professional performers began to emerge. The role of the male hero was usually entrusted to a
1246:
583:
had gained the upper hand, the orchestra played a much bigger role, and Wagner revolutionized opera by abolishing almost all distinction between aria and recitative in his quest for what Wagner termed "endless melody". Subsequent composers have tended to follow
1245:
1244:
458:
became known to much wider audiences that went beyond the circle of opera fans. Since the invention of radio and television, operas were also performed on (and written for) these media. Beginning in 2006, a number of major opera houses began to present live
4558:
Though opera patronage has decreased in the last century in favor of other arts and media (such as musicals, cinema, radio, television and recordings), mass media and the advent of recording have supported the popularity of many famous singers including
3356:, which had two separate flowerings: one from the mid-17th century through the mid-18th century, and another beginning around 1850. During the late 18th century up until the mid-19th century, Italian opera was immensely popular in Spain, supplanting the
3595:
In Iran, opera gained more attention after the introduction of Western classical music in the late 19th century. However, it took until mid 20th century for Iranian composers to start experiencing with the field, especially as the construction of the
3951:
Another feature of late 20th-century opera is the emergence of contemporary historical operas, in contrast to the tradition of basing operas on more distant history, the re-telling of contemporary fictional stories or plays, or on myth or legend.
7165:
4844:(literally, the "symphony before the opera") was "an early term for a sinfonia used to begin an opera, that is, as an overture as opposed to one serving to begin a later section of the work". In 19th-century opera, in some operas, the overture,
2534:, both for his own compositions and for alerting Handel to the commercial possibilities of large-scale works in English. Arne was the first English composer to experiment with Italian-style all-sung comic opera, with his greatest success being
4821:: fast–slow–fast. The opening movement was normally in duple metre and in a major key; the slow movement in earlier examples was short, and could be in a contrasting key; the concluding movement was dance-like, most often with rhythms of the
522:(an "air" or formal song) in which the characters express their emotions in a more structured melodic style. Vocal duets, trios and other ensembles often occur, and choruses are used to comment on the action. In some forms of opera, such as
4704:
to mark the end of a singer's solo. During the early 1700s, some composers began to use the string orchestra to mark certain aria or recitatives "...as special"; by 1720, most arias were accompanied by an orchestra. Opera composers such as
1169:
opera derives from the Italian stylistic singing school of the same name. Bel canto lines are typically florid and intricate, requiring supreme agility and pitch control. Examples of famous operas in the bel canto style include Rossini's
3934:
As government and private patronage of the arts decreased throughout the 20th century, new works were often commissioned and performed with smaller budgets, very often resulting in chamber-sized works, and short, one-act operas. Many of
1365:
or "realistic" opera, because rather than featuring great kings and figures from literature, it focuses on the tragedies of ordinary life and society. After these, he continued to develop his style, composing perhaps the greatest French
812:
helped spread opera throughout Italy. In these early Baroque operas, broad comedy was blended with tragic elements in a mix that jarred some educated sensibilities, sparking the first of opera's many reform movements, sponsored by the
3736:
pushed Wagnerian harmony further with a more extreme use of chromaticism and greater use of dissonance. Another aspect of modernist opera is the shift away from long, suspended melodies, to short quick mottos, as first illustrated by
2513:(1696). The main characters of the play tend not to be involved in the musical scenes, which means that Purcell was rarely able to develop his characters through song. Despite these hindrances, his aim (and that of his collaborator
1980:
throughout much of Europe during the Baroque period, Italian opera never gained much of a foothold in France, where its own national operatic tradition was more popular instead. After Rameau's death, the Bohemian-Austrian composer
2227:
was felt as a challenge to the French tradition. Many French critics angrily rejected Wagner's music dramas while many French composers closely imitated them with variable success. Perhaps the most interesting response came from
4201:
Operatic vocal technique evolved, in a time before electronic amplification, to allow singers to produce enough volume to be heard over an orchestra, without the instrumentalists having to substantially compromise their volume.
4725:
added new instruments to the opera orchestra and gave the instruments new roles. They added wind instruments to the strings and used orchestral instruments to play instrumental solos, as a way to mark certain arias as special.
4394:
The soprano voice has typically been used as the voice of choice for the female protagonist of the opera since the latter half of the 18th century. Earlier, it was common for that part to be sung by any female voice, or even a
3299:
gained international recognition in the 20th century for his innovative works. His later, mature works incorporate his earlier studies of national folk music in a modern, highly original synthesis, first evident in the opera
1891:
2031:, who were followers of Gluck, brought a new seriousness to the genre, which had never been wholly "comic" in any case. Another phenomenon of this period was the 'propaganda opera' celebrating revolutionary successes, e.g.
1722:, he abolished the distinction between aria and recitative in favour of a seamless flow of "endless melody". Wagner also brought a new philosophical dimension to opera in his works, which were usually based on stories from
1243:
2491:(1689), in which the action is furthered by the use of Italian-style recitative, much of Purcell's best work was not involved in the composing of typical opera, but instead, he usually worked within the constraints of the
4464:
in supporting roles, and sometimes for comic relief (as well as providing a contrast to the preponderance of high voices in this genre). The bass repertoire is wide and varied, stretching from the comedy of Leporello in
1892:
1392:, which reveal how far Italian opera had grown in sophistication since the early 19th century. These final two works showed Verdi at his most masterfully orchestrated, and are both incredibly influential, and modern. In
902:
ruled the stage in every country except France. Farinelli was one of the most famous singers of the 18th century. Italian opera set the Baroque standard. Italian libretti were the norm, even when a German composer like
1511:
in 1627, but the music score has not survived. Italian opera held a great sway over German-speaking countries until the late 18th century. Nevertheless, native forms would develop in spite of this influence. In 1644,
975:
692:. The members of the Camerata considered that the "chorus" parts of Greek dramas were originally sung, and possibly even the entire text of all roles; opera was thus conceived as a way of "restoring" this situation.
2327:
6776:
5172:
web platform. Savonlinna Opera Festival provided professional soloists, an 80-member choir, a symphony orchestra, and the stage machinery. It was performed live at the festival and streamed live on the internet.
3881:(1927). Stravinsky had already turned away from the modernist trends of his early ballets to produce small-scale works that do not fully qualify as opera, yet certainly contain many operatic elements, including
1284:
7090:
5431:
Comparable art forms from various other parts of the world, many of them ancient in origin, are also sometimes called "opera" by analogy, usually prefaced with an adjective indicating the region (for example,
4948:
arch, or individual seat screens where spectators can choose from more than one language. TV broadcasts typically include subtitles even if intended for an audience who knows well the language (for example, a
4009:
in the US (often known as the Met) reported in 2011 that the average age of its audience was 60. Many opera companies attempted to attract a younger audience to halt the larger trend of greying audiences for
829:, which became the leading form of Italian opera until the end of the 18th century. Once the Metastasian ideal had been firmly established, comedy in Baroque-era opera was reserved for what came to be called
276:
in England all helped to establish their national traditions in the 17th century. In the 18th century, Italian opera continued to dominate most of Europe (except France), attracting foreign composers such as
976:
7153:
1989:
in the 1770s. They show the influence of Rameau, but simplified and with greater focus on the drama. At the same time, by the middle of the 18th century another genre was gaining popularity in France:
1019:
Opera seria had its weaknesses and critics. The taste for embellishment on behalf of the superbly trained singers, and the use of spectacle as a replacement for dramatic purity and unity drew attacks.
5496:
5107:
began prerecorded video transmissions in March 2008. As of June 2008, approximately 125 theaters in 117 U.S. cities carry the showings. The HD video opera transmissions are presented via the same
2364:
and scandalous and consisted in the main of dialogue set to music arranged from popular tunes. In this respect, jigs anticipate the ballad operas of the 18th century. At the same time, the French
1241:
4438:
The tenor voice, from the Classical era onwards, has traditionally been assigned the role of male protagonist. Many of the most challenging tenor roles in the repertory were written during the
4423:(his lower range was also extraordinary, extending to tenor C). The mezzo-soprano, a term of comparatively recent origin, also has a large repertoire, ranging from the female lead in Purcell's
4316:
A particular singer's voice may change drastically over his or her lifetime, rarely reaching vocal maturity until the third decade, and sometimes not until middle age. Two French voice types,
3246:'s nine operas, except his first, have librettos in Czech and were intended to convey the Czech national spirit, as were some of his choral works. By far the most successful of the operas is
4944:) began to appear. Although supertitles were first almost universally condemned as a distraction, today many opera houses provide either supertitles, generally projected above the theatre's
1881:
1357:, proved the most daring and revolutionary. In it, Verdi blurs the distinction between the aria and recitative as it never before was, leading the opera to be "an unending string of duets".
5938:
4852:, Introduction, or whatever else it may be called, was the portion of the music which takes place before the curtain rises; a specific, rigid form was no longer required for the overture.
1282:
7271:
6805:
4036:
broadcasts of opera performances, which have had some success in gaining new audiences, broadcasts of live performances to movie theatres have shown the potential to reach new audiences.
2635:, all of which types of musical entertainments frequently spoofed operatic conventions; these genres contributed significantly to the emergence of the separate but closely related art of
2325:
7049:
4274:—men neutered at a young age specifically to give them a higher singing range.) Singers are then further classified by size—for instance, a soprano can be described as a lyric soprano,
3229:
is performed regularly outside the composer's homeland. After reaching Vienna in 1892 and London in 1895 it rapidly became part of the repertory of every major opera company worldwide.
6849:"Opera South East's past productions back to 1980... OSE has always sung its operatic productions in English, fully staged and with orchestra (the acclaimed Sussex Concert Orchestra)."
2559:
wrote that Arne introduced "a light, airy, original, and pleasing melody, wholly different from that of Purcell or Handel, whom all English composers had either pillaged or imitated".
5168:, it was created by members of the Internet group Opera By You. Its 400 members from 43 countries wrote the libretto, composed the music, and designed the sets and costumes using the
4435:" roles. In recent years many of the "trouser roles" from the Baroque era, originally written for women, and those originally sung by castrati, have been reassigned to countertenors.
4829:, and returned to the key of the opening section. As the form evolved, the first movement may incorporate fanfare-like elements and took on the pattern of so-called "sonatina form" (
4286:, or dramatic soprano. These terms, although not fully describing a singing voice, associate the singer's voice with the roles most suitable to the singer's vocal characteristics.
7133:
5408:); "any dramatic work that can be sung (or at times declaimed or spoken) in a place for performance, set to original music for singers (usually in costume) and instrumentalists" (
851:
in the 1710s and 1720s, were initially staged during the intermissions of opera seria. They became so popular, however, that they were soon being offered as separate productions.
657:, the Italian word was first used in the sense "composition in which poetry, dance, and music are combined" in 1639; the first recorded English usage in this sense dates to 1648.
1242:
6874:
2326:
2372:
became the quintessential designer of these productions, and this style was to dominate the English stage for three centuries. These masques contained songs and dances. In
1283:
968:
841:, a long-flourishing improvisatory stage tradition of Italy. Just as intermedi had once been performed in between the acts of stage plays, operas in the new comic genre of
506:(meaning "small book"). Some composers, notably Wagner, have written their own libretti; others have worked in close collaboration with their librettists, e.g. Mozart with
6765:
2411:
6368:
4860:
of orchestra parts also developed over the 19th century. In Wagnerian operas, the forefronting of the orchestra went beyond the overture. In Wagnerian operas such as the
1528:, a popular form of German-language opera in which singing alternates with spoken dialogue. In the late 17th century and early 18th century, the Theater am Gänsemarkt in
702:, dating from 1600, is the first opera score to have survived until the present day. However, the honour of being the first opera still to be regularly performed goes to
4539:, dates to the mid-17th century. In the 18th century, a number of Italian sopranos gained international renown and often engaged in fierce rivalry, as was the case with
7732:
7081:
538:, the recitative is mostly replaced by spoken dialogue. Melodic or semi-melodic passages occurring in the midst of, or instead of, recitative, are also referred to as
6444:
5089:
Major opera companies have begun presenting their performances in local cinemas throughout the United States and many other countries. The Metropolitan Opera began a
3659:
is generally regarded as the most outstanding Brazilian composer, having a relative success in Italy with its Brazilian-themed operas with Italian librettos, such as
2530:
Following Purcell, the popularity of opera in England dwindled for several decades. A revived interest in opera occurred in the 1730s which is largely attributed to
4896:, would lead the orchestra while sitting. Over time, some directors began to stand up and use hand and arm gestures to lead the performers. Eventually this role of
4789:
style. The overture was frequently followed by a series of dance tunes before the curtain rose. This overture style was also used in English opera, most notably in
1668:(a "complete work of art"), a fusion of music, poetry and painting. He greatly increased the role and power of the orchestra, creating scores with a complex web of
4002:
exemplify the dramatisation onstage of events in recent living memory, where characters portrayed in the opera were alive at the time of the premiere performance.
1749:
accepted Wagnerian ideas but took them in wholly new directions, along with incorporating the new form introduced by Verdi. He first won fame with the scandalous
4547:, who started a fistfight with one another during a performance of a Handel opera. The French disliked castrati, preferring their male heroes to be sung by an
1396:, Verdi sets the pre-eminent standard for the form and style that would dominate opera throughout the twentieth century. Rather than long, suspended melodies,
6278:
1488:
669:
was the earliest composition considered opera, as understood today. It was written around 1597, largely under the inspiration of an elite circle of literate
6406:
2591:, and the operas of the great Italian composers, as well as those of Mozart, Beethoven, and Meyerbeer, continued to dominate the musical stage in England.
6959:
6466:
5661:
4969:, and Opera South East, which favor English translations. Another exception are opera productions intended for a young audience, such as Humperdinck's
3537:
6904:
4523:, and by the 18th century, when Italian opera was performed throughout Europe, leading castrati who possessed extraordinary vocal virtuosity, such as
4048:
began to be written with a more operatic structure. These works include complex polyphonic ensembles and reflect musical developments of their times.
2697:, who in a series of works that remain in standard repertory today, revealed an excellent flair for the dramatic and superb musicality. More recently
5047:
year-round opera houses , while the U.S., with more than three times the population, does not have any. Even the Met only has a seven-month season."
3252:
which contains the well-known aria "Měsíčku na nebi hlubokém" ("Song to the Moon"); it is played on contemporary opera stages frequently outside the
1335:
era, and he quickly became an icon of the patriotic movement for a unified Italy. In the early 1850s, Verdi produced his three most popular operas:
160:, and Italian tradition in particular. Originally understood as an entirely sung piece, in contrast to a play with songs, opera has come to include
6507:
579:) in which the orchestra provided accompaniment. Over the 18th century, arias were increasingly accompanied by the orchestra. By the 19th century,
1590:(1791) were an important breakthrough in achieving international recognition for German opera. The tradition was developed in the 19th century by
7618:
6797:
6743:
6648:
6583:
4014:
since the last decades of the 20th century. Efforts resulted in lowering the average age of the Met's audience to 58 in 2018, the average age at
3925:(1951). His resistance to serialism (an attitude he reversed following Schoenberg's death) proved to be an inspiration for many other composers.
3647:, was the first opera written from a composer born in Latin America (music now lost). The first Brazilian opera for a libretto in Portuguese was
1771:
became as important an influence as Wagner. Strauss continued to produce a highly varied body of operatic works, often with libretti by the poet
7268:
6530:
6164:
Western-style opera (also known as High Opera) exists alongside the many Beijing Opera groups. ... Operas of note by Chinese composers include
4814:, and spread throughout Europe, supplanting the French form as the standard operatic overture by the mid-18th century. It uses three generally
4187:
for acoustic enhancement and for subtle boosting of offstage voices, child singers, onstage dialogue, and sound effects (e.g., church bells in
4084:
7059:
7291:
5347:
5040:
2015, concerns over English National Opera's business plan led to the Arts Council placing it "under special funding arrangements" in what
4158:
3322:
in 1916 gave Janáček access to the world's great opera stages. Janáček's later works are his most celebrated. They include operas such as
6107:
5402:
Some definitions of opera: "dramatic performance or composition of which music is an essential part, branch of art concerned with this" (
3586:. The libretto was written by Joomart Bokonbaev, Jusup Turusbekov, and Kybanychbek Malikov. The opera is based on the Kyrgyz heroic epic
6851:
402:
in the early 20th century. During the 19th century, parallel operatic traditions emerged in central and eastern Europe, particularly in
6871:
6568:
John Spitzer. (2009). Orchestra and voice in eighteenth-century Italian opera. In: Anthony R. DelDonna and Pierpaolo Polzonetti (eds.)
5139:
in Florence have also transmitted their productions to theaters in cities around the world since 2006, including 90 cities in the U.S.
6936:
6828:
5562:
2368:
was gaining a firm hold at the English Court, with even more lavish splendour and highly realistic scenery than had been seen before.
5308:
1401:
introducing a new phrase. This fashion of opera directed opera from Verdi, onward, exercising tremendous influence on his successors
2782:
began to contribute English-language operas infused with touches of popular musical styles. They were followed by composers such as
6996:
7027:
5751:
5362:
5097:
transmissions to cinemas around the world in 2006. In 2007, Met performances were shown in over 424 theaters in 350 U.S. cities.
