1217:
884:, and due to the blockade of Iraqi oil pipelines to the Mediterranean Sea by Iran's ally Syria, Iraq had to rely on its ally, Kuwait and other Gulf Arab allies to a lesser extent to transport its oil. After increasing attacks on Iran's main oil export facility at Kharg Island by Iraq, Iran started to attack Kuwaiti tankers carrying Iraqi oil from 13 May 1984, and later attacking tankers from any Gulf state supporting Iraq. Attacks on ships of non-combatant nations in the Persian Gulf sharply increased thereafter, with both nations attacking oil tankers and
1108:
2292:
95:
3603:
39:
1009:
1195:
three Little Bird aircraft and two patrol craft to the buoy. The aircraft arrived first and were fired upon by three
Iranian boats anchored near the buoy. In a short but intense firefight, the aircraft sank all three boats. The captured and wounded Iranians were later taken aboard the USS Guadalcanal for treatment. The injured Iranian detainees were returned through cooperation between the U.S. Red Cross and the Red Crescent.
2282:
107:
1122:, a largely secret effort to stop Iranian forces from attacking Persian Gulf shipping. Despite the protection offered by U.S. Navy vessels, Iran used mines and small boats to harass the convoys steaming to and from Kuwait, at the time a principal ally of Iraq. In late July 1987, Rear Admiral Harold J. Bernsen, commander of the
1194:
Within a few days, the special operations forces had determined the
Iranian pattern of activity: hide during the day near oil and gas platforms in Iranian waters and at night, head toward the Middle Shoals Buoy, a navigation aid for tankers. With this knowledge, the special operations forces launched
1057:
called it an "irreparable blow to
America's political and military prestige", and said that it was the "invisible hands " that hit the US-flagged ship, and expressed hope that the U.S. Congress would put an immediate end to the Administration's plan. The Congress was critical of the re-flagging
1361:
The two effects of
Earnest Will – Praying Mantis and the airliner's downing – helped convince Iran to agree to a ceasefire on 18 July 1988 and a permanent end to hostilities on 20 August 1988, ending its eight-year war with Iraq.
1268:
landed a SEAL platoon and a demolition unit that planted explosives on one of the platforms to destroy it. The SEALs then boarded and searched a third platform two miles away (3.2 km). Documents and radios were taken for intelligence.
907:
to send the U.S. Navy to protect
Kuwaiti tankers against Iranian attacks. Although members of both the U.S. House and Senate opposed the reflagging policy, the executive debated this idea and finally agreed to it on 7 March 1987.
903:. During the first four months of 1987, Kuwait turned to the superpowers, partly to protect oil exports but largely to seek an end to the war through superpower intervention. In December 1986, Kuwait's government asked the
2248:
3635:
1052:
The operation was widely publicized, and
American reporters aboard another ship in the convoy immediately issued reports about the incident, claiming it had "played into Iran's plan". Iran's Prime Minister
1126:, requested Naval Special Warfare assets. Special Boat Teams deployed with six Mark III Patrol Boats and two Navy SEAL platoons in August. The Middle East Force decided to convert two oil service barges,
1180:
At first light, a SEAL team, assisted by
Special Boat Teams, boarded the vessel and discovered nine mines on the vessel's deck, as well as a logbook revealing areas where previous mines had been laid.
3059:
3121:
2612:
2278:
1900:
2470:
873:-equipped French and Soviet aircraft. Saddam's aim in attacking Iranian shipping was, among other things, to provoke the Iranians to retaliate with extreme measures, such as closing the
2947:
1069:
in the
Persian Gulf, it did not have any easily accessible minesweepers at all, so the escort operation was placed on hold until minesweepers would be available. The Pentagon deployed
2440:
3675:
3670:
1061:
It was an unforeseen development. The commander of the task force admitted that in spite of intelligence warnings, no one had thought it necessary to check the route for
2768:
2493:
1322:
helicopter with a SEAL platoon flew toward the platform but was unable to get close enough because of the roaring fire. Secondary explosions soon wrecked the platform.
2430:
2270:
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2736:
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2868:
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1762:
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153:
1815:
3640:
3432:
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2195:
1142:
829:
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2460:
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1093:
In the following 14 months, many U.S. warships took up escort duties. At one point, more than 30 warships were in the region to support the operation.
856:
3650:
3147:
2602:
2420:
1615:
1081:—dramatically increasing U.S. presence in the Persian Gulf, and increasing the probability of an Iran–U.S. confrontation. U.S. Secretary of Defense
2322:
2312:
988:
124:
877:
to all maritime traffic, thereby bringing
American intervention. Iran limited the retaliatory attacks to Iraqi shipping, leaving the strait open.
805:. The numerous ships used in Operation Earnest Will mostly consisted of Carrier Battle Groups, Surface Action Groups and ships from the Pacific's
1892:
1546:
2893:
2873:
2843:
2731:
2332:
2327:
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1932:
1170:
turn off its lights and begin laying mines. After receiving permission to attack, the helicopters fired guns and rockets, stopping the ship.
1191:(EOD) technicians from EOD Mobile Unit 5 scuttled the vessel the following day. The logbook implicated Iran in mining international waters.
