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2222:
335:
1826:
573:
455:
407:
467:
434:
420:
73:
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1603:
500:
393:
1526:
528:
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1996:
1311:
1109:
201:
135:
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32:
1293:(and more so German) resistance proved relatively strong, and fighting in Italy continued even after the fall of Berlin. In addition, the invasion left the Allies in a position of supplying food and supplies to conquered territory, a burden that would otherwise have fallen on Germany. As well, Italy occupied by a hostile German army would have created additional problems for the German Commander-in-Chief
1573:
1668:
1618:
1091:. It caused heavy casualties but was beaten off. Both the British and the Americans made slow progress, and still had a 10 miles (16 km) gap between them at the end of day one. They linked up by the end of day two and occupied 35–45 miles (56–72 km) of coastline to a depth of 6–7 miles (9.7–11.3 km).
2697:
became for the Allied armies a grinding and attritional slog against skillful, determined and well prepared defenses in terrain and weather conditions which favoured defense and hampered the Allied advantages in mechanised equipment and air superiority. It took until mid-January 1944 to fight through
2186:
The
Germans had established artillery and machine-gun posts and scattered tanks through the landing zones which made progress difficult, but the beach areas were successfully taken. Around 07:00 a concerted counterattack was made by the 16th Panzer division. It caused heavy casualties, but was beaten
2198:
During
September 12–14 the Germans organized a concerted counterattack with six divisions of motorised troops, hoping to throw the Salerno beachhead into the sea before it could link with the British 8th Army. Heavy casualties were inflicted, as the Allied troops were too thinly spread to be able to
2655:
With the
Salerno beachhead secure, the 5th Army could begin to attack northwest towards Naples. The 8th Army had been making quick progress from the "toe" in the face of German engineer delaying actions and linked with the 1st Airborne Division on the Adriatic coast. It united the left of its front
2463:
reports that the X Corps suffered 531 killed in action, 1,915 wounded and 1,561 missing, while the VI Corps had 225 killed, 853 wounded and 589 missing. Clark also stated that most of the missing from both corps subsequently returned to the front lines. After a week long battle, the combined Allied
2445:
had been forbidden to call upon reserves from the northern Army Group. The subsequent success of the German 10th Army's defensive campaign in inflicting very heavy casualties on both U.S. 5th and
British 8th Armies and Kesselring's strategic arguments that the Allies should be kept as far away from
2182:
At
Salerno the decision had been taken to assault without previous naval or aerial bombardment, in order to secure surprise. Tactical surprise was not achieved, as the naval commanders had predicted. As the first wave approached the shore at Paestum a loudspeaker from the landing area proclaimed in
1292:
as head of the
Italian government, which then began approaching the Allies to make peace. It was believed a quick invasion of Italy might hasten an Italian surrender and produce quick military victories over the German troops that would now be trapped fighting in a hostile country. However, Italian
1094:
Over 12–14 September the
Germans organized a concerted counterattack by six divisions of motorized troops, hoping to throw the Salerno beachhead into the sea before it could link with the British Eighth Army. Heavy casualties were inflicted, as the Allied troops were too thinly spread to be able to
2235:
The
Salerno battle was also the site of a mutiny by about 600 men of the British 10th Corps, who on September 16 refused assignment to new units as replacements. They had previously understood that they would be returning to their own units from which they had been separated during the fighting in
2194:
would be a waste of effort because it assumed the
Germans would give battle in Calabria; if they failed to do so, the diversion would not work. He was proved correct. After Baytown, the Eighth Army marched 300 miles (480 km) north to the Salerno area against no opposition other than engineer
2203:
who air dropped near the hot spots, from strong naval gunfire support, and from well-served Fifth Army artillery. The German attacks reached almost to the beaches but ultimately failed. The heavy gunfire of Allied battleships practically immobilised counterattacking German units with their sheer
2644:
2446:
Germany as possible led Hitler to change his mind in
October at which point he withdrew Rommel to oversee the build-up of defenses in northern France and gave Kesselring command of the whole of Italy with a remit to keep Rome in German hands for the longest time possible.
1225:, in particular wanted to invade Italy, which he called the "underbelly of Europe" (commonly misquoted as "soft underbelly"). Popular support in Italy for the war was declining, and he believed an invasion would remove Italy, and thus the influence of the Italian Navy (
1443:
The plan was deeply flawed. The Fifth Army would be landing on a very broad 35-mile front, using only three assault divisions, and the two corps were widely separated both in distance and by a river. Furthermore, the terrain was highly favorable to the defender. A
2187:
off with naval gunfire support. Both the British and the Americans made slow progress, and still had a 10-mile gap between them at the end of day one. They linked up by the end of day two and occupied 35–45 miles of coast line to a depth of six or seven miles.
