1933:
1834:
that 5–15% of UDR soldiers then were members of loyalist paramilitaries. The report said the UDR was the main source of weapons for those groups, although by 1973 weapons losses had dropped significantly, partly due to stricter controls. By 1990, at least 197 UDR soldiers had been convicted of loyalist terrorist offences and other serious crimes including bombings, kidnappings and assaults. Nineteen were convicted of murder and 11 for manslaughter. This was only a small fraction of those who served in it, but the proportion was higher than in the regular
British Army, the RUC and the civilian population.
1777:. The British Army initially claimed the civilians had been armed, but no evidence was found to support that. Former MRF members later admitted that the unit shot unarmed people without warning, both IRA members and civilians. One member said, "We were not there to act like an army unit, we were there to act like a terror group". At first, many of the drive-by shootings were blamed on Protestant loyalists. Republicans claim the MRF sought to draw the IRA into a sectarian conflict to divert it from its campaign against the state.
2107:
unacceptable levels of intimidation. Security force operations suppressed the level of violence to a level which the population could live with, and with which the RUC and later the PSNI could cope. The violence was reduced to an extent which made it clear to the PIRA that they would not win through violence. This is a major achievement, and one with which the security forces from all three
Services, with the Army in the lead, should be entirely satisfied. It took a long time but, as van Crefeld said, that success is unique.
1697:
1252:, Operation Banner was gradually scaled down: patrols were suspended and several military barracks closed or dismantled, even before the start of the decommissioning of IRA armaments. The process of demilitarisation started in 1994, after the first IRA ceasefire. From the second IRA ceasefire in 1997 until the first act of decommissioning of weapons in 2001, almost 50% of the army bases were vacated or demolished along with surveillance sites and holding centres, while more than 100 cross-border roads were reopened.
142:
131:
1315:
167:
5747:
1627:
1237:
154:
1920:, the UDA's chief 'intelligence officer', was a FRU agent. Through Nelson, FRU helped loyalists target people for assassination. FRU commanders say they helped loyalists target only republican activists and prevented the killing of civilians. The Inquiries found evidence only two lives were saved and that Nelson/FRU was responsible for at least 30 murders and many other attacks – many of them on civilians. One victim was solicitor
1219:
1846:, head of the British Army. It proposed that the growth of the UDA "should be discreetly encouraged in Protestant areas, to reduce the load on the Security Forces", and suggested they "turn a blind eye to UDA arms when confined to their own areas". That summer, the Army mounted some joint patrols with the UDA in Protestant areas, following talks between General
2086:, which reflected on the Army's role in the conflict and the strategic and operational lessons drawn from their involvement. The paper divides the IRA activity and tactics into two main periods: The "insurgency" phase (1971–1972), and the "terrorist" phase (1972–1997). The British Army claims to have curbed the IRA
2091:
British Army to tackle the IRA at strategic level and the lack of a single campaign authority and plan. The paper stops short of claiming that "Northern
Ireland has achieved a state of lasting peace" and acknowledges that, as late as 2006, there were still "areas of Northern Ireland out of bounds to soldiers".
2106:
Martin van
Creveld has said that the British Army is unique in Northern Ireland in its success against an irregular force. It should be recognised that the Army did not 'win' in any recognisable way; rather it achieved its desired end-state, which allowed a political process to be established without
1610:
government "gradually earned it a reputation of bias" in favour of
Protestants and unionists. In the British Army's campaign against the IRA, Catholic areas were frequently subjected to house raids, checkpoints, patrols and curfews that Protestant areas avoided. There were frequent claims of soldiers
1833:
The Army's locally-recruited Ulster
Defence Regiment (UDR) was almost wholly Protestant. Despite the vetting process, loyalist militants managed to enlist; mainly to obtain weapons, training and intelligence. A 1973 British Government document (uncovered in 2004), "Subversion in the UDR", suggested
1673:
and interned almost 350 people suspected of IRA involvement. This sparked four days of violence in which 20 civilians were killed and thousands were forced to flee their homes. Of the 17 civilians killed by
British soldiers, 11 of them were in the Ballymurphy Massacre. No loyalists were included in
1255:
Eventually in August 2005, it was announced that in response to the
Provisional IRA declaration that its campaign was over, and in accordance with the Good Friday Agreement provisions, Operation Banner would end by 1 August 2007. From that date troops were to be based in Northern Ireland only for
1283:
opposed the decision, which they regarded as 'premature'. The main reasons behind their resistance were the continuing activity of republican dissident groups, the loss of security-related jobs for the
Protestant community, and the perception of the British Army presence as an affirmation of the
2090:
by 1972, after
Operation Motorman. The IRA then reemerged as a cell-structured organisation. The report also asserts that the government efforts by the 1980s were aimed at destroying the IRA, rather than negotiating a political solution. One of the findings of the document is the failure of the
1569:
The British military was responsible for about 10% of all deaths in the conflict. According to one study, the British military killed 306 people during Operation Banner, 156 (~51%) of whom were unarmed civilians. Another study says the British military killed 301 people, 160 (~53%) of whom were
4128:
More recently, the resurgence in loyalist violence that led to their carrying out more killings than republicans from the beginning of 1992 until their ceasefire (a fact widely reported in Northern Ireland) was still described as following 'the IRA's well-tested tactic of trying to usurp the
1570:
unarmed civilians. Of the civilians killed, 61 were children. Only four soldiers were convicted of murder while on duty in Northern Ireland. All were released after serving two or three years of life sentences and allowed to rejoin the Army. Senior Army officers privately lobbied successive
1653:
was fired into the area while hundreds of homes and businesses were forcibly searched for weapons. The searches caused much destruction, and there were scores of complaints of soldiers hitting, threatening, insulting and humiliating residents. The Army also admitted there had been
1674:
the sweep, and many of those arrested were Catholics with no provable paramilitary links. Many internees reported being beaten, verbally abused, threatened, denied sleep and starved. Some internees were taken to a secret interrogation centre for a program of "deep interrogation".
1364:. The military can provide soldiers to protect and, if necessary, supplement police lines and cordons. The military can provide heavy plant to remove barricades and construct barriers, and additional armoured vehicles and helicopters to help in the movement of police and soldiers"
1353:"Routine support – Includes such tasks as providing protection to the police in carrying out normal policing duties in areas of terrorist threat; patrolling around military and police bases to deter terrorist attacks and supporting police-directed counter-terrorist operations"
1830:. The De Silva report found that, during the 1980s, 85% of the intelligence that loyalists used to target people came from the security forces. A 2006 Irish Government report concluded that British soldiers also helped loyalists with attacks in the Republic of Ireland.
1924:. Nelson also supervised the shipping of weapons to loyalists from South Africa in 1988. From 1992 to 1994, loyalists were responsible for more deaths than republicans, partly due to FRU. Members of the security forces tried to obstruct the Stevens investigation.
1911:
found that elements of the British Army had used loyalists as "proxies". Through their double-agents and informers, they helped loyalist groups to kill people, including civilians. It concluded that this had intensified and prolonged the conflict. The Army's
1384:
At the peak of the operation in the 1970s, the British Army was deploying around 21,000 soldiers. By 1980, the figure had dropped to 11,000, with a lower presence of 9,000 in 1985. The total climbed again to 10,500 after the intensification of the IRA use of
1792:
that severed the legs of a paratrooper. The soldiers ransacked two pubs, damaged civilian cars and opened fire on a crowd. Three civilians were hospitalized with gunshot wounds. As a result, the Parachute Regiment was redeployed outside urban areas and the
1766:", mostly Catholic neighbourhoods that had been barricaded by the residents to keep out the security forces and loyalists. During the operation, the British Army shot four people in Derry, killing a 15-year-old Catholic civilian and an unarmed IRA member.
1215:(1972). An internal British Army document released in 2007 stated that, whilst it had failed to defeat the IRA, it had made it impossible for the IRA to win through violence, and reduced substantially the death toll in the last years of conflict.
1952:, 1,441 serving members of the British armed forces died in Operation Banner; 722 of whom were killed in paramilitary attacks, and 719 of whom died as a result of assault, accidents, suicide or natural causes during deployment. This includes:
1876:—a secret alliance of loyalist militants, British soldiers and RUC officers—carried out a string of attacks against Catholics in an area of Northern Ireland known as the "murder triangle". It also carried out some attacks in the Republic.
5795:
1854:. In November 1972 the Army ordered that a soldier should be discharged if his sympathy for a paramilitary group affects his performance, loyalty or impartiality. Within three years, 171 soldiers with UDA links had been discharged.
1817:
throughout the conflict. This included soldiers taking part in loyalist attacks while off-duty, giving weapons or intelligence to loyalists, not taking action against them, and hindering police investigations. The Army also had
1257:
3033:
1152:, 1,441 serving British military personnel died in Operation Banner; 722 of whom were killed in paramilitary attacks, and 719 of whom died as a result of other causes. It suffered its greatest loss of life in the
2589:
3512:
1837:
Initially, the Army allowed soldiers to be members of the Ulster Defence Association (UDA). Despite its involvement in terrorism, the UDA was not outlawed by the British Government until 1992. In July 1972,
2366:
1264:– were stood down on 1 September 2006. The operation officially ended at midnight on 31 July 2007, making it the longest continuous deployment in the British Army's history, lasting over 37 years.
1996:(CAIN), the British military killed 307 people (297 of whom were killed by the British Army, eight by the UDR, one by the RAF and one by the Ulster Special Constabulary) during Operation Banner.
4207:
1869:. Following this, two soldiers were dismissed on security grounds. The investigation was halted after a senior officer claimed it was harming morale. Details of it were uncovered in 2011.
45:
1611:
physically and verbally abusing Catholics during these searches. In some neighbourhoods, clashes between Catholic residents and British troops became a regular occurrence. In April 1970,
1649:
and arrested all journalists inside the curfew zone. It is claimed that because the media were unable to watch them, the soldiers behaved "with reckless abandon". A large amount of
1342:
the supply of weapons and munitions to paramilitaries, acting as a visible deterrence by maintaining a conspicuous maritime presence on and around the coast of Northern Ireland and
3028:
2246:
3970:
3273:
293:
1747:(UDA) militants. At the time, the UDA was a legal organization. That same day in Belfast, British snipers shot dead five Catholic civilians, including three children, in the
1004:
1199:. Catholics welcomed the soldiers when they first arrived in August 1969, but Catholic hostility to the British military's deployment increased after incidents such as the
4172:
1708:
The incident that most damaged the relationship between the British Army and the Catholic community was Bloody Sunday, 30 January 1972. During an anti-internment march in
1389:
toward the end of the 1980s. In 1992, there were 17,750 members of all British military forces taking part in the operation. The British Army build-up comprised three
1256:
training purposes, and reduced in number to 5,000; responsibility for security was entirely transferred to the police. The Northern Ireland–resident battalions of the
3509:
1693:". The operation led to mass protests and a sharp increase in violence over the following months. Internment lasted until December 1975, with 1,981 people interned.