3157:
2587:
1463:
1294:
hit a mine, blowing an immense hole in its hull. 10 sailors were injured. The U.S. retaliated fiercely. On 18 April, U.S. forces launched
3665:
3512:
3404:
2703:
2634:
2378:
1070:
146:
3507:
3492:
3457:
3427:
3197:
3064:
2905:
1123:
783:
2006:
3606:
3074:
2858:
2746:
2592:
2256:
215:
3477:
817:
420:
3502:
2806:
915:, so the Kuwaiti ships were re-registered under the U.S. flag. Before Earnest Will formally began, it became clear how dangerous
825:
1669:
3192:
3049:
2778:
2657:
2560:
2352:
2342:
139:
3534:
2930:
2900:
2179:
1983:
1875:
1850:
1825:
1738:
1708:
1599:
1526:
1372:
escorted the operation's last tanker to Kuwait. The remaining SEALs, patrol boats, and helicopters then returned to the U.S.
2980:
2773:
2582:
2317:
718:
2721:
2555:
1784:
1754:
3655:
3630:
3625:
3482:
3344:
3007:
2435:
3172:
3152:
3115:
3034:
2920:
2915:
2796:
2307:
2157:
2135:
2111:
2085:
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2042:
1960:
1249:. Seventeen crewmen and the American captain were injured in the attack. On 18 October, the U.S. Navy responded with
1042:
2097:
797:
Other U.S. Navy vessels participated in
Operation Earnest Will. They were then under the command of the U.S. Navy's
2838:
2726:
2692:
2597:
2286:
937:, killing 37 sailors and injuring 21. Iraqi officials said that the targeting of the U.S. warship was accidental.
3442:
3259:
2910:
2853:
2570:
1199:
1146:
2217:
2848:
2833:
2577:
2337:
1438:
1288:
617:
189:
2383:
1685:
1261:
oil field, located on oil platforms, that had been used to stage attacks on shipping. After the shelling, the
1177:
s crew continued to push mines over the side, and the aircraft resumed firing until the crew abandoned ship.
2783:
2711:
2388:
334:
234:
3044:
3029:
2687:
2415:
603:
584:
572:
307:
3314:
3162:
3054:
2741:
2450:
1626:
1074:
798:
813:. They generally operated in and near the Persian Gulf for parts of their normal six-month deployments.
3589:
3564:
3539:
2925:
2617:
2607:
748:
328:
2034:
America's Splendid Little Wars: A Short History of U.S. Engagements from the Fall of Saigon to Baghdad
1542:
3084:
2985:
2883:
1049:
proceeded under her own power to Kuwait, with the U.S. Navy escorts following behind to avoid mines.
949:
on 20 July 1987, the U.S. Navy began Operation Earnest Will at 2:00 a.m. (EDT) on 23 July 1987.
810:
806:
369:
355:
194:
1314:
and Revolutionary Guard bases in the Sirri and Sassan oil fields. After U.S. warships bombarded the
891:
Besides concerns about the intensified Tanker War, the superpowers feared that the possible fall of
3544:
3304:
3187:
3182:
3142:
3104:
2863:
2667:
2543:
1295:
1278:
821:
703:
1138:, allowing special operations forces to thwart clandestine Iranian mining and small boat attacks.
2801:
2538:
2523:
1478:
1250:
1211:
696:
689:
636:
623:
321:
314:
1591:
1585:
984:
were the first U.S. Navy ships assigned to escort the Kuwaiti oil tankers, under the command of
3569:
3452:
3109:
3099:
2972:
2622:
2533:
2513:
1407:
1119:
1102:
881:
682:
660:
466:
239:
206:
179:
2230:
2208:
3487:
3437:
3309:
3024:
3019:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2957:
2716:
2662:
1337:
629:
452:
439:
376:
199:
44:
1731:
Covert Relationship: American Foreign Policy, Intelligence, and the Iran–Iraq War, 1980–1988
1510:
3409:
2888:
2878:
2672:
2445:
2373:
2000:
552:
8:
2652:
2503:
2347:
1381:
1344:
1331:
1216:
1078:
1054:
732:
545:
538:
531:
524:
508:
494:
487:
253:
1977:
Memorial of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the Case Concerning the Aerial Incident of 3
1518:
1198:
Lessons from Earnest Will later led USSOCOM to acquire the patrol coastal ships and the
3554:
3529:
3364:
3339:
3324:
3299:
3289:
3239:
3209:
3094:
3069:
2647:
2498:
2237:
1242:
1003:
971:
964:
920:
900:
779:
723:
674:
362:
265:
227:
184:
1107:
3214:
3137:
2952:
2758:
2518:
2488:
2405:
2203:
2175:
2153:
2147:
2131:
2107:
2081:
2057:
2038:
1956:
1871:
1846:
1821:
1734:
1704:
1662:
1650:
1595:
1543:"AllRefer.com – Iran – Gradual Superpower Involvement – Iranian Information Resource"
1522:
1303:
1082:
928:
862:
787:
764:
610:
591:
412:
347:
220:
163:
30:
3582:
3559:
3549:
3522:
3517:
3467:
3462:
3374:
3294:
3177:
3012:
2816:
2788:
2550:
2400:
2368:
1348:
1309:
1236:
896:
874:
643:
598:
501:
479:
472:
460:
432:
425:
404:
397:
390:
383:
246:
1976:
1336:
Thereafter, Iranian attacks on neutral ships dropped drastically. On 3 July 1988,
3274:
3254:
3234:
3224:
2821:
2751:
2697:
2565:
2032:
1987:
1673:
1187:
towed the mine layer (a converted tank landing craft) to the Iran-Iraq war zone.