4108:
1958:, a form in which dance music and choral writing were particularly prominent. Lully's operas also show a concern for expressive
1930:
In rivalry with imported Italian opera productions, a separate French tradition was founded by the Italian-born French composer
289:
reacted against its artificiality with his "reform" operas in the 1760s. The most renowned figure of late 18th-century opera is
7794:
6378:
3199:
1676:
often associated with the characters and concepts of the drama, of which prototypes can be heard in his earlier operas such as
3627:
In Latin America, opera started as a result of European colonisation. The first opera ever written in the Americas was 1701's
7611:
7532:
6616:
6142:
5959:
5913:
5645:
5618:
5587:
4032:
has suggested that "companies inordinately beholden to standard repertory" are not reaching younger, more curious audiences.
837:. These separate plots were almost immediately resurrected in a separately developing tradition that partly derived from the
7112:
6622:
6003:
4937:. " not only what I'm singing, but what everyone else is singing. I sing Italian, Czech, Russian, French, German, English."
2587:, who wrote using Italian models. This situation continued throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, including in the work of
6434:
4734:
3611:
2420:
2384:
closed theatres and halted any developments that may have led to the establishment of English opera. However, in 1656, the
2004:
1234:
622:
4810:
In Italy, a distinct form called "overture" arose in the 1680s, and became established particularly through the operas of
3679:, being heavily influenced by the Italian tradition, due to immigration. Other important composers from Argentina include
3216:
2238:(1902) and there are no real arias, only recitative. But the drama is understated, enigmatic and completely un-Wagnerian.
1006:
8750:
5722:
1654:
Wagner was one of the most revolutionary and controversial composers in musical history. Starting under the influence of
641:
means "work", both in the sense of the labour done and the result produced. The Italian word derives from the Latin word
8085:
7744:
8815:
7702:
7289:"With new pricing and more streaming the Glyndebourne Festival is making its shows available to an ever wider audience"
3095:
1745:
Opera would never be the same after Wagner and for many composers his legacy proved a heavy burden. On the other hand,
1560:
pioneered serious German-language opera in the 1770s, marking a break with the previous simpler musical entertainment.
1079:, where his non-virtuosic vocal melodies are supported by simple harmonies and a richer orchestra presence throughout.
484:
8876:
8760:
7553:
7501:
7488:
7471:
7454:
7450:
7437:
7402:
7371:
7348:
7320:
6723:
6687:
6674:
6119:
5404:
4729:
4102:
2234:
1706:
720:, employers of Monteverdi, played a significant role in the origin of opera employing not only court singers of the
58:
7206:
6320:
6270:
4403:. Before that, the vocal virtuosity, not range, was the priority, with soprano parts rarely extending above a high
3634:
2426:
798:
7710:
3211:
Czech composers also developed a thriving national opera movement of their own in the 19th century, starting with
1580:
557:, recitative could appear in two basic forms, each of which was accompanied by a different instrumental ensemble:
321:
9027:
6416:
5876:
5532:, 2001, p. 65: "From 1587–1600 a Jewish singer cited only as Madama Europa was in the pay of the Duke of Mantua,"
4484:. In between the bass and the tenor is the baritone, which also varies in weight from say, Guglielmo in Mozart's
4112:
and others tell dramatic stories through complex music and in the 2010s they are sometimes seen in opera houses.
3173:
7234:
3750:
3600:
in 1967, made possible staging of a large variety of works for stage. Perhaps, the most famous Iranian opera is
3183:
2517:) was to establish serious opera in England, but these hopes ended with Purcell's early death at the age of 36.
5821:
3373:(A Cossack Beyond the Danube) is regularly performed around the world. Other Ukrainian opera composers include
3002:
2318:
1275:
5936:
Hayes, Jeremy; Brown, Bruce Alan; Loppert, Max; Dean, Winton (2022). "Gluck, Christoph Willibald Ritter von".
5142:
The emergence of the Internet has also affected the way in which audiences consume opera. In 2009 the British
4452:. With Wagner came an emphasis on vocal heft for his protagonist roles, with this vocal category described as
8765:
7391:
6970:
6569:
6470:
5869:
5301:
5090:
3256:. This is attributable to their uneven invention and libretti, and perhaps also their staging requirements –
1962:
which matched the contours of the French language. In the 18th century, Lully's most important successor was
788:
Opera did not remain confined to court audiences for long. In 1637, the idea of a "season" (often during the
518:, the plot-driving passages sung in a style designed to imitate and emphasize the inflections of speech, and
98:. Such a "work" (the literal translation of the Italian word "opera") is typically a collaboration between a
7189:
5669:
5065:
A milestone for opera broadcasting in the U.S. was achieved on 24 December 1951, with the live broadcast of
2277:
1939:
8727:
7109:"Marketplace of Ideas: But First, The Bill A Personal Commentary on American and European Cultural Funding"
6896:
5067:
4962:
804:
2128:, the culmination of the Gluckian tradition, was not given a full performance for almost a hundred years.
1622:(1821) shows his genius for creating a supernatural atmosphere. Other opera composers of the time include
9032:
8974:
8775:
7416:
6657:
6592:
6158:
Rubin, Don; Chua, Soo Pong; Chaturvedi, Ravi; Majundar, Ramendu; Tanokura, Minoru, eds. (2001). "China".
5143:
5112:
4966:
3433:
3044:
2990:
2267:
6986:
6493:
6036:
significant of an advance towards a national lyric stage." (quoted at p. 312 in Allen, Reginald (1975).
4687:, but it rarely played to accompany the singers. Opera solos during this period were accompanied by the
4270:
or countertenor. The countertenor is commonly encountered in opera, sometimes singing parts written for
4140:
3747:. Composers such as Strauss, Britten, Shostakovich and Stravinsky adopted and expanded upon this style.
2339:. The witches' messenger, in the form of Mercury himself, attempts to convince Aeneas to leave Carthage.
8987:
8850:
8820:
8810:
7787:
7758:
7363:
5610:
5136:
4785:'s operas consist of a slow introduction in a marked "dotted rhythm", followed by a lively movement in
4289:
Yet another sub-classification can be made according to acting skills or requirements, for example the
4184:
4152:
3449:
3335:
3139:
2994:(1842). After him, during the 19th century in Russia, there were written such operatic masterpieces as
2495:
format, where isolated scenes and masques are contained within the structure of a spoken play, such as
2195:
1832:. Nevertheless, rather than copying the style of Offenbach, the operettas of Strauss II had distinctly
8149:
7656:
6739:
1775:. Other composers who made individual contributions to German opera in the early 20th century include
1678:
866:
the singer really became the star. The role of the hero was usually written for the high-pitched male
378:(German Romantic Opera). The mid-to-late 19th century was a golden age of opera, led and dominated by
8840:
8805:
7445:(1992), 5,448 pages, is the best, and by far the largest, general reference in the English language.
6538:
5441:
5436:). These independent traditions are not derivative of Western opera but are rather distinct forms of
5161:
5076:
4971:
3769:, both composers and advocates of atonality and its later development (as worked out by Schoenberg),
3615:
3601:
3363:
In Russian Eastern Europe, several national operas began to emerge. Ukrainian opera was developed by
2000:
1553:
1070:
1028:
769:
654:
286:
68:
8080:
7630:
5416:); "musical work for the stage with singing characters, originated in early years of 17th century" (
3785:
display heavy use of chromatic harmony and dissonance in general. Schoenberg also occasionally used
2380:(1617), "the whole masque was sung after the Italian manner, stilo recitativo". The approach of the
2032:
8780:
8755:
8745:
8740:
7844:
5294:
5185:
4400:
3976:
3954:
3531:
3385:
3330:
3151:
3049:
2865:
2802:
2474:
2415:
2407:
2147:
924:
561:(dry) recitative, sung with a free rhythm dictated by the accent of the words, accompanied only by
554:
3629:
2398:. Since his theatre was not licensed to produce drama, he asked several of the leading composers (
1976:, all notable for their rich orchestration and harmonic daring. Despite the popularity of Italian
206:
8845:
8790:
8785:
8206:
7737:
7651:
7561:
7288:
7251:
5943:
5116:
5032:
5028:
4862:
4472:
4325:
3901:
3889:
3145:
3133:
3105:
3065:
2807:
2653:
1780:
1776:
1761:, in which tonality was pushed to the limits. Then Strauss changed tack in his greatest success,
1712:
1571:
1513:
1105:, which remain among the most-loved, popular and well-known operas. But Mozart's contribution to
290:
7578:
7570:
5951:
5905:
4448:
3656:
1503:
9022:
8906:
8825:
8770:
7874:
7463:
6166:
5409:
5252:
5146:
offered for the first time an online digital video download of its complete 2007 production of
5024:
4958:
4800:
4714:
4408:
4163:
4134:
3921:
3369:
3364:
3123:
3007:
2996:
2703:
2690:
2676:(which ran for 155 consecutive performances, using alternating casts—a record until Broadway's
2576:
2403:
1999:, where arias alternated with spoken dialogue. Notable examples in this style were produced by
1731:
1641:
1541:
1537:
1208:
1035:
had to return to basics and that all the various elements—music (both instrumental and vocal),
904:
594:
have bucked the trend. The changing role of the orchestra in opera is described in more detail
590:
299:
278:
35:
17:
8251:
7379:
7308:
6346:
6132:
6102:
5635:
5604:
5577:
5444:
featured singing and instrumental accompaniment; and in modern times, other forms such as the
3781:
3456:
3243:
2180:
1954:
8835:
8548:
8241:
7780:
6848:
6235:
6197:
5418:
5212:
5094:
4870:, a role which gave a prominence to the orchestra which "...elevated its status to that of a
3971:
3839:
3700:
Perhaps the most obvious stylistic manifestation of modernism in opera is the development of
3620:
3431:, whose works mostly dealt with historical themes. Among his most often performed operas are
3225:. Smetana's eight operas created the bedrock of the Czech opera repertory, but of these only
3157:
3038:
3012:
2811:
2788:
2701:
has emerged as one of Britain's most significant contemporary composers from his first opera
2604:
2588:
2583:
filled the London operatic stages for decades and influenced most home-grown composers, like
2187:
all composed works which are still part of the standard repertory, examples being Massenet's
2045:
1861:
1772:
1172:
838:
777:
460:
443:
427:
161:
6929:
6825:
5334:
4600:
4456:; this heroic voice had its more Italianate counterpart in such roles as Calaf in Puccini's
3875:(1913), Stravinsky turned to neoclassicism, a development culminating in his opera-oratorio
3652:
3324:
1684:
9047:
8830:
8800:
8795:
8473:
7604:
The Book of 101 Opera Librettos: Complete Original Language Texts with English Translations
7541:
7054:
6213:, vol. 2, p. 145, Lily Xiao Hong Lee, A. D. Stefanowska, Sue Wiles (2003) "... of the PRC,
6172:
5712:
5554:
5338:
5020:
5008:
4811:
4179:
4114:
4060:(1956), with its sweeping, lyrical passages and farcical parodies of opera, both opened on
3991:
3944:
3490:
3402:
3264:
2708:
2584:
2381:
2217:
and grand opera. It is less grandiose than grand opera, but without the spoken dialogue of
1963:
1739:
1655:
1647:
1605:
1591:
1544:. Yet most of the major German composers of the time, including Handel himself, as well as
1426:
936:
862:
arias. These afforded great opportunity for virtuosic singing and during the golden age of
721:
371:
72:
5342:
5330:
3296:
3236:
3232:
2141:
1256:
8:
8871:
8866:
8558:
8538:
8463:
7839:
7138:
5326:
5104:
4919:
4892:
staff. In the 1800s, during the Classical period, the first violinist, also known as the
4782:
4722:
4656:
4644:
4572:
4119:
3883:
3877:
3824:
3397:. At the turn of the century, a distinct national opera movement also began to emerge in
3379:
3162:
3117:
3084:
2984:
2959:(1755). The development of Russian-language opera was supported by the Russian composers
2917:
and soon it became an important part of entertainment for the Russian Imperial Court and
2903:
2698:
2660:
2609:
2453:
2435:
2394:
2265:
is one of the very few post-war composers of any nationality whose operas (which include
1931:
1549:
1545:
1431:
1377:
1328:
1291:
1202:
1117:
1020:
677:
269:
31:
2937:(as well as various others) were invited to Russia to compose new operas, mostly in the
2711:. In the first decade of the 21st century, the librettist of an early Birtwistle opera,
2111:
1145:
opera movement flourished in the early 19th century and is exemplified by the operas of
1069:, attempted to put these ideals into practice. The first to succeed however, was Gluck.
1062:
8358:
8284:
7899:
7514:
7019:
6945:
6439:
6411:
6373:
6252:
5898:
5743:
5272:
5148:
5072:
5059:
4833:
without a development section), and the slow section became more extended and lyrical.
4760:
4334:
4128:
4056:
4015:
4006:
3871:
3865:
3851:
3639:
3605:
3289:
3221:
3193:
3089:
2946:
2926:
2922:
2771:
2766:
2542:
2020:
1944:
1700:
1623:
1609:
1162:
1089:
1073:
strove to achieve a "beautiful simplicity". This is evident in his first reform opera,
763:
703:
631:
255:
242:
224:
220:
154:
115:
6572:. pp. 112–139. . Cambridge Companions to Music. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4668:
4343:
3838:
However, operatic modernism's use of atonality also sparked a backlash in the form of
3550:
3212:
2041:
1586:
1508:
1494:
1317:
Following the bel canto era, a more direct, forceful style was rapidly popularized by
265:
8960:
8503:
8453:
8385:
8181:
8124:
7607:
7592:
7574:
7566:
7549:
7528:
7497:
7484:
7467:
7446:
7398:
7367:
7344:
7343:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
7316:
6925:
6867:
6821:
6719:
6683:
6612:
6430:
6217:
was active in his work as a composer; he wrote the music for the Western-style opera
6138:
6115:
6065:
5955:
5909:
5817:
5641:
5614:
5583:
5128:
5016:
5007:
Italy's total state subsidy of €464 million for the performing arts. In the UK,
4999:
4664:
4544:
4378:
4231:
4090:
4029:
3820:
3762:
3684:
3579:
3515:
3506:
3480:
3461:
3398:
3390:
3033:
3023:
2968:
2960:
2934:
2849:
2761:
2723:
2232:. As in Wagner's works, the orchestra plays a leading role in Debussy's unique opera
2132:
2089:
2071:
2059:
2012:
2008:
1949:
1823:
1811:
1800:
1763:
1723:
1690:
1659:
1601:
1154:
1146:
1129:
1075:
1012:
809:
488:
419:
367:
351:
347:
150:
is closely related to opera, the two are considered to be distinct from one another.
5440:. Opera is also not the only type of Western musical theatre: in the ancient world,
4874:". Wagner's operas were scored with unprecedented scope and complexity, adding more
4624:
2689:
In the 20th century, English opera began to assert more independence, with works of
1618:
1101:
854:
Opera seria was elevated in tone and highly stylised in form, usually consisting of
315:
9052:
9042:
8944:
8707:
8533:
8513:
8498:
8438:
8363:
8309:
8231:
8211:
8007:
7920:
7894:
7849:
7824:
7819:
7634:
7408:
7050:"Arts Council England's analysis of its investment in large-scale opera and ballet"
6760:
6244:
5982:(10th ed., 1968); more specific references from the individual composer entries in
5947:
5893:
5352:
5232:
5157:
5086:
Castel Sant'Angelo. The production was transmitted via satellite to 105 countries.
4875:
4818:
4684:
4660:
4636:
4628:
4580:
4576:
4540:
4420:
4412:
4404:
4061:
3935:
3860:
3843:
3832:
3816:
3743:
3729:
3644:
3559:
3526:
3444:
3416:
3276:
3188:
3167:
3128:
2964:
2951:
2942:
2938:
2890:
2886:
2869:
2694:
2666:
2536:
2457:
2389:
2290:
2272:
2028:
1796:
1458:
1410:
1388:
1150:
1134:
1084:
895:
814:
773:
717:
618:
607:
507:
375:
355:
230:
195:
139:
8075:
8070:
7697:
6214:
4672:
4640:
4329:
4266:. (Men sometimes sing in the "female" vocal ranges, in which case they are termed
2949:
were sent abroad to learn to write operas. The first opera written in Russian was
1991:
1109:
was more mixed; by his time it was dying away, and in spite of such fine works as
527:
172:
8735:
8508:
8289:
8191:
8040:
8002:
7864:
7859:
7714:
7295:
7275:
7264:
7238:
7193:
7108:
7094:
7085:
6940:
6878:
6855:
6832:
6809:
6747:
6606:
6111:
6011:
6007:
6000:
5880:
5718:
5500:
5445:
5437:
5322:
5267:
5262:
5193:
5120:
5042:
5036:
4977:
4795:
4778:
4751:
4632:
4620:
4604:
4492:; the actual designation "baritone" was not standard until the mid-19th century.
4096:
4072:
4045:
4011:
3856:
3721:
3713:
3575:
3571:
3518:
in 1868 and partially performed in 1873. It was fully staged in 1945 in Armenia.
3340:
3248:
3100:
3054:
2956:
2853:
2845:
2797:
2741:
2672:
2647:
2641:
2636:
2632:
2555:(1762), began a vogue for pastiche opera that lasted well into the 19th century.