1294:, has stated that assuming the maintenance of an enabling environment, British Army support to the PSNI after 31 July 2007 was reduced to a residual level, known as
1228:/Army base, showing a watchtower built during the operation that was later demolished as part of the demilitarisation process. The barracks were handed over to the
3743:
1192:
1103:
1303:
1196:
1107:
1087:. More than 300,000 soldiers served in Operation Banner. At the peak of the operation in the 1970s, about 21,000 British troops were deployed, most of them from
1000:
2663:
5775:
5702:
3053:
286:
4241:, Chapter II, p. 15: "The British Government's main military objective in the 1980s was the destruction of PIRA, rather than resolving the conflict."
1884:
investigated 76 murders attributed to the group and found evidence that soldiers and policemen were involved in 74 of those. One member, RUC officer
1743:
march through their neighbourhood. The British Army then let the Orangemen march into the Catholic area escorted by at least 50 masked and uniformed
5770:
4153:
646:
2315:
4204:
1892:
also said some senior officers knew of the crimes but did nothing to prevent, investigate or punish. Attacks attributed to the group include the
1145:
in 1998, the operation was gradually scaled down, most military facilities were removed and the vast majority of British troops were withdrawn.
279:
3825:
5805:
3844:
1959:
548 from the Ulster Defence Regiment/Royal Irish Regiment; 204 of whom were killed by paramilitaries, and 344 of whom died from other causes.
539:
1637:
The Falls Curfew in July 1970 was a major blow to relations between the British Army and Catholics. A weapons search in the mainly Catholic
1421:
Vehicles, aircraft and ships used by the British military during Operation Banner, some of which were developed for the operation, include:
1606:
and the RUC. However, relations soured between the British Army and Catholics. The British Army's actions in support of the RUC and the
3041:
1865:(UVF), that thirty soldiers had fraudulently diverted up to £47,000 to the UVF, and that UVF members socialized with soldiers in their
1575:
1406:
3964:
3901:
5810:
4578:
2020:
1751:. On the night of 3–4 February 1973, British Army snipers shot dead four unarmed men (one of whom was an IRA member) in the Catholic
5800:
5750:
5723:
3944:
4856:
1858:
384:
4169:
868:
4800:
4436:
4157:
2196:
1917:
1658:
by some soldiers. Four civilians were killed by the British Army during the operation, and another 60 suffered gunshot wounds.
1291:
1041:
903:
5709:
4360:
4337:
4321:
3568:
3331:
2631:
Security normalisation in Northern Ireland – Statement by Defence Secretary John Reid, Government News Network, 1 August 2005
1798:
524:
1602:
Many Catholics initially welcomed the British Army's deployment, as Catholic neighbourhoods had been attacked by Protestant
1330:
providing helicopter support as required. A maritime component was supplied under the codename of Operation Grenada, by the
4599:
4547:
4394:
2609:
2432:
2319:
1949:
1932:
1149:
2982:
5785:
5560:
5304:
5248:
5234:
5185:
1686:
1394:
898:
893:
873:
778:
354:
36:
3740:
2335:
1356:"Additional support – Assistance where the police have insufficient assets of their own; this includes the provision of
5601:
5594:
3497:
3419:
3223:
3202:
3006:(CAIN). Note: For those under 18 killed by the British military, see "Table 6: Who killed those under 25 and under 18?"
2568:
2151:
1847:
1268:
1229:
4613:
1842:(the Army's General officer commanding in Northern Ireland) devised a strategy to defeat the IRA, which was backed by
1578:
says there is evidence soldiers were given some level of immunity from prosecution. Elements of the British Army also
5790:
5780:
5031:
4933:
4557:
3404:
2911:
2886:
2711:
2652:
2486:
2466:
2406:
1956:
814 from the regular British Army; 477 of whom were killed by paramilitaries, and 337 of whom died from other causes.
1773:(MRF), carried out undercover operations in Belfast. It killed and wounded a number of unarmed Catholic civilians in
1713:
1188:
1099:
609:
5489:
5367:
5192:
4649:
4585:
4192:
3728:
3386:
3181:
3003:
2957:
2931:
2222:
2116:
1993:
1814:
1583:
1507:
1184:
1134:
1064:
938:
819:
741:
409:
4387:
4096:
2602:
2425:
1445:
5620:
5510:
5297:
3382:
2079:
1349:
The role of the armed forces in their support role to the police was defined by the Army in the following terms:
1287:
3437:
1880:
claims the group killed about 120 people, almost all of whom were reportedly uninvolved Catholic civilians. The
5157:
4884:
4708:
4701:
4571:
4564:
3256:
2013:
1682:
1172:
1052:
853:
838:
797:
701:
696:
479:
4059:
1968:
26 Royal Air Force servicemen; 4 of whom were killed by paramilitaries, and 22 of whom died from other causes.
5220:
5003:
3634:
1901:
1413:, the total number of security forces in Northern Ireland increased to more than 30,000 (including the RUC).
883:
765:
549:
459:
1962:
17 from the Territorial Army; 9 of whom were killed by paramilitaries, and 8 of whom died from other causes.
5681:
5458:
5269:
4940:
4729:
4694:
3076:
2479:
The Peacebuilding Elements of the Belfast Agreement and the Transformation of the Northern Ireland Conflict
1893:
1843:
1484:
1319:
671:
484:
449:
1306:
59 and 66, should this be needed, thus ending the British Army's emergency operation in Northern Ireland.
5695:
5475:
5409:
4877:
4814:
4633:
4503:
2800:
1176:
1056:
982:
977:
947:
787:
599:
474:
394:
329:
4276:
3392:
Counter-Terrorism Policy And Human Rights: Terrorism Bill and related matters: Oral and Written Evidence
1478:
5688:
5674:
5553:
5496:
5346:
4666:
4592:
4429:
4352:
3315:
2291:
2112:
1971:
8 Royal Navy servicemen; 5 of whom were killed by paramilitaries, and 3 of whom died from other causes.
1744:
1616:
651:
628:
494:
489:
4606:
3724:
5546:
5024:
4499:
3122:
Transforming Settler States: Communal Conflict and Internal Security in Northern Ireland and Zimbabwe
2927:
2458:
2135:
1276:
1225:
1180:
1060:
967:
843:
802:
618:
504:
339:
146:
1826:
within loyalist groups who organized attacks on the orders of, or with the knowledge of, their Army
5529:
5517:
5503:
5325:
5255:
5171:
5115:
5059:
4783:
4763:
4749:
4687:
4524:
933:
913:
908:
809:
760:
721:
691:
661:
349:
3668:
2520:
1571:
5716:
5574:
5395:
5199:
5143:
4968:
4954:
4905:
4849:
4722:
4484:
1965:
26 Royal Marines; 21 of whom were killed by paramilitaries, and 5 of whom died from other causes.
1897:
1770:
1645:
developed into a riot and then gun battles with the IRA. The British Army then imposed a 36-hour
1513:
1261:
1092:
858:
814:
750:
716:
569:
509:
469:
399:
379:
211:
5482:
4017:
4005:
3993:
3926:
1472:
5388:
5360:
5101:
4947:
4659:
3216:
Freedom or Security: The Consequences for Democracies Using Emergency Powers to Fight Terrorism
1941:
1862:
1861:
based at Girdwood Barracks, Belfast. The investigation found that 70 soldiers had links to the
1789:
1721:
1114:, but Catholic hostility to the British military's deployment grew after incidents such as the
987:
972:
952:
792:
641:
579:
574:
534:
464:
444:
404:
3869:
3705:
3560:
3390:
3323:
3319:
5539:
5430:
5332:
5276:
5213:
5122:
4989:
4912:
4422:
3690:
3396:
1781:
1725:
1533:
1519:
1280:
1249:
1142:
923:
888:
833:
755:
564:
559:
439:
325:
109:
5416:
3159:
1187:
in Northern Ireland. The main opposition to the British military's deployment came from the
334:
5374:
5073:
4982:
4891:
4870:
4756:
4376:
3886:
1885:
1701:
1638:
1631:
1550:
1212:
1208:
1123:
1029:
918:
666:
529:
519:
424:
389:
374:
364:
135:
4080:
4035:
3655:
3510:"Operation Motorman: Top secret files reveal reasons behind invasion of nationalist areas"
2778:
2537:
2499:
2303:
2170:
8:
5646:
5632:
5318:
4842:
4715:
4531:
4491:
4141:“Deadly Intelligence: State Involvement in Loyalist Murder in Northern Ireland – Summary”
3978:
3952:
2685:
2398:
1913:
1748:
1666:
1607:
1435:
1204:
1169:
1119:
1076:
1049:
828:
736:
731:
706:
584:
544:
419:
369:
359:
158:
3941:
3883:
A Testimony to Courage – the Regimental History of the Ulster Defence Regiment 1969–1992
3248:
2999:
5339:
5178:
5087:
5045:
5010:
4975:
4898:
3165:
3054:"Declassified documents reveal army lobbied Attorney General not to prosecute soldiers"
2099:
1759:
1752:
1594:
argues that "both militarily and ideologically, the Army was a player, not a referee".
1541:
1449:
1295:
1153:
1068:
1025:
928:
726:
656:
623:
554:
514:
499:
429:
414:
4381:
4189:
Malcolm Sutton's Index of Deaths from the Conflict in Ireland: Status of person killed
4140:
3432:
2826:
5639:
5567:
5164:
4926:
4680:
4673:
4356:
4333:
4317:
3564:
3553:
3400:
3327:
3252:
3219:
3198:
2907:
2882:
2707:
2648:
2482:
2462:
2402:
2147:
1908:
1774:
1716:; fourteen died. Some were shot from behind or while trying to help the wounded. The
1591:
1461:
1410:
1110:. Catholics welcomed the troops when they first arrived, because they saw the RUC as
1072:
962:
957:
604:
589:
454:
4409:
3365:
3361:
3345:
3177:
3104:"CAIN: Events: Deployment of Troops: O Dochartaigh, Niall (1997) 'The British Army'"
3103:
3030:
The Apparatus of Impunity? Human rights violations and the Northern Ireland conflict
1978:
A further 45 former British military personnel were killed during Operation Banner.