1034:
957:
292:
260:
1817:
The Twilight War: The Secret History of America's Thirty-Year Conflict with Iran
1511:
16:
1987–88 U.S. military protection of Kuwaiti oil tankers during the Iran-Iraq War
3389:
3384:
3204:
2677:
1366:
840:
579:
516:
280:
1663:
Formal Investigation into the Circumstances Surrounding the Attack of the USS
3619:
3359:
3334:
3329:
3284:
3279:
3269:
3264:
3244:
3229:
2291:
1224:
1188:
950:
904:
885:
287:
99:
94:
43:
A US Navy sailor scans for mines from the bow of the guided missile frigate
3447:
3379:
3349:
3249:
2225:
1135:
1038:
1027:
985:
978:
916:
866:
844:
802:
772:
75:
1022:
On the very first escort mission, on 24 July 1987, the Kuwaiti oil tanker
911:
U.S. law forbade the use of navy ships to escort civilian vessels under a
3472:
3399:
3369:
3354:
3319:
2410:
1355:
1246:
1150:
1066:
1062:
836:
2117:
3394:
3219:
3167:
2935:
1228:
912:
760:
652:
2122:(Detailed look at guided missile frigate's operations and mine attack)
1065:, and it was soon brought out that not only did the U.S. not have any
865:
started when Iraq attacked the oil terminal and oil tankers at Iran's
38:
3575:
2171:
Inside the Danger Zone: The U.S. Military in the Persian Gulf 1987–88
2169:
1432:"Better Lucky Than Good: Operation Earnest Will as Gunboat Diplomacy"
1262:
1254:
1181:
946:
931:
791:
3636:
Military operations of the Iran–Iraq War involving the United States
2002:
Operation Praying Mantis–Naval Historical Society of Australia
888:
of neutral nations in an effort to deprive their opponent of trade.
2613:
Donald Trump's threat for the destruction of Iranian cultural sites
2508:
1161:
1008:
2826:
2212:
1284:
857:
Iran–Iraq War § The "Tanker War" and the "War of the Cities"
3060:
Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act
2149:
Decision at Sea: Five Naval Battles that Shaped American History
1981:
July 1988 (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America)
131:
2948:
Attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria (2023–present)
1651:
Desert Storm at sea: what the Navy really did by Marvin Pokrant
1352:
924:
870:
768:
752:
51:
1058:
policy, but still didn't have a united position on the issue.
801:
which had primary responsibility for combat operations in the
794:
special-operations helicopters hunted for possible attackers.
2811:
2164:(Puts Operation Praying Mantis in broader historical context)
1319:
892:
2281:
1134:, into mobile sea bases. These were moored in the northern
756:
111:
106:
2431:
Phone conversation between Barack Obama and Hassan Rouhani
1845:. Commack, NY: Nova Science Publishers. pp. 136–147.
1045:
special unit, damaging the ship, but causing no injuries.
895:, which was now under threat, might lead to a pro-Iranian
2737:
United States raid on the Iranian Liaison Office in Erbil
1464:"Rear Admiral Harold J. Bernsen, commander of the U.S..."
1077:
helicopters, five oceangoing minesweepers, and six small
869:
in early 1984. Iraq had expanded its air force with new,
786:, were the operations' most visible part. U.S. Air Force
2963:
Iranian interference in the 2024 United States elections
2869:
December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria
2396:
Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights
1318:
base, located on an oil platform, and set it ablaze, a
1033:
and accompanied by US navy warships, struck an Iranian
3080:
Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act
1747:
301:
Iranian offensives to free Iranian territory (1981–82)
3433:
Academic relations between Iran and the United States
3090:
United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran
1429:
830:
160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne)
3498:
Our enemy is here, they are lying that it is America
2426:
Correspondence between Barack Obama and Ali Khamenei
2643:
Assassination of Paul R. Shaffer and John H. Turner
1868:
The Iran–Iraq War: A Military and Strategic History
1567:"Kuwaiti Call for Help Led to U.S. Role in Gulf".
3148:Iranian Students Association in the United States
1843:The Superpowers' Involvement in the Iran–Iraq War
1686:"UN Security Council Resolution 598, Iran / Iraq"
1283:On 14 April 1988, 65 miles (105 km) east of
832:("Nightstalkers") aviators all working together.
3676:Military operations of the Iran–Iraq War in 1988
3671:Military operations of the Iran–Iraq War in 1987
3617:
2683:Jimmy Carter's engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini
2052:Levinson, Jeffrey L.; Edwards, Randy L. (1997).
2051:
1733:. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Praeger. p. 202.
809:and Seventh Fleets and the Mediterranean-based
759:attacks in 1987 and 1988, three years into the
66:24 July 1987 – 26 September 1988
3646:United States Marine Corps in the 20th century
2894:February 2021 United States airstrike in Syria
2874:Attack on the United States embassy in Baghdad
2844:Deportation of Iranian students at US airports
2732:United States kill or capture strategy in Iraq
2421:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's letter to George W. Bush
2333:Consulate-General of the United States, Tabriz
2328:Interests Section of Iran in the United States
1347:for an Iranian F-14 and shot it down over the
1245:while at anchor near the oil terminal outside
919:operations would be. On 17 May 1987, an Iraqi
3040:Iran, North Korea, Syria Nonproliferation Act
2264:
1785:"Mine Blast Turns A Calm Gulf Cruise Chaotic"
1755:"Mine Blast Turns A Calm Gulf Cruise Chaotic"
1508:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1257:shelled two Revolutionary Guard bases in the
147:
3641:Operations involving American special forces
3158:Organization of Iranian American Communities
2226:March to October 1988; includes Prime Chance
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1579:
1577:
1476:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1351:. All 290 passengers and aircrew aboard the
782:warships that escorted the tankers, part of
3513:United States and state-sponsored terrorism
2379:Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry
2030:
1870:. Cambridge University Press. p. 306.