1095:
resist concentrated attacks. The outermost troops were therefore withdrawn in order to reduce the perimeter. The new perimeter was held with the assistance of naval and aerial support, although the German attacks reached almost to the beaches in places.
1464:, but no plan existed for linking the Ranger force with X Corps' follow-up units. Finally, Clark ordered that no naval preparatory bombardment take place, concerned that surprise would be lost and reinforcements summoned if a bombardment was made.
1262:, and much of the American staff wanted to undertake no operations that might delay the Normandy invasion. When it became clear that Operation Overlord could not be undertaken in 1943, it was agreed forces in North Africa should be used to invade
1086:
The Germans had established artillery and machine-gun posts and scattered tanks through the landing zones which made progress difficult, but the beach areas were captured. Around 07:00 a concerted counterattack was made by the
2669:
River on October 6. This provided a natural barrier, securing Naples, the Campanian Plain and the vital airfields on it from counterattack. Meanwhile, on the Adriatic coast, the British 8th Army had advanced to a line from
2660:
on 27 September. Foggia was a major Allied objective because the large airfield complex there would give the Allied air forces the ability to strike new targets in France, Germany and the Balkans. The 5th Army captured
2214:, the second-highest US award for valor in combat, for his front-line leadership during this crisis. He was frequently seen in the most forward positions encouraging the troops. However, in the estimate of historian
3187:
1427:
troops further south. The inclusion of the 82nd Airborne Division as a reserve force was possible only with the cancellation of Operation Giant II. The 1st British Airborne Division would be landed by sea near
2689:, the first of a series of prepared defensive lines running across Italy from which the Germans chose to fight delaying actions, giving ground slowly and buying time to complete their preparation of the
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resist concentrated attacks. The outermost troops were therefore withdrawn in order to reduce the perimeter. The new perimeter was held with the assistance of 4,000 paratroopers from the 82nd and
1538:
3182:
1284:
in July 1943, codenamed Operation Husky, was highly successful, although many of the Axis forces there were allowed to avoid capture and escape to the mainland. More importantly a
1436:, as a diversion for Salerno. Their task was to capture the port and several nearby airfields and link with the Eighth Army before pressing north to join the Fifth Army near
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on the western coast in Operation Avalanche. It would consist of the U.S. Fifth Army under Lieutenant General Mark W. Clark, comprising the U.S. VI Corps under Major General
2925:
1009:. The Italians withdrew from the war the day before the invasion, but the Allies landed in an area defended by German troops. Planned under the name
2467:
German losses numbered 840 killed, 2,002 wounded and 603 missing.Most of these losses were inflicted by Allied naval support fire and field guns.
3124:
1083:). The Salerno landings were carried out without previous naval or aerial bombardment in order to achieve surprise. Surprise was not achieved.
1906:
1560:
2211:
612:
2441:, and decided that defending Italy south of Rome was not a strategic priority. As a result, the Army Group Commander in southern Italy,
2240:, mainly because they had been wounded. Eventually the Corps commander, McCreery, persuaded most of the men to follow their orders. The
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1896:
1496:
1419:, and the U.S. 82nd Airborne Division in reserve, a total of about nine divisions. Its primary objectives were to seize the port of
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1502:
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265:
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The German 10th Army had come very close to overwhelming the Salerno beachhead. The Allies had been fortunate that at this time
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1347:
1145:
237:
1791:
1781:
1706:
1072:
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who led the mutiny were sentenced to death, but were eventually allowed to rejoin units and the sentence was not carried out.
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1700:
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1247:. In addition, it would tie down German forces, keeping them away from the planned Allied invasion of Normandy – codenamed
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218:
156:
45:
20:
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2200:
1975:
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3003:
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2630:
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2419:
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2317:
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1965:
1394:
1361:
1192:
1159:
848:
302:
284:
251:
182:
116:
94:
59:
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Thus, by early October, the whole of southern Italy was in Allied hands, and the Allied armies now stood facing the
2510:
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1483:
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87:
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1919:
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233:
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1332:
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222:
160:
1959:
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being struck by a German guided bomb off Salerno, 197 crewmen died in the attack and another 15 were injured
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with the 5th Army's right on 16 September, and advancing up the Adriatic coast captured the airfields near
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3075:. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. IX. Boston: Little, Brown and Co.
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1717:
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Approximately eight German divisions were positioned to cover possible landing sites, including the
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145:
81:
51:
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Muhm, Gerhard (1993). "La Tattica tedesca nella Campagna d'Italia". In Montemaggi, Amedeo (ed.).