1302:
and support to the PSNI in circumstances of extreme public disorder as described in
5136:
4309:
4188:
3604:
1717:
1696:
1620:
1357:
1033:
711:
676:
186:
84:
58:
1944:
in 2008 to honour the British military personnel who took part in Operation Banner
1091:. As part of the operation, a new locally-recruited regiment was also formed: the
5737:
5653:
5290:
4211:
4176:
3974:
3948:
3830:
3747:
3516:
3037:
1986:
1678:
1603:
1495:
1466:
1455:
1372:
1327:
1267:
While the withdrawal of troops was welcomed by nationalist political parties the
1141:", which meant giving a greater role to local forces: the UDR and RUC. After the
1131:
863:
686:
594:
198:
194:
190:
171:
5796:
Military operations in Northern Ireland involving the United Kingdom (1969–2007)
3372:, 1976 Y.B. Eur. Conv. on Hum. Rts. 512, 748, 788–794 (Eur. Comm'n of Hum. Rts.)
5730:
5660:
3362:
Materials on torture and other ill-treatment: 3. European Court of Human Rights
3242:
2953:
2264:
1937:
1827:
1736:
1712:, 26 unarmed Catholic protesters and bystanders were shot by soldiers from the
1501:
1386:
1361:
1326:
The support to the police forces was primarily from the British Army, with the
434:
2852:
2741:
2053:, states that the British military killed 301 people during Operation Banner.
1888:, claimed his superiors knew of the collusion but allowed it to continue. The
1579:
44:
5764:
5437:
1873:
1489:
1430:
1425:
1368:
1335:
1299:
1138:
1088:
1084:
1008:
992:
878:
2316:
Armed Forces mark 50 years since the start of operations in Northern Ireland
1728:, concluded in 2010 that the killings were "unjustified and unjustifiable".
16:
1969–2007 British military operation in Northern Ireland during the Troubles
4828:
4480:
4445:
4124:
Enemies and Passing Friends: Settler ideologies in twentieth-century Ulster
4064:
3845:"The Tuzo Plan, 1972: Extirpate The IRA And ‘Turn A Blind Eye To UDA Guns’"
1921:
1851:
1819:
1740:
1612:
1339:
1200:
1165:
1115:
1080:
1045:
1037:
848:
344:
303:
207:
203:
50:
32:
5468:
4388:"Operation Banner: An analysis of military operations in Northern Ireland"
4313:
2603:"Operation Banner: An analysis of military operations in Northern Ireland"
2569:"House of Commons Hansard Written Answers for 13 September 2006 (pt 2356)"
2426:"Operation Banner: An analysis of military operations in Northern Ireland"
1272:
5624:
3692:
Native vs. Settler: Ethnic Conflict in Israel/Palestine, Northern Ireland
3535:
3081:
1982:
1670:
1557:
1343:
1314:
1222:
681:
271:
3244:
The Dirty War: Covert strategies and tactics used in political conflicts
2084:
Operation Banner: An analysis of military operations in Northern Ireland
1405:
battalions serving six-months tours. In July 1997, during the course of
5667:
3826:"Northern Ireland, 1972: a British army-loyalist paramilitary alliance"
3752:
3548:
2087:
1839:
1785:
1763:
1662:
1440:
1331:
1241:
1626:
1974:
2 from other branches of the Army, who were killed by paramilitaries.
1810:
1794:
1732:
1402:
1398:
1236:
1111:
101:
4330:
The Longest Stag: The Queen's Regiment in Northern Ireland 1967–1992
1126:(1972). In their efforts to defeat the IRA, there were incidents of
2200:
2174:
1823:
2983:"In Everyone’s Interest: Recording All The Dead, Not Just Our Own"
2115:
have sought to incorporate lessons from Operation Banner in their
1137:. From the late 1970s the British government adopted a policy of "
4277:"Analysis: Army learned insurgency lessons from Northern Ireland"
3498:"Unofficial inquiry will examine north Belfast's 'Bloody Sunday'"
2003:
128 (~42%) were members of republican paramilitaries, including:
1720:
largely cleared the soldiers of blame, but it was regarded as a "
1690:
1655:
1642:
1623:
would be shot dead if they did not heed a warning from soldiers.
1390:
309:
3942:"Collusion in the South Armagh/Mid Ulster Area in the mid-1970s"
2928:"Sutton Index of Deaths: Organisation responsible for the death"
2682:
Operation Banner: The British Army in Northern Ireland 1969–2007
2304:"The Troubles: How 1969 violence led to Army's longest campaign"
1788:, triggered by a bomb attack on a British Army patrol in nearby
4414:
3015:
McGovern, Mark. "Ignatieff, Ireland and the 'lesser evil'", in
2779:"Mull of Kintyre Chinook crash relatives mark 25th anniversary"
2095:
1650:
1646:
1338:
in direct support of the Army commitment. This was tasked with
3474:
Orange parades: the politics of ritual, tradition, and control
1758:
In the early hours of 31 July 1972, the British Army launched
2970:(choose "organisation" and "status summary" as the variables)
2028:
14 (~5%) were members of loyalist paramilitaries, including:
1709:
1218:
75:(37 years, 11 months, 2 weeks and 3 days)
54:
4308:. Cambridge Military Histories. Cambridge University Press.
3536:"Undercover soldiers 'killed unarmed civilians in Belfast'"
2954:"Sutton Index of Deaths: Crosstabulations (two-way tables)"
2265:"Sutton Index of Deaths: Crosstabulations (two-way tables)"
1866:
1597:
1587:
1127:
3656:"Pat Finucane murder: 'Shocking state collusion', says PM"
2197:"The Troubles left a legacy like no other army deployment"
1630:
A memorial to those killed by British soldiers during the
4306:
Uncivil War: The British Army and the Troubles, 1966–1975
3658:, BBC News, 12 December 2012; retrieved 13 December 2012.
3538:, BBC News, 21 November 2013; retrieved 22 November 2013.
3275:
Law (?) and Orders: The Belfast 'Curfew' of 3–5 July 1970
1804:
4076:
4074:
4083:. BBC News. 17 April 2003; retrieved 27 September 2013.
3858:
The Troubles: Ireland's Ordeal and the Search for Peace
3461:
The Orange Order: a contemporary Northern Irish history
3420:
On This Day – 1972: 'Bloody Sunday' report excuses Army
1401:
deployed for a period of two and a half years and four
1360:
along the border and increased support during times of
4275:
Norton Taylor, Richard; Bowcott, Owen (31 July 2007).
2706:
Osprey Publishing: Centurion Universal Tank 1943–2003
2395:
Terrorism versus democracy: the liberal state response
2367:"UK Armed Forces Operational deaths post World War II"
1681:, the interrogation techniques, were described by the
4152:
Human Rights in Northern Ireland: Hearing before the
4143:, British Irish Rights Watch; accessed 17 March 2015.
4071:
3870:
CAIN: New Year Releases 2003 – Public Records of 1972
2277:(choose "organisation" and "status" as the variables)
4410:
Reeling in the Years – 1971: Raidió Teilifís Éireann
4349:
Times of Troubles: Britain's War in Northern Ireland
4274:
4160:, 24 June 1997. US Government Printing Office, 1997.
3309:
3124:. University of California Press, 1990. pp. 120, 205
2592:, nationalarchives.gov.uk; accessed 27 October 2015.
2006:
111 members of the Provisional Irish Republican Army
1619:
in Northern Ireland, announced that anyone throwing
5375:
Ceasefires of the Provisional IRA, UVF, UDA and RHC
4377:
BBC News story about the ending of Operation Banner
4055:
4053:
4008:, p. 63, cain.ulst.ac.uk; accessed 27 October 2015.
3000:
Deaths of children and young people in the Troubles
2288:
Times of Trouble: Britain's War in Northern Ireland
2045:
1 was a member of the Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR)
1782:
clashes between paratroopers and Catholic civilians
1769:From 1971 to 1973, a secret British Army unit, the
1724:" by the Catholic community. A second inquiry, the
1586:responsible for numerous attacks on civilians (see
4091:
4089:
3958:
3902:"British army 'covered up' UDR units links to UVF"
3720:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3552:
3074:
1992:According to the "Sutton Index of Deaths", at the
1700:Banner and crosses carried by the families of the
4170:Stevens Enquiry 3: Overview & Recommendations
4030:
4028:
4026:
3624:issues 302–12, Fortnight Publications, 1992, p. 6
2336:"1969: British troops sent into Northern Ireland"
2031:7 members of the Ulster Defence Association (UDA)
5762:
4050:
2009:11 members of the Official Irish Republican Army
4086:
3815:. Edinburgh University Press, 2006. pp. 107–108
3711:
3381:
3161:Northern Ireland: Continued abuses by all sides
2242:
2240:
2042:2 were Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) officers
1371:, search and tracker dogs, and divers from the
1159:
4214:, mod.uk, July 2009; accessed 5 November 2015.
4023:
3734:
3137:. University of Queensland Press, 2008. p. 234
2066:8 (~2%) were fellow British military personnel
1168:was initially deployed, at the request of the
1079:and patrols, carrying out raids and searches,
1048:was initially deployed, at the request of the
1040:. It was the longest continuous deployment in
4430:
4182:
4179:. 17 April 2003; retrieved 27 September 2013.
4068:, 17 April 2003; retrieved 27 September 2013.
3897:
3895:
3531:
3529:
3375:
2978:
2976:
2904:Security forces in Northern Ireland (1969–92)
2901:
2645:Security forces in Northern Ireland (1969–92)
2259:
2257:
2255:
2102:'s comments on the outcome of the operation:
2034:7 members of the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF)
1801:, Tom Longland, was relieved of his command.
1075:duties such as guarding key points, mounting
287:
4332:. The Queen's Regimental Association, 2022.
4327:
3872:, cain.ulst.ac.uk; accessed 27 October 2015.
3453:
3310:Lauterpacht, Elihu; Greenwood, C.J. (1980),
2237:
2073:
1379:
4346:
4328:Riley, Jonathon; Goulden, Alasdair (2022).
3966:Lethal Allies: British Collusion in Ireland
3915:The Dublin Bombings and the Murder Triangle
3770:Getting the Message: News, Truth, and Power
3764:
3762:
3300:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1986. p. 120
3271:
2531:
2529:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2414:
1878:Lethal Allies: British Collusion in Ireland
1309:
5776:2007 disestablishments in Northern Ireland
4437:
4423:
3989:
3987:
3937:
3935:
3920:
3892:
3780:
3778:
3526:
3042:Committee on the Administration of Justice
2973:
2764:
2762:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2252:
1576:Committee on the Administration of Justice
1071:and supporting the police in carrying out
301:
294:
280:
3661:
3349:– 5310/71 (1978) ECHR 1 (18 January 1978)
3236:
3234:
3232:
2571:. Houses of Parliament. 13 September 2006
2060:121 (~40%) were republican paramilitaries
1981:It was announced in July 2009 that their
1704:victims on the yearly commemoration march
1183:(RUC) and to assert the authority of the
1063:(RUC) and to assert the authority of the
4081:"Security forces aided loyalist murders"
3759:
3463:. Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 154.