1865:
1437:. Naval Postgraduate School. Archived from
1272:
1071:Helicopter Mine Countermeasures Squadron 14
1037:planted some 20 miles (32 km) west of
816:It was the first tactical operation of the
3508:United States involvement in regime change
3493:Opposition to military action against Iran
3065:Iran Freedom and Counter-Proliferation Act
2906:June 2021 United States airstrike in Syria
2271:
2257:
1656:
1583:
1493:
1414:
1298:, attacking the Iranian fast-attack craft
1205:
747:(24 July 1987 – 26 September 1988) was an
154:
140:
2859:2019 Iranian shoot-down of American drone
2593:International Maritime Security Construct
1915:
1893:"Navy learns many lessons in gulf battle"
1884:
1866:Murray, Williamson; Woods, Kevin (2014).
1724:
1722:
1720:
1692:
1574:
1394:
1235:On 15 October, the reflagged U.S. tanker
1096:
3651:Battles and conflicts without fatalities
3478:International Conference on Hollywoodism
2704:America can't do a damn thing against us
2323:Ambassadors of the United States to Iran
2313:Ambassadors of Iran to the United States
2222:More photos from Operation Earnest Will
2125:
2095:
1946:
1933:United States Special Operations Command
1405:
1358:died, including 65 children or infants.
1215:
1106:
1088:
1007:
861:The so-called "Tanker War" phase of the
818:United States Special Operations Command
3198:People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran
2145:
1955:. United States Naval Institute Press.
1698:
1085:indirectly provoked Iran to retaliate.
1018:s convoy route and the place it was hit
790:radar planes provided surveillance and
3618:
3193:National Council of Resistance of Iran
2353:Iran Syria Policy and Operations Group
2075:
1942:
1940:
1840:
1795:from the original on 23 September 2017
1765:from the original on 23 September 2017
1728:
1717:
1227:set ablaze after shelling by American
3661:Iran–United States military relations
3535:American Institute of Iranian Studies
3122:Alleged violations of Treaty of Amity
2901:Leaked Mohammad Javad Zarif audiotape
2252:
2142:(Account of Operation Praying Mantis)
1813:
1807:
994:
135:
2981:United States sanctions against Iran
2774:2011 alleged Iran assassination plot
2769:United States diplomatic cables leak
2318:Embassy of the United States, Tehran
2174:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.
2167:
2130:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.
2106:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.
2056:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.
1890:
1678:
1587:The Iran–Iraq War: Chaos in a Vacuum
1470:
719:1981 Iraqi embassy bombing in Beirut
446:Iranian offensives in Iraq (1985–87)
342:Iranian offensives in Iraq (1982–84)
2722:Lawrence Franklin espionage scandal
2080:. University Press of the Pacific.
1937:
1903:from the original on 5 January 2022
1777:
1699:Farrokh, Kaveh (20 December 2011).
1456:
1430:Stephen Andrew Kelley (June 2007).
1406:Phillips, Stephen (20 March 2024).
13:
3483:Iran and state-sponsored terrorism
3345:Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran
2561:Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran
2436:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action
2343:Iran–United States Claims Tribunal
2092:(U.S. Navy operations in the Gulf)
2024:
2009:from the original on 28 April 2021
14:
3687:
3173:Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps
3153:National Iranian American Council
3116:Rubin v. Islamic Republic of Iran
3075:Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act
2916:August 2021 Gulf of Oman incident
2308:Embassy of Iran, Washington, D.C.
2189:
1891:Pyle, Richard (26 October 1988).
1549:from the original on 28 June 2011
784:U.S. Naval Forces Central Command
161:
50:during an Operation Earnest Will
3602:
3601:
3405:Iranian Guantanamo Bay detainees
2727:Disappearance of Robert Levinson
2598:Assassination of Qasem Soleimani
2588:Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition
2583:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
2290:
2280:
2152:. USA: Oxford University Press.
2099:No Higher Honor: Saving the USS
1949:No Higher Honor: Saving the USS
1073:(HM-14) with eight minesweeping
1026:, re-flagged as the U.S. tanker
105:
93:
37:
3443:Anti-American sentiment in Iran
2931:2023 Northeastern Syria clashes
2911:July 2021 Gulf of Oman incident
2854:June 2019 Gulf of Oman incident
2571:February 2019 Warsaw Conference
1993:
1969:
1947:Peniston, Bradley (July 2006).
1859:
1834:
1820:. New York: The Penguin Press.
1644:
1584:Pelletiere, Stephen C. (1992).
1509:Karsh, Efraim (25 April 2002).
1200:Mark V Special Operations Craft
3666:Kuwait–United States relations
3050:Iran Sanctions Enhancement Act
2849:May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident
2834:Kidnapping of Hossein Alikhani
2494:United States support for Iraq
2338:Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs
2198:of lessons from the battle by
1608:
1590:. New York: Praeger. pp.
1561:
1535:
1517:. Osprey Publishing. pp.
880:Becoming landlocked after the
190:1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran
1:
2921:2021 U.S.–Iran naval incident
1703:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
1477:O'Rourke, Ronald (May 1988).
1387:
1118:Earnest Will overlapped with
940:
850:
3045:Iran Freedom and Support Act
3030:Iran and Libya Sanctions Act
2764:Detention of American hikers
2688:1980 October Surprise theory
2287:Iran–United States relations
2128:Great American Naval Battles
1513:The Iran–Iraq War: 1980–1988
1166:. The Nightstalkers watched
1147:MH-6 and AH-6 "Little Birds"
901:Shia-populated southern Iraq
7:
3163:United Against Nuclear Iran
2742:Kidnapping of Jalal Sharafi
2031:Huchthausen, Peter (2004).