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2143:
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2034:
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886:
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258:
211:
149:
2237:
1407:
The main landings were scheduled one week later, 9 September. The main force would land around
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1037:
994:
855:
821:
767:
743:
98:
1969:
1235:, opening it to Allied traffic. This would make it much easier to supply Allied forces in the
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1721:
1449:
698:
2864:
2225:
1854:
1277:
and it was they who planned and commanded the invasion of Sicily and the Italian mainland.
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906:
891:
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United States Army in World War 2, Mediterranean Theater of Operations, Salerno to Cassino
8:
3021:
2183:
English, "Come on in and give up. We have you covered." The troops attacked nonetheless.
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1080:
1041:
811:
755:
736:
708:
677:
649:
642:
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1937:
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1248:
1064:
836:
691:
670:
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had sided with the view of his Army Group commander in Northern Italy, Field Marshall
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3054:
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3025:
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2980:
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2900:
2888:
2442:
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2004:
1923:
1857:
1795:
1728:
1294:
1232:
1218:
1056:
977:
958:
948:
927:
896:
722:
684:
663:
656:
2878:
2000:
1878:
1773:
1758:
1676:
1640:
1625:
1416:
1412:
1289:
970:
934:
920:
872:
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841:
816:
782:
703:
1071:
in the 'toe' of Italy, on 3 September. Simultaneous sea landings were made by the
3161:
2215:
1913:
941:
831:
760:
748:
1602:
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2703:
2218:, Clark's poor planning of the operation caused the crisis in the first place.
1785:
1732:
1710:
1595:
862:
796:
505:
398:
2883:
3171:
3042:
3013:
2892:
2686:
2207:
1943:
1900:
1884:
1610:
1025:
772:
533:
459:
412:
2710:, the backbone of the Winter Line defenses, setting the scene for the four
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firepower, forcing the Germans to halt their counteroffensive and regroup.
1979:
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1227:
1210:
1006:
777:
577:
572:
439:
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Naval battles and operations of World War II involving the United Kingdom
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1273:(AFHQ) were operationally responsible for all Allied land forces in the
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2571: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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losses were heavy, with 2,349 killed, 7,366 wounded and 4,100 missing.
2360: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2110: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1335: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1133: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2693:, their strongest defensive line south of Rome. The next stage of the
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to ensure resupply, and to cut across to the east coast, trapping the
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to ensure resupply, and to cut across to the east coast, trapping
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units was tasked with holding the mountain passes leading to
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World War II operations and battles of the Italian Campaign
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1667:
1617:
2766:(1969). Washington DC, Government Printing Office, p. 67.
2010:
during the landings at Salerno, Italy, 12 September 1943.
2826:
1266:, with no commitment made to any follow-up operations.
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In order to draw troops away from the landing ground,
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Embarked in Task Force 80: Western Naval Task Force
1243:, and increase British and American supplies to the
339:
British infantry landing on Salerno, September 1943.
2924:. Naval History and Heritage Command. 4 June 2015.
1890:
Deployed along coast from north to south of Naples:
1044:. Its primary objectives were to seize the port of
1013:, it was supported by the deception plan Operation
225:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1754:Embarked in Task Force 81: Southern Landing Force
1660:Embarked in Task Force 85: Northern Landing Force
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3073:Sicily – Salerno – Anzio, January 1943–June 1944
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1515:Naval and ground force commanders for Operation
389:
3134:Operation Avalanche: the Salerno landings, 1943
3092:La guerra inutile. La campagna d'Italia 1943–45
2714:which took place between January and May 1944.
2651:and an M10 Tank Destroyer destroyed in Salerno.
1415:, the X British Corps under Lieutenant-General
403:
3047:Salerno 1943: The Allies invade southern Italy
2958:Fatal Decision: Anzio and the Battle for Rome
2769:
2258:German prepared defensive lines south of Rome
606:
1001:, executed on 9 September 1943, part of the
3131:
2996:The Savage Storm: the Battle for Italy 1943
2832:
2509:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2298:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2048:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
163:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
60:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3123:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3018:Salerno 1943: The Allied Invasion of Italy
2955:
2665:on 1 October, and reached the line of the
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2631:Learn how and when to remove this message
2529:Learn how and when to remove this message
2420:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1497:Operation Avalanche naval order of battle
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2865:"Battleships, D-Day, and naval strategy"
2642:
2251:
2220:
1994:
1503:Allied invasion of Italy order of battle
1260:Chief of Staff of the United States Army
80:This article includes a list of general
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1059:was mounted. This was a landing by the
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3113:(in Italian) (Civitas ed.). Roma.
