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from a belligerent nation from making use of a neutral harbour at the same time. Any aeroplanes from such ships were forbidden from flying over neutral territorial waters. Seeing that the approaching fleet was about to violate
Icelandic neutrality in two ways, Arnalds began to investigate. Down at the harbour, he viewed the ships for himself and decided they were probably British. He contacted the foreign ministry, which confirmed that he should go out to the fleet and announce to its commander that he was in violation of Icelandic neutrality. Customs officers were ordered to prepare a boat.
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1411:, loaded with about 400 marines, began moving toward the harbour. A small crowd had assembled, including several policemen still waiting for the customs boat. The British consul had received advance notice of the invasion and was waiting with his associates to assist the troops when they arrived. Uncomfortable with the crowd, Consul Shepherd turned to the Icelandic police. "Would you mind ... getting the crowd to stand back a bit, so that the soldiers can get off the destroyer?" he asked. "Certainly," came the reply.
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1632:. One year after the invasion, forces from the still officially neutral United States were stationed on the island by agreement with the Icelandic government, relieving the bulk of British ground forces. US forces grew considerably after the US joined the war on 7 December 1941, reaching as many as 30,000 army, navy and air force personnel at any one time. The RAF and RCAF continued to operate from two
1050:. On the same day, the British government sent a message to the Icelandic government, stating that the UK was willing to assist Iceland in maintaining its independence but would require facilities in Iceland to do so. Iceland was invited to join the UK in the war "as a belligerent and an ally." The Icelandic government rejected the offer. On the next day, 10 April, the Icelandic parliament, the
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respect to the Kaldaðarnes landing ground, this deployment consisted of a platoon of 2nd
Battalion Royal Marines armed with most of the battalion's Bren Guns with orders to open fire on any German troops disembarking from aircraft. They had been briefed to expect landings by up to 2,000 German paratroops, fortunately there were none. By this time, the four Royal Navy ships had departed.
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Foreign troop numbers in some years equalled 25 per cent of the population or almost 50 per cent of the native male population. Icelanders were and remain divided about the war and occupation – what is sometimes referred to as "blessað stríðið" or "the
Blessed War". Some point to the subsequent economic revival, others to loss of sovereignty and social upheaval.
1142:(NID) expected resistance from three possible sources. Local Germans, who were thought to have some arms, might resist or even attempt some sort of coup. In addition, a German invasion force might already be prepared or begun immediately after the British landings. The NID also expected resistance from the Reykjavík police, consisting of some
1164:
1383:, the German consul, was also alerted to the aircraft. Suspecting what was about to happen, he drove down to the harbour with a German associate. With the use of binoculars, he confirmed his fears and then hurried back. At home, he arranged for the burning of his documents and tried unsuccessfully to reach the
1270:. To avoid drawing attention to itself, the force was divided into two trains for the journey, but due to delays in rail travel, the troops arrived at the railway station in Greenock about the same time, losing the small degree of anonymity desired. Additionally, security had been compromised by a dispatch
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Over the next two weeks Force
Sturges noted a cooling of relations with the local population as concerns grew that the British presence would attract German naval shelling or aerial bombing. There was also apprehension over the potential for relationships between the marines and local girls. However,
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In 1941, the
Icelandic Minister of the Judiciary investigated "The Situation", and the police tracked 500+ women who had been having sex with the soldiers. Many were upset that the foreign troops were "taking away" women, friends, and family. During 1942 two facilities opened to house such women who
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issued a protest, charging that its neutrality had been "flagrantly violated" and "its independence infringed", noting that compensation would be expected for all damage done. The
British promised compensation, favourable business agreements, non-interference in Icelandic affairs, and the withdrawal
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started disembarking immediately once it docked. Arnalds asked to speak with the captain of the destroyer, but was refused. He then hastened to report to the Prime
Minister, who ordered him not to interfere with the British troops and to try to prevent conflicts between them and Icelanders. Down at
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Within an hour of landing, Force
Sturges had established an advanced guard across a 14km front around Reykjavik. By requisitioning local transport, the marines managed to deploy across 75km by 6pm, investing a seaplane base (Hvalfjörður) and two potential airstrips (Kaldaðarnes and Sandskeið). In
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Meanwhile, high priority was assigned to the capture of the German consulate. Arriving at the consulate, the