3433:"Bloody Sunday killings 'unjustifiable'"
2535:
2526:
2411:
1931:
1739:to clear Catholics who were blocking an
1695:
1625:
1598:Relationship with the Catholic community
1313:
1235:
1217:
5771:1969 establishments in Northern Ireland
4222:
4220:
4121:
3984:
3932:
3813:Crimes of Loyalty: A History of the UDA
3775:
3605:"CAIN: Chronology of the Conflict 1992"
3559:. W. W. Norton & Company. pp.
3547:
3441:. Raidió Teilifís Éireann. 15 June 2010
3114:
2876:
2759:
2669:
2389:
2387:
2330:
2328:
1859:10th Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment
1685:as "inhuman and degrading", and by the
5763:
4801:Northern Ireland civil rights movement
4579:Irish People's Liberation Organisation
4347:Sanders, Andrew; Wood, Ian S. (2022).
4158:United States House of Representatives
3240:
3229:
2700:
2664:More Troops Arrive in Northern Ireland
2643:Ripley, Tim and Chappel, Mike (1993).
2140:Behind the mask: The IRA and Sinn Féin
2021:Irish People's Liberation Organisation
1805:Collusion with loyalist paramilitaries
1322:approaches a suspect device in Belfast
1292:Minister of State for the Armed Forces
4418:
4134:
3706:Terror: From Tyrannicide to Terrorism
3704:Brett Bowden, Michael T. Davis, eds,
3135:Terror: From Tyrannicide to Terrorism
3133:Brett Bowden & Michael T. Davis.
3017:Discourses and Practices of Terrorism
2639:
2637:
2497:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2063:10 (~3%) were loyalist paramilitaries
275:
5806:Military history of Northern Ireland
4217:
4154:Committee on International Relations
2742:"Accident Westland Sioux AH.1 XT241"
2384:
2372:. Ministry of Defence. 26 March 2015
2325:
2082:, the Ministry of Defence published
1916:(FRU) was the main agency involved.
1284:political union with Great Britain.
1001:The Troubles in Britain & Europe
243:722 deaths from paramilitary attacks
5561:Vanguard Unionist Progressive Party
4382:BBC News, Operation Banner pictures
3929:, pp. 8, 14, 21, 25, 51, 56, 58–65.
3847:, TheBrokenElbow.com, 17 June 2015.
3741:"Collusion – Subversion in the UDR"
3669:"British 'colluded with loyalists'"
2902:Ripley, Tim; Chappel, Mike (1993).
2881:. Coronet Books. pp. 172–173.
2455:The Long War: The IRA and Sinn Féin
1687:European Commission of Human Rights
1574:not to prosecute soldiers, and the
1067:in Northern Ireland. This involved
37:dissident Irish republican campaign
13:
5602:Social Democratic and Labour Party
5595:Alliance Party of Northern Ireland
4298:
2634:
2500:"Military move heralds end of era"
2481:. Peter Lang (publisher), p. 234;
2354:
2267:. Conflict Archive on the Internet
2171:"Army paper says IRA not defeated"
2156:
2039:6 were members of the British Army
1731:On 9 July 1972, British troops in
1269:Social Democratic and Labour Party
1005:Assassinations during the Troubles
540:Dundalk & Silverbridge attacks
14:
5822:
4370:
3731:(CAIN); accessed 27 October 2015.
3278:. Dundalgan Press. pp. 35–36
3247:. Taylor & Francis. pp.
3184:(CAIN); accessed 8 November 2015.
3178:Chronology of the Conflict – 1970
2538:"No fanfare for Operation Banner"
2521:"Army ending its operation in NI"
1714:1st Battalion, Parachute Regiment
1665:(imprisonment without trial) was
1407:fierce riots in nationalist areas
1189:Provisional Irish Republican Army
1100:Provisional Irish Republican Army
5811:British Army in Operation Banner
5746:
5745:
5490:Irish Republican Socialist Party
5305:Sean Graham bookmakers' shooting
4444:
4268:
4256:
4244:
4232:
4198:
4193:Conflict Archive on the Internet
4163:
4146:
4129:political process by violence'……
4115:
4060:"Scandal of Ulster's secret war"
3729:Conflict Archive on the Internet
3500:, nuzhound.com, 8 November 2002.
3387:Parliament of the United Kingdom
3182:Conflict Archive on the Internet
3004:Conflict Archive on the Internet
2958:Conflict Archive on the Internet
2932:Conflict Archive on the Internet
2536:Connolly, Kevin (31 July 2007).
1994:Conflict Archive on the Internet
1985:will be eligible to receive the
1564:
1508:de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver
904:James Murray's bookmakers attack
874:Sean Graham bookmakers' shooting
165:
152:
140:
129:
43:
5801:The Troubles (Northern Ireland)
5511:Republican Socialist Collective
5298:Sinn Féin Headquarters shooting
4548:Irish republican paramilitaries
4011:
3999:
3907:
3875:
3863:
3850:
3837:
3818:
3805:
3796:
3787:
3698:
3683:
3649:
3635:"Brigadier Lane to be replaced"
3627:
3615:
3597:
3584:
3541:
3503:
3491:
3479:
3466:
3425:
3413:
3383:Joint Committee on Human Rights
3354:
3339:
3303:
3290:
3265:
3208:
3187:
3171:
3153:
3140:
3127:
3096:
3075:Fintan O'Toole (31 July 2007).
3068:
3059:
3047:
3022:
3009:
2992:
2946:
2920:
2895:
2870:
2845:
2819:
2793:
2771:
2734:
2725:
2716:
2691:
2657:
2625:
2595:
2583:
2561:
2552:
2514:
2491:
2471:
2447:
2080:Freedom of Information Act 2000
1857:In 1977, the Army investigated
1762:to re-take Northern Ireland's "
1367:"Specialist support – Includes
1244:patrolling South Belfast (1981)
869:Sinn Féin Headquarters shooting
5186:IRA attacks in the Netherlands
4941:Dublin & Monaghan bombings
4934:Ulster Workers' Council strike
4709:Ulster Volunteer Service Corps
4650:Ulster loyalist paramilitaries
3347:Ireland v. The United Kingdom
3195:Northern Ireland Since c. 1960
2666:Associated Press, 10 July 1997
2498:Rowan, Brian (2 August 2005).
2309:
2297:
2280:
2215:
2189:
2129:
2014:Irish National Liberation Army
1683:European Court of Human Rights
1667:introduced in Northern Ireland
1179:. Its role was to support the
1173:government of Northern Ireland
1059:. Its role was to support the
1053:government of Northern Ireland
1036:from 1969 to 2007, as part of
854:Musgrave Park Hospital bombing
839:Craigavon mobile shop killings
485:Dublin & Monaghan bombings
259:IPLO 1 killed by British Army
255:PIRA 97 killed by British Army
53:soldiers at a checkpoint near
1:
5221:Attack on Derryard checkpoint
4036:"Stevens Inquiry: Key people"
3904:, thedetail.tv, 31 July 2011.
3272:Ó Fearghail, Seán Óg (1970).
3077:"The blunt instrument of war"
2122:
1927:
1813:between the British Army and
1195:against the British military
1130:between British soldiers and
1106:against the British military
264:UVF 7 killed by British Army
261:1 OIRA killed by British Army
257:INLA 5 killed by British Army
73:14 August 1969 – 31 July 2007
5270:Downing Street mortar attack
5235:South Armagh sniper campaign
5032:Jonesborough Gazelle downing
4730:Woodvale Defence Association
4695:Ulster Protestant Volunteers
4126:. Pluto Press. p. 156.
3671:. BBC News. 29 November 2006
3438:RTÉ News and Current Affairs
3056:. The Detail. 15 April 2013.
2827:"Swallows over the Province"
1894:Dublin and Monaghan bombings
1416:
1320:Ammunition Technical Officer
1160:Description of the operation
894:South Armagh sniper campaign
798:Armagh City roadside bombing
672:Ballygawley land mine attack
475:Rose & Crown Bar bombing
266:UDA 7 killed by British Army
246:719 deaths from other causes
7:
4878:Abercorn Restaurant bombing
4634:Direct Action Against Drugs
4614:Irish Revolutionary Brigade
4504:Ulster Special Constabulary
3981:; accessed 27 October 2015.
3955:; retrieved 2 January 2011.
3555:A secret history of the IRA
3476:. Pluto Press, 2000. p. 92.
3298:Ireland's Terrorist Dilemma
3296:Alexander, Yonah (editor).
3150:. Random House, 1991. p. 94
2801:"Packing up their Troubles"
2306:. BBC News, 14 August 2019.
2225:. Hansard. 13 February 1992
1460:Land Rovers, including the
948:1994 Shankill Road killings
788:Downpatrick landmine attack
697:Ballygawley barracks attack
395:Abercorn Restaurant bombing
355:Scottish soldiers' killings
10:
5827:
5786:1969 in the United Kingdom
5554:Progressive Unionist Party
5497:Communist Party of Ireland
5347:Downing Street Declaration
5004:Reavey and O'Dowd killings
4667:Ulster Defence Association
4353:Edinburgh University Press
3316:Cambridge University Press
2342:. BBC News. 14 August 1969
2292:Edinburgh University Press
1902:Reavey and O'Dowd killings
1745:Ulster Defence Association
1397:. There were six resident
998:
884:Cloghoge checkpoint attack
766:Derryard checkpoint attack
652:Altnaveigh landmine attack
629:Dungannon land mine attack
550:Reavey and O'Dowd killings
495:Bleary Darts Club shooting
490:Mountainview Tavern attack
5615:
5584:
5547:Democratic Unionist Party
5527:
5456:
5447:
5193:Aughanduff Lynx shootdown
5025:La Mon restaurant bombing
4857:Balmoral showroom bombing
4781:
4739:
4647:
4623:
4545:
4514:
4500:Royal Ulster Constabulary
4470:
4461:
4452:
4038:. BBC News. 17 April 2003
3917:. Ireland: Mercier Press.
3370:Ireland v. United Kingdom
3312:International Law Reports
3019:. Routledge, 2010. p. 145
2523:, BBC News, 31 July 2007.
