505:
1084:
154:
20:
137:. By helping the generators to speed up, these governors provide a small boost to both the output frequency and the power of each generator. However, because the frequency-response reserve is often small and not at the discretion of the system operator it is not considered part of the operating reserve.
89:
Generators that intend to provide either spinning and non-spinning reserve should be able to reach their promised capacity within roughly ten minutes. Most power system guidelines require a significant fraction of their operating reserve to come from spinning reserve. This is because the spinning
140:
The replacement reserve (also known as contingency reserve) is reserve power provided by generators that require a longer start-up time (typically thirty to sixty minutes). It is used to relieve the generators providing the spinning or non-spinning reserve and thus restore the operating reserve
84:
is the extra generating capacity that is not currently connected to the system but can be brought online after a short delay. In isolated power systems, this typically equates to the power available from fast-start generators. However, in interconnected power systems, this may include the power
132:
The frequency-response reserve (also known as regulating reserve) is provided as an automatic reaction to a loss in supply. It occurs because immediately following a loss of supply, the generators slow down due to the increased load. To combat this slowing, many generators have a
64:
is the extra generating capacity that is available by increasing the power output of generators that are already connected to the power system. For most generators, this increase in power output is achieved by increasing the
43:
goes down or there is another disruption to the supply. Most power systems are designed so that, under normal conditions, the operating reserve is always at least the capacity of the largest supplier plus a fraction of the
93:
Centrally controlled air conditioners and thermostats that are used in large residential areas can be used as a fast and considerable curtailment reserve. Advantages of this technology are under studies.
90:
reserve is slightly more reliable (it doesn't suffer from start-up issues) and can respond immediately whereas with non-spinning reserve generators there is a delay as the generator starts-up offline.
241:
N. A. Sinitsyn. S. Kundu, S. Backhaus (2013). "Safe
Protocols for Generating Power Pulses with Heterogeneous Populations of Thermostatically Controlled Loads".
98:
356:
1029:
299:
216:
23:
An idealized representation of the four kinds of reserve power and the time intervals after an unexpected failure that they are in use.
85:
available on short notice by importing power from other systems or retracting power that is currently being exported to other systems.
120:
In addition, there are two other kinds of reserve power that are often discussed in combination with the operating reserve: the
109:
1087:
504:
926:
1034:
349:
174:
112:
has an operating reserve at 6% of the metered load. Included in that is a spinning reserve at 3% of the metered load.
654:
243:
817:
742:
613:
326:
56:
The operating reserve is made up of the spinning reserve as well as the non-spinning or supplemental reserve:
989:
921:
911:
787:
687:
342:
842:
802:
379:
1069:
1064:
782:
757:
747:
723:
718:
424:
36:
1108:
984:
702:
672:
449:
1039:
528:
489:
1014:
822:
762:
419:
141:(confusingly the replacement reserve is sometimes known as the 30 or 60-minute operating reserve).
953:
943:
933:
874:
737:
520:
409:
288:
204:
1009:
777:
772:
752:
603:
365:
40:
8:
974:
807:
707:
682:
635:
444:
434:
399:
848:
459:
270:
252:
228:
28:
999:
879:
484:
134:
274:
948:
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565:
474:
414:
266:
262:
979:
938:
916:
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732:
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1004:
994:
792:
404:
1102:
1024:
812:
697:
677:
608:
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555:
439:
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159:
1044:
1019:
884:
853:
667:
469:
102:
869:
837:
630:
618:
538:
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454:
384:
832:
827:
640:
623:
479:
334:
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429:
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240:
45:
190:, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 20, No. 1, February 2005.
105:
or equipment (generators, transformers, transmission links) faults.
662:
257:
101:
can withstand the uncertainty due to unforeseen variations in the
583:
573:
153:
70:
578:
66:
19:
97:
Operating reserve is a crucial concept for ensuring that the
533:
39:
within a short interval of time to meet demand in case a
16:
Short-term reserve of electricity generating capacity
149:
219:, Western Systems Coordinating Council, July 1998.
1100:
327:Price-Responsive Demand as Reliability Resources
350:
51:
200:
198:
196:
177:, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, March 2003.
35:is the generating capacity available to the
289:"Spinning Reserve and Non-Spinning Reserve"
188:Operating Reserve Model in the Power Market
357:
343:
99:day-ahead planning of generators' schedule
256:
229:The Value of Reliability in Power Systems
205:Spinning Reserve and Non-Spinning Reserve
193:
115:
364:
18:
321:
319:
1101:
186:Jianxue Wang; Xifan Wang and Yang Wu,
175:Spinning Reserve From Responsive Loads
110:California Independent System Operator
338:
316:
234:
231:, MIT Energy Laboratory, June 1999.
13:
1035:Renewable energy commercialization
217:WSCC Operating Reserve White Paper
14:
1120:
1083:
1082:
503:
244:Energy Conversion and Management
152:
305:from the original on 2006-02-03
207:, California ISO, January 2006.