1408:"Revisiting the Tanker War"
1375:
1189:Explosive Ordnance Disposal
1149:took off from the frigates
767:. It was the largest naval
10:
3692:
3590:Not for the Faint of Heart
3565:Saint Peter Church, Tehran
3540:American School of Isfahan
3503:State Sponsor of Terrorism
3085:Dames & Moore v. Regan
2926:2022 Erbil missile attacks
2618:Operation Martyr Soleimani
2608:Thirteen revenge scenarios
2578:Iran–Israel proxy conflict
2146:Symonds, Craig L. (2005).
2096:Peniston, Bradley (2006).
1975:Islamic Republic of Iran.
1329:
1325:
1276:
1209:
1160:to track an Iranian ship,
1100:
1001:
854:
3631:1988 in the United States
3626:1987 in the United States
3599:
3428:1998 FIFA World Cup match
3420:
3130:
3035:Iran Nonproliferation Act
2986:Maximum pressure campaign
2971:
2884:2021 Erbil rocket attacks
2633:
2481:
2361:
2300:
2168:Wise, Harold Lee (2007).
2078:On Course to Desert Storm
1729:Gibson, Bryan R. (2010).
1241:was struck by an Iranian
195:1979 Khuzestan insurgency
171:
122:
117:
86:
58:
36:
28:
23:
3545:Community School, Tehran
3305:Ezedin Abdel Aziz Khalil
3188:National Council of Iran
3183:Kingdom Assembly of Iran
3105:Bank Markazi v. Peterson
2864:2019 K-1 Air Base attack
2779:Strait of Hormuz dispute
2712:Beirut barracks bombings
2668:Operation Credible Sport
2544:Operation Praying Mantis
2384:1953 Iranian coup d'Ă©tat
2076:Palmer, Michael (2003).
1296:Operation Praying Mantis
1279:Operation Praying Mantis
1273:Operation Praying Mantis
820:(USSOCOM) that involved
421:Kurdish rebellion (1983)
3055:Kyl–Lieberman Amendment
2802:Nuclear program of Iran
2539:Operation Nimble Archer
2524:Operation Eager Glacier
2126:Sweetman, Jack (1998).
1483:Proceedings of the USNI
1251:Operation Nimble Archer
1212:Operation Nimble Archer
1206:Operation Nimble Archer
1041:the night earlier by a
712:International incidents
3570:Tehran American School
3453:CIA activities in Iran
3131:Groups and individuals
3110:Certain Iranian Assets
3100:United States v. Banki
2839:Arrest of Meng Wanzhou
2623:2020 Camp Taji attacks
2534:Operation Prime Chance
2529:Operation Earnest Will
2389:Abadan Crisis Timeline
2239:Inside the Danger Zone
2209:Operation Earnest Will
1990:. p. 15. 24 July 1990.
1701:Iran at War: 1500–1588
1365:On 26 September 1988,
1232:
1120:Operation Prime Chance
1115:
1103:Operation Prime Chance
1097:Operation Prime Chance
1019:
929:guided missile frigate
745:Operation Earnest Will
207:Iraqi invasion of Iran
180:1975 Algiers Agreement
118:Commanders and leaders
24:Operation Earnest Will
3656:Iran–Kuwait relations
3488:Iranian frozen assets
3310:Shahrzad Mirgholikhan
3025:Executive Order 13876
3020:Executive Order 13780
3003:Executive Order 13769
2998:Executive Order 12172
2993:Executive Order 12170
2958:Tower 22 drone attack
2717:Khobar Towers bombing
2663:Guadeloupe Conference
2037:. New York: Penguin.
1841:Tarock, Adam (1998).
1814:Crist, David (2013).
1330:Further information:
1223:, one of two Iranian
1219:
1110:
1089:Subsequent operations
1011:
945:After the passage of
905:Reagan administration
540:Karbala 8 (7th Basra)
200:Iranian Embassy siege
3410:Abdul Majid Muhammed
3143:Iran–America Society
2889:2021 Natanz incident
2879:2020 Iran explosions
2673:Operation Eagle Claw
2635:Incidents after 1979
2446:Joint Plan of Action
2374:Persian Gulf Command
1986:17 July 2013 at the
1899:. Associated Press.
1079:coastal minesweepers
755:-owned tankers from
662:June 5 1984 Skirmish
3458:Copyright relations
2797:2016 Naval incident
2653:Iran hostage crisis
2504:Iran Air Flight 655
2416:Island of Stability
2348:Iranian Directorate
2103:in the Persian Gulf
2005:, 6 November 2020,
1953:in the Persian Gulf
1672:28 May 2010 at the
1616:"Attack on the USS
1410:. War on the Rocks.
1382:Iran Air Flight 655
1345:Iran Air Flight 655
1332:Iran Air Flight 655
1111:A MH-60 landing on
1055:Mir Hossein Mousavi
733:Iran Air Flight 655
619:Tawakalna ala Allah
566:Final stages (1988)
3555:Iran Bethel School
3530:Alborz High School
3365:Abdolreza Shahlaei
3340:Sahar Nowrouzzadeh
3325:Mohammad Mosaddegh
3300:Amir Mirza Hekmati
3290:Mahmoud Reza Banki
3240:Erwin David Rabhan
3210:Howard Baskerville
3095:Oil Platforms case
3070:Public Law 113-100
2747:2008 Naval dispute
2648:Iranian Revolution
2514:Iran–Contra affair
2499:Bridgeton incident
2218:Attack Squadron 95
2213:GlobalSecurity.org
1521:–8, 12–16, 19–82.