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2802:Bloomberg, Arnold (24 December 2022).
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2979:. Kensington Publishing Corporation.
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2914:
2820:
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1213:, there was disagreement between the
1020:The landings were carried out by the
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3108:
2569:adding citations to reliable sources
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2507:adding citations to reliable sources
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2358:adding citations to reliable sources
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2296:adding citations to reliable sources
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2108:adding citations to reliable sources
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2046:adding citations to reliable sources
2013:
1333:adding citations to reliable sources
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1217:as to what the next step should be.
1131:adding citations to reliable sources
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223:adding citations to reliable sources
194:
161:adding citations to reliable sources
128:
66:
25:
21:Operation Avalanche (disambiguation)
2804:"Crushing counterattack at Salerno"
2730:Absorbed the initial Allied assault
13:
3111:Linea Gotica avanposto dei Balcani
2790:
1490:
86:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
3219:
2998:(Paperback). London: Transworld.
2928:from the original on 3 March 2016
2190:General Montgomery had predicted
41:This article has multiple issues.
3132:Hickey, Des; Smith, Gus (1984).
2977:1943: The Victory that Never Was
2545:
2479:
2443:Field Marshall Albert Kesselring
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2018:
1949:Deployed in Calabria and Apulia:
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1566:Lt. Gen. Richard L. McCreery, BA
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3178:Invasions by the United Kingdom
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2556:needs additional citations for
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2095:needs additional citations for
1697:56th (London) Infantry Division
1578:Maj. Gen. Ernest J. Dawley, USA
1320:needs additional citations for
1207:Italian Forces and Afrika Korps
1118:needs additional citations for
210:needs additional citations for
49:or discuss these issues on the
3198:Invasions by the United States
3151:
3071:Morison, Samuel Eliot (1954).
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2838:
2756:
2744:
2724:
1818:Army group and army commanders
1:
3158:A Walk in the Sun (1945 film)
2737:
2454:
1976:29th Panzergrenadier Division
1897:15th Panzergrenadier Division
1843:GdPT Heinrich von Vietinghoff
1831:Fld. Mrshl. Albert Kesselring
1531:Vice Adm. H. Kent Hewitt, USN
1098:
1073:British 1st Airborne Division
16:1943 Allied landings in Italy
3208:Military history of Campania
2863:Benbow, Tim (22 June 2022).
2449:
1966:3rd Panzergrenadier Division
1452:consisting of three Ranger
1432:, on the "heel" of Italy in
1205:Following the defeat of the
7:
3203:Military history of Salerno
2212:Distinguished Service Cross
1990:
1960:Smilo Freiherr von Lüttwitz
1543:Lt. Gen. Mark W. Clark, USA
1300:
1038:U.S. 82nd Airborne Division
1024:, under Lieutenant General
10:
3224:
2459:General Clark in his book
1942:General der Panzertruppen
1883:General der Panzertruppen
1663:Commodore G.N. Oliver, RN
1500:
1494:
1271:Allied Forces Headquarters
997:landings near the port of
18:
2884:10.1177/09683445211022765
2844:Morison 1954, pp. 391–394
1507:
1282:Allied invasion of Sicily
993:was the codename for the
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477:
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332:
324:
319:
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2717:
2712:Battles of Monte Cassino
1870:Heinrich von Vietinghoff
1553:Clark's corps commanders
1469:Hermann Goering Division
1040:, a total of about nine
1003:Allied invasion of Italy
2994:Holland, James (2023).
2833:Hickey & Smith 1984
2471:Further Allied advances
2248:German strategy changes
1810:
1295:Albrecht von Kesselring
101:more precise citations.
2956:D'Este, Carlo (1991).
2682:on the Biferno river.
2652:
2261:
2238:North African Campaign
2232:
2011:
1792:45th Infantry Division
1782:36th Infantry Division
1687:46th Infantry Division
1481:, and the 1st and 2nd
1223:British Prime Minister
1065:Sir Bernard Montgomery
1052:troops further south.
447:Commanders and leaders
3090:Morris, Eric (1993).
2922:"Savannah (CL-42) iv"
2646:
2580:"Operation Avalanche"
2369:"Operation Avalanche"
2255:
2224:
2119:"Operation Avalanche"
1998:
1748:Southern Landing Area
1720:Battalions (Lt. Col.