281:
267:10.1016/j.enconman.2012.11.021
222:
210:
180:
167:
1:
1030:Renewable Energy Certificates
990:Cost of electricity by source
912:Arc-fault circuit interrupter
788:High-voltage shore connection
145:
1045:Spark/Dark/Quark/Bark spread
843:Transmission system operator
803:Mains electricity by country
380:Automatic generation control
7:
1070:List of electricity sectors
1065:Electric energy consumption
783:High-voltage direct current
758:Electric power transmission
748:Electric power distribution
425:Energy return on investment
10:
1125:
985:Carbon offsets and credits
703:Three-phase electric power
122:frequency-response reserve
52:Types of operating reserve
1078:
1053:
1040:Renewable Energy Payments
963:
900:
862:
716:
653:
564:
529:Fossil fuel power station
519:
512:
501:
372:
823:Single-wire earth return
763:Electrical busbar system
420:Energy demand management
954:Residual-current device
944:Power system protection
934:Generator interlock kit
738:Distributed generation
410:Electric power quality
116:Other types of reserve
24:
1010:Fossil fuel phase-out
778:Electricity retailing
773:Electrical substation
753:Electric power system
22:
366:Electricity delivery
82:supplemental reserve
78:non-spinning reserve
29:electricity networks
975:Availability factor
927:Sulfur hexafluoride
808:Overhead power line
708:Virtual power plant
683:Induction generator
636:Sustainable biofuel
445:Home energy storage
435:Grid energy storage
400:Droop speed control
126:replacement reserve
849:Transmission tower
460:Nameplate capacity
25:
1109:Power engineering
1096:
1095:
1000:Environmental tax
880:Cascading failure
649:
648:
485:Utility frequency
33:operating reserve
1116:
1086:
1085:
995:Energy subsidies
949:Protective relay
890:Rolling blackout
517:
516:
507:
475:Power-flow study
415:Electrical fault
359:
352:
345:
336:
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191:
184:
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157:
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62:spinning reserve
1124:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1074:
1058:
1056:
1049:
980:Capacity factor
968:
966:
959:
939:Numerical relay
917:Circuit breaker
905:
903:
896:
858:
798:Load management
768:Electrical grid
733:Demand response
726:
721:
712:
693:Microgeneration
645:
560:
508:
499:
495:Vehicle-to-grid
368:
363:
333:
324:
317:
308:
306:
302:
291:
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239:
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194:
185:
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172:
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118:
71:turbine's rotor
69:applied to the
54:
37:system operator
17:
12:
11:
5:
1122:
1112:
1111:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1090:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1061:
1059:
1055:Statistics and
1054:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1005:Feed-in tariff
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
971:
969:
964:
961:
960:
958:
957:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
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835:
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815:
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805:
800:
795:
793:Interconnector
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
743:Dynamic demand
740:
735:
729:
727:
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714:
713:
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710:
705:
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695:
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685:
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675:
673:Combined cycle
670:
665:
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482:
477:
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467:
462:
457:
452:
450:Load-following
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
405:Electric power
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
376:
374:
370:
369:
362:
361:
354:
347:
339:
332:
331:
315:
298:. 2006-02-03.
280:
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165:
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147:
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138:
117:
114:
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53:
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15:
9:
6:
4:
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2:
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1060:
1052:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1025:Pigouvian tax
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
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962:
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952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
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937:
935:
932:
928:
925:
923:
922:Earth-leakage
920:
919:
918:
915:
913:
910:
909:
907:
899:
891:
888:
887:
886:
883:
881:
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868:
867:
865:
863:Failure modes
861:
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841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
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826:
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813:Power station
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709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
698:Rankine cycle
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
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681:
679:
678:Cooling tower
676:
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531:
530:
527:
526:
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522:
521:Non-renewable
518:
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471:
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463:
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443:
441:
440:Grid strength
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428:
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411:
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403:
401:
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395:Demand factor
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381:
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375:
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367:
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355:
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341:
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329:, April 2002.
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173:B. J. Kirby,
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161:
160:Energy portal
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49:
47:
42:
38:
34:
30:
21:
1020:Net metering
967:and policies
885:Power outage
854:Utility pole
818:Pumped hydro
724:distribution
719:Transmission
668:Cogeneration
470:Power factor
325:Eric Hirst,
307:. Retrieved
295:
283:
248:
242:
236:
224:
212:
187:
182:
169:
125:
121:
119:
107:
103:load profile
96:
92:
88:
81:
77:
61:
55:
32:
26:
1015:Load factor
870:Black start
838:Transformer
539:Natural gas
490:Variability
465:Peak demand
455:Merit order
385:Backfeeding
251:: 297–308.
1057:production
902:Protective
833:Super grid
828:Smart grid
655:Generation
589:Geothermal
480:Repowering
309:2020-08-28
146:References
965:Economics
688:Micro CHP
566:Renewable
549:Petroleum
544:Oil shale
430:Grid code
390:Base load
296:caiso.com
258:1211.0248
46:peak load
41:generator
1103:Category
1088:Category
875:Brownout
663:AC power
373:Concepts
300:Archived
275:32067734
135:governor
124:and the
904:devices
614:Thermal
609:Osmotic
604:Current
584:Biomass
574:Biofuel
556:Nuclear
513:Sources
599:Marine
579:Biogas
273:
67:torque
31:, the
956:(GFI)
845:(TSO)
631:Solar
619:Tidal
594:Hydro
303:(PDF)
292:(PDF)
271:S2CID
253:arXiv
722:and
641:Wind
624:Wave
534:Coal
108:The
76:The
60:The
263:doi
80:or
27:In
1105::
318:^
294:.
269:.
261:.
249:67
247:.
195:^
128:.
48:.
358:e
351:t
344:v
312:.
277:.
265::
255::
73:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