1233:
1116:
1020:
1004:Bridgeton Incident
826:Special Boat Units
605:Beit-ol-Moqaddas 4
586:Beit-ol-Moqaddas 3
574:Beit-ol-Moqaddas 2
364:Muharram ol-Harram
185:Iranian Revolution
54:mission, June 1988
3613:
3612:
3315:Mohammad Hosseini
3215:William J. Fallon
3138:Iran Action Group
2953:2024 Erbil attack
2759:Project Cassandra
2519:Operation Staunch
2406:Project Dark Gene
2204:Anthony Cordesman
2181:978-1-59114-970-5
2101:Samuel B. Roberts
1951:Samuel B. Roberts
1877:978-1-107-06229-0
1852:978-1-56072-593-0
1827:978-1-101-57234-4
1740:978-0-313-38610-7
1710:978-1-78096-221-4
1601:978-0-275-93843-7
1569:Los Angeles Times
1528:978-1-84176-371-2
1291:Samuel B. Roberts
1141:On 21 September,
1124:Middle East Force
1083:Caspar Weinberger
749:American military
741:
740:
174:Pre-war incidents
130:
129:
82:
81:
3683:
3605:
3604:
3560:Iranzamin School
3550:Damavand College
3523:Alavi Foundation
3518:650 Fifth Avenue
3468:Dual containment
3463:Death to America
3375:Masoud Soleimani
3295:Haleh Esfandiari
3260:Michael R. White
3013:Trump travel ban
2817:Operation Merlin
2556:Yemeni Civil War
2551:Syrian civil war
2401:Exercise Delawar
2369:Persian Corridor
2301:Diplomatic posts
2295:
2294:
2285:
2284:
2273:
2266:
2259:
2250:
2249:
2185:
2163:
2141:
2121:
2120:on 12 July 2006.
2116:. Archived from
2091:
2067:
2048:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2014:
1997:
1991:
1980:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1944:
1935:
1930:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1791:. 25 July 1987.
1781:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1761:. 25 July 1987.
1751:
1745:
1744:
1726:
1715:
1714:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1682:
1676:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1631:
1625:. Archived from
1624:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1581:
1572:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1545:. allrefer.com.
1539:
1533:
1532:
1516:
1506:
1491:
1490:
1479:"The Tanker War"
1474:
1468:
1467:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1443:
1436:
1427:
1412:
1411:
1403:
1349:Strait of Hormuz
1243:Silkworm missile
1176:
1017:
927:missiles at the
897:Islamic republic
882:Battle of al-Faw
875:Strait of Hormuz
771:operation since
599:Halabja massacre
335:2nd Khorramshahr
330:Beit-ol-Moqaddas
274:Stalemate (1981)
235:1st Khorramshahr
166:
156:
149:
142:
133:
132:
110:
109:
98:
97:
60:
59:
41:
21:
20:
3691:
3690:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3609:
3595:
3416:
3275:Saeid Aboutaleb
3255:Craig Wadsworth
3235:Stephen D. Mull
3225:Joseph Macmanus
3126:
2967:
2822:Charming Kitten
2784:RQ-170 incident
2752:Filipino Monkey
2698:Algiers Accords
2629:
2566:Abraham Accords
2477:
2471:U.S. withdrawal
2357:
2296:
2289:
2279:
2277:
2232:No Higher Honor
2192:
2182:
2160:
2138:
2114:
2088:
2064:
2054:Missile Inbound
2045:
2027:
2025:Further reading
2022:
2021:
2012:
2010:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1988:Wayback Machine
1978:
1974:
1970:
1963:
1945:
1938:
1931:
1916:
1906:
1904:
1897:Lakeland Ledger
1889:
1885:
1878:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1839:
1835:
1828:
1812:
1808:
1798:
1796:
1789:Chicago Tribune
1783:
1782:
1778:
1768:
1766:
1759:Chicago Tribune
1753:
1752:
1748:
1741:
1727:
1718:
1711:
1697:
1693:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1674:Wayback Machine
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1507:
1494:
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1471:
1466:4 October 1987.
1462:
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1447:
1445:
1441:
1434:
1428:
1415:
1404:
1395:
1390:
1378:
1334:
1328:
1302:, the frigates
1281:
1275:
1214:
1208:
1174:
1105:
1099:
1091:
1035:underwater mine
1015:
1006:
1000:
943:
859:
853:
839:also supported
742:
737:
714:
656:
568:
448:
371:Before the Dawn
357:Moslem Ibn Aqil
309:Samen-ol-A'emeh
303:
276:
216:Iraqi airstrike
211:
176:
167:
162:
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104:
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78:
42:
17:
12:
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5:
3689:
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3495:
3490:
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3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3438:American Islam
3435:
3430:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3390:Karan Vafadari
3387:
3385:Kian Tajbakhsh
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
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3252:
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3217:
3212:
3207:
3205:Elliott Abrams
3202:
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2685:
2680:
2678:Canadian Caper
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2235:
2228:
2220:
2215:
2206:
2191:
2190:External links
2188:
2187:
2186:
2180:
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2158:
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2123:
2112:
2093:
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2073:
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1600:
1573:
1571:. 4 July 1988.