2501:
2487:
2439:
2431:
2335:
2262:
2254:
2024:
2016:
1815:
1757:
1746:
1664:
1631:
1533:
1483:
1441:
1421:
1406:
1402:
1158:
1066:
940:
909:
751:
698:
542:. The terminology of the various kinds of operatic voices is described in detail
447:
431:
399:
395:
331:
189:
157:
147:
107:
63:
8176:
8065:
5055:
4588:
3666:
2821:
2066:
By the 1820s, Gluckian influence in France had given way to a taste for Italian
1972:
1050:
935:
near the century's close. Leading Italian-born composers of opera seria include
496:
467:
all over the world. Since 2009, complete performances can be downloaded and are
9037:
9017:
8954:
8702:
8627:
8523:
8478:
8458:
8448:
8390:
8304:
8134:
8119:
7977:
7950:
7940:
7834:
7829:
7668:
7520:
6771:
5386:
5108:
4957:
Today, operas are only rarely performed in translation. Exceptions include the
4897:
4710:
4706:
4688:
4608:
4596:
4584:
4399:. The current emphasis on a wide vocal range was primarily an invention of the
4357:
The following is only intended as a brief overview. For the main articles, see
4146:
4050:
4024:
3999:
3960:
3738:
3725:
3717:
3705:
3676:
3671:
3501:
3410:
3374:
3253:
3178:
2979:
2930:
2898:
2816:
2779:
2746:
2556:
2444:
2258:
2250:
2229:
2224:
2176:
2152:
2119:
2080:
2049:
1900:
1856:
1828:
1788:
1784:
1751:
1635:
1627:
1318:
1260:
1178:
1040:
944:
585:
563:
468:
383:
379:
210:
3521:
2734:
2562:
2184:
1850:
479:
214:
9011:
8901:
8896:
8657:
8574:
8488:
8468:
8443:
8418:
8380:
8316:
8299:
8144:
8045:
7889:
7884:
7869:
7647:
7596:
7584:
7510:
7442:
6964:
6679:
6653:
6588:
6328:
6073:
5832:
5477:
5433:
5282:
5153:
4934:
4905:
4893:
4880:
4857:
4804:
4790:
4648:
4616:
4592:
4568:
4560:
4552:
4432:
4362:
4259:
4235:
4064:
but became accepted as part of the opera repertory. Popular musicals such as
3966:
3733:
3709:
3665:. Opera in Argentina developed in the 20th century after the inauguration of
3588:
3583:
3439:
3357:
3283:
3270:
3060:
3018:
2975:
2911:
2881:
2861:
2857:
2829:
2775:
2712:
2628:
2617:
2482:
2299:
2242:
2162:
2157:
2094:
1904:
1673:
1463:
1361:
was also novel. It tells the story of courtesan, and it includes elements of
1252:
1190:
1184:
915:
796:. Monteverdi had moved to the city from Mantua and composed his last operas,
737:
725:
464:
451:
403:
273:
4989:
4531:, became international stars. The career of the first major female star (or
1742:, exclusively dedicated to performing his own works in the style he wanted.
643:
9001:
8964:
8911:
8712:
8672:
8553:
8423:
8341:
8331:
8226:
8171:
8055:
7945:
7879:
7854:
7627:
The Victrola Book of the Opera. Stories of The Operas with Illustrations...
7480:
7386:
6502:
6219:
5390:
4994:
4718:
4612:
4564:
4548:
4500:
4467:
4382:
4251:
4219:
4123:
3847:
3828:
3800:
3786:
3755:
3680:
3597:
3545:
3470:
3428:
3420:
3394:
3073:
2894:
2783:
2751:
2595:
2575:
Besides Arne, the other dominating force in English opera at this time was
2360:. This was an afterpiece that came at the end of a play. It was frequently
2115:
2107:
1845:
1826:, composed several German-language operettas, the most famous of which was
1343:
1214:
1095:
1054:
985:
511:
455:
439:
391:
363:
309:
177:
6248:
5873:
5099:
4328:(Mme. Dugazon). Other terms originating in the star casting system of the
2678:
2103:
1446:
1440:
that came to dominate the world's opera stages with such popular works as
649:
8891:
8881:
8697:
8622:
8607:
8543:
8518:
8493:
8274:
8216:
8196:
8139:
8097:
8060:
8050:
5792:
5694:
5579:
Music and the Origins of Language: Theories from the French Enlightenment
5357:
5237:
5169:
5012:
4871:
4830:
4803:
also uses the French overture form in some of his Italian operas such as
4746:
4692:
4652:
4532:
4305:
system of German speaking countries, where historically opera and spoken
4296:
4291:
4227:
4019:
3986:
3981:
3807:
3770:
3473:. In the 20th century, other operas created by Polish composers included
3258:
3069:
3028:
2918:
2837:
2825:
2756:
2729:
2717:
2683:
2624:
2620:
2547:
2531:
2524:
2514:
2496:
2465:
2399:
2369:
2172:
2124:
2085:
1977:
1557:
1367:
1349:
834:
830:
826:
689:
666:
568:
359:
294:
282:
238:
131:
50:
46:
5472:
General information in this section comes from the relevant articles in
3831:
also makes use of atonality, though his style is generally described as
3761:
Operatic modernism truly began in the operas of two Viennese composers,
2914:
2520:
8717:
8667:
8647:
8642:
8612:
8433:
8428:
8408:
8266:
8246:
8186:
8154:
8019:
8014:
7707:
7336:
7210:
5493:
5227:
5202:
4945:
4925:
4901:
4765:
4756:
4701:
4536:
4480:
4275:
4211:
3939:
3766:
3661:
3614:, a Chinese language form of Western style opera that is distinct from
3563:
3555:
3475:
2833:
2793:
2567:
2492:
2373:
2348:
2246:
2098:, emphasised virtuoso singing and extraordinary stage effects. Lighter
1959:
1922:
1792:
1694:; and he was prepared to violate accepted musical conventions, such as
1467:
1372:
1309:
1196:
998:
871:
842:
818:
708:
535:
515:
435:
423:
260:
181:
143:
76:
42:
8579:
7722:
7698:
StageAgent – synopses and character descriptions for most major operas
6798:"For Opera Powerhouse Dolora Zajick, 'Singing Is Connected To The Body
6256:
4929:
are today deemed canonical in both their French and Italian versions.
4836:
In Italian opera after about 1800, the "overture" became known as the
2828:. Many contemporary 21st century opera composers have emerged such as
2449:
2448:, patterned on the 1671 'comédie-ballet' of the same name produced by
358:
all creating signature works of that style. It also saw the advent of
27:
Art form combining sung text and musical score in a theatrical setting
8926:
8916:
8886:
8682:
8662:
8616:
8602:
8597:
8528:
8370:
8336:
8321:
8294:
8221:
8201:
8159:
8107:
8102:
7992:
7982:
7955:
7935:
7930:
7750:
7686:
6991:
6581:
Waterman, George Gow, and James R. Anthony. 2001. "French Overture".
5814:
E. T. A. Hoffmann, Cosmopolitanism, and the Struggle for German Opera
5132:
4941:
4867:
4815:
4528:
4443:
4416:
4366:
4310:
4279:
4267:
4255:
4243:
4215:
4167:
4078:
4066:
3912:
3895:
3775:
3701:
3406:
3080:
2841:
2469:
2438:, foreign (especially French) musicians were welcomed back. In 1673,
2385:
2067:
1996:
1935:
1727:
1698:, in his quest for greater expressivity. In his mature music dramas,
1669:
1613:
1518:
1471:
1436:
1337:
1296:
1265:
1142:
883:
808:, for the Venetian theatre in the 1640s. His most important follower
627:
523:
415:
411:
343:
166:
135:
30:
This article is about the Western art form. For the web browser, see
7682:
7665:
Hitos de la Música Universal y Retratos de sus Grandes Protagonistas
7231:
3302:
1121:, he would not succeed in bringing the art form back to life again.
410:. The 20th century saw many experiments with modern styles, such as
8921:
8637:
8483:
8375:
8346:
8256:
8164:
8112:
8092:
7997:
7987:
7972:
7023:
5856:; more specific references from the individual composer entries in
5257:
5124:
5027:. Between 2012 and 2015, these four opera companies along with the
4742:
4524:
4520:
4505:
4396:
4386:
4374:
4271:
4239:
3916:
3855:(first performed in 1917). Also among the vanguard was the Russian
3427:
The key figure of Hungarian national opera in the 19th century was
3353:
2613:
2599:
2136:
1819:
1735:
1718:
1695:
1524:
1332:
1111:
1058:
1039:, and staging—must be subservient to the overriding drama. In 1765
920:
887:
867:
822:
792:) of publicly attended operas supported by ticket sales emerged in
789:
673:
670:
531:
503:
492:
251:
199:
103:
99:
8024:
5835:, "New directions: the Seyler Company" (pp. 91–131), in
3704:. The move away from traditional tonality in opera had begun with
2201:
1645:
Brünnhilde throws herself on Siegfried's funeral pyre in Wagner's
8692:
8677:
8279:
8236:
7967:
7186:
5799:, pp. 58–63, 98–103. Articles on Hasse, Graun and Hiller in
5277:
4774:
4770:
4358:
4339:
4263:
3794:
3511:
3485:
3315:
1596:
1529:
1417:
1362:
1323:
891:
875:
685:
647:, a singular noun meaning "work" and also the plural of the noun
550:
407:
387:
119:
95:
87:
6564:
6562:
6560:
3352:
Spain also produced its own distinctive form of opera, known as
2295:
1563:
293:, who began with opera seria but is most famous for his Italian
8687:
8652:
7962:
7925:
7727:
5207:
4826:
4786:
4299:
as well as a comic actor. This is carried out in detail in the
4283:
4223:
3497:
3319:
2639:
in the late 19th century. Sullivan wrote only one grand opera,
2418:) to set sections of it to music. This success was followed by
2365:
2167:
2054:
1909:
1833:
1382:
1036:
932:
928:
879:
848:
793:
781:
724:(till 1598), but also one of the first actual "opera singers",
713:
688:, part of the wider revival of antiquity characteristic of the
539:
127:
111:
7419:. "7. Russian, Czech, Polish and Hungarian Opera to 1900". In
6858:(Opera South East website's history of ProAm past productions)
6718:. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. p. 89.
342:
The first third of the 19th century saw the high point of the
8413:
8353:
8129:
6557:
6195:, 2007, p. 227: "Written in the early 1940s, for a long time
5242:
5222:
5217:
5081:
5079:
in America. Another milestone occurred in Italy in 1992 when
4866:, the orchestra often played the recurrent musical themes or
4822:
4370:
4306:
4247:
4189:
3907:
3690:
3574:
on 26 May 1939, during Kyrgyz Art Decade. It was composed by
3111:
2478:, often thought of as the first true English-language opera.
2361:
2189:
2075:
1986:
1982:
1768:
1452:
1010:
Illustration for the score of the original Vienna version of
758:
661:
246:
234:
123:
91:
8996:
7691:
6766:"Whose language is opera: the audience's or the composer's?"
6201:
was considered a model of new western-style opera in China."
3637:, a Peruvian composer born in Spain; a decade later, 1711's
3083:
of Russian opera were developed by many composers including
2464:
in the same year, which was the first musical adaption of a
2175:
and realism, became the most popular of all opéra comiques.
8632:
8325:
7915:
7145:
6157:
5156:
all six of its productions online. In July 2012, the first
4885:
4696:
4460:. Basses have a long history in opera, having been used in
4301:
3835:, usually thought of as another 20th-century development.)
3307:
2088:, a form whose most famous exponent was another foreigner,
519:
185:
94:
is a fundamental component and dramatic roles are taken by
7309:"Supporting Collaboration in Changing Cultural Landscapes"
7082:"English National Opera's public funding may be withdrawn"
3072:
across the artistic spectrum, as part of the more general
2118:. In this climate, the operas of the French-born composer
747:
386:
in Germany. The popularity of opera continued through the
6233:
Scott, Derek B. (1998). "Orientalism and Musical Style".
6160:
World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre – Asia/Pacific
5744:"Strauss and Wagner – Various articles – Richard Strauss"
4950:
2271:) have gained a foothold in the international repertory.
1492:
The Queen of the Night in an 1815 production of Mozart's
7772:
6545:
5714:
Elements of Verismo in Selected Operas of Giuseppe Verdi
5535:
3938:'s operas are scored for as few as 13 instrumentalists;
2122:
struggled to gain a hearing. Berlioz's epic masterpiece
4411:, for example, only wrote one role extending to a high
4178:
A subtle type of sound electronic reinforcement called
3915:
and eventually wrote a full-fledged 18th-century-style
2171:, which, once audiences learned to accept its blend of
1938:. Despite his foreign birthplace, Lully established an
142:, which since the early 19th century has been led by a
7629:. Camden, New Jersey: Victor Talking Machine Company.
7602:
MacMurray, Jessica M. and Allison Brewster Franzetti:
6083:
5050:
4324:, were named after successive stages in the career of
3846:, who in 1913 wrote the libretto for his neoclassical
3548:
saw the emergence of new national operas, such as the
1942:
and monopolised French opera from 1672. Starting with
1416:
After Verdi, the sentimental "realistic" melodrama of
285:
was the most prestigious form of Italian opera, until
164:, including some that include spoken dialogue such as
8985:
5935:
5874:
A History of The Musical: European Operetta 1850–1880
4118:(1952) is quasi-operatic and has been revived by the
3280:
need stages large enough to portray invading armies.
7313:
Collaborative Creative Thought and Practice in Music
4162:(2012) employ various operatic conventions, such as
3469:) (1861–64) represents a nineteenth-century peak of
3068:. These developments mirrored the growth of Russian
2356:
In England, opera's antecedent was the 17th-century
1810:
During the late 19th century, the Austrian composer
882:
from being transformed at puberty. Castrati such as
6872:"Opera in Translation Refuses to Give Up the Ghost"
6742:(Seen and Heard International, 24 September 2013).
6740:"Don Carlo or Don Carlos? In Italian or in French?"
6570:
The Cambridge Companion to Eighteenth-Century Opera
4226:of their voices. Male singers can be classified by
4039:
2715:, has been focusing on composing operas, including
1803:and his successors are discussed in the section on
1662:, he gradually evolved a new concept of opera as a
595:
588:'s example, though some, such as Stravinsky in his
7390:
7360:The Cambridge Companion to Twentieth-Century Opera
6969:
6764:
6104:Culture and Customs of the Central Asian Republics
5897:
5697:(Macmillan, 1989); entries on Gluck and Mozart in
4911:
4427:to such heavyweight roles as Brangäne in Wagner's
4210:Singers and the roles they play are classified by
3538:Azerbaijan State Academic Opera and Ballet Theater
2740:Also in the 20th century, American composers like
2468:play (composed by Locke and Johnson). About 1683,
1970:as well as numerous works in other genres such as
1634:, but the most significant figure was undoubtedly
1420:appeared in Italy. This was a style introduced by
188:. The 19th century saw the rise of the continuous
7599:(New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 19–34.
6407:"An Unlikely Youth Revolution at the Paris Opera"
4745:before the singers come onstage since the 1600s.
4678:
3815:Composers thus influenced include the Englishman
3792:The two operas of Schoenberg's pupil Alban Berg,
2546:(1762) was the first attempt to set a full-blown
9009:
7589:United and Diversity in European Culture c. 1800
7581:(electronic). Discusses the aesthetics of opera.
7397:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
6759:
6435:"Classical Music Attracts Older Audiences. Good"
6369:"Met Backtracks on Drop in Average Audience Age"
4741:The orchestra has also provided an instrumental
4350:
4173:
3899:. Well after his Rimsky-Korsakov-inspired works
2910:Opera was brought to Russia in the 1730s by the
2481:Blow's immediate successor was the better known
2281:(1983) has also attracted widespread attention.
2102:also enjoyed tremendous success in the hands of
1612:opera in opposition to the dominance of Italian
1165:and many others. Literally "beautiful singing",
7619:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
6649:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
6584:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
6137:. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 163.
1124:
184:, a speech-inflected style, and self-contained
7606:, Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, 1996.
7496:, by Matthew Boyden et al. (1997), 672 pages,
6642:
6640:
6469:. The Metropolitan Opera. 2007. Archived from
5996:
5994:
5992:
5456:
5454:
4878:and huge ensemble sizes: indeed, his score to
4683:Before the 1700s, Italian operas used a small
3514:opera composed by an ethnic Armenian composer
2941:. Simultaneously some domestic musicians like
2434:because they were critical of Spain. With the
1903:'s 1911 rendition of the Toréador's song from
898:, became in great demand throughout Europe as
264:, and soon spread through the rest of Europe:
7788:
7723:OperaGlass, a resource at Stanford University
7694:, opera and aria guides, biographies, history
7127:
6646:Fisher, Stephen C. 2001. "Italian Overture."
6344:
6319:articles on Schoenberg, Berg and Stravinsky;
5892:
5393:are notable creators who combined both roles.
5302:
4159:Natasha, Pierre & The Great Comet of 1812
1061:. Several composers of the period, including
950:
7151:
7142:, 2 February 2007. Accessed 11 December 2008
6193:A History of Contemporary Chinese Literature
5515:, ch. 1; articles on Peri and Monteverdi in
5348:List of fictional literature featuring opera
4940:In the 1980s, supertitles (sometimes called
4478:, to the conflicted King Phillip of Verdi's
3887:(1916: "a burlesque in song and dance") and
3773:. Schoenberg's early musico-dramatic works,
3443:. The most famous modern Hungarian opera is
2218:
2212:
2206:
1985:was persuaded to produce six operas for the
1044:
817:, which came to be associated with the poet
7559:Dorschel, Andreas, 'The Paradox of Opera',
6637:
6114:, pp. 144–145. Greenwood Publishing Group,
5989:
5582:. Cambridge University Press. p. 148.