1707:7th Armoured Division
1654:Northern Landing Area
1586:Allied Landing Forces
1501:Further information:
1495:Further information:
1450:William Orlando Darby
1344:"Operation Avalanche"
1275:Mediterranean theatre
1142:"Operation Avalanche"
914:1945 Spring Offensive
491:Casualties and losses
234:"Operation Avalanche"
3094:. Milan: Longanesi.
2975:Grigg, John (1985).
2565:improve this article
2503:improve this section
2354:improve this article
2292:improve this section
2104:improve this article
2042:improve this section
1956:26th Panzer Division
1920:16th Panzer Division
1855:Generalfeldmarschall
1674:(Lieutenant General
1609:(Lieutenant General
1477:, the 15th and 29th
1448:force under Colonel
1329:improve this article
1127:improve this article
1089:16th Panzer Division
744:Armistice with Italy
219:improve this article
157:improve this section
19:For other uses, see
3193:Invasions by Canada
3037:– Total pages: 192
3022:Pen and Sword Books
2960:. HarperPerennial.
2853:Konstam 2013, p. 25
2808:Warfare History Net
2706:lines to reach the
1970:Fritz-Hubert Gräser
1656:(South of Salerno)
1626:Richard L. McCreery
1434:Operation Slapstick
1081:Operation Slapstick
1061:British Eighth Army
1028:. It comprised the
991:Operation Avalanche
351:9–18 September 1943
320:Operation Avalanche
3066:– Total pages: 96
2762:Martin Blumenson,
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2262:
2233:
2012:
1938:LXXVI Panzer Corps
1256:George C. Marshall
1249:Operation Overlord
636:Invasion of Sicily
483:170,000 servicemen
472:H. von Vietinghoff
3101:978-88-304-1154-8
3067:
3060:978-1-78096-249-8
3051:Osprey Publishing
3038:
3031:978-1-84415-517-0
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1978:(Generalleutnant
1968:(Generalleutnant
1958:(Generalleutnant
1924:Rudolf Sieckenius
1922:(Generalleutnant
1899:(Generalleutnant
1858:Albert Kesselring
1796:Troy H. Middleton
1405:
1404:
1397:
1379:
1254:However, General
1233:Mediterranean Sea
1219:Winston Churchill
1203:
1202:
1195:
1177:
1057:Operation Baytown
985:
984:
978:Italian Civil War
716:Invasion of Italy
589:
588:
379:
378:
327:Invasion of Italy
313:
312:
305:
295:
294:
287:
269:
193:
192:
185:
127:
126:
119:
64:
3215:
3147:
3128:
3122:
3114:
3105:
3086:
3065:
3064:
3036:
3035:
3009:
2990:
2971:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2886:
2860:
2854:
2851:
2845:
2842:
2836:
2830:
2824:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2799:
2788:
2782:
2767:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2731:
2728:
2695:Italian Campaign
2636:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2616:
2614:
2573:
2549:
2541:
2534:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2514:
2483:
2475:
2425:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2405:
2403:
2362:
2338:
2330:
2323:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2303:
2272:
2264:
2210:was awarded the
2175:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2155:
2153:
2112:
2088:
2080:
2073:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2053:
2022:
2014:
2001:Mark Wayne Clark
1907:Panzer Division
1879:XIV Panzer Corps
1840:
1828:
1774:Ernest J. Dawley
1768:
1759:John L. Hall Jr.
1722:William O. Darby
1691:John Hawkesworth
1677:Richard McCreery
1670:
1641:Ernest J. Dawley
1635:
1620:
1611:Mark Wayne Clark
1605:
1575:
1563:
1540:
1528:
1471:, 26th and 16th
1458:British Commando
1446:U.S. Army Ranger
1417:Richard McCreery
1413:Ernest J. Dawley
1400:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1380:
1378:
1337:
1313:
1305:
1290:Benito Mussolini
1198:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1178:
1176:
1135:
1111:
1103:
1063:, under General
802:Monte la Difensa
627:
625:
624:Italian Campaign
615:
608:
601:
592:
591:
576:
575:
532:
530:
529:
504:
502:
501:
470:
469:
468:
458:
457:
456:
442:
438:
436:
435:
424:
422:
421:
415:
411:
409:
408:
401:
397:
395:
394:
345:
344:
337:
317:
316:
308:
301:
290:
283:
279:
276:
270:
268:
227:
203:
195:
188:
181:
177:
174:
168:
137:
129:
122:
115:
111:
108:
102:
97:this article by
88:inline citations
75:
74:
67:
56:
34:
33:
26:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3168:
3167:
3162:Lewis Milestone
3154:
3144:
3136:. McGraw-Hill.