2477:Albert, Cornelia (2009).
2459:Syracuse University Press
2453:O'Brien, Brendan (1999).
2223:"House of Commons Debate"
2074:Analysis of the operation
2057:160 (~53%) were civilians
2000:156 (~51%) were civilians
1380:Number of troops deployed
1277:Democratic Unionist Party
1181:Royal Ulster Constabulary
1061:Royal Ulster Constabulary
968:Thiepval barracks bombing
859:Craigavon Hyster killings
844:Glenanne barracks bombing
619:La Mon restaurant bombing
385:Balmoral showroom bombing
318:
234:
222:
217:
178:
147:Royal Ulster Constabulary
121:
65:
42:
30:
25:
5791:British Army deployments
5781:1969 in military history
5504:Irish Independence Party
5459:Irish republican parties
5368:Crossmaglen Lynx downing
5172:Milltown Cemetery attack
5060:Republican hunger strike
4885:Beginning of direct rule
4750:Ulster Protestant Action
4688:Loyalist Volunteer Force
4122:Clayton, Pamela (1996).
4097:"Obituary: Brian Nelson"
4018:The Cassel Report (2006)
4006:The Cassel Report (2006)
3994:The Cassel Report (2006)
3973:22 February 2014 at the
3927:The Cassel Report (2006)
3860:. Palgrave, 2002. p. 170
3772:. Routledge, 2003. p. 91
2853:"Scout Helicopter XV136"
2393:Wilkinson, Paul (2006).
2249:; retrieved 26 May 2014.
2078:In July 2007, under the
2049:Another detailed study,
1809:There were incidents of
1780:In May 1992, there were
1479:Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma
1310:Role of the armed forces
1298:, providing specialised
1260:– which grew out of the
1042:British military history
983:Quinn brothers' killings
722:Milltown Cemetery attack
5717:Special Category Status
5575:Ulster Democratic Party
5530:Ulster loyalist parties
5200:Ballygawley bus bombing
5144:Remembrance Day bombing
4969:Miami Showband killings
4955:Birmingham pub bombings
4723:Protestant Action Force
4600:Republican Action Force
4485:Ulster Defence Regiment
3725:"Subversion in the UDR"
3241:Dillon, Martin (1999).
2987:The British Army Review
2857:Ulster Aviation Society
2247:Operation Banner Deaths
1898:Miami Showband killings
1815:loyalist paramilitaries
1771:Military Reaction Force
1584:loyalist paramilitaries
1514:Britten-Norman Defender
1393:under the command of a
1262:Ulster Defence Regiment
1093:Ulster Defence Regiment
751:Ballygawley bus bombing
717:Remembrance Day bombing
702:Birches barracks attack
570:Flagstaff Hill incident
510:Miami Showband killings
480:Clogher barracks attack
223:21,000 British soldiers
5361:Loughinisland massacre
5158:Start of peace process
5102:Brighton hotel bombing
4948:Guildford pub bombings
4660:Ulster Volunteer Force
3881:Potter, John Furniss.
3515:6 January 2016 at the
3120:Weitzer, Ronald John.
2906:. Osprey. p. 30.
2877:Harnden, Toby (2000).
2109:
1945:
1872:During the 1970s, the
1863:Ulster Volunteer Force
1705:
1634:
1323:
1304:Patten recommendations
1245:
1233:
953:Loughinisland massacre
793:Operation Conservation
642:Dunmurry train bombing
600:Andersonstown incident
575:Charlemont pub attacks
535:Dublin Airport bombing
505:Forkhill beer keg bomb
465:New Lodge Six shooting
405:Battle at Springmartin
340:Battle of St Matthew's
179:Commanders and leaders
5540:Ulster Unionist Party
5431:Good Friday Agreement
5333:Shankill Road bombing
5249:Augher Lynx shootdown
5214:Deal barracks bombing
5123:Anglo-Irish Agreement
4990:Balcombe Street siege
4913:Sunningdale Agreement
4463:State security forces
4314:10.1017/9781316479841
4304:Bennett, Huw (2023).
3947:26 April 2011 at the
3913:Tiernan, Joe (2000).
3887:Pen & Sword Books
3746:10 March 2007 at the
3397:The Stationery Office
2647:. Osprey, pp. 19–21;
2104:
1935:
1699:
1629:
1615:, the British Army's
1516:surveillance aircraft
1510:surveillance aircraft
1317:
1281:Ulster Unionist Party
1250:Good Friday Agreement
1248:From 1998, after the
1239:
1221:
1175:, in response to the
1143:Good Friday Agreement
1055:, in response to the
924:Shankill Road bombing
914:Cullaville occupation
565:Hillcrest Bar bombing
560:Castleblayney bombing
440:Newry customs bombing
326:Battle of the Bogside
235:Casualties and losses
110:Good Friday Agreement
5724:Shoot-to-kill policy
5483:Republican Sinn Féin
5417:Second IRA ceasefire
5074:Droppin Well bombing
4983:Tullyvallen massacre
4850:McGurk's Bar bombing
4757:Ulster Service Corps
4265:, Chapter II, pg 16.
4253:, Chapter VIII, p. 4
4175:10 June 2011 at the
3784:Weitzer 1990, p. 208
3689:Thomas G. Mitchell,
3488:, 12 July 1972, p. 4
3036:4 March 2016 at the
2731:Van der Bijl, p. 101
2722:Van der Bijl, p. 194
2680:Van der Bijl, Nick.
2399:Taylor & Francis
2094:The report analyses
1669:. Soldiers launched
1632:Ballymurphy Massacre
1547:(Operation Motorman)
1473:Aérospatiale Gazelle
1258:Royal Irish Regiment
1209:Ballymurphy Massacre
1193:a guerrilla campaign
1104:a guerrilla campaign
1030:British Armed Forces
919:Battle of Newry Road
899:Forensic Lab bombing
667:Droppin Well bombing
530:Drummuckavall ambush
525:October 1975 attacks
520:Tullyvallen massacre
450:Annie's Bar massacre
380:McGurk's Bar bombing
375:Red Lion Pub bombing
365:Ballymurphy massacre
136:British Armed Forces
5633:Irish republicanism
5326:Bishopsgate bombing
5319:Warrington bombings
5116:Newry mortar attack
4843:Operation Demetrius
4716:Down Orange Welfare
4492:Force Research Unit
4395:Ministry of Defence
4210:4 July 2009 at the
3979:Pat Finucane Centre
3953:Pat Finucane Centre
3360:Weissbrodt, David.
2768:Van der Bijl, p. 82
2746:aviation-safety.net
2697:Van der Bijl, p. 24
2686:Pen and Sword Books
2610:Ministry of Defence
2590:Ministry of Defence
2433:Ministry of Defence
2320:Ministry of Defence
2069:2 were RUC officers
1950:Ministry of Defence
1942:St Paul's Cathedral
1914:Force Research Unit
1749:Springhill Massacre
1436:Ferret armoured car
1205:Operation Demetrius
1150:Ministry of Defence
1120:Operation Demetrius
934:Fivemiletown ambush
909:Castlerock killings
829:Mullacreevie ambush
761:Jonesborough ambush
737:Lisburn van bombing
732:Avenue Bar shooting
707:Clontibret invasion
692:Newry mortar attack
662:Divis Flats bombing
647:Lough Foyle attacks
585:Chlorane Bar attack
545:Central Bar bombing
445:Benny's Bar bombing
420:Springhill massacre
400:Donegall St bombing
360:Operation Demetrius
350:Crossmaglen bombing
5703:Punishment attacks
5476:Official Sinn Féin
5396:Manchester bombing
5340:Greysteel massacre
5179:Corporals killings
5088:Maze Prison escape
5046:Warrenpoint ambush
5011:Kingsmill massacre
4976:Bayardo Bar attack
4906:Old Bailey bombing
4899:Operation Motorman
4702:Ulster Third Force
4229:, Chapter I, p. 3.
3834:. 19 January 2013.
3523:, 6 November 2015.
3459:Kaufmann, Eric P.
3214:Freeman, Michael,
3166:Human Rights Watch
2781:. BBC. 2 June 2019
2622:Chapter 6, pp. 1–2
2100:Martin van Creveld
2098:military theorist
1946:
1799:3 Infantry Brigade
1775:drive-by shootings
1760:Operation Motorman
1706:
1661:On 9 August 1971,
1635:
1485:Chinook helicopter
1450:Operation Motorman
1446:Centurion AVRE 165
1395:lieutenant-general
1387:improvised mortars
1324:
1296:Operation Helvetic
1246:
1234:
1185:British government
1154:Warrenpoint ambush
1069:counter-insurgency
1065:British government
929:Greysteel massacre
815:Lough Neagh ambush
756:Drumnakilly ambush
727:Corporals killings
657:Glasdrumman ambush
624:Warrenpoint ambush
580:Store Bar shooting
555:Kingsmill massacre
515:Bayardo Bar attack
500:Strand Bar bombing
470:Coleraine bombings
430:Operation Motorman
415:Battle of Lenadoon
5758:
5757:
5640:Irish nationalism
5611:
5610:
5568:UK Unionist Party
5449:Political parties
5389:Docklands bombing
5165:Operation Flavius
4927:M62 coach bombing
4777:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4764:Orange Volunteers
4681:Ulster Resistance
4674:Red Hand Commando
4643:
4642:
4541:
4540:
4362:978-0-7486-4657-9
4339:978-1-3999-2591-4
4322:978-1-107-13638-0
4205:MOD press release
3856:Coogan, Tim Pat.
3609:cain.ulster.ac.uk
3570:978-0-393-32502-7
3551:(November 2003).
3486:Belfast Telegraph
3333:978-0-521-46403-1
3108:cain.ulster.ac.uk
2322:, 14 August 2019.
2286:Sanders, Andrew.
2012:5 members of the
1948:According to the
1909:Stevens Inquiries
1755:area of Belfast.