5451:
510:. Traditional opera, often referred to as "
130:. The performance is typically given in an
7795:
7781:
7311:, pp. 208–209 in Margaret S Barrett (ed.)
6987:"Is it curtains for Italy's opera houses?"
5309:
5295:
5077:opera specifically composed for television
4446:'s sequence of 9 Cs above middle C during
3691:Contemporary, recent, and modernist trends
696:, however, is lost. A later work by Peri,
7683:Comprehensive opera performances database
7587:, "The Idea of National Opera, c. 1800",
6716:Storytelling in Opera and Musical Theater
6429:
5952:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O007318
5795:(Macmillan, 1989), pp. 242–247, 258–260;
4193:or thunder effects in Wagnerian operas).
2737:continue to export English opera abroad.
2284:
2241:Other notable 20th-century names include
2205:. Their operas formed another genre, the
7728:HistoricOpera – historic operatic images
6960:"Special report: Hands in their pockets"
6611:. Oxford University Press. p. 178.
6491:
6211:Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women
5054:
4988:
4728:
4499:
4205:
3806:
3749:
3520:
3415:
3347:
3282:
3231:
2885:
2561:
2519:
2485:. Despite the success of his masterwork
2430:(1659). These pieces were encouraged by
2294:
2131:In the second half of the 19th century,
2040:
1995:. This was the equivalent of the German
1849:
1640:
1562:
1487:
1477:
1128:
1005:
768:
757:
746:
626:
478:
219:
205:
194:
180:, singers employ two styles of singing:
57:
7703:What's it about? – Opera plot summaries
7415:
7393:The Oxford Illustrated History of Opera
7106:
6668:
6666:
6604:
6398:
6299:Chris Walton, "Neo-classical opera" in
6089:
5839:, Cambridge University Press, 1985
5837:North German Opera in the Age of Goethe
5637:A History of Western Musical Aesthetics
5634:Lippman, Edward A. (26 November 1992).
5633:
5363:Chronological list of operatic sopranos
4054:(1935), influenced by jazz styles, and
3911:(1922), Stravinsky continued to ignore
3842:. An early leader of this movement was
3754:Arnold Schoenberg in 1917; portrait by
2707:to his most recent critical success in
1600:(1805), inspired by the climate of the
1027:(1755) proved to be an inspiration for
684:was an attempt to revive the classical
502:The words of an opera are known as the
474:
463:transmissions of their performances in
14:
9010:
7420:
7385:
7287:Rhinegold Publishing (28 April 2013).
7030:from the original on 12 September 2017
7017:
6713:
6698:
6551:
6528:
6392:
6312:
6077:
6056:articles on Blow, Purcell and Britten.
6049:
5975:
5974:General outline for this section from
5849:
5848:General outline for this section from
5796:
5772:
5710:
5575:
5541:
5512:
4166:, recitative instead of dialogue, and
3219:including the internationally popular
927:as well, for example in the operas of
339:), landmarks in the German tradition.
7776:
7644:, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1946.
7357:
7209:. Thebiggerpicture.us. Archived from
6779:from the original on 31 December 2017
6682:. London: Macmillan Publishers, Inc.
6672:Fisher, Stephen C. 1998. "Sinfonia".
6492:Clements, Andrew (17 December 2003).
6447:from the original on 30 November 2022
6367:Wakin, Daniel J. (17 February 2011).
6366:
6300:
6281:from the original on 13 February 2020
6232:
6130:
5904:. Columbia University Press. p.
5603:Heyer, John Hajdu (7 December 2000).
5602:
3608:premiered not until the early 2000s.
2223:. At the same time, the influence of
2139:with witty and cynical works such as
907:found himself composing the likes of
514:", consists of two modes of singing:
237:at the end of the 16th century (with
7565:30 (2001), no. 4, pp. 283–306.
7335:
7249:"Where to See Opera at the Movies",
7152:O'Connor, John J. (1 January 1993).
7115:from the original on 25 October 2016
7111:. William Osborne and Abbie Conant.
6984:
6703:. Taylor & Francis. p. 772.
6663:
6404:
6391:General reference for this section:
6038:The First Night Gilbert and Sullivan
5460:
4735:National Opera and Ballet of Belarus
4183:throughout the theatre", many use a
3612:Chinese contemporary classical opera
3174:Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District
2505:(1692) and Beaumont and Fletcher in
2421:The Cruelty of the Spaniards in Peru
1321:, beginning with his biblical opera
623:List of operas by Claudio Monteverdi
543:
8970:
7196:high-definition live broadcast page
7168:from the original on 25 August 2014
7020:"Italy facing opera funding crisis"
6040:. London: Chappell & Co. Ltd.).
5896:; Williams, Hermine Weigel (2003).
5723:University of North Texas Libraries
5662:"King's College London – Seminar 1"
5152:. In the 2013 season, the festival
5103:went out to 671 screens worldwide.
5051:Television, cinema and the Internet
4773:, in this case a fanfare for muted
4555:(1739–1793) was a leading example.
3948:is scored for 18 instrumentalists.
3367:(1813–1873) whose most famous work
1462:. Later Italian composers, such as
24:
7671:). Barcelona: Círculo de Lectores.
7430:
7255:, 21–22 June 2008, sidebar p. W10.
7107:Osborne, William (11 March 2004).
6907:from the original on 17 April 2014
6894:
6826:"So That's What the Fat Lady Sang"
6271:"Minimalist music: where to start"
5711:Morgan, Ann Shands (August 1968).
5576:Thomas, Downing A (15 June 1995).
5565:from the original on 7 April 2014.
4295:who often must be a specialist in
4196:
2307:
2070:, especially after the arrival of
1870:
1308:Problems playing these files? See
1223:
1049:", an influential article for the
957:
858:recitative interspersed with long
254:in 1598) especially from works by
25:
9064:
8877:Cross-dressing in music and opera
7676:
7483:and Ewan West (1992), 782 pages,
7438:The New Grove Dictionary of Opera
7018:Willey, David (27 October 2005).
6804:(Fresh Air, NPR, 19 March 2014).
6699:Murray, Christopher John (2004).
6675:The New Grove Dictionary of Opera
6405:Grey, Tobias (19 February 2018).
6347:"A Dutch Take on a Cultural Icon"
6070:The New Grove Dictionary of Opera
5754:from the original on 14 July 2016
5405:Concise Oxford English Dictionary
4975:and some productions of Mozart's
4495:
3306:, which was premiered in 1904 in
2921:. Many foreign composers such as
1376:, and ending his career with two
716:in 1607. The Mantua court of the
106:and incorporates a number of the
8995:
8969:
8959:
8950:
8949:
8939:
7080:Clark, Nick (15 February 2015).
6968:. 16 August 2001. Archived from
6701:Encyclopedia of the Romantic Era
6625:from the original on 3 July 2023
6510:from the original on 10 May 2017
5852:, chapters 1–3, 6, 8 and 9, and
5816:, p. 32, BRILL, 2015,
5789:Man and Music: the Classical Era
5691:Man and Music: the Classical Era
4755:opens with a brief instrumental
4695:, "plucked instruments" such as
4040:From musicals back towards opera
3859:. After composing music for the
3618:, has had operas dating back to
2875:
2427:The History of Sir Francis Drake
2347:Problems playing this file? See
2323:
1921:Problems playing this file? See
1889:
1738:with part of the patronage from
1280:
1239:
997:Problems playing this file? See
973:
825:helped crystallize the genre of
731:
8940:
7622:. 2001. Oxford University Press
7301:
7281:
7258:
7243:
7225:
7199:
7180:
7100:
7074:
7042:
7011:
6978:
6952:
6919:
6888:
6861:
6842:
6815:
6791:
6753:
6732:
6707:
6692:
6660:. London: Macmillan Publishers.
6598:
6595:. London: Macmillan Publishers.
6575:
6522:
6485:
6459:
6423:
6385:
6360:
6338:
6306:
6293:
6263:
6226:
6204:
6185:
6151:
6124:
6095:
6059:
6043:
6018:
5968:
5929:
5886:
5863:
5842:
5826:
5806:
5782:
5766:
5736:
5704:
5684:
5654:
5627:
5596:
5569:
5547:
4912:Language and translation issues
4022:reported an average age of 48.
3928:
3669:in Buenos Aires—with the opera
3423:, the father of Hungarian opera
1854:A performance of Lully's opera
1839:
327:The Abduction from the Seraglio
7477:The Oxford Dictionary of Opera
6345:George Loomis (12 June 2012).
6134:Speaking Soviet with an Accent
5559:Encyclopédie Larousse en ligne
5522:
5506:
5483:
5466:
5425:
5396:
5380:
4954:simulcasts, and DVD editions.
4691:group, which consisted of the
4679:Changing role of the orchestra
4309:were often put on by the same
3779:(1909, premiered in 1924) and
3409:and stories with 19th-century
3206:
3200:Historia von D. Johann Fausten
2155:scored a massive success with
2084:helped found the new genre of
1804:
1799:. The operatic innovations of
1730:legend. Finally, Wagner built
1707:Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg
1031:'s reforms. He advocated that
919:for London audiences. Italian
742:
390:era in Italy and contemporary
13:
1:
7663:Valls, María Antonia (1989).
7625:Rous, Samuel Holland (1919).
7616:Howard Mayer Brown, "Opera",
7158:performed on actual location"
6985:Owen, Richard (26 May 2010).
6531:"Opera's Dirty Little Secret"
5980:The Oxford Companion to Music
5978:, chapters 1–4, 8 and 9; and
5854:The Oxford Companion to Music
5474:The Oxford Companion to Music
5368:
4840:. Fisher also notes the term
4509:
4419:was alleged to possess a top
4351:Historical use of voice parts
4174:Acoustic enhancement in opera
3570:, premiered in Moscow at the
2092:. Meyerbeer's works, such as
1581:Die Entführung aus dem Serail
870:voice, which was produced by
847:, which developed largely in
799:Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria
485:Théâtre des Bouffes-Parisiens
322:Die Entführung aus dem Serail
7745:Opera~Opera article archives
7134:Obituary: Gian Carlo Menotti
6652:, second edition, edited by
6587:, second edition, edited by
6529:Harada, Kai (1 March 2001).
6498:, Royal Opera House, London"
6162:. Vol. 5. p. 111.
5115:. European opera houses and
5109:HD digital cinema projectors
5068:Amahl and the Night Visitors
4963:Opera Theatre of Saint Louis
4471:to the nobility of Wotan in
3695:
2036:Le triomphe de la République
1767:, where Mozart and Viennese
1300:. Performed by Enrico Caruso
1125:Bel canto, Verdi and verismo
712:, composed for the court of
7:
8751:Historical opera characters
7341:Harvard Dictionary of Music
5176:
5160:opera was premiered at the
5144:Glyndebourne Festival Opera
4967:Opera Theater of Pittsburgh
3635:Tomás de Torrejón y Velasco
3496:The first known opera from
2974:However, the real birth of
1948:, Lully and his librettist
1532:presented German operas by
1501:The first German opera was
762:Private baroque theatre in
10:
9069:
8816:Operas set in the Crusades
7759:Victoria and Albert Museum
7546:An Invitation to the Opera
7364:Cambridge University Press
6678:, four volumes, edited by
5611:Cambridge University Press
4984:
4908:and the singers on stage.
4185:sound reinforcement system
3942:'s two-act realization of
3140:The Love for Three Oranges
2879:
2733:. Today composers such as
2288:
2019:period, composers such as
1843:
1481:
951:Gluck's reforms and Mozart
878:, which prevented a boy's
735:
616:
612:
605:
601:
374:'s introduction of German
40:
29:
8935:
8859:
8761:Azerbaijani opera singers
8726:
8588:
8567:
8401:
8265:
8033:
7908:
7810:
7802:
7642:A Treasury of Grand Opera
7548:, Anchor Books, 1986/91.
6006:27 September 2007 at the
5650:– via Google Books.
5623:– via Google Books.
5555:"Melchior baron de Grimm"
5490:Oxford English Dictionary
5162:Savonlinna Opera Festival
5071:, an opera in one act by
4551:(a high tenor), of which
3616:traditional Chinese opera
3079:In the 20th century, the
2982:and his two great operas
2594:The only exceptions were
1470:, have experimented with
1029:Christoph Willibald Gluck
923:remained dominant in the
805:L'incoronazione di Poppea
655:Oxford English Dictionary
362:typified by the works of
287:Christoph Willibald Gluck
69:Savonlinna Opera Festival
8524:Special effects director
8086:Comédie mêlée d'ariettes
7845:Western opera in Chinese
7741:, July/August 2007 Issue
7713:28 February 2009 at the
7650:, Herbert Weinstock and
7527:. New York: W W Norton.
7523:; Parker, Roger (2012).
7507:Opera: A Concise History
7298:. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
7278:. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
6995:. London. Archived from
6605:Burrows, Donald (2012).
5900:A Short History of Opera
5721:thesis). Denton, Texas:
5373:
4254:, and female singers as
4124:rock-influenced musicals
4109:The Phantom of the Opera
4044:By the late 1930s, some
4018:was reported as 54, and
3955:The Death of Klinghoffer
3708:, and in particular the
3331:The Cunning Little Vixen
3152:Betrothal in a Monastery
2955:by the Italian composer
2803:The Ghosts of Versailles
2275:'s lengthy sacred drama
2268:Dialogues des Carmélites
495:; caricature of 1860 by
41:Not to be confused with
7755:Theatre and Performance
7657:Encyclopædia Britannica
7652:Barbara Russano Hanning
7562:The Cambridge Quarterly
7269:"Download Glyndebourne"
7252:The Wall Street Journal
7097:. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
6934:? Mozart Would Approve"
6746:21 October 2017 at the
5944:Oxford University Press
5640:. U of Nebraska Press.
5033:Birmingham Royal Ballet
5029:English National Ballet
4842:Sinfonia avanti l'opera
4415:), though the castrato
4326:Louise-Rosalie Lefebvre
4103:The Light in the Piazza
3996:Waiting for Miss Monroe
3544:The first years of the
3450:Duke Bluebeard's Castle
3066:Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov
2699:Sir Harrison Birtwistle
2682:) survives as his only
2654:The Yeomen of the Guard
2278:Saint François d'Assise
2145:, as well as the opera
1777:Alexander von Zemlinsky
1713:Der Ring des Nibelungen
1679:Der fliegende Holländer
1182:, as well as Bellini's
1173:Il barbiere di Siviglia
291:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
153:Opera is a key part of
9028:Classical music styles
8907:Orchestral enhancement
8544:Supporting role singer
8081:Comédie en vaudevilles
7875:Opera in Latin America
7733:"America's Opera Boom"
7708:Vocabulaire de l'Opéra
7509:, by Leslie Orrey and
7494:Opera, the Rough Guide
7460:The Viking Opera Guide
7378:See also Google Books
7358:Cooke, Mervyn (2005).
7315:. Ashgate Publishing.
7307:Partii, Heidi (2014).
7192:5 January 2009 at the
7093:29 August 2017 at the
7058:. 2015. Archived from
6467:"On Air & On Line"
6317:The Viking Opera Guide
6170:written in the 1940s,
6167:A Girl With White Hair
6131:Igmen, Ali F. (2012).
6101:Abazov, Rafis (2007).
6054:The Viking Opera Guide
5984:The Viking Opera Guide
5858:The Viking Opera Guide
5699:The Viking Opera Guide
5517:The Viking Opera Guide
5253:Professional wrestling
5062:
5025:English National Opera
5003:
4959:English National Opera
4738:
4715:Giambattista Pergolesi
4515:
4135:Jesus Christ Superstar
3812:
3758:
3541:
3424:
3370:Zaporozhets za Dunayem
3365:Semen Hulak-Artemovsky
3293:
3240:
3008:Alexander Dargomyzhsky
2907:
2691:Ralph Vaughan Williams
2577:George Frideric Handel
2572:
2527:
2312:
2302:
2285:English-language opera
2219:
2213:
2207:
2063:
1875:
1865:
1651:
1568:
1498:
1353:. The first of these,
1228:
1138:
1045:
1016:
962:
785:
766:
755:
634:
567:, which was usually a
499:
300:The Marriage of Figaro
279:George Frideric Handel
227:
217:
203:
80:
36:Opera (disambiguation)
34:. For other uses, see
8836:Science fiction opera
8766:Major opera composers
8242:Science fiction opera
7542:DiGaetani, John Louis
7466:(1994), 1,328 pages,
6854:18 March 2017 at the
6831:18 March 2017 at the
6808:26 April 2015 at the
6714:Penner, Nina (2020).
6236:The Musical Quarterly
6198:The White-Haired Girl
5812:Francien Markx,
5748:www.richardstrauss.at
5095:high-definition video
5058:
4992:
4732:
4503:
4206:Vocal classifications
3810:
3753:
3630:La púrpura de la rosa
3621:The White-Haired Girl
3524:
3471:Polish national opera
3419:
3401:under the leadership
3348:Other national operas
3286:
3235:
2889:
2789:Einstein on the Beach
2589:Michael William Balfe
2565:
2523:
2333:Scene from Purcell's
2319:Stay, Prince and hear
2311:
2298:
2148:Les Contes d'Hoffmann
2044:
1885:: Chanson du toréador
1874:
1862:Salle du Palais-Royal
1853:
1795:and the Italian-born
1773:Hugo von Hofmannsthal
1755:and the dark tragedy
1644:
1566:
1491:
1478:German-language opera
1276:No Pagliaccio non-son
1227:
1132:
1009:
961:
874:of the singer before
772:
761:
750:
676:who gathered as the "
630:
482:
461:high-definition video
223:
209:
198:
61:
8474:Charge scenic artist
7751:"A History of Opera"
7294:24 June 2016 at the
7274:23 June 2016 at the
7237:30 June 2008 at the
7207:"The Bigger Picture"
7055:Arts Council England
6974:on 7 September 2018.