3116:
3115:
3102:
3083:
3061:
3032:
3006:
2987:
2968:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2941:
2931:
2929:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2905:
2903:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2843:
2839:
2831:
2827:
2819:
2815:
2800:
2791:
2783:
2770:
2761:
2757:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2725:
2720:
2637:
2626:
2620:
2617:
2574:
2572:
2562:
2550:
2535:
2524:
2518:
2515:
2500:
2484:
2473:
2461:Calculated Risk
2457:
2452:
2432:
2426:
2415:
2409:
2406:
2363:
2361:
2351:
2339:
2324:
2313:
2307:
2304:
2289:
2273:
2250:
2176:
2165:
2159:
2156:
2113:
2111:
2101:
2089:
2074:
2063:
2057:
2054:
2039:
2023:
1993:
1914:Wilhelm Schmalz
1853:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1820:
1819:
1813:
1772:(Major General
1672:British X Corps
1622:British X Corps
1583:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1555:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1520:
1519:
1510:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1491:Order of battle
1484:Fallschirmjäger
1479:Panzergrenadier
1401:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1338:
1336:
1326:
1314:
1303:
1199:
1188:
1182:
1179:
1136:
1134:
1124:
1112:
1101:
1075:at the port of
1034:British X Corps
1022:U.S. Fifth Army
988:
987:
986:
981:
975:
768:Vatican bombing
639:
628:
623:
621:
619:
584:
582:
580:
570:
566:
564:
562:
556:
554:
552:
547:
545:
543:
541:
536:
527:
525:
521:
519:
514:
512:
510:
508:
499:
497:
466:
464:
454:
452:
433:
431:
419:
417:
416:
406:
404:
402:
392:
390:
367:
338:
309:
298:
297:
296:
291:
280:
274:
271:
228:
226:
216:
204:
189:
178:
172:
169:
154:
138:
123:
112:
106:
103:
93:Please help to
92:
76:
72:
35:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3221:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3166:
3165:
3160:, directed by
3153:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3142:
3129:
3106:
3100:
3087:
3081:
3068:
3059:
3043:Konstam, Angus
3039:
3030:
3014:Konstam, Angus
3010:
3004:
2991:
2985:
2972:
2966:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2913:
2877:(3): 684–703.
2870:War in History
2855:
2846:
2837:
2825:
2813:
2789:
2768:
2755:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2698:the Volturno,
2639:
2638:
2621:September 2024
2553:
2551:
2544:
2537:
2536:
2519:September 2020
2487:
2485:
2478:
2472:
2469:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2428:
2427:
2410:September 2024
2342:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2325:
2308:September 2020
2276:
2274:
2267:
2249:
2246:
2178:
2177:
2160:September 2024
2092:
2090:
2083:
2076:
2075:
2058:September 2020
2026:
2024:
2017:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1973:
1963:
1952:
1951:
1940:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1917:
1912:(Generalmajor
1909:Hermann Göring
1904:
1893:
1892:
1881:
1873:
1872:
1866:
1842:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1789:
1786:Fred L. Walker
1745:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1733:Robert Laycock
1731:Forces (Brig.
1725:
1714:
1711:George Erskine
1704:
1701:Douglas Graham
1694:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1629:
1596:H. Kent Hewitt
1577:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1542:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1492:
1489:
1403:
1402:
1385:September 2024
1317:
1315:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1201:
1200:
1183:September 2024
1115:
1113:
1106:
1100:
1097:
983:
982:
974:
973:
968:
963:
956:
951:
946:
939:
932:
925:
910:
909:
904:
902:Monte Castello
899:
894:
889:
876:
875:
870:
865:
863:Trasimene Line
860:
853:
846:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
797:Bernhardt Line
786:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
758:
753:
746:
741:
734:
727:
712:
711:
706:
701:
696:
689:
682:
675:
668:
661:
654:
647:
633:
630:
629:
618:
617:
610:
603:
595:
587:
586:
568:
506:United Kingdom
493:
492:
488:
487:
486:35,000 Germans
484:
480:
479:
475:
474:
462:
449:
448:
444:
443:
428:
399:United Kingdom
386:
385:
381:
380:
377:
376:
375:Allied victory
373:
369:
368:
359:
357:
353:
352:
349:
341:
340:
330:
329:
322:
321:
315:
314:
311:
310:
293:
292:
207:
205:
198:
191:
190:
173:September 2020
141:
139:
132:
125:
124:
79:
77:
70:
65:
39:
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3220:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3145:
3143:0-07-028682-5
3139:
3135:
3130:
3126:
3120:
3112:
3107:
3103:
3097:
3093:
3088:
3084:
3082:0-7858-1310-1
3078:
3074:
3069:
3062:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3033:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3005:9781787636682
3001:
2997:
2992:
2988:
2986:0-8217-1596-8
2982:
2978:
2973:
2969:
2967:0-06-092148-X
2963:
2959:
2954:
2953:
2927:
2923:
2917:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2859:
2850:
2841:
2835:, p. 31.