1617:overall commander
1572:Attorneys General
1462:Snatch Land Rover
1411:Drumcree conflict
1409:triggered by the
1358:observation posts
1300:ordnance disposal
1197:from 1970 to 1997
1177:August 1969 riots
1148:According to the
1108:from 1970 to 1997
1073:internal security
1057:August 1969 riots
1016:
1015:
988:Banbridge bombing
973:Coalisland attack
963:Drumcree conflict
958:Killeeshil ambush
605:Garryhinch ambush
590:Ramble Inn attack
455:Belturbet bombing
312:
270:
269:
117:
116:
5818:
5749:
5748:
5740:
5733:
5726:
5719:
5712:
5705:
5698:
5691:
5684:
5677:
5670:
5663:
5656:
5649:
5642:
5635:
5628:
5604:
5597:
5577:
5570:
5563:
5556:
5549:
5542:
5520:
5513:
5506:
5499:
5492:
5485:
5478:
5471:
5454:
5453:
5440:
5433:
5426:
5419:
5412:
5405:
5398:
5391:
5384:
5377:
5370:
5363:
5356:
5349:
5342:
5335:
5328:
5321:
5314:
5307:
5300:
5293:
5286:
5279:
5277:Cappagh killings
5272:
5265:
5258:
5251:
5244:
5237:
5230:
5223:
5216:
5209:
5202:
5195:
5188:
5181:
5174:
5167:
5160:
5153:
5146:
5139:
5137:Loughgall ambush
5132:
5125:
5118:
5111:
5104:
5097:
5090:
5083:
5076:
5069:
5062:
5055:
5048:
5041:
5034:
5027:
5020:
5013:
5006:
4999:
4992:
4985:
4978:
4971:
4964:
4957:
4950:
4943:
4936:
4929:
4922:
4915:
4908:
4901:
4894:
4887:
4880:
4873:
4866:
4859:
4852:
4845:
4838:
4831:
4824:
4817:
4810:
4803:
4796:
4766:
4759:
4752:
4737:
4736:
4732:
4725:
4718:
4711:
4704:
4697:
4690:
4683:
4676:
4669:
4662:
4636:
4621:
4620:
4616:
4609:
4602:
4595:
4588:
4581:
4574:
4567:
4560:
4534:
4527:
4507:
4495:
4487:
4468:
4467:
4459:
4458:
4439:
4432:
4425:
4416:
4415:
4406:
4404:
4402:
4392:
4366:
4343:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4272:
4266:
4263:Operation Banner
4260:
4254:
4251:Operation Banner
4248:
4242:
4239:Operation Banner
4236:
4230:
4227:Operation Banner
4224:
4215:
4202:
4196:
4186:
4180:
4167:
4161:
4150:
4144:
4138:
4132:
4131:
4119:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4093:
4084:
4078:
4069:
4057:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4032:
4021:
4015:
4009:
4003:
3997:
3991:
3982:
3962:
3956:
3939:
3930:
3924:
3918:
3911:
3905:
3899:
3890:
3879:
3873:
3867:
3861:
3854:
3848:
3841:
3835:
3822:
3816:
3809:
3803:
3800:
3794:
3791:
3785:
3782:
3773:
3768:Eldridge, John.
3766:
3757:
3738:
3732:
3722:
3709:
3702:
3696:
3687:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3665:
3659:
3653:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3642:
3631:
3625:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3601:
3595:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3558:
3545:
3539:
3533:
3524:
3507:
3501:
3495:
3489:
3483:
3477:
3472:Bryan, Dominic.
3470:
3464:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3429:
3423:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3379:
3373:
3358:
3352:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3307:
3301:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3238:
3227:
3212:
3206:
3193:Doherty, Barry,
3191:
3185:
3175:
3169:
3157:
3151:
3146:Dillon, Martin.
3144:
3138:
3131:
3125:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3072:
3066:
3065:McGovern, p. iii
3063:
3057:
3051:
3045:
3026:
3020:
3013:
3007:
2996:
2990:
2980:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2775:
2769:
2766:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2738:
2732:
2729:
2723:
2720:
2714:
2704:
2698:
2695:
2689:
2678:
2667:
2661:
2655:
2641:
2632:
2629:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2607:
2599:
2593:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2565:
2559:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2533:
2524:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2495:
2489:
2475:
2469:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2430:
2422:
2409:
2391:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2371:
2363:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2332:
2323:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2284:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2261:
2250:
2244:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2167:
2154:
2133:
2019:1 member of the
1735:used CS gas and
1718:Widgery Tribunal
1191:(IRA). It waged
1034:Northern Ireland
1022:Operation Banner
889:Coalisland riots
834:Cappagh killings
712:Loughgall ambush
677:Darkley killings
313:
307:
296:
289:
282:
273:
272:
187:Sean MacStiofain
170:
169:
168:
159:Irish republican
157:
156:
155:
145:
144:
143:
134:
133:
132:
106:Demilitarisation
85:Northern Ireland
67:
66:
59:Northern Ireland
47:
26:Operation Banner
23:
22:
5826:
5825:
5821:
5820:
5819:
5817:
5816:
5815:
5761:
5760:
5759:
5754:
5743:
5738:Five techniques
5736:
5729:
5722:
5715:
5708:
5701:
5694:
5687:
5680:
5673:
5666:
5659:
5654:Ulster loyalism
5652:
5645:
5638:
5631:
5619:
5607:
5600:
5593:
5587:
5580:
5573:
5566:
5559:
5552:
5545:
5538:
5532:
5523:
5516:
5509:
5502:
5495:
5488:
5481:
5474:
5467:
5461:
5450:
5443:
5436:
5429:
5422:
5415:
5408:
5401:
5394:
5387:
5380:
5373:
5366:
5359:
5352:
5345:
5338:
5331:
5324:
5317:
5310:
5303:
5296:
5291:Teebane bombing
5289:
5282:
5275:
5268:
5261:
5254:
5247:
5240:
5233:
5226:
5219:
5212:
5205:
5198:
5191:
5184:
5177:
5170:
5163:
5156:
5149:
5142:
5135:
5128:
5121:
5114:
5107:
5100:
5093:
5086:
5079:
5072:
5065:
5058:
5051:
5044:
5037:
5030:
5023:
5016:
5009:
5002:
4995:
4988:
4981:
4974:
4967:
4960:
4953:
4946:
4939:
4932:
4925:
4918:
4911:
4904:
4897:
4890:
4883:
4876:
4869:
4862:
4855:
4848:
4841:
4834:
4827:
4820:
4813:
4806:
4799:
4792:
4786:
4769:
4762:
4755:
4748:
4742:
4735:
4728:
4721:
4714:
4707:
4700:
4693:
4686:
4679:
4672:
4665:
4658:
4652:
4639:
4632:
4626:
4619:
4612:
4605:
4598:
4591:
4584:
4577:
4570:
4563:
4558:Provisional IRA
4556:
4550:
4537:
4530:
4523:
4517:
4510:
4498:
4490:
4479:
4473:
4464:
4455:
4448:
4443:
4400:
4398:
4390:
4386:
4373:
4363:
4340:
4301:
4299:Further reading
4296:
4295:
4285:
4283:
4273:
4269:
4261:
4257:
4249:
4245:
4237:
4233:
4225:
4218:
4212:Wayback Machine
4203:
4199:
4187:
4183:
4177:Wayback Machine
4168:
4164:
4151:
4147:
4139:
4135:
4120:
4116:
4106:
4104:
4103:. 17 April 2003
4095:
4094:
4087:
4079:
4072:
4058:
4051:
4041:
4039:
4034:
4033:
4024:
4016:
4012:
4004:
4000:
3992:
3985:
3975:Wayback Machine
3963:
3959:
3949:Wayback Machine
3940:
3933:
3925:
3921:
3912:
3908:
3900:
3893:
3880:
3876:
3868:
3864:
3855:
3851:
3842:
3838:
3831:The Irish Times
3823:
3819:
3810:
3806:
3801:
3797:
3792:
3788:
3783:
3776:
3767:
3760:
3748:Wayback Machine
3739:
3735:
3723:
3712:
3703:
3699:
3688:
3684:
3674:
3672:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3654:
3650:
3640:
3638:
3637:. 12 April 2012
3633:
3632:
3628:
3620:
3616:
3603:
3602:
3598:
3589:
3585:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3546:
3542:
3534:
3527:
3517:Wayback Machine
3508:
3504:
3496:
3492:
3484:
3480:
3471:
3467:
3458:
3454:
3444:
3442:
3431:
3430:
3426:
3418:
3414:
3407:
3399:. p. 110.
3395:. Vol. 2.
3380:
3376:
3359:
3355:
3344:
3340:
3334:
3308:
3304:
3295:
3291:
3281:
3279:
3270:
3266:
3259:
3239:
3230:
3213:
3209:
3192:
3188:
3176:
3172:
3158:
3154:
3145:
3141:
3132:
3128:
3119:
3115:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3087:
3085:
3073:
3069:
3064:
3060:
3052:
3048:
3038:Wayback Machine
3027:
3023:
3014:
3010:
2997:
2993:
2981:
2974:
2963:
2961:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2937:
2935:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2914:
2900:
2896:
2889:
2875:
2871:
2861:
2859:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2836:
2834:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2810:
2808:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2784:
2782:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2767:
2760:
2750:
2748:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2730:
2726:
2721:
2717:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2679:
2670:
2662:
2658:
2642:
2635:
2630:
2626:
2615:
2613:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2588:
2584:
2574:
2572:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2557:
2553:
2543:
2541:
2534:
2527:
2519:
2515:
2505:
2503:
2496:
2492:
2476:
2472:
2452:
2448:
2438:
2436:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2412:
2392:
2385:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2364:
2355:
2345:
2343:
2334:
2333:
2326:
2314:
2310:
2302:
2298:
2285:
2281:
2270:
2268:
2263:
2262:
2253:
2245:
2238:
2228:
2226:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2206:
2204:
2203:. 14 March 2019
2195:
2194:
2190:
2180:
2178:
2169:
2168:
2157:
2146:, pp. 246–261.