6541:on 13 February 2012.
6419:on 11 February 2021.
6173:Red Squad in Hong Hu
6001:From Webrarian.com's
5021:Welsh National Opera
5009:Arts Council England
4812:Alessandro Scarlatti
4769:(1607) opens with a
4449:La fille du régiment
4180:acoustic enhancement
4115:The Most Happy Fella
3992:Mark-Anthony Turnage
3712:. Composers such as
3657:Antônio Carlos Gomes
3491:Krzysztof Penderecki
3403:Zacharia Paliashvili
3318:national opera") at
2585:John Frederick Lampe
2382:English Commonwealth
2235:Pelléas et Mélisande
1968:tragédies en musique
1966:, who composed five
1964:Jean-Philippe Rameau
1814:, an admirer of the
1740:Ludwig II of Bavaria
1606:Carl Maria von Weber
1427:Cavalleria rusticana
1378:Shakespeare-inspired
937:Alessandro Scarlatti
890:, as well as female
722:concerto delle donne
487:, the birthplace of
475:Operatic terminology
448:recording technology
446:). With the rise of
372:Carl Maria von Weber
134:, accompanied by an
8872:Country house opera
8776:North Korean operas
8559:Wardrobe supervisor
8539:Supernumerary actor
8464:Lighting technician
8252:Tragédie en musique
7813:national traditions
7515:Thames & Hudson
7139:The Daily Telegraph
6939:6 June 2014 at the
6899:Hansel & Gretel
6877:7 July 2017 at the
6473:on 20 November 2007
6381:on 4 February 2021.
6249:10.1093/mq/82.2.309
6110:3 July 2023 at the
5672:on 18 November 2018
5499:3 July 2023 at the
5135:in Venice, and the
5105:San Francisco Opera
5075:. It was the first
4920:Lucia di Lammermoor
4783:Jean-Baptiste Lully
4723:Johann Adolph Hasse
4657:Dmitri Hvorostovsky
4645:Galina Vishnevskaya
4573:Amelita Galli-Curci
4488:to Posa in Verdi's
4164:through composition
4120:New York City Opera
3922:The Rake's Progress
3913:serialist technique
3825:Dmitri Shostakovich
3782:Die glückliche Hand
3649:A Noite de São João
3457:Stanisław Moniuszko
3314:(often called the "
3287:Score of Smetana's
3163:Dmitri Shostakovich
3124:The Rake's Progress
3096:Francesca da Rimini
3085:Sergei Rachmaninoff
3045:The Queen of Spades
2991:Ruslan and Lyudmila
2985:A Life for the Tsar
2904:A Life for the Tsar
2651:agreed, describing
2540:in 1760. His opera
2454:Jean-Baptiste Lully
2436:English Restoration
2395:The Siege of Rhodes
2181:Camille Saint-Saëns
1955:tragédie en musique
1932:Jean-Baptiste Lully
1732:his own opera house
1516:produced the first
1432:Ruggero Leoncavallo
1329:Italian nationalism
1292:Ruggero Leoncavallo
1203:Lucia di Lammermoor
1133:Giuseppe Verdi, by
1118:La clemenza di Tito
1021:Francesco Algarotti
653:. According to the
591:The Rake's Progress
270:Jean-Baptiste Lully
32:Opera (web browser)
9033:Italian inventions
8851:Zarzuela composers
8821:Operetta composers
8811:Operas by composer
8359:Tenore contraltino
8207:Pastorale héroïque
7900:Opera in Venezuela
7735:By Jonathan Leaf,
7667:. (Illustrated by
7525:A History of Opera
7267:(26 August 2009).
7213:on 9 November 2010
7187:Metropolitan Opera
7162:The New York Times
6946:The New York Times
6926:Tommasini, Anthony
6883:The New York Times
6868:Tommasini, Anthony
6837:The New York Times
6822:Tommasini, Anthony
6440:The New York Times
6431:Tommasini, Anthony
6412:The New York Times
6374:The New York Times
5939:Grove Music Online
5879:5 May 2012 at the
5801:Viking Opera Guide
5777:Viking Opera Guide
5419:Pears' Cyclopaedia
5414:Viking Opera Guide
5273:Street performance
5149:Tristan und Isolde
5073:Gian Carlo Menotti
5063:
5060:Sydney Opera House
5011:provides funds to
5004:
4900:became termed the
4739:
4601:Montserrat Caballé
4516:
4429:Tristan und Isolde
4016:Berlin State Opera
4007:Metropolitan Opera
3890:The Soldier's Tale
3872:The Rite of Spring
3863:-produced ballets
3823:, and the Russian
3813:
3811:Stravinsky in 1921
3759:
3653:Elias Álvares Lobo
3606:Loris Tjeknavorian
3542:
3425:
3413:classical themes.
3405:, who fused local
3294:
3290:The Bartered Bride
3241:
3227:The Bartered Bride
3222:The Bartered Bride
3194:Life with an Idiot
3090:The Miserly Knight
2947:Dmitry Bortniansky
2927:Giovanni Paisiello
2923:Baldassare Galuppi
2908:
2772:Gian Carlo Menotti
2693:and in particular
2605:The Beggar's Opera
2573:
2528:
2313:
2303:
2064:
1945:Cadmus et Hermione
1876:
1866:
1701:Tristan und Isolde
1652:
1569:
1499:
1229:
1139:
1090:Le nozze di Figaro
1025:Essay on the Opera
1017:
963:
839:commedia dell'arte
786:
767:
756:
704:Claudio Monteverdi
680:". Significantly,
678:Camerata de' Bardi
635:
632:Claudio Monteverdi
500:
450:, singers such as
305:Le nozze di Figaro
256:Claudio Monteverdi
228:
225:Berlin State Opera
218:
204:
81:
79:, Finland, in 2007
8983:
8982:
8841:Television operas
8806:Opera librettists
8504:Property designer
8125:Dramma per musica
7840:Azerbaijani opera
7640:Simon, Henry W.:
7612:978-1-884822-79-7
7534:978-0-393-05721-8
7232:Emerging Pictures
6895:Eddins, Stephen.
6763:(11 April 2011).
6738:de Acha, Rafael.
6618:978-0-19-973736-9
6433:(6 August 2020).
6321:Malcolm MacDonald
6144:978-0-8229-7809-1
6066:Taruskin, Richard
5961:978-1-56159-263-0
5915:978-0-231-11958-0
5894:Grout, Donald Jay
5883:. Musicals101.com
5647:978-0-8032-7951-3
5620:978-0-521-62183-0
5589:978-0-521-47307-1
5492:, 3rd ed., s.v. "
5480:(10th ed., 1968).
5319:
5318:
5129:Salzburg Festival
5017:Royal Opera House
5000:Salzburg Festival
4972:Hansel and Gretel
4876:brass instruments
4733:Opera orchestra,
4665:Luciano Pavarotti
4545:Francesca Cuzzoni
4330:Parisian theatres
4030:Anthony Tommasini
3821:Hans Werner Henze
3763:Arnold Schoenberg
3685:Alberto Ginastera
3643:, by the Mexican
3602:Rostam and Sohrab
3580:Abdylas Maldybaev
3527:Uzeyir Hajibeyovs
3516:Tigran Chukhajian
3481:Karol Szymanowski
3467:The Haunted Manor
3391:Heorhiy Maiboroda
3310:. The success of
3184:L'écume des jours
3050:Pyotr Tchaikovsky
3034:Alexander Borodin
3024:Modest Mussorgsky
2969:Alexey Verstovsky
2961:Vasily Pashkevich
2935:Domenico Cimarosa
2850:Terence Blanchard
2762:Leonard Bernstein
2724:Man and Boy: Dada
2553:Love in a Village
2328:
2142:Orphée aux enfers
2133:Jacques Offenbach
2090:Giacomo Meyerbeer
2060:Salzburg Festival
1895:
1824:Jacques Offenbach
1812:Johann Strauss II
1801:Arnold Schoenberg
1764:Der Rosenkavalier
1602:French Revolution
1285:
1257:La donna è mobile
1247:
1235:La donna è mobile
1076:Orfeo ed Euridice
1013:Orfeo ed Euridice
978:
810:Francesco Cavalli
637:The Italian word
555:Classical periods
489:Jacques Offenbach
420:Arnold Schoenberg
368:Giacomo Meyerbeer
352:Gaetano Donizetti
348:Gioachino Rossini
176:. In traditional
73:St. Olaf's Castle
16:(Redirected from
9060:
9000:
8999:
8991:
8973:
8972:
8963:
8953:
8952:
8945:Outline of opera
8943:
8942:
8756:Prominent operas
8746:Christmas operas
8741:Argentine operas
8708:Vocal resonation
8589:Singing concepts
8449:Costume designer
8364:Tenore di grazia
8232:Romantische Oper
8212:Posse mit Gesang
7921:Aria di sorbetto
7909:Opera components
7895:Opera in Ukraine
7850:Opera in English
7825:Origins of opera
7820:History of opera
7797:
7790:
7783:
7774:
7773:
7769:
7767:
7765:
7719:
7672:
7635:Internet Archive
7538:
7513:, World of Art,
7424:
7412:
7409:Internet Archive
7396:
7377:
7354:
7323:
7305:
7299:
7285:
7279:
7262:
7256:
7247:
7241:
7229:
7223:
7222:
7220:
7218:
7203:
7197:
7184:
7178:
7177:
7175:
7173:
7149:
7143:
7131:
7125:
7124:
7122:
7120:
7104:
7098:
7078:
7072:
7071:
7069:
7067:
7062:on 23 March 2015
7046:
7040:
7039:
7037:
7035:
7015:
7009:
7008:
7006:
7004:
6982:
6976:
6975:
6973:
6956:
6950:
6923:
6917:
6916:
6914:
6912:
6892:
6886:
6865:
6859:
6846:
6840:
6819:
6813:
6801:
6795:
6789:
6788:
6786:
6784:
6768:
6761:Lyndon Terracini
6757:
6751:
6736:
6730:
6729:
6711:
6705:
6704:
6696:
6690:
6670:
6661:
6644:
6635:
6634:
6632:
6630:
6602:
6596:
6579:
6573:
6566:
6555:
6549:
6543:
6542:
6537:. Archived from
6526:
6520:
6519:
6517:
6515:
6489:
6483:
6482:
6480:
6478:
6463:
6457:
6456:
6454:
6452:
6427:
6421:
6420:
6415:. Archived from
6402:
6396:
6389:
6383:
6382:
6377:. Archived from
6364:
6358:
6357:
6355:
6353:
6342:
6336:
6310:
6304:
6297:
6291:
6290:
6288:
6286:
6267:
6261:
6260:
6230:
6224:
6208:
6202:
6189:
6183:
6182:
6155:
6149:
6148:
6128:
6122:
6099:
6093:
6087:
6081:
6076:(London, 1992);
6063:
6057:
6047:
6041:
6030:
6022:
6016:
5998:
5987:
5972:
5966:
5965:
5942:(8th ed.).
5933:
5927:
5926:
5924:
5922:
5903:
5890:
5884:
5867:
5861:
5846:
5840:
5830:
5824:
5810:
5804:
5786:
5780:
5770:
5764:
5763:
5761:
5759:
5740:
5734:
5733:
5731:
5729:
5708:
5702:
5688:
5682:
5681:
5679:
5677:
5668:. Archived from
5658:
5652:
5651:
5631:
5625:
5624:
5600:
5594:
5593:
5573:
5567:
5566:
5551:
5545:
5539:
5533:
5526:
5520:
5510:
5504:
5487:
5481:
5470:
5464:
5458:
5449:
5429:
5423:
5400:
5394:
5384:
5353:Opera management
5311:
5304:
5297:
5181:
5180:
5158:online community
4685:string orchestra
4661:The Three Tenors
4637:Elena Obraztsova
4629:Feodor Chaliapin
4581:Mario Del Monaco
4577:Kirsten Flagstad
4541:Faustina Bordoni
4514:
4511:
4401:Classical period
4322:deuxieme dugazon
4318:premiere dugazon
4153:Spring Awakening
3977:Dead Man Walking
3936:Benjamin Britten
3844:Ferruccio Busoni
3817:Benjamin Britten
3765:and his student
3730:Benjamin Britten
3645:Manuel de Zumaya
3560:Uzeyir Hajibeyov
3532:Leyli and Majnun
3386:Natalka Poltavka
3189:Alfred Schnittke
3129:Sergei Prokofiev
2965:Yevstigney Fomin
2952:Tsefal i Prokris
2943:Maxim Berezovsky
2939:Italian language
2912:Italian operatic
2891:Feodor Chaliapin
2870:Ricky Ian Gordon
2695:Benjamin Britten
2667:The Beauty Stone
2608:(1728), musical
2537:Thomas and Sally
2475:Venus and Adonis
2458:William Davenant
2390:William Davenant
2330:
2329:
2310:
2291:Opera in English
2273:Olivier Messiaen
2222:
2216:
2210:
2196:Samson et Dalila
2052:in a scene from
2046:Magdalena Kožená
2029:Gaspare Spontini
2007:and, above all,
1940:Academy of Music
1934:at the court of
1897:
1896:
1873:
1836:flavor to them.
1797:Ferruccio Busoni
1459:Madama Butterfly
1411:Benjamin Britten
1287:
1286:
1249:
1248:
1226:
1209:L'elisir d'amore
1200:and Donizetti's
1135:Giovanni Boldini
1085:Lorenzo Da Ponte
1063:Niccolò Jommelli
1048:
980:
979:
960:
925:classical period
896:Faustina Bordoni
815:Arcadian Academy
774:Teatro Argentina
619:Origins of opera
608:History of opera
571:and a cello; or
549:During both the
508:Lorenzo Da Ponte
483:Audience at the
376:Romantische Oper
356:Vincenzo Bellini
231:Opera originated
140:musical ensemble
122:, and sometimes
21:
9068:
9067:
9063:
9062:
9061:
9059:
9058:
9057:
9008:
9007:
9006:
8994:
8986:
8984:
8979:
8931:
8867:Concert version
8855:
8791:Opera festivals
8786:Opera directors
8781:Opera companies
8722:
8590:
8584:
8563:
8514:Set constructor
8397:
8290:Soprano sfogato
8261:
8192:Opera semiseria
8041:Azione teatrale
8029:
7904:
7865:Hungarian opera
7860:Opera in German
7812:
7806:
7801:
7763:
7761:
7749:
7717:
7715:Wayback Machine
7679:
7662:
7535:
7521:Abbate, Carolyn
7519:
7433:
7431:Further reading
7405:
7380:partial preview
7374:
7351:
7327:
7326:
7306:
7302:
7296:Wayback Machine
7286:
7282:
7276:Wayback Machine
7263:
7259:
7248:
7244:
7239:Wayback Machine
7230:
7226:
7216:
7214:
7205:
7204:
7200:
7194:Wayback Machine
7185:
7181:
7171:
7169:
7150:
7146:
7132:
7128:
7118:
7116:
7105:
7101:
7095:Wayback Machine
7086:The Independent
7079:
7075:
7065:
7063:
7048:
7047:
7043:
7033:
7031:
7016:
7012:
7002:
7000:
6999:on 12 July 2020
6983:
6979:
6958:
6957:
6953:
6941:Wayback Machine
6924:
6920:
6910:
6908:
6897:"Humperdinck's
6893:
6889:
6879:Wayback Machine
6866:
6862:
6856:Wayback Machine
6847:
6843:
6833:Wayback Machine
6820:
6816:
6810:Wayback Machine
6799:
6796:
6792:
6782:
6780:
6758:
6754:
6748:Wayback Machine
6737:
6733:
6726:
6712:
6708:
6697:
6693:
6671:
6664:
6645:
6638:
6628:
6626:
6619:
6603:
6599:
6580:
6576:
6567:
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6550:
6546:
6527:
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6513:
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6490:
6486:
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6474:
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6464:
6460:
6450:
6448:
6428:
6424:
6403:
6399:
6390:
6386:
6365:
6361:
6351:
6349:
6343:
6339:
6311:
6307:
6298:
6294:
6284:
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6269:
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6264:
6231:
6227:
6209:
6205:
6190:
6186:
6156:
6152:
6145:
6129:
6125:
6112:Wayback Machine
6100:
6096:
6088:
6084:
6064:
6060:
6052:, ch. 1, 3, 9.
6048:
6044:
6028:
6026:Daily Telegraph
6023:
6019:
6008:Wayback Machine
5999:
5990:
5973:
5969:
5962:
5934:
5930:
5920:
5918:
5916:
5891:
5887:
5881:Wayback Machine
5868:
5864:
5847:
5843:
5831:
5827:
5811:
5807:
5787:
5783:
5779:entry on Verdi.