1560:
1534:
1527:
1492:
1469:
1455:
1444:on 5 June 2010
1413:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1377:
1374:
1327:
1324:
1287:, the frigate
1277:Main article:
1274:
1271:
1210:Main article:
1207:
1204:
1143:Night Stalkers
1101:Main article:
1098:
1095:
1090:
1087:
1002:Main article:
999:
993:
989:Harold Bernsen
942:
939:
886:merchant ships
852:
849:
841:Resolution 598
751:protection of
739:
738:
736:
735:
730:
721:
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705:Praying Mantis
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3360:Maryam Rajavi
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
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3338:
3336:
3335:Siamak Namazi
3333:
3331:
3330:Baquer Namazi
3328:
3326:
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3283:
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3280:Shahram Amiri
3278:
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3270:Saeed Abedini
3268:
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3265:Roxana Saberi
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3248:
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3245:Jason Rezaian
3243:
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3230:Robert Malley
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3009:
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2791:Maersk Tigris
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2500:
2497:
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2490:
2489:Iran–Iraq War
2487:
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2201:
2197:
2196:1990 analysis
2194:
2193:
2183:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2166:
2161:
2159:0-19-517145-4
2155:
2151:
2150:
2144:
2139:
2137:1-55750-794-5
2133:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2113:1-59114-661-5
2109:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2094:
2089:
2087:1-4102-0495-2
2083:
2079:
2074:
2071:
2065:
2063:1-55750-517-9
2059:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2044:0-14-200465-0
2040:
2036:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2008:
2004:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1972:
1964:
1962:1-59114-661-5
1958:
1954:
1950:
1943:
1941:
1934:
1929:
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1925:
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1919:
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1671:
1668:
1666:
1659:
1652:
1647:
1632:on 1 May 2011
1628:
1621:
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1266:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
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1240:
1239:
1238:Sea Isle City
1230:
1226:
1225:oil platforms
1222:
1218:
1213:
1203:
1201:
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909:
906:
902:
898:
894:
889:
887:
883:
878:
876:
872:
868:
864:
863:Iran–Iraq War
858:
848:
846:
843:, as did the
842:
838:
833:
831:
827:
823:
819:
814:
812:
808:
804:
800:
799:Seventh Fleet
795:
793:
789:
785:
781:
776:
774:
770:
766:
765:Iran–Iraq War
763:phase of the
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
734:
731:
729:
727:
722:
720:
717:
716:
715:
713:
707:
706:
702:
700:
699:
698:Nimble Archer
695:
693:
692:
691:Eager Glacier
688:
686:
685:
681:
679:
677:
673:
671:
670:
666:
664:
663:
659:
658:
657:
655:
654:
647:
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642:
640:
639:
638:Eternal Light
635:
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628:
625:
621:
620:
616:
614:
613:
609:
607:
606:
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583:
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541:
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336:
332:
331:
327:
325:
324:
323:Fath-ol-Mobin
320:
318:
317:
316:Tariq-ol-Qods
313:
311:
310:
306:
305:
304:
302:
296:
295:
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286:
284:
283:
279:
278:
277:
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269:
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264:
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231:
230:
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208:
201:
198:
196:
193:
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188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
177:
175:
170:
165:
164:Iran–Iraq War
157:
152:
150:
145:
143:
138:
137:
134:
126:
121:
116:
113:
108:
103:
101:
100:United States
96:
91:
90:
85:
77:
73:
70:
69:
65:
62:
61:
57:
53:
49:
48:
40:
35:
32:
31:Iran–Iraq War
27:
22:
19:
3588:
3581:
3448:Axis of evil
3380:Morad Tahbaz
3350:Noor Pahlavi
3250:Scott Ritter
3114:
2941:
2937:
2790:
2702:
2693:Negotiations
2528:
2441:Negotiations
2246:
2238:
2231:
2170:
2148:
2127:
2118:the original
2102:
2098:
2077:
2069:
2053:
2033:
2011:, retrieved
2001:
1995:
1971:
1952:
1948:
1905:. Retrieved
1896:
1886:
1867:
1861:
1842:
1836:
1816:
1809:
1797:. Retrieved
1788:
1779:
1767:. Retrieved
1758:
1749:
1730:
1700:
1694:
1680:
1664:
1658:
1646:
1634:. Retrieved
1627:the original
1617:
1610:
1586:
1568:
1563:
1551:. Retrieved
1537:
1512:
1486:
1482:
1472:
1458:
1446:. Retrieved
1439:the original
1368:
1364:
1360:
1339:
1335:
1315:
1310:
1304:
1299:
1290:
1282:
1264:
1258:
1237:
1234:
1220:
1197:
1193:
1183:
1179:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1140:
1136:Persian Gulf
1132:Wimbrown VII
1131:
1127:
1117:
1112:
1092:
1067:minesweepers
1060:
1051:
1046:
1039:Farsi Island
1029:
1023:
1021:
1012:
995:
986:Rear Admiral
980:
973:
966:
959:
952:
944:
933:
917:Persian Gulf
913:foreign flag
910:
890:
879:
867:Kharg Island
860:
845:British navy
834:
815:
803:Persian Gulf
796:
777:
773:World War II
744:
743:
725:
711:
710:
704:
697:
690:
684:Prime Chance
683:
675:
669:Earnest Will
668:
667:
661:
651:
650:
644:
637:
630:
618:
611:
604:
592:
585:
573:
565:
564:
559:
553:
546:
539:
532:
525:
517:
509:
502:
495:
488:
480:
473:
461:
453:
445:
444:
433:
426:
413:
405:
398:
391:
384:
377:
370:
363:
356:
348:
341:
340:
329:
322:
315:
308:
300:
299:
293:
281:
273:
272:
266:
254:
247:
241:Scorch Sword
240:
228:
221:
205:
204:
173:
87:Belligerents
76:Persian Gulf
46:
29:Part of the
18:
3473:Great Satan
3400:Nizar Zakka
3370:Ali Shakeri
3355:Trita Parsi
3320:Esha Momeni
2973:Legislation
2936:Seizure of
2411:Safari Club
2068:(about the
1769:17 February
1247:Kuwait City
1075:SeaStallion
1063:naval mines
899:in largely
837:French navy
811:Sixth Fleet
631:Forty Stars
520:(6th Basra)
512:(5th Basra)
456:(4th Basra)
416:(3rd Basra)
408:(2nd Basra)
351:(1st Basra)
3620:Categories
3395:Xiyue Wang
3220:Brian Hook
3168:Farashgard
2942:St Nikolas
2938:Suez Rajan
2013:6 November
1907:24 October
1489:(5): 1023.