2834:
2829:
2822:
2817:
2809:
2805:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2787:, p. 157
2786:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2765:
2759:
2753:, p. 215
2752:
2747:
2743:
2727:
2723:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2687:Volturno Line
2683:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2664:
2659:
2650:
2645:
2635:
2632:
2624:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2582: –
2581:
2577:
2576:Find sources:
2570:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2554:This section
2552:
2548:
2543:
2542:
2533:
2530:
2522:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2488:This section
2486:
2482:
2477:
2476:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2424:
2421:
2413:
2402:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2371: –
2370:
2366:
2365:Find sources:
2359:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2343:This section
2341:
2337:
2332:
2331:
2322:
2319:
2311:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2277:This section
2275:
2271:
2266:
2265:
2259:
2254:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2230:
2229:
2223:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2208:General Clark
2205:
2202:
2196:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2174:
2171:
2163:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2121: –
2120:
2116:
2115:Find sources:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2093:This section
2091:
2087:
2082:
2081:
2072:
2069:
2061:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2027:This section
2025:
2021:
2016:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2002:
1997:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1944:Traugott Herr
1941:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1902:
1901:Eberhard Rodt
1898:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1885:Hermann Balck
1882:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1839:
1827:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1757:Rear Admiral
1756:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1607:US Fifth Army
1604:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1594:Vice Admiral
1593:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1574:
1562:
1539:
1527:
1518:
1504:
1498:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1399:
1396:
1388:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1346: –
1345:
1341:
1340:Find sources:
1334:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1318:This section
1316:
1312:
1307:
1306:
1298:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1197:
1194:
1186:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1144: –
1143:
1139:
1138:Find sources:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1116:This section
1114:
1110:
1105:
1104:
1096:
1092:
1090:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1030:U.S. VI Corps
1027:
1026:Mark W. Clark
1023:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
980:
979:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
961:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
944:
940:
938:
937:
933:
931:
930:
926:
924:
923:
919:
918:
917:
916:
915:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
884:
883:
882:
881:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
858:
854:
852:
851:
847:
845:
844:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
827:Monte Cassino
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
794:
793:
792:
791:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
773:Volturno Line
771:
769:
766:
764:
763:
759:
757:
754:
752:
751:
747:
745:
742:
740:
739:
735:
733:
732:
728:
726:
725:
721:
720:
719:
718:
717:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
694:
690:
688:
687:
683:
681:
680:
676:
674:
673:
669:
667:
666:
662:
660:
659:
655:
653:
652:
648:
646:
645:
641:
640:
638:
637:
631:
626:
616:
611:
609:
604:
602:
597:
596:
593:
583:2,002 wounded
579:
574:
569:
567:4,099 missing
565:7,365 wounded
561:
558:
550:
546:1,318 missing
544:2,841 wounded
539:
535:
534:United States
523:
517:
513:2,230 missing
511:4,060 wounded
507:
495:
494:
489:
485:
482:
481:
476:
473:
463:
461:
460:Mark W. Clark
451:
450:
445:
441:
429:
427:
414:
413:United States
400:
388:
387:
382:
374:
371:
370:
366:
362:
358:
355:
354:
350:
347:
346:
342:
336:
331:
328:
323:
318:
307:
304:
289:
286:
278:
267:
264:
260:
257:
253:
250:
246:
243:
239:
236: –
235:
231:
230:Find sources:
224:
220:
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2945:Bibliography
2930:. Retrieved
2916:
2906:13 September
2904:. Retrieved
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2785:Konstam 2007
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2563:Please help
2558:verification
2555:
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2501:Please help
2489:
2466:
2460:
2458:
2439:Erwin Rommel
2435:Adolf Hitler
2431:
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2352:Please help
2347:verification
2344:
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2290:Please help
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2216:Carlo D'Este
2206:
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2102:Please help
2097:verification
2094:
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2040:Please help
2028:
2006:
1980:Walter Fries
1948:
1908:
1889:
1851:Army Group C
1850:
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1327:Please help
1322:verification
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1245:Soviet Union
1228:Regia Marina
1226:
1211:North Africa
1204:
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1125:Please help
1120:verification
1117:
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1007:World War II
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384:Belligerents
325:Part of the
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212:verification
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155:Please help
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43:Please help
40:
3152:Filmography
2932:19 November
2751:Morris 1993
2708:Gustav Line
2691:Winter Line
2256:Map of the
2195:obstacles.