5771:
5767:
5757:
5755:
5742:
5741:
5737:
5727:
5725:
5719:Master of Music
5709:
5705:
5689:
5685:
5675:
5673:
5660:
5659:
5655:
5648:
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5628:
5621:
5601:
5597:
5590:
5574:
5570:
5553:
5552:
5548:
5540:
5536:
5530:Women and Music
5527:
5523:
5511:
5507:
5501:Wayback Machine
5488:
5484:
5471:
5467:
5459:
5452:
5438:musical theatre
5430:
5426:
5401:
5397:
5385:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5323:Lists of operas
5315:
5268:Stand-up comedy
5194:Performing arts
5179:
5137:Maggio Musicale
5121:The Royal Opera
5113:Hollywood films
5111:used for major
5053:
5043:The Independent
5037:Northern Ballet
4987:
4978:The Magic Flute
4914:
4796:Dido and Aeneas
4779:French overture
4681:
4669:Plácido Domingo
4633:Cecilia Bartoli
4621:Beniamino Gigli
4605:Joan Sutherland
4512:
4498:
4425:Dido and Aeneas
4353:
4214:, based on the
4208:
4199:
4197:Operatic voices
4176:
4073:West Side Story
4042:
4012:classical music
3931:
3902:The Nightingale
3857:Igor Stravinsky
3722:Giacomo Puccini
3714:Richard Strauss
3698:
3693:
3576:Vladimir Vlasov
3572:Bolshoi Theatre
3510:, which was an
3350:
3341:Glagolitic Mass
3213:Bedřich Smetana
3209:
3146:The Fiery Angel
3101:Igor Stravinsky
3055:The Snow Maiden
3003:The Stone Guest
2957:Francesco Araja
2884:
2878:
2854:Jennifer Higdon
2846:David T. Little
2798:John Corigliano
2742:George Gershwin
2648:Daily Telegraph
2637:musical theatre
2633:Arthur Sullivan
2502:The Fairy-Queen
2488:Dido and Aeneas
2440:Thomas Shadwell
2432:Oliver Cromwell
2378:Lovers Made Men
2354:
2353:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2336:Dido and Aeneas
2331:
2324:
2321:
2314:
2308:
2293:
2287:
2263:Francis Poulenc
2193:, Saint-Saëns'
2025:Luigi Cherubini
1928:
1927:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1898:
1890:
1887:
1877:
1871:
1848:
1842:
1747:Richard Strauss
1665:Gesamtkunstwerk
1648:Götterdämmerung
1610:German Romantic
1587:Die Zauberflöte
1509:Heinrich Schütz
1495:Die Zauberflöte
1486:
1484:Opera in German
1480:
1442:Giacomo Puccini
1422:Pietro Mascagni
1407:Richard Strauss
1403:Giacomo Puccini
1315:
1314:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1288:
1281:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1250:
1240:
1237:
1230:
1224:
1127:
1067:Tommaso Traetta
1004:
1003:
995:
993:
992:
991:
990:
981:
974:
971:
964:
958:
953:
941:Antonio Vivaldi
931:, who wrote in
752:Antonio Vivaldi
745:
740:
734:
625:
617:Main articles:
615:
610:
604:
575:(also known as
477:
432:Igor Stravinsky
400:Richard Strauss
396:Giacomo Puccini
337:Die Zauberflöte
332:The Magic Flute
272:in France, and
266:Heinrich Schütz
162:numerous genres
158:classical music
148:musical theatre
108:performing arts
54:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9066:
9056:
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9005:
9004:
8981:
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8967:
8957:
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8936:
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8909:
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8899:
8894:
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8884:
8879:
8874:
8869:
8863:
8861:
8857:
8856:
8854:
8853:
8848:
8843:
8838:
8833:
8828:
8826:Orphean operas
8823:
8818:
8813:
8808:
8803:
8798:
8793:
8788:
8783:
8778:
8773:
8771:Mexican operas
8768:
8763:
8758:
8753:
8748:
8743:
8738:
8732:
8730:
8724:
8723:
8721:
8720:
8715:
8710:
8705:
8703:Vocal register
8700:
8695:
8690:
8685:
8680:
8675:
8670:
8665:
8660:
8655:
8650:
8645:
8640:
8635:
8630:
8628:Coup de glotte
8625:
8620:
8610:
8605:
8600:
8594:
8592:
8591:and techniques
8586:
8585:
8583:
8582:
8577:
8571:
8569:
8565:
8564:
8562:
8561:
8556:
8554:Video designer
8551:
8546:
8541:
8536:
8531:
8526:
8521:
8516:
8511:
8506:
8501:
8496:
8491:
8486:
8481:
8476:
8471:
8466:
8461:
8459:Make-up artist
8456:
8451:
8446:
8441:
8436:
8431:
8426:
8421:
8416:
8411:
8405:
8403:
8399:
8398:
8396:
8395:
8394:
8393:
8391:Basso profondo
8383:
8378:
8373:
8368:
8367:
8366:
8361:
8351:
8350:
8349:
8344:
8339:
8329:
8319:
8314:
8313:
8312:
8307:
8302:
8297:
8292:
8287:
8277:
8271:
8269:
8263:
8262:
8260:
8259:
8254:
8249:
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8234:
8229:
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8219:
8214:
8209:
8204:
8199:
8194:
8189:
8184:
8179:
8174:
8169:
8168:
8167:
8162:
8152:
8147:
8142:
8137:
8135:Festa teatrale
8132:
8127:
8122:
8120:Dramma giocoso
8117:
8116:
8115:
8110:
8105:
8100:
8095:
8090:
8089:
8088:
8083:
8073:
8068:
8063:
8058:
8048:
8043:
8037:
8035:
8034:Types of opera
8031:
8030:
8028:
8027:
8022:
8017:
8012:
8011:
8010:
8005:
7995:
7990:
7985:
7980:
7978:Divertissement
7975:
7970:
7965:
7960:
7959:
7958:
7953:
7951:Insertion aria
7948:
7943:
7941:Catalogue aria
7938:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7912:
7910:
7906:
7905:
7903:
7902:
7897:
7892:
7887:
7882:
7877:
7872:
7867:
7862:
7857:
7852:
7847:
7842:
7837:
7835:Armenian opera
7832:
7830:Albanian opera
7827:
7822:
7816:
7814:
7808:
7807:
7800:
7799:
7792:
7785:
7777:
7771:
7770:
7747:
7742:
7730:
7725:
7720:
7705:
7700:
7695:
7689:
7678:
7677:External links
7675:
7674:
7673:
7669:Willi Glasauer
7660:
7645:
7638:
7623:
7614:
7600:
7582:
7557:
7539:
7533:
7517:
7504:
7491:
7474:
7457:
7432:
7429:
7428:
7427:
7426:
7425:
7403:
7389:, ed. (1994).
7383:
7372:
7355:
7349:
7339:, ed. (1969).
7325:
7324:
7300:
7280:
7257:
7242:
7224:
7198:
7179:
7144:
7126:
7099:
7073:
7041:
7010:
6977:
6951:
6949:, 4 July 2005)
6918:
6887:
6885:, 25 May 2001)
6860:
6841:
6839:, 6 July 2008)
6814:
6790:
6772:The Australian
6752:
6731:
6724:
6706:
6691:
6662:
6636:
6617:
6597:
6574:
6556:
6544:
6521:
6484:
6458:
6422:
6397:
6384:
6359:
6337:
6327:(Dent, 1976);
6305:
6292:
6262:
6225:
6203:
6191:Zicheng Hong,
6184:
6150:
6143:
6123:
6094:
6092:, p. 246.
6082:
6068:: "Russia" in
6058:
6042:
6017:
5988:
5967:
5960:
5928:
5914:
5885:
5862:
5841:
5825:
5805:
5781:
5775:, ch. 5, 8,9;
5765:
5735:
5703:
5683:
5653:
5646:
5626:
5619:
5595:
5588:
5568:
5546:
5534:
5528:Karin Pendle,
5521:
5505:
5482:
5465:
5450:
5448:have appeared.
5424:
5395:
5387:Richard Wagner
5378:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5366:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5329:as well as by
5325:, including a
5317:
5316:
5314:
5313:
5306:
5299:
5291:
5288:
5287:
5286:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5197:
5196:
5190:
5189:
5178:
5175:
5127:in Milan, the
5052:
5049:
4986:
4983:
4913:
4910:
4898:music director
4884:calls for six
4711:Leonardo Vinci
4707:Domenico Sarro
4689:basso continuo
4680:
4677:
4625:Jussi Björling
4609:Birgit Nilsson
4597:Franco Corelli
4585:Renata Tebaldi
4497:
4496:Famous singers
4494:
4486:Così fan tutte
4392:
4391:
4352:
4349:
4335:baryton-martin
4220:agility, power
4207:
4204:
4198:
4195:
4175:
4172:
4141:Les Misérables
4051:Porgy and Bess
4041:
4038:
4025:New York Times
4000:Robin de Raaff
3961:Nixon in China
3930:
3927:
3739:Giuseppe Verdi
3726:Paul Hindemith
3718:Claude Debussy
3706:Richard Wagner
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3677:Ettore Panizza
3554:(1937) by the
3502:Ottoman Empire
3434:Hunyadi László
3375:Mykola Lysenko
3349:
3346:
3254:Czech Republic
3244:Antonín Dvořák
3208:
3205:
3179:Edison Denisov
2980:Mikhail Glinka
2931:Giuseppe Sarti
2880:Main article:
2877:
2874:
2817:Nixon in China
2780:Carlisle Floyd
2747:Porgy and Bess
2704:Punch and Judy
2623:, notably the
2557:Charles Burney
2551:ballad opera,
2507:The Prophetess
2344:
2332:
2322:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2289:Main article:
2286:
2283:
2230:Claude Debussy
2225:Richard Wagner
2177:Jules Massenet
2153:Charles Gounod
2120:Hector Berlioz
2081:Guillaume Tell
2050:Jonas Kaufmann
1987:Parisian stage
1936:King Louis XIV
1918:
1901:Pasquale Amato
1899:
1888:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1844:Main article:
1841:
1838:
1829:Die Fledermaus
1789:Paul Hindemith
1785:Franz Schreker
1781:Erich Korngold
1619:Der Freischütz
1567:Richard Wagner
1514:Sigmund Staden
1507:, composed by
1482:Main article:
1479:
1476:
1319:Giuseppe Verdi
1305:
1289:
1279:
1274:
1273:
1261:Giuseppe Verdi
1251:
1238:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1179:La Cenerentola
1126:
1123:
1102:Così fan tutte
1041:Melchior Grimm
994:
982:
972:
967:
966:
965:
956:
955:
954:
952:
949:
945:Nicola Porpora
744:
741:
736:Main article:
733:
730:
614:
611:
606:Main article:
603:
600:
564:basso continuo
476:
473:
384:Richard Wagner
380:Giuseppe Verdi
316:Così fan tutte
250:, produced in
211:Palais Garnier
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9065:
9054:
9051:
9049:
9046:
9044:
9041:
9039:
9036:
9034:
9031:
9029:
9026:
9024:
9023:Musical forms
9021:
9019:
9016:
9015:
9013:
9003:
8998:
8993:
8992:
8989:
8976:
8968:
8966:
8962:
8958:
8956:
8948:
8946:
8938:
8937:
8934:
8928:
8925:
8923:
8920:
8918:
8915:
8913:
8910:
8908:
8905:
8903:
8902:Opera glasses
8900:
8898:
8895:
8893:
8890:
8888:
8885:
8883:
8880:
8878:
8875:
8873:
8870:
8868:
8865:
8864:
8862:
8860:Miscellaneous
8858:
8852:
8849:
8847:
8844:
8842:
8839:
8837:
8834:
8832:
8829:
8827:
8824:
8822:
8819:
8817:
8814:
8812:
8809:
8807:
8804:
8802:
8799:
8797:
8794:
8792:
8789:
8787:
8784:
8782:
8779:
8777:
8774:
8772:
8769:
8767:
8764:
8762:
8759:
8757:
8754:
8752:
8749:
8747:
8744:
8742:
8739:
8737:
8734:
8733:
8731:
8729:
8728:List articles
8725:
8719:
8716:
8714:
8711:
8709:
8706:
8704:
8701:
8699:
8696:
8694:
8691:
8689:
8686:
8684:
8681:
8679:
8676:
8674:
8671:
8669:
8666:
8664:
8661:
8659:
8658:Messa di voce
8656:
8654:
8651:
8649:
8646:
8644:
8641:
8639:
8636:
8634:
8631:
8629:
8626:
8624:
8621:
8618:
8614:
8611:
8609:
8606:
8604:
8601:
8599:
8596:
8595:
8593:
8587:
8581:
8578:
8576:
8575:Breeches role
8573:
8572:
8570:
8566:
8560:
8557:
8555:
8552:
8550:
8547:
8545:
8542:
8540:
8537:
8535:
8534:Stage manager
8532:
8530:
8527:
8525:
8522:
8520:
8517:
8515:
8512:
8510:
8507:
8505:
8502:
8500:
8497:
8495:
8492:
8490:
8489:Pit orchestra
8487:
8485:
8482:
8480:
8477:
8475:
8472:
8470:
8467:
8465:
8462:
8460:
8457:
8455:
8452:
8450:
8447:
8445:
8442:
8440:
8439:Opera manager
8437:
8435:
8432:
8430:
8427:
8425:
8424:Choreographer
8422:
8420:
8419:Ballet dancer
8417:
8415:
8412:
8410:
8407:
8406:
8404:
8400:
8392:
8389:
8388:
8387:
8384:
8382:
8381:Bass-baritone
8379:
8377:
8374:
8372:
8369:
8365:
8362:
8360:
8357:
8356:
8355:
8352:
8348:
8345:
8343:
8340:
8338:
8335:
8334:
8333:
8330:
8327:
8323:
8320:
8318:
8317:Mezzo-soprano
8315:
8311:
8308:
8306:
8303:
8301:
8298:
8296:
8293:
8291:
8288:
8286:
8283:
8282:
8281:
8278:
8276:
8273:
8272:
8270:
8268:
8264:
8258:
8255:
8253:
8250:
8248:
8245:
8243:
8240:
8238:
8235:
8233:
8230:
8228:
8225:
8223:
8220:
8218:
8215:
8213:
8210:
8208:
8205:
8203:
8200:
8198:
8195:
8193:
8190:
8188:
8185:
8183:
8180:
8178:
8175:
8173:
8170:
8166:
8163:
8161:
8158:
8157:
8156:
8153:
8151:
8148:
8146:
8145:Literaturoper
8143:
8141:
8138:
8136:
8133:
8131:
8128:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8118:
8114:
8111:
8109:
8106:
8104:
8101:
8099:
8096:
8094:
8091:
8087:
8084:
8082:
8079:
8078:
8077:
8076:Opéra comique
8074:
8072:
8071:Opéra bouffon
8069:
8067:
8064:
8062:
8059:
8057:
8054:
8053:
8052:
8049:
8047:
8046:Chamber opera
8044:
8042:
8039:
8038:
8036:
8032:
8026:
8023:
8021:
8018:
8016:
8013:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8001:
8000:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7991:
7989:
7986:
7984:
7981:
7979:
7976:
7974:
7971:
7969:
7966:
7964:
7961:
7957:
7954:
7952:
7949:
7947:
7944:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7918:
7917:
7914:
7913:
7911:
7907:
7901:
7898:
7896:
7893:
7891:
7890:Spanish opera
7888:
7886:
7885:Russian opera
7883:
7881:
7878:
7876:
7873:
7871:
7870:Italian opera
7868:
7866:
7863:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7821:
7818:
7817:
7815:
7809:
7805:
7798:
7793:
7791:
7786:
7784:
7779:
7778:
7775:
7760:
7756:
7752:
7748:
7746:
7743:
7740:
7739:
7734:
7731:
7729:
7726:
7724:
7721:
7716:
7712:
7709:
7706:
7704:
7701:
7699:
7696:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7684:
7681:
7680:
7670:
7666:
7661:
7659:
7658:
7653:
7649:
7646:
7643:
7639:
7636:
7632:
7628:
7624:
7621:
7620:
7615:
7613:
7609:
7605:
7601:
7598:
7597:Hagen Schulze
7594:
7590:
7586:
7585:Silke Leopold
7583:
7580:
7576:
7572:
7568:
7564:
7563:
7558:
7555:
7554:0-385-26339-2
7551:
7547:
7543:
7540:
7536:
7530:
7526:
7522:
7518:
7516:
7512:
7511:Rodney Milnes
7508:
7505:
7503:
7502:1-85828-138-5
7499:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7489:0-19-869164-5
7486:
7482:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7472:0-670-81292-7
7469:
7465:
7464:Amanda Holden
7461:
7458:
7456:
7455:1-56159-228-5
7452:
7451:0-333-73432-7
7448:
7444:
7443:Stanley Sadie
7440:
7439:
7435:
7434:
7422:
7421:Parker (1994)
7418:
7417:Tyrrell, John
7414:
7413:
7410:
7406:
7404:0-19-816282-0
7400:
7395:
7394:
7388:
7387:Parker, Roger
7384:
7381:
7375:
7373:0-521-78009-8
7369:
7365:
7362:. Cambridge:
7361:
7356:
7352:
7350:0-674-37501-7
7346:
7342:
7338:
7334:
7333:
7332:
7331:
7322:
7321:1-4724-1584-1
7318:
7314:
7310:
7304:
7297:
7293:
7290:
7284:
7277:
7273:
7270:
7266:
7261:
7254:
7253:
7246:
7240:
7236:
7233:
7228:
7212:
7208:
7202:
7195:
7191:
7188:
7183:
7167:
7163:
7159:
7157:
7148:
7141:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7114:
7110:
7103:
7096:
7092:
7088:
7087:
7083:
7077:
7061:
7057:
7056:
7051:
7045:
7029:
7025:
7021:
7014:
6998:
6994:
6993:
6988:
6981:
6972:
6967:
6966:
6965:The Economist
6961:
6955:
6948:
6947:
6942:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6927:
6922:
6906:
6902:
6900:
6891:
6884:
6880:
6876:
6873:
6869:
6864:
6857:
6853:
6850:
6845:
6838:
6834:
6830:
6827:
6823:
6818:
6811:
6807:
6803:
6794:
6778:
6774:
6773:
6767:
6762:
6756:
6749:
6745:
6741:
6735:
6727:
6725:9780253049971
6721:
6717:
6710:
6702:
6695:
6689:
6688:0-333-73432-7
6685:
6681:
6680:Stanley Sadie
6677:
6676:
6669:
6667:
6659:
6655:
6654:Stanley Sadie
6651:
6650:
6643:
6641:
6624:
6620:
6614:
6610:
6609:
6601:
6594:
6590:
6589:Stanley Sadie
6586:
6585:
6578:
6571:
6565:
6563:
6561:
6553:
6548:
6540:
6536:
6532:
6525:
6509:
6505:
6504:
6499:
6497:
6488:
6472:
6468:
6462:
6446:
6442:
6441:
6436:
6432:
6426:
6418:
6414:
6413:
6408:
6401:
6394:
6388:
6380:
6376:
6375:
6370:
6363:
6348:
6341:
6335:(Dent, 1975).