1448:9 November
1388:References
1369:Vandegrift
1343:, mistook
1255:destroyers
1229:destroyers
941:Operations
923:fired two
921:F-1 Mirage
855:See also:
851:Background
822:Navy SEALs
761:Tanker War
653:Tanker War
624:2nd al-Faw
554:Karbala 10
467:1st al-Faw
123:Rear Adm.
3583:Overthrow
3576:Bomb Iran
3178:Jundallah
3008:reactions
2603:reactions
2482:Conflicts
2466:Aftermath
2461:Criticism
2456:Reactions
2451:Framework
2362:Diplomacy
1636:10 August
1367:USS
1340:Vincennes
1338:USS
1289:USS
1263:USS
1182:USS
1151:USS
1047:Bridgeton
1030:Bridgeton
1024:al-Rekkah
1013:Bridgeton
996:Bridgeton
979:USS
972:USS
965:USS
958:USS
953:Crommelin
951:USS
947:UNSCR 598
932:USS
792:U.S. Army
780:U.S. Navy
676:Bridgeton
547:Karbala 9
533:Karbala 7
526:Karbala 6
518:Karbala 5
510:Karbala 4
496:Karbala 3
489:Karbala 2
481:Karbala 1
255:Sultan 10
45:USS
3607:Category
2807:Timeline
2789:MV
2658:Timeline
2509:Iran Ajr
2007:archived
1984:Archived
1901:Archived
1799:25 April
1793:Archived
1763:Archived
1670:Archived
1553:3 August
1547:Archived
1376:See also
1172:Iran Ajr
1168:Iran Ajr
1163:Iran Ajr
1158:Klakring
1156:and USS
1128:Hercules
1113:Hercules
1043:Pasdaran
998:incident
981:Klakring
728:incident
678:incident
483:(Mehran)
267:Morvarid
229:Kaman 99
71:Location
47:Nicholas
3421:Related
2827:Stuxnet
2072:attack)
1667:in 1987
1653:, P 43.
1592:125–130
1326:Endgame
1305:Sabalan
1285:Bahrain
1253:. Four
1153:Jarrett
1145:flying
757:Iranian
753:Kuwaiti
612:Zafar 7
593:Dawn 10
440:Marshes
414:Kheibar
349:Ramadan
222:Revenge
2178:
2156:
2134:
2110:
2084:
2060:
2041:
1979:
1959:
1874:
1849:
1824:
1737:
1707:
1598:
1525:
1356:A300B2
1353:Airbus
1311:Sahand
1300:Joshan
1259:Rostam
1221:Rostam
977:, and
967:Worden
925:Exocet
871:Exocet
828:, and
769:convoy
645:Mersad
560:Nasr 4
503:Fath 1
474:Dawn 9
462:Dawn 8
434:Dawn 7
427:Dawn 6
406:Dawn 5
399:Dawn 4
392:Dawn 3
385:Dawn 2
378:Dawn 1
261:Abadan
248:Dezful
209:(1980)
52:convoy
2070:Stark
1665:Stark
1630:(PDF)
1623:(PDF)
1618:Stark
1442:(PDF)
1435:(PDF)
1320:UH-60
1316:Sirri
1265:Thach
1184:Hawes
1175:'
1016:'
934:Stark
893:Basra
807:Third
788:AWACS
726:Stark
294:Opera
2940:and
2812:P5+1
2200:CSIS
2176:ISBN
2154:ISBN
2132:ISBN
2108:ISBN
2082:ISBN
2058:ISBN
2039:ISBN
2015:2020
1957:ISBN
1909:2020
1872:ISBN
1847:ISBN
1822:ISBN
1801:2012
1771:2017
1735:ISBN
1705:ISBN
1638:2010
1596:ISBN
1555:2015
1523:ISBN
1450:2007
1308:and
1130:and
974:Kidd
835:The
778:The
724:USS
454:Badr
282:Nasr
112:Iran
63:Date
2211:on
2202:'s
1487:114
1028:MV
960:Fox
288:H-3
3622::
1939:^
1917:^
1895:.
1787:.
1757:.
1719:^
1594:.
1576:^
1495:^
1485:.
1481:.
1416:^
1396:^
1202:.
991:.
970:,
963:,
956:,
847:.
824:,
775:.
3578:"
3574:"
2272:e
2265:t
2258:v
2184:.
2162:.
2140:.
2090:.
2066:.
2047:.
1965:.
1911:.
1880:.
1855:.
1830:.
1803:.
1773:.
1743:.
1713:.
1688:.
1640:.
1620:"
1604:.
1557:.
1531:.
1519:1
1452:.
1231:.
626:)
622:(
469:)
465:(
337:)
333:(
155:e
148:t
141:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