2134:
2130:
2125:
2076:
1987:Elizabeth Cross
1930:
1900:(1975) and the
1850:and UDA leader
1807:
1784:in the town of
1726:Saville Inquiry
1679:five techniques
1600:
1567:
1496:Westland Wessex
1467:Bell H-13 Sioux
1419:
1382:
1373:Royal Engineers
1328:Royal Air Force
1318:A British Army
1312:
1275:, the unionist
1240:A British Army
1162:
1132:Ulster loyalist
1032:' operation in
1019:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1011:
997:
864:Teebane bombing
770:
687:Strabane ambush
633:
595:Stag Inn attack
460:Dublin bombings
410:Dungiven ambush
321:1960s and 1970s
314:
306:
302:
300:
265:
260:
258:
256:
252:
226:
224:
210:
206:
199:Cathal Goulding
197:
195:Gerard Steenson
193:
191:Seamus Costello
189:
172:Ulster loyalist
166:
164:
153:
151:
141:
139:
130:
128:
87:
74:
48:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5824:
5814:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5756:
5755:
5742:
5741:
5734:
5731:HM Prison Maze
5727:
5720:
5713:
5706:
5699:
5692:
5685:
5678:
5671:
5664:
5661:United Ireland
5657:
5650:
5643:
5636:
5629:
5616:
5613:
5612:
5609:
5608:
5606:
5605:
5598:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5579:
5578:
5571:
5564:
5557:
5550:
5543:
5535:
5533:
5528:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5521:
5514:
5507:
5500:
5493:
5486:
5479:
5472:
5464:
5462:
5457:
5451:
5448:
5445:
5444:
5442:
5441:
5434:
5427:
5420:
5413:
5406:
5399:
5392:
5385:
5378:
5371:
5364:
5357:
5350:
5343:
5336:
5329:
5322:
5315:
5308:
5301:
5294:
5287:
5280:
5273:
5266:
5259:
5256:Proxy bombings
5252:
5245:
5238:
5231:
5224:
5217:
5210:
5203:
5196:
5189:
5182:
5175:
5168:
5161:
5154:
5147:
5140:
5133:
5126:
5119:
5112:
5105:
5098:
5091:
5084:
5077:
5070:
5063:
5056:
5049:
5042:
5035:
5028:
5021:
5014:
5007:
5000:
4993:
4986:
4979:
4972:
4965:
4958:
4951:
4944:
4937:
4930:
4923:
4916:
4909:
4902:
4895:
4888:
4881:
4874:
4867:
4860:
4853:
4846:
4839:
4832:
4825:
4818:
4811:
4804:
4797:
4789:
4787:
4782:
4779:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4767:
4760:
4753:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4734:
4733:
4726:
4719:
4712:
4705:
4698:
4691:
4684:
4677:
4670:
4663:
4655:
4653:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4637:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4618:
4617:
4610:
4603:
4596:
4589:
4586:Continuity IRA
4582:
4575:
4568:
4561:
4553:
4551:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4535:
4532:Garda Síochána
4528:
4525:Defence Forces
4520:
4518:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4508:
4496:
4488:
4476:
4474:
4472:United Kingdom
4471:
4465:
4462:
4456:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4442:
4441:
4434:
4427:
4419:
4413:
4412:
4407:
4384:
4379:
4372:
4371:External links
4369:
4368:
4367:
4361:
4344:
4338:
4325:
4300:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4267:
4255:
4243:
4231:
4216:
4197:
4181:
4162:
4145:
4133:
4114:
4085:
4070:
4049:
4022:
4010:
3998:
3983:
3957:
3931:
3919:
3906:
3891:
3889:, 2001. p. 376
3874:
3862:
3849:
3836:
3817:
3804:
3795:
3786:
3774:
3758:
3733:
3710:
3697:
3682:
3660:
3648:
3626:
3614:
3596:
3583:
3569:
3540:
3525:
3502:
3490:
3478:
3465:
3452:
3424:
3412:
3405:
3374:
3353:
3338:
3332:
3302:
3289:
3264:
3257:
3228:
3224:978-0275979133
3207:
3203:978-0435327286
3186:
3170:
3152:
3139:
3126:
3113:
3095:
3067:
3058:
3046:
3021:
3008:
2998:Smyth, Marie.
2991:
2972:
2945:
2919:
2912:
2894:
2887:
2879:Bandit Country
2869:
2844:
2818:
2807:. 30 June 2006
2792:
2770:
2758:
2733:
2724:
2715:
2699:
2690:
2668:
2656:
2633:
2624:
2594:
2582:
2560:
2558:Albert, p. 236
2551:
2525:
2513:
2490:
2470:
2446:
2410:
2383:
2353:
2324:
2308:
2296:
2294:, 2012. p. 109
2279:
2251:
2236:
2214:
2188:
2155:
2152:978-1575000619
2142:, Chapter 21:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2017:
2010:
2007:
2001:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1929:
1926:
1844:Michael Carver
1806:
1803:
1737:rubber bullets
1599:
1596:
1592:Fintan O'Toole
1590:). Journalist
1566:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1548:
1539:
1531:
1525:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1502:Westland Scout
1499:
1493:
1487:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1453:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1418:
1415:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1365:
1362:civil disorder
1354:
1311:
1308:
1161:
1158:
1135:paramilitaries
1014:
1013:
996:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
817:
812:
810:Proxy bombings
807:
800:
795:
790:
785:
769:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
632:
631:
626:
621:
616:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
435:Claudy bombing
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
370:Newry killings
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
319:
316:
315:
299:
298:
291:
284:
276:
268:
267:
262:
253:
251:
250:
247:
244:
240:
237:
236:
232:
231:
220:
219:
215:
214:
201:
184:
181:
180:
176:
175:
174:paramilitaries
162:
161:paramilitaries
149:
124:
123:
119:
118:
115:
114:
113:
112:
107:
104:
93:
89:
88:
83:
81:
77:
76:
71:
63:
62:
40:
39:
28:
27:
21:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5823:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5768:
5766:
5753:
5752:
5739:
5735:
5732:
5728:
5725:
5721:
5718:
5714:
5711:
5707:
5704:
5700:
5697:
5693:
5690:
5686:
5683:
5679:
5676:
5672:
5669:
5665:
5662:
5658:
5655:
5651:
5648:
5644:
5641:
5637:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5617:
5614:
5603:
5599:
5596:
5592:
5591:
5589:
5586:Other parties
5583:
5576:
5572:
5569:
5565:
5562:
5558:
5555:
5551:
5548:
5544:
5541:
5537:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5526:
5519:
5515:
5512:
5508:
5505:
5501:
5498:
5494:
5491:
5487:
5484:
5480:
5477:
5473:
5470:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5455:
5452:
5446:
5439:
5438:Omagh bombing
5435:
5432:
5428:
5425:
5421:
5418:
5414:
5411:
5407:
5404:
5400:
5397:
5393:
5390:
5386:
5383:
5379:
5376:
5372:
5369:
5365:
5362:
5358:
5355:
5351:
5348:
5344:
5341:
5337:
5334:
5330:
5327:
5323:
5320:
5316:
5313:
5309:
5306:
5302:
5299:
5295:
5292:
5288:
5285:
5281:
5278:
5274:
5271:
5267:
5264:
5260:
5257:
5253:
5250:
5246:
5243:
5239:
5236:
5232:
5229:
5225:
5222:
5218:
5215:
5211:
5208:
5204:
5201:
5197:
5194:
5190:
5187:
5183:
5180:
5176:
5173:
5169:
5166:
5162:
5159:
5155:
5152:
5148:
5145:
5141:
5138:
5134:
5131:
5127:
5124:
5120:
5117:
5113:
5110:
5106:
5103:
5099:
5096:
5092:
5089:
5085:
5082:
5078:
5075:
5071:
5068:
5064:
5061:
5057:
5054:
5050:
5047:
5043:
5040:
5036:
5033:
5029:
5026:
5022:
5019:
5015:
5012:
5008:
5005:
5001:
4998:
4994:
4991:
4987:
4984:
4980:
4977:
4973:
4970:
4966:
4963:
4959:
4956:
4952:
4949:
4945:
4942:
4938:
4935:
4931:
4928:
4924:
4921:
4917:
4914:
4910:
4907:
4903:
4900:
4896:
4893:
4892:Bloody Friday
4889:
4886:
4882:
4879:
4875:
4872:
4871:Bloody Sunday
4868:
4865:
4861:
4858:
4854:
4851:
4847:
4844:
4840:
4837:
4833:
4830:
4826:
4823:
4819:
4816:
4812:
4809:
4805:
4802:
4798:
4795:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4780:
4765:
4761:
4758:
4754:
4751:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4738:
4731:
4727:
4724:
4720:
4717:
4713:
4710:
4706:
4703:
4699:
4696:
4692:
4689:
4685:
4682:
4678:
4675:
4671:
4668:
4664:
4661:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4646:
4635:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4622:
4615:
4611:
4608:
4604:
4601:
4597:
4594:
4590:
4587:
4583:
4580:
4576:
4573:
4569:
4566:
4562:
4559:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4544:
4533:
4529:
4526:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4513:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4469:
4466:
4460:
4457:
4451:
4447:
4440:
4435:
4433:
4428:
4426:
4421:
4420:
4417:
4411:
4408:
4396:
4389:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4364:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4345:
4341:
4335:
4331:
4326:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4302:
4282:
4278:
4271:
4264:
4259:
4252:
4247:
4240:
4235:
4228:
4223:
4221:
4213:
4209:
4206:
4201:
4194:
4190:
4185:
4178:
4174:
4171:
4166:
4159:
4155:
4149:
4142:
4137:
4130:
4125:
4118:
4102:
4098:
4092:
4090:
4082:
4077:
4075:
4067:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4054:
4037:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4019:
4014:
4007:
4002:
3995:
3990:
3988:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3969:
3968:– Conclusions
3967:
3961:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3943:
3938:
3936:
3928:
3923:
3916:
3910:
3903:
3898:
3896:
3888:
3884:
3878:
3871:
3866:
3859:
3853:
3846:
3843:Moloney, Ed.
3840:
3833:
3832:
3827:
3824:Moloney, Ed.
3821:
3814:
3811:Wood, Ian S.
3808:
3802:Potter p. 383
3799:
3790:
3781:
3779:
3771:
3765:
3763:
3756:, 3 May 2006.
3755:
3754:
3749:
3745:
3742:
3737:
3730:
3726:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3707:
3701:
3694:
3693:
3686:
3670:
3664:
3657:
3652:
3636:
3630:
3623:
3618:
3610:
3606:
3600:
3593:
3592:The Dirty War
3587:
3572:
3566:
3562:
3557:
3556:
3550:
3544:
3537:
3532:
3530:
3522:
3521:Derry Journal
3518:
3514:
3511:
3506:
3499:
3494:
3487:
3482:
3475:
3469:
3462:
3456:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3428:
3421:
3416:
3408:
3406:9780104007662
3402:
3398:
3394:
3393:
3388:
3384:
3378:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3357:
3350:
3348:
3342:
3335:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3306:
3299:
3293:
3277:
3276:
3268:
3260:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3245:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3211:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3190:
3183:
3179:
3174:
3168:, March 1994.