6334:
6330:
6329:Francis Routh
6326:
6322:
6318:
6314:
6309:
6303:, p. 108
6302:
6296:
6280:
6276:
6272:
6266:
6258:
6254:
6250:
6246:
6242:
6238:
6237:
6229:
6222:
6221:
6216:
6215:Zheng Lücheng
6212:
6207:
6200:
6199:
6194:
6188:
6181:
6179:
6175:
6174:
6169:
6168:
6161:
6154:
6146:
6140:
6136:
6135:
6127:
6121:
6120:0-313-33656-3
6117:
6113:
6109:
6106:
6105:
6098:
6091:
6086:
6079:
6075:
6074:Stanley Sadie
6071:
6067:
6062:
6055:
6051:
6046:
6039:
6034:
6027:
6021:
6014:
6013:
6009:
6005:
6002:
5997:
5995:
5993:
5985:
5981:
5977:
5971:
5963:
5957:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5941:
5940:
5932:
5917:
5911:
5907:
5902:
5901:
5895:
5889:
5882:
5878:
5875:
5871:
5870:Kenrick, John
5866:
5859:
5855:
5851:
5845:
5838:
5834:
5833:Thomas Bauman
5829:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5809:
5802:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5785:
5778:
5774:
5769:
5753:
5749:
5745:
5739:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5715:
5707:
5700:
5696:
5692:
5687:
5671:
5667:
5666:www.kcl.ac.uk
5663:
5657:
5649:
5643:
5639:
5638:
5630:
5622:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5607:
5606:Lully Studies
5599:
5591:
5585:
5581:
5580:
5572:
5564:
5561:(in French).
5560:
5556:
5550:
5543:
5538:
5531:
5525:
5518:
5514:
5509:
5502:
5498:
5495:
5491:
5486:
5479:
5475:
5469:
5463:, p. 718
5462:
5457:
5455:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5434:Chinese opera
5428:
5421:
5420:
5415:
5411:
5410:Amanda Holden
5407:
5406:
5399:
5392:
5388:
5383:
5379:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5321:
5320:
5312:
5307:
5305:
5300:
5298:
5293:
5292:
5290:
5289:
5284:
5283:Ventriloquism
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5213:Circus skills
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5200:
5199:
5198:
5195:
5192:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5182:
5174:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5101:
5096:
5092:
5087:
5084:
5083:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5069:
5061:
5057:
5048:
5045:
5044:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5001:
4997:
4996:
4991:
4982:
4980:
4979:
4974:
4973:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4955:
4952:
4947:
4943:
4938:
4936:
4935:Dolora Zajick
4930:
4928:
4927:
4922:
4921:
4909:
4907:
4906:orchestra pit
4903:
4899:
4895:
4894:concertmaster
4889:
4887:
4883:
4882:
4881:Das Rheingold
4877:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4864:
4859:
4858:orchestration
4853:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4834:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4817:
4813:
4808:
4806:
4805:Giulio Cesare
4802:
4798:
4797:
4792:
4791:Henry Purcell
4788:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4767:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4753:
4748:
4744:
4736:
4731:
4727:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4676:
4674:
4673:José Carreras
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4649:Marilyn Horne
4646:
4642:
4641:Renée Fleming
4638:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4617:Rosa Ponselle
4614:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4593:Alfredo Kraus
4590:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4569:Enrico Caruso
4566:
4562:
4561:Anna Netrebko
4556:
4554:
4553:Joseph Legros
4550:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4507:
4504:The castrato
4502:
4493:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4482:
4477:
4476:
4470:
4469:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4450:
4445:
4442:era, such as
4441:
4436:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4389:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4363:mezzo-soprano
4360:
4355:
4354:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4336:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4303:
4298:
4294:
4293:
4287:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4260:mezzo-soprano
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4236:bass-baritone
4233:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4203:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4171:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4160:
4155:
4154:
4149:
4148:
4143:
4142:
4137:
4136:
4131:
4130:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4116:
4111:
4110:
4105:
4104:
4099:
4098:
4093:
4092:
4087:
4086:
4081:
4080:
4075:
4074:
4069:
4068:
4063:
4059:
4058:
4053:
4052:
4047:
4037:
4033:
4031:
4027:
4026:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4008:
4003:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3988:
3983:
3979:
3978:
3973:
3969:
3968:
3967:Doctor Atomic
3963:
3962:
3957:
3956:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3941:
3937:
3926:
3924:
3923:
3919:number opera
3918:
3914:
3910:
3909:
3904:
3903:
3898:
3897:
3892:
3891:
3886:
3885:
3880:
3879:
3874:
3873:
3868:
3867:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3840:neoclassicism
3836:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3819:, the German
3818:
3809:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3797:
3796:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3783:
3778:
3777:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3757:
3752:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3734:Hans Pfitzner
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3710:Tristan chord
3707:
3703:
3688:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3673:
3668:
3664:
3663:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3632:
3631:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3585:
3584:Vladimir Fere
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3552:
3547:
3539:
3535:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3499:
3494:
3492:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3478:
3477:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3463:
3462:Straszny Dwór
3458:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3446:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3435:
3430:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3381:
3376:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3345:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3326:
3325:Káťa Kabanová
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3304:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3285:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3251:
3250:
3245:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3228:
3224:
3223:
3218:
3214:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3161:; as well as
3160:
3159:
3158:War and Peace
3154:
3153:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3135:
3130:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3091:
3087:in his works
3086:
3082:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3047:
3046:
3041:
3040:
3039:Eugene Onegin
3035:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3019:Khovanshchina
3015:
3014:
3013:Boris Godunov
3009:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2992:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2977:
2976:Russian opera
2972:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2883:
2882:Russian opera
2876:Russian opera
2873:
2871:
2867:
2866:Anthony Davis
2863:
2862:Michael Ching
2859:
2858:Tobias Picker
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2830:Missy Mazzoli
2827:
2823:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2776:Douglas Moore
2773:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2713:Michael Nyman
2710:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2629:W. S. Gilbert
2626:
2622:
2619:
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2596:ballad operas
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2499:in Purcell's
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2483:Henry Purcell
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2220:opèra comique
2215:
2214:opéra comique
2209:
2208:opéra lyrique
2204:
2203:
2199:and Delibes'
2198:
2197:
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2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
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2163:Georges Bizet
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2100:opéra comique
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2095:Les Huguenots
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2026:
2022:
2021:Étienne Méhul
2018:
2014:
2013:Revolutionary
2011:. During the
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1992:opéra comique
1988:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1961:
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1956:
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1905:Georges Bizet
1902:
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1313:
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1293:
1277:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1253:Enrico Caruso
1236:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1192:
1191:La sonnambula
1187:
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1078:
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1046:Poème lyrique
1042:
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988:
987:
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969:Mozart K. 527
948:
946:
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930:
926:
922:
918:
917:
916:Giulio Cesare
912:
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795:
791:
783:
779:
775:
771:
765:
764:Český Krumlov
760:
753:
749:
739:
738:Italian opera
732:Italian opera
729:
727:
726:Madama Europa
723:
719:
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711:
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560:
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541:
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529:
528:opéra comique
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
498:
494:
490:
486:
481:
472:
470:
469:live streamed
466:
462:
457:
453:
452:Enrico Caruso
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
428:neoclassicism
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
382:in Italy and
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
340:
338:
334:
333:
328:
324:
323:
319:, as well as
318:
317:
312:
311:
306:
302:
301:
297:, especially
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
275:
274:Henry Purcell
271:
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197:
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173:Opéra comique
169:
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141:
137:
133:
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117:
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109:
105:
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97:
93:
89:
86:is a form of
85:
78:
74:
70:
66:
65:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
37:
33:
19:
8912:Regietheater
8897:Opera gloves
8831:Radio operas
8801:Opera houses
8796:Opera genres
8713:Vocal weight
8673:Sprechgesang
8444:Set designer
8402:Participants
8342:Haute-contre
8332:Countertenor
8227:Rescue opera
8182:Opéra féerie
8177:Opéra-ballet
8172:Number opera
8150:Mugham opera
8066:Opéra bouffe
8056:Ballad opera
7946:Da capo aria
7880:Polish opera
7855:French opera
7803:
7762:. Retrieved
7754:
7738:The American
7736:
7692:Opera-Inside
7664:
7655:
7641:
7626:
7617:
7603:
7593:Tim Blanning
7588:
7560:
7545:
7524:
7506:
7493:
7481:John Warrack
7476:
7462:, edited by
7459:
7441:, edited by
7436:
7407:– via
7392:
7359:
7340:
7329:
7328:
7312:
7303:
7283:
7260:
7250:
7245:
7227:
7215:. Retrieved
7211:the original
7201:
7182:
7170:. Retrieved
7161:
7155:
7147:
7137:
7129:
7117:. Retrieved
7102:
7084:
7076:
7064:. Retrieved
7060:the original
7053:
7044:
7032:. Retrieved
7013:
7001:. Retrieved
6997:the original
6990:
6980:
6971:the original
6963:
6954:
6944:
6931:
6921:
6909:. Retrieved
6903:. AllMusic.
6898:
6890:
6882:
6863:
6844:
6836:
6817:
6793:
6781:. Retrieved
6770:
6755:
6734:
6715:
6709:
6700:
6694:
6673:
6658:John Tyrrell
6647:
6627:. Retrieved
6607:
6600:
6593:John Tyrrell
6582:
6577:
6547:
6539:the original
6534:
6524:
6512:. Retrieved
6503:The Guardian
6501:
6496:Sweeney Todd
6495:
6487:
6475:. Retrieved
6471:the original
6461:
6449:. Retrieved
6438:
6425:
6417:the original
6410:
6400:
6387:
6379:the original
6372:
6362:
6350:. Retrieved
6340:
6332:
6324:
6316:
6308:
6295:
6283:. Retrieved
6274:
6265:
6240:
6234:
6228:
6220:Cloud Gazing
6218:
6210:
6206:
6196:
6192:
6187:
6177:
6171:
6165:
6163:
6159:
6153:
6133:
6126:
6103:
6097:
6090:Tyrrell 1994
6085:
6069:
6061:
6053:
6045:
6037:
6032:
6031:s review of
6025:
6020:
6010:
5983:
5979:
5970:
5937:
5931:
5919:. Retrieved
5899:
5888:
5865:
5857:
5853:
5844:
5836:
5828:
5813:
5808:
5800:
5788:
5784:
5776:
5768:
5756:. Retrieved
5747:
5738:
5726:. Retrieved
5713:
5706:
5698:
5690:
5686:
5674:. Retrieved
5670:the original
5665:
5656:
5636:
5629:
5605:
5598:
5578:
5571:
5558:
5549:
5537:
5529:
5524:
5516:
5508:
5489:
5485:
5473:
5468:
5427:
5422:, 1983 ed.).
5417:
5413:
5403:
5398:
5391:Arrigo Boito
5382:
5327:general list
5247:
5165:
5147:
5141:
5098:
5088:
5080:
5066:
5064:
5041:
5005:
4995:Il trovatore
4993:
4976:
4970:
4956:
4939:
4931:
4924:
4918:
4915:
4890:
4879:
4861:
4854:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4835:
4809:
4794:
4781:as found in
4764:
4750:
4740:
4719:Leonardo Leo
4682:
4613:Nellie Melba
4589:Risë Stevens
4565:Maria Callas
4557:
4549:haute-contre
4517:
4489:
4485:
4479:
4474:
4468:Don Giovanni
4466:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4447:
4439:
4437:
4428:
4424:
4393:
4383:countertenor
4356:
4342:
4333:
4321:
4317:
4315:
4300:
4290:
4288:
4252:countertenor
4209:
4200:
4188:
4177:
4157:
4156:(2006), and
4151:
4145:
4139:
4133:
4127:
4113:
4107:
4101:
4095:
4089:
4085:Sweeney Todd
4083:
4077:
4071:
4065:
4055:
4049:
4043:
4034:
4023:
4004:
3995:
3985:
3975:
3965:
3959:
3953:
3950:
3945:Little Women
3943:
3932:
3929:Other trends
3920:
3906:
3905:(1914), and
3900:
3894:
3888:
3882:
3876:
3870:
3864:
3850:
3848:number opera
3837:
3829:Philip Glass
3814:
3799:
3793:
3791:
3787:Sprechstimme
3780:
3774:
3760:
3756:Egon Schiele
3742:
3699:
3681:Felipe Boero
3670:
3667:Teatro Colón
3660:
3648:
3638:
3628:
3626:
3619:
3610:
3598:Roudaki Hall
3594:
3587:
3567:
3562:. The first
3549:
3546:Soviet Union
3543:
3529:
3505:
3495:
3484:
3474:
3466:
3465:(in English
3460:
3455:
3448:
3438:
3432:
3429:Ferenc Erkel
3426:
3421:Ferenc Erkel
3395:Yuliy Meitus
3384:
3378:
3368:
3362:
3351:
3339:
3329:
3323:
3311:
3301:
3297:Leoš Janáček
3295:
3288:
3275:
3269:
3263:
3257:
3247:
3242:
3237:Leoš Janáček
3226:
3220:
3217:eight operas
3215:, who wrote
3210:
3198:
3192:
3182:
3172:
3166:
3156:
3150:
3144:
3138:
3132:
3122:
3116:
3110:
3106:Le Rossignol
3104:
3094:
3088:
3078:
3074:Slavophilism
3059:
3053:
3043:
3037:
3027:
3017:
3011:
3001:
2995:
2989:
2983:
2973:
2950:
2909:
2902:
2895:Ivan Susanin
2822:André Previn
2815:
2808:Robert Moran
2801:
2787:
2784:Philip Glass
2765:
2755:
2752:Scott Joplin
2745:
2739:
2728:
2722:
2716:
2709:The Minotaur
2702:
2688:
2677:
2671:
2665:
2659:
2652:
2646:
2640:
2625:Savoy operas
2621:light operas
2603:
2593:
2581:opera serias
2580:
2574:
2571:(Lithograph)
2566:
2552:
2541:
2535:
2529:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2486:
2480:
2473:
2461:
2443:
2425:
2419:
2393:
2377:
2357:
2355:
2346:
2334:
2276:
2266:
2240:
2233:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2166:
2156:
2146:
2140:
2130:
2123:
2099:
2093:
2079:
2078:. Rossini's
2065:
2053:
2035:
1990:
1973:opéra-ballet
1971:
1967:
1953:
1943:
1929:
1920:
1908:
1882:
1855:
1846:French opera
1840:French opera
1827:
1822:composed by
1809:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1672:, recurring
1663:
1653:
1646:
1617:
1608:established
1595:
1585:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1523:
1517:
1502:
1500:
1493:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1435:
1425:
1415:
1397:
1393:
1387:
1381:
1371:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1344:Il trovatore
1342:
1336:
1331:in the post-
1322:
1316:
1307:
1295:
1264:
1215:Don Pasquale
1213:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1166:
1140:
1116:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1096:Don Giovanni
1094:
1088:
1081:
1074:
1051:Encyclopédie
1032:
1024:
1018:
1011:
996:
986:Don Giovanni
984:
983:Overture to
914:
908:
899:
863:
859:
855:
853:
843:
835:opera houses
803:
797:
787:
707:
697:
693:
681:
660:
659:
648:
642:
638:
636:
589:
581:accompagnato
580:
576:
573:accompagnato
572:
562:
558:
548:
512:number opera
501:
497:Émile Bayard
456:Maria Callas
440:Philip Glass
392:French opera
364:Daniel Auber
346:style, with
341:
336:
330:
326:
320:
314:
310:Don Giovanni
308:
304:
298:
295:comic operas
268:in Germany,
259:
245:
229:
178:number opera
171:
165:
152:
83:
82:
62:
55:
9048:Vocal music
8975:WikiProject
8892:Opera cloak
8882:Opera house
8718:Voice types
8698:Vocal range
8623:Convenienze
8608:Chest voice
8519:Set dresser
8494:Prima donna
8414:Choirmaster
8275:Boy soprano
8267:Voice types
8217:Radio opera
8197:Opera seria
8140:Grand opera
8098:Savoy opera
8061:Opera buffa
8051:Comic opera
7811:History and
7764:15 February
7718:(in French)
7337:Apel, Willi
6932:Magic Flute
6901:: A Review"
6629:7 September
6552:Parker 1994
6535:Live Design
6514:15 December
6451:30 November
6393:Parker 1994
6313:Parker 1994
6285:15 December
6078:Parker 1994
6050:Parker 1994
5976:Parker 1994
5850:Parker 1994
5797:Parker 1994
5793:Neal Zaslaw
5773:Parker 1994
5695:Neal Zaslaw
5542:Parker 1994
5513:Parker 1994
5442:Greek drama
5358:Radio opera
5170:Wreckamovie
5123:in London,
5013:Opera North
4872:prima donna
4831:sonata form
4693:harpsichord
4653:Bryn Terfel
4533:prima donna
4513: 1720
4462:opera seria
4454:Heldentenor
4292:basso buffo
4228:vocal range
4132:(1969) and
4020:Paris Opera
3987:Anna Nicole
3982:Jake Heggie
3878:Oedipus rex
3869:(1911) and
3798:(1925) and
3771:dodecaphony
3655:. However,
3556:Azerbaijani
3525:Scene from
3445:Béla Bartók
3380:Taras Bulba
3358:native form
3336:Sinfonietta
3259:The Jacobin
3207:Czech opera
3134:The Gambler
3118:Oedipus rex
3070:nationalism
3029:Prince Igor
2988:(1836) and
2919:aristocracy
2838:Tom Cipullo
2826:Jake Heggie
2757:Treemonisha
2735:Thomas Adès
2730:Love Counts
2718:Facing Goya
2684:grand opera
2661:Haddon Hall
2616:, and late
2612:, European
2548:opera seria
2532:Thomas Arne
2525:Thomas Arne
2515:John Dryden
2509:(1690) and
2497:Shakespeare
2466:Shakespeare
2462:The Tempest
2424:(1658) and
2370:Inigo Jones
2211:, combined
2185:Léo Delibes
2173:Romanticism
2125:Les Troyens
2086:grand opera
1978:opera seria
1584:(1782) and
1558:Abel Seyler
1368:grand opera
1359:La traviata
1350:La traviata
1107:opera seria
1043:published "
1033:opera seria
900:opera seria
864:opera seria
831:opera buffa
827:opera seria
743:Baroque era
690:Renaissance
686:Greek drama
667:Jacopo Peri
577:strumentato
569:harpsichord
394:through to
370:as well as
360:grand opera
283:Opera seria
239:Jacopo Peri
215:Paris Opéra
190:music drama
146:. Although
138:or smaller
132:opera house
51:Space opera
47:Horse opera
9012:Categories
8668:Portamento
8648:Head voice
8643:Falsettone
8613:Coloratura
8568:Role types
8549:Technician
8509:Répétiteur
8434:Impresario
8429:Dramaturge
8285:Coloratura
8247:Semi-opera
8187:Opera film
8155:Melodramma
8020:Ritornello
8015:Recitative
7265:Classic FM
7217:9 November
6506:. London.