British troops were relieved to find no sign of resistance and simply knocked on the door. Consul Gerlach opened, protested against the invasion, and reminded the British that Iceland was a
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At 03:40, an
Icelandic policeman saw a small fleet of warships approaching the harbour, but could not discern their nationality. He notified his superior, who notified Einar Arnalds, the acting chief of police. The laws of neutrality to which Iceland had committed forbade more than three warships
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The Walrus was given orders not to fly over Reykjavík but – either accidentally or as the result of a miscommunication – it flew several circles over the town, making considerable noise. At this time, Iceland possessed only passenger aircraft, which did not fly at night, so this unusual
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received orders from London to be ready to move at two hours' notice for an unknown destination. The battalion had been activated only the month before. Though there was a nucleus of active service officers, the troops were new recruits and only partially trained. There was a shortage of weapons,
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In May 1940 we transported Royal Marines to Iceland and the island was occupied on the 10th May to prevent the occupation by a German force. A number of German civilians and technicians were made prisoners and transported back to the United Kingdom. Very rough seas were encountered on passage to
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signed during 1946 between the US and the Republic of Iceland stipulated that the American army would leave the country within six months, and Iceland would take possession of Keflavík Airport. This did not happen for decades, and a substantial US military presence remained in Iceland until 30
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The UK invaded to forestall a German occupation, to provide a base for naval and air patrols, and to protect merchant shipping lanes from North America to Europe. In this the invasion was successful. However, the presence of British, Canadian, and US troops had a lasting impact on the country.
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At the start of World War II, the UK imposed strict export controls on Icelandic goods, preventing profitable shipments to Germany, as part of its naval blockade. The UK offered assistance to Iceland, seeking co-operation "as a belligerent and an ally", but the Icelandic government refused and
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The occupation required the building of a network of roads, hospitals, harbours, airfields and bridges across the country, and this had an enormous positive economic impact. However, the Icelanders severely censured the sexual relationships between troops and local women, which were causing
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without a defence force. The treaty of union allowed for a revision to begin during 1941 and for unilateral termination three years after that, if no agreement was made. By 1928, all Icelandic political parties were in agreement that the union treaty would be terminated as soon as possible.
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The British forces began their operations in Reykjavík by posting a guard at the post office and attaching a flyer to the door. The flyer explained in broken Icelandic that British forces were occupying the city and asked for co-operation in dealing with local Germans. The offices of
1681:"Hitler definitely was interested in occupying Iceland prior to occupation. In the first place, he wanted to prevent "anyone else" from coming there; and, in the second place, he also wanted to use Iceland as an air base for the protection of our submarines operating in that area".
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neutral country. He was reminded, in turn, that Denmark had also been a neutral country. The British discovered a fire upstairs in the building and found a pile of documents burning in the consul's bathtub. They extinguished the fire and salvaged a substantial number of records.
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The expedition was organised hastily and haphazardly. Much of the operational planning was conducted en route. The force was supplied with few maps, most of poor quality, with one of them having been drawn from memory. No one in the expedition was fully fluent in the
1069:. After the German invasion of Denmark and Norway, the British government became increasingly concerned that Germany would soon try to establish a military presence in Iceland. They felt that this would constitute an intolerable threat to British control of the North
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and whose 62-man crew had been rescued by an Icelandic trawler. The Naval Intelligence Division believed the Germans were actually reserve crews for the German submarines they thought were operating out of Iceland. The unarmed Germans were captured without incident.
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the harbour, some of the locals protested against the arrival of the British. One Icelander snatched a rifle from a marine and stuffed a cigarette in it. He then threw it back to the marine and told him to be careful with it. An officer arrived to scold the marine.
1097:. Churchill maintained that if further negotiations with the Icelandic government were attempted, the Germans might learn of them and act first. A surer and more effective solution was to land troops unannounced