3167:
3163:
3162:
3156:
3149:
3148:The Dirty War
3143:
3136:
3130:
3123:
3117:
3109:
3105:
3099:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3071:
3062:
3055:
3050:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3025:
3018:
3012:
3005:
3001:
2995:
2988:
2984:
2979:
2977:
2959:
2955:
2949:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2915:
2913:1-8553-2278-1
2909:
2905:
2898:
2890:
2888:0-340-71737-8
2884:
2880:
2873:
2858:
2854:
2848:
2833:. 1 June 2018
2832:
2828:
2822:
2806:
2802:
2796:
2780:
2774:
2765:
2763:
2747:
2743:
2737:
2728:
2719:
2713:
2712:1-84176-387-X
2709:
2703:
2694:
2688:, 2009. p. 99
2687:
2683:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2665:
2660:
2654:
2653:1-85532-278-1
2650:
2646:
2640:
2638:
2628:
2611:
2604:
2598:
2591:
2586:
2570:
2564:
2555:
2539:
2532:
2530:
2522:
2517:
2501:
2494:
2488:
2487:3-631-58591-8
2484:
2480:
2474:
2468:
2467:0-8156-0597-8
2464:
2460:
2456:
2450:
2434:
2427:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2408:
2407:0-415-38477-X
2404:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2388:
2368:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2341:
2337:
2331:
2329:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2305:
2300:
2293:
2289:
2283:
2266:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2248:
2243:
2241:
2224:
2218:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2177:. 6 July 2007
2176:
2172:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2136:Taylor, Peter
2132:
2128:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2108:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1890:Cassel Report
1887:
1883:
1882:Cassel Report
1879:
1875:
1874:Glenanne gang
1870:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1820:double agents
1816:
1812:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1703:
1702:Bloody Sunday
1698:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1582:with illegal
1581:
1577:
1573:
1565:Controversies
1559:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1490:Westland Lynx
1488:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1431:Alvis Saladin
1429:
1427:
1426:Alvis Saracen
1424:
1423:
1422:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1374:
1370:
1369:bomb disposal
1366:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1336:Royal Marines
1333:
1329:
1321:
1316:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1253:
1251:
1243:
1238:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1214:
1213:Bloody Sunday
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1139:Ulsterisation
1136:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1124:Bloody Sunday
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1089:Great Britain
1086:
1085:bomb disposal
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1028:name for the
1027:
1023:
1010:
1009:Loyalist feud
1006:
1002:
994:
993:Omagh bombing
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
942:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
879:Clonoe ambush
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
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4829:Falls Curfew
4821:
4807:
4793:
4784:Major events
4565:Official IRA
4481:British Army
4454:Participants
4446:The Troubles
4399:. Retrieved
4348:
4329:
4305:
4284:. Retrieved
4281:The Guardian
4280:
4270:
4262:
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4234:
4226:
4200:
4184:
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4136:
4127:
4123:
4117:
4107:27 September
4105:. Retrieved
4101:The Guardian
4100:
4065:The Guardian
4063:
4042:27 September
4040:. Retrieved
4013:
4001:
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3882:
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3798:
3793:Ryder p. 150
3789:
3769:
3751:
3736:
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3691:
3685:
3673:. Retrieved
3663:
3651:
3641:10 September
3639:. Retrieved
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3621:
3617:
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3591:
3586:
3574:. Retrieved
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3443:. Retrieved
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3297:
3292:
3280:. Retrieved
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3098:
3086:. Retrieved
3080:
3070:
3061:
3049:
3044:, 2015. p. 4
3029:
3024:
3016:
3011:
2994:
2989:, issue 149.
2986:
2962:. Retrieved
2948:
2936:. Retrieved
2922:
2903:
2897:
2878:
2872:
2860:. Retrieved
2856:
2847:
2835:. Retrieved
2831:www.key.aero
2830:
2821:
2809:. Retrieved
2804:
2795:
2783:. Retrieved
2773:
2749:. Retrieved
2745:
2736:
2727:
2718:
2702:
2693:
2681:
2659:
2644:
2627:
2614:. Retrieved
2597:
2585:
2573:. Retrieved
2563:
2554:
2542:. Retrieved
2516:
2504:. Retrieved
2493:
2478:
2473:
2454:
2449:
2437:. Retrieved
2394:
2374:. Retrieved
2344:. Retrieved
2339:
2311:
2299:
2287:
2282:
2269:. Retrieved
2227:. Retrieved
2217:
2205:. Retrieved
2191:
2179:. Retrieved
2143:
2139:
2131:
2117:field manual
2110:
2105:
2093:
2083:
2077:
2050:
2048:
1991:
1980:
1977:
1947:
1922:Pat Finucane
1918:Brian Nelson
1906:
1896:(1974), the
1889:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1856:
1852:Tommy Herron
1836:
1832:
1808:
1779:
1768:
1757:
1741:Orange Order
1730:
1707:
1676:
1660:
1636:
1621:petrol bombs
1613:Ian Freeland
1601:
1568:
1552:
1543:
1535:
1528:
1521:
1420:
1383:
1348:
1340:interdicting
1325:
1286:
1266:
1254:
1247:
1207:(1971), the
1201:Falls Curfew
1166:British Army
1163:
1147:
1116:Falls Curfew
1102:(IRA) waged
1097:
1081:riot control
1046:British Army
1038:the Troubles
1021:
1020:
940:
939:Crossmaglen
849:Coagh ambush
821:
803:
780:
772:
771:
743:
635:
634:
611:
345:Falls Curfew
320:
304:The Troubles
227:
212:Billy Wright
208:Johnny Adair
204:Gusty Spence
127:
122:Belligerents
95:
51:British Army
33:the Troubles
18:
5625:peace lines
5621:Segregation
3594:, pp. 55–56
3549:Moloney, Ed
3318:, pp.
3082:Irish Times
2805:Irish Times
2340:On This Day
2113:US military
1983:next of kin
1848:Robert Ford
1764:no-go areas
1558:prison ship
1344:Lough Neagh
1288:Adam Ingram
1223:Crossmaglen
1211:(1971) and
1122:(1971) and
1077:checkpoints
1026:operational
779:Derrygorry
742:Aughanduff
682:Kesh ambush
335:RTÉ bombing
5765:Categories
5668:Free Derry
4741:Vigilantes
4625:Vigilantes
3753:Irish News
3675:24 January
3576:7 February
3282:5 November
3258:041592281X
2964:7 November
2938:7 November
2862:28 October
2837:28 October
2751:28 October
2540:. BBC News
2502:. BBC News
2461:, p. 393;
2346:12 January
2138:, (1997),
2123:References
2088:insurgency
2051:Lost Lives
1928:Casualties
1840:Harry Tuzo
1786:Coalisland
1671:dawn raids
1663:internment
1536:Kingfisher
1504:helicopter
1498:helicopter
1492:helicopter
1481:helicopter
1475:helicopter
1469:helicopter
1441:Humber Pig
1399:battalions
1332:Royal Navy
1242:Land Rover
999:See also:
978:1997 riots
330:1969 riots
102:ceasefires
96:Stalemate
5469:Sinn Féin
5228:1990–1997
4794:1967–1972
4607:Saor Éire
3622:Fortnight
2811:14 August
2785:14 August
2401:, p. 68;
2144:Stalemate
1886:John Weir
1824:informers
1811:collusion
1795:brigadier
1753:New Lodge
1733:Portadown
1722:whitewash
1604:loyalists
1553:Maidstone
1522:Bildeston
1417:Equipment
1403:roulement
1273:Sinn Féin
1156:of 1979.
1128:collusion
1112:sectarian
943:shootdown
824:shootdown
783:shootdown
746:shootdown
614:shootdown
230:c. 40,500
225:6,500 UDR
5751:Category
5710:Finances
5647:Unionism
5410:NI riots
4815:NI riots
4593:Real IRA
4286:21 March
4208:Archived
4173:Archived
3971:Archived
3945:Archived
3744:Archived
3708:, p. 234
3590:Dillon,
3513:Archived
3389:(2005).
3226:), p. 53
3205:), p. 11
3088:21 March
3034:Archived
2575:21 March
2544:21 March
2506:21 March
2376:10 March
2201:Sky News
2181:21 March
2175:BBC News
1940:held in
1904:(1976).
1828:handlers
1641:area of
1608:unionist
1580:colluded
1544:Fearless
1391:brigades
1232:in 2007.
1203:(1970),
1170:unionist
1118:(1970),
1050:unionist
1024:was the
218:Strength
80:Location
35:and the
31:Part of
5696:Parades
4516:Ireland
4401:31 July
4156:of the
3695:, p. 55
3445:15 June
3249:212–213
2616:31 July
2439:31 July
2271:29 June
2096:Israeli
1938:service
1790:Cappagh
1691:torture
1656:looting
1643:Belfast
1095:(UDR).
781:Gazelle
612:Gazelle
310:Ireland
5689:Murals
4397:. 2006
4359:
4336:
4320:
4195:(CAIN)
4020:, p. 8
3996:, p. 4
3567:
3422:. BBC.
3403:
3364:(doc)
3330:
3255:
3222:
3201:
2960:(CAIN)
2934:(CAIN)
2910:
2885:
2710:
2651:
2612:. 2006
2485:
2465:
2435:. 2006
2405:
2229:1 June
2207:1 June
2150:
2023:(IPLO)
2016:(INLA)
1651:CS gas
1647:curfew
1556:(as a
1529:Cygnet
1290:, the
1044:. The
1007:, and
228:Total:
92:Result
61:, 1988
5682:Flags
5675:Films
5518:Unity
4391:(PDF)
2606:(PDF)
2429:(PDF)
2370:(PDF)
1710:Derry
1639:Falls
1588:below
1456:Saxon
773:1990s
636:1980s
55:Newry
5424:1998
5403:1997
5382:1996
5354:1994
5312:1993
5284:1992
5263:1991
5242:1990
5207:1989
5151:1988
5130:1987
5109:1985
5095:1984
5081:1983
5067:1982
5053:1981
5039:1979
5018:1978
4997:1976
4962:1975
4920:1974
4864:1972
4836:1971
4822:1970
4808:1969
4572:INLA
4403:2009
4357:ISBN
4334:ISBN
4318:ISBN
4288:2008
4109:2013
4044:2013
3677:2023
3643:2015
3578:2011
3565:ISBN
3447:2010
3401:ISBN
3366:html
3328:ISBN
3284:2013
3253:ISBN
3220:ISBN
3199:ISBN
3090:2008
2966:2015
2940:2015
2908:ISBN
2883:ISBN
2864:2023
2839:2023
2813:2019
2787:2019
2753:2023
2708:ISBN
2649:ISBN
2618:2009
2577:2008
2546:2008
2508:2008
2483:ISBN
2463:ISBN
2441:2009
2403:ISBN
2378:2019
2348:2018
2273:2019
2231:2019
2209:2019
2183:2008
2148:ISBN
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1936:The
1907:The
1867:mess
1822:and
1689:as "
1677:The
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1542:HMS
1534:HMS
1527:HMS
1520:HMS
1334:and
1279:and
1271:and
1230:PSNI
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1083:and
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744:Lynx
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