6352:8 December
6333:Stravinsky
6325:Schoenberg
6301:Cooke 2005
6275:Classic FM
6243:(2): 323.
5822:9004309578
5728:31 October
5544:, ch. 1–3.
5478:P. Scholes
5369:References
5228:Gymnastics
5203:Acrobatics
5119:including
4946:proscenium
4926:Don Carlos
4868:leitmotifs
4863:Ring Cycle
4850:Einleitung
4816:homophonic
4761:Monteverdi
4757:ritornello
4702:ritornello
4537:Anna Renzi
4490:Don Carlos
4481:Don Carlos
4475:Ring Cycle
4276:coloratura
4212:voice type
4168:leitmotifs
4126:, such as
3972:John Adams
3940:Mark Adamo
3852:Arlecchino
3833:minimalist
3767:Alban Berg
3662:Il Guarany
3476:King Roger
3407:folk songs
3081:traditions
3076:movement.
2978:came with
2834:Kevin Puts
2812:John Adams
2794:Mark Adamo
2610:burlesques
2598:, such as
2568:The Mikado
2543:Artaxerxes
2493:semi-opera
2374:Ben Jonson
2349:media help
2017:Napoleonic
1960:recitative
1923:media help
1818:-language
1793:Kurt Weill
1685:Tannhäuser
1670:leitmotifs
1576:Singspiele
1552:and later
1373:Don Carlos
1333:Napoleonic
1310:media help
1290:Aria from
1197:I puritani
1163:Mercadante
1087:, notably
1057:and opera
999:media help
872:castration
844:intermezzi
819:Metastasio
671:Florentine
536:semi-opera
516:recitative
444:John Adams
436:minimalism
424:Alban Berg
258:, notably
241:'s mostly
182:recitative
110:, such as
104:librettist
77:Savonlinna
43:Soap opera
8927:Surtitles
8917:Sitzprobe
8887:Opera hat
8683:Tessitura
8663:Passaggio
8617:Fioritura
8603:Cantabile
8598:Bel canto
8529:Stagehand
8409:Conductor
8371:Baritenor
8337:Sopranist
8322:Contralto
8295:Soubrette
8222:Regieoper
8202:Pasticcio
8160:Monodrama
8108:Spieloper
8103:Singspiel
7993:Mad scene
7983:Leitmotif
7956:Rage aria
7936:Cantabile
7931:Cabaletta
7687:Operabase
7579:1471-6836
7573:(print).
7571:0008-199X
6992:The Times
6554:, ch. 11.
6315:, ch. 8;
6178:Jiang Jie
6080:, ch. 7–9
5461:Apel 1969
5341:, and by
5166:Free Will
5164:. Titled
5133:La Fenice
5117:festivals
5100:La bohème
4942:surtitles
4902:conductor
4819:movements
4529:Farinelli
4473:Wagner's
4444:Donizetti
4440:bel canto
4417:Farinelli
4367:contralto
4313:company.
4311:repertory
4280:soubrette
4268:sopranist
4256:contralto
4244:baritenor
4216:tessitura
4079:Brigadoon
4067:Show Boat
3896:Melodrama
3866:Petrushka
3861:Diaghilev
3776:Erwartung
3702:atonality
3696:Modernism
3640:Partenope
3624:in 1945.
3568:Ai-Churek
3558:composer
3507:Arshak II
3459:'s opera
2842:Huang Ruo
2679:La bohème
2614:operettas
2472:composed
2470:John Blow
2460:produced
2392:produced
2386:dramatist
2362:libellous
2165:composed
2104:Boïeldieu
2068:bel canto
1997:singspiel
1820:operettas
1805:modernism
1728:Arthurian
1691:Lohengrin
1660:Meyerbeer
1624:Marschner
1614:bel canto
1594:with his
1592:Beethoven
1519:Singspiel
1472:modernism
1447:La bohème
1437:Pagliacci
1355:Rigoletto
1338:Rigoletto
1297:Pagliacci
1266:Rigoletto
1167:bel canto
1155:Donizetti
1143:bel canto
1059:librettos
884:Farinelli
754:, in 1723
674:humanists
524:singspiel
493:operettas
416:serialism
412:atonality
344:bel canto
167:Singspiel
144:conductor
136:orchestra
90:in which
8955:Category
8922:Stagione
8638:Falsetto
8499:Prompter
8484:Fly crew
8376:Baritone
8347:Castrato
8310:Dramatic
8257:Zeitoper
8165:Duodrama
8113:Zarzuela
8093:Operetta
7998:Overture
7988:Libretto
7973:Cavatina
7711:Archived
7292:Archived
7272:Archived
7235:Archived
7190:Archived
7166:Archived
7113:Archived
7091:Archived
7028:Archived
7024:BBC News
6937:Archived
6930:"A Mini-
6905:Archived
6875:Archived
6852:Archived
6829:Archived
6806:Archived
6783:13 April
6777:Archived
6744:Archived
6623:Archived
6508:Archived
6445:Archived
6279:Archived
6108:Archived
6004:Archived
5921:11 April
5877:Archived
5752:Archived
5676:10 April
5563:Archived
5497:Archived
5258:Puppetry
5186:a series
5184:Part of
5177:See also
5154:streamed
5125:La Scala
5093:of live
4846:Vorspiel
4838:sinfonia
4775:trumpets
4752:Euridice
4743:overture
4525:Senesino
4521:castrato
4506:Senesino
4458:Turandot
4433:britches
4397:castrato
4387:castrato
4375:baritone
4272:castrati
4240:baritone
4150:(1996),
4144:(1980),
4138:(1971),
4122:. Other
4062:Broadway
4046:musicals
3917:diatonic
3744:Falstaff
3512:Armenian
3440:Bánk bán
3411:Romantic
3354:zarzuela
3338:and the
3316:Moravian
3277:Dimitrij
3168:The Nose
2600:John Gay
2579:, whose
2255:Honegger
2137:operetta
2135:created
2038:(1793).
2033:Gossec's
2005:Philidor
2001:Monsigny
1952:created
1950:Quinault
1834:Viennese
1736:Bayreuth
1724:Germanic
1719:Parsifal
1696:tonality
1632:Lortzing
1628:Schubert
1538:Telemann
1525:Seelewig
1398:Falstaff
1394:Falstaff
1389:Falstaff
1259:", from
1112:Idomeneo
921:libretti
894:such as
892:sopranos
888:Senesino
868:castrato
823:libretti
821:, whose
790:carnival
780:, 1747,
718:Gonzagas
699:Euridice
532:operetta
504:libretto
252:Florence
202:of Milan
200:La Scala
100:composer
9053:Singing
9043:Theatre
8693:Vibrato
8678:Squillo
8580:Ingénue
8454:Dresser
8280:Soprano
8237:Sainete
8008:Italian
7968:Cadenza
7648:"Opera"
7330:Sources
7034:23 June
7003:23 June
6477:4 March
6395:, ch. 9
6012:Ivanhoe
5758:15 July
5446:musical
5335:country
5278:Theatre
4985:Funding
4771:toccata
4766:L'Orfeo
4359:soprano
4340:soprano
4264:soprano
4091:Passion
4057:Candide
4028:critic
3795:Wozzeck
3741:in his
3566:opera,
3551:Koroğlu
3536:opera,
3486:Ubu Rex
3399:Georgia
3249:Rusalka
3239:in 1917
2997:Rusalka
2915:troupes
2767:Candide
2673:Ivanhoe
2642:Ivanhoe
2511:Bonduca
2450:Molière
2412:Coleman
2259:Milhaud
2251:Roussel
2072:Rossini
1913:(1875).
1864:in 1761
1860:in the
1769:waltzes
1758:Elektra
1597:Fidelio
1530:Hamburg
1418:verismo
1380:works,
1363:verismo
1324:Nabucco
1255:sings "
1151:Bellini
1147:Rossini
910:Rinaldo
876:puberty
860:da capo
709:L'Orfeo
613:Origins
602:History
551:Baroque
465:cinemas
434:), and
408:Bohemia
388:verismo
329:), and
261:L'Orfeo
213:of the
155:Western
120:costume
116:scenery
96:singers
88:theatre
67:at the
64:Macbeth
8988:Portal
8965:Portal
8846:Titles
8736:Operas
8688:Timbre
8653:Legato
8305:Spinto
8003:French
7963:Ballet
7926:Arioso
7610:
7591:, ed.
7577:
7569:
7552:
7531:
7500:
7487:
7470:
7449:
7401:
7370:
7347:
7319:
7172:4 July
7119:21 May
6911:3 June
6722:
6686:
6615:
6608:Handel
6257:742411
6255:
6141:
6118:
6072:, ed.
6033:Yeomen
5958:
5912:
5820:
5693:, ed.
5644:
5617:
5586:
5339:medium
5263:Speech
5208:Ballet
5091:series
5023:, and
5015:, the
4961:, the
4827:minuet
4801:Handel
4787:fugato
4777:. The
4759:, and
4737:(2014)
4721:, and
4409:Handel
4344:falcon
4297:patter
4284:spinto
4224:timbre
3994:, and
3964:, and
3884:Renard
3672:Aurora
3564:Kyrgyz
3540:(1934)
3504:) was
3498:Turkey
3393:, and
3334:, the
3320:Prague
3312:Jenůfa
3303:Jenůfa
3265:Armida
3187:, and
3155:, and
3121:, and
3052:, and
2933:, and
2899:Glinka
2868:, and
2778:, and
2727:, and
2670:, but
2445:Psyche
2416:Hudson
2366:masque
2168:Carmen
2161:; and
2112:Hérold
2055:Carmen
2009:Grétry
1910:Carmen
1883:Carmen
1857:Armide
1816:French
1752:Salome
1674:themes
1636:Wagner
1616:. His
1572:Mozart
1542:Handel
1534:Keiser
1456:, and
1409:, and
1383:Otello
1269:(1908)
1159:Pacini
1137:, 1886
1099:, and
1037:ballet
989:(1787)
933:Vienna
929:Mozart
905:Handel
880:larynx
849:Naples
794:Venice
782:Louvre
778:Panini
714:Mantua
586:Wagner
540:arioso
534:, and
404:Russia
313:, and
128:ballet
112:acting
102:and a
18:Operas
9038:Drama
9018:Opera
9002:Opera
8479:Extra
8469:Banda
8354:Tenor
8300:Lyric
8130:Farsa
8025:Rondò
7804:Opera
7479:, by
7156:Tosca
7066:5 May
6253:JSTOR
6029:'
6015:site.
5494:opera
5476:, by
5374:Notes
5343:venue
5337:, by
5333:, by
5331:theme
5248:Opera
5243:Music
5233:Magic
5223:Dance
5218:Clown
5082:Tosca
4886:harps
4823:gigue
4371:tenor
4307:drama
4248:tenor
4190:Tosca
4129:Tommy
4097:Evita
3908:Mavra
3675:, by
3651:, by
3633:, by
3589:Manas
3500:(the
3271:Vanda
3112:Mavra
3061:Sadko
2408:Locke
2404:Cooke
2400:Lawes
2247:Dukas
2243:Ravel
2202:Lakmé
2190:Manon
2158:Faust
2108:Auber
2076:Paris
1983:Gluck
1656:Weber
1554:Gluck
1550:Hasse
1546:Graun
1504:Dafne
1464:Berio
1453:Tosca
1185:Norma
1071:Gluck
1055:lyric
856:secco
694:Dafne
682:Dafne
662:Dafne
644:opera
639:opera
596:below
559:secco
544:below
247:Dafne
235:Italy
186:arias
124:dance
92:music
84:Opera
49:, or
8633:Fach
8386:Bass
8326:Alto
7916:Aria
7766:2011
7631:View
7608:ISBN
7595:and
7575:ISSN
7567:ISSN
7550:ISBN
7529:ISBN
7498:ISBN
7485:ISBN
7468:ISBN
7447:ISBN
7399:ISBN
7368:ISBN
7345:ISBN
7317:ISBN
7219:2010
7174:2010
7121:2017
7068:2015
7036:2010
7005:2010
6913:2014
6785:2018
6720:ISBN
6684:ISBN
6656:and
6631:2018
6613:ISBN
6591:and
6516:2016
6479:2021
6453:2022
6354:2023
6287:2019
6176:and
6139:ISBN
6116:ISBN
6024:The
5956:ISBN
5923:2014
5910:ISBN
5818:ISBN
5791:ed.
5760:2016
5730:2023
5678:2014
5642:ISBN
5615:ISBN
5584:ISBN
5389:and
5238:Mime
5035:and
5002:2014
4747:Peri
4697:lute
4659:and
4543:and
4527:and
4385:and
4379:bass
4338:and
4332:are
4320:and
4302:Fach
4262:and
4250:and
4232:bass
4222:and
4147:Rent
4005:The
3801:Lulu
3732:and
3683:and
3582:and
3483:and
3437:and
3383:and
3328:and
3308:Brno
3274:and
3197:and
3171:and
3093:and
3058:and
3042:and
3016:and
3000:and
2967:and
2945:and
2824:and
2664:and
2631:and
2452:and
2414:and
2388:Sir
2257:and
2183:and
2116:Adam
2114:and
2062:2012
2048:and
2027:and
2015:and
1716:and
1688:and
1658:and
1630:and
1540:and
1468:Nono
1466:and
1430:and
1386:and
1347:and
1212:and
1194:and
1176:and
1141:The
1115:and
1065:and
943:and
913:and
886:and
802:and
650:opus
621:and
553:and
520:aria
454:and
442:and
422:and
414:and
406:and
398:and
366:and
354:and
243:lost
170:and
7633:at
7154:"A
6245:doi
5948:doi
5906:133
4951:RAI
4923:or
4825:or
4793:'s
4763:'s
4749:'s
4675:).
4535:),
4230:as
3998:by
3990:by
3980:by
3970:by
3827:. (
3604:by
3489:by
3479:by
3447:'s
3389:),
3191:in
3181:in
3165:in
3131:in
3103:in
3064:by
3048:by
3032:by
3022:by
3006:by
2901:'s
2897:in
2893:as
2820:),
2806:),
2792:),
2770:),
2760:),
2750:),
2627:of
2602:'s
2442:'s
2376:'s
2358:jig
2074:in
1907:'s
1734:at
1726:or
1574:'s
1444:'s
1434:'s
1424:'s
1294:'s
1263:'s
1053:on
1023:'s
706:'s
665:by
491:'s
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233:in
126:or
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