1999:US General
1794:(Maj. Gen.
1784:(Maj. Gen.
1770:US VI Corps
1709:(Maj.-Gen.
1699:(Maj.-Gen.
1689:(Maj.-Gen.
1639:(Maj. Gen.
1637:US VI Corps
1237:Middle East
954:Argenta Gap
880:Gothic Line
790:Winter Line
585:603 missing
555:422 wounded
522:42 wounded
275:August 2017
107:August 2017
99:introducing
3172:Categories
2821:Grigg 1985
2738:References
2672:Campobasso
2591:newspapers
2455:Casualties
2380:newspapers
2130:newspapers
1864:Tenth Army
1750:(Paestum)
1624:(Lt. Gen.
1454:battalions
1355:newspapers
1153:newspapers
1099:Background
1036:, and the
966:Collecchio
907:Garfagnana
892:San Marino
807:San Pietro
581:840 killed
553:296 killed
542:788 killed
516:Royal Navy
509:982 killed
245:newspapers
82:references
46:improve it
3119:cite book
2901:237902151
2893:0968-3445
2704:Bernhardt
2490:does not
2450:Aftermath
2279:does not
2226:USS
2201:509th PIB
2029:does not
2003:on board
1718:US Ranger
1517:Avalanche
1231:) in the
1042:divisions
783:Bari raid
738:Slapstick
731:Avalanche
709:Centuripe
679:Narcissus
651:Mincemeat
644:Corkscrew
520:83 killed
144:does not
52:talk page
3045:(2013).
3016:(2007).
2926:Archived
2667:Volturno
2228:Savannah
1991:Landings
1868:General
1729:Commando
1456:and two
1301:The plan
1288:deposed
1241:Far East
1069:Calabria
1015:Boardman
850:Strangle
837:Cisterna
693:Ladbroke
672:Chestnut
538:5th Army
478:Strength
356:Location
2700:Barbara
2680:Termoli
2605:scholar
2511:removed
2496:sources
2394:scholar
2300:removed
2285:sources
2192:Baytown
2144:scholar
2050:removed
2035:sources
1776:, USA)
1613:, USA)
1430:Taranto
1409:Salerno
1369:scholar
1167:scholar
1077:Taranto
1011:Top Hat
1005:during
999:Salerno
971:Trieste
960:Herring
949:Bologna
929:Tombola
897:Gemmano
724:Baytown
686:Fustian
665:Animals
658:Barclay
578:Germany
549:US Navy
440:Germany
361:Salerno
259:scholar
165:removed
150:sources
95:improve
3140:
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2663:Naples
2658:Foggia
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1798:, USA)
1788:, USA)
1761:, USN
1724:, USA)
1643:, USA)
1598:, USN
1508:Allied
1474:Panzer
1462:Naples
1438:Foggia
1421:Naples
1371:
1364:
1357:
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1269:Joint
1264:Sicily
1258:, the
1221:, the
1215:Allies
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1046:Naples
1032:, the
995:Allied
936:Bowler
922:Encore
887:Rimini
868:Ancona
843:Diadem
822:Rapido
817:Ortona
756:Naples
704:Troina
560:Total:
531:
503:
437:
426:Canada
423:
410:
396:
372:Result
261:
254:
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84:, but
2950:Print
2897:S2CID
2718:Notes
2612:JSTOR
2598:books
2401:JSTOR
2387:books
2151:JSTOR
2137:books
2007:Ancon
1628:, BA)
1376:JSTOR
1362:books
1174:JSTOR
1160:books
1067:, in
943:Roast
832:Anzio
762:Devon
750:Achse
365:Italy
266:JSTOR
252:books
3164:, US
3138:ISBN
3125:link
3096:ISBN
3077:ISBN
3055:ISBN
3026:ISBN
3000:ISBN
2981:ISBN
2962:ISBN
2934:2015
2908:2023
2889:ISSN
2702:and
2678:and
2649:Jeep
2584:news
2494:any
2492:cite
2373:news
2283:any
2281:cite
2242:NCOs
2236:the
2123:news
2033:any
2031:cite
2005:USS
1811:Axis
1681:BA)
1425:Axis
1348:news
1286:coup
1280:The
1239:and
1146:news
1050:Axis
873:Elba
812:Moro
699:Gela
348:Date
238:news
148:any
146:cite
2879:doi
2674:to
2647:US
2567:by
2505:by
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3117:{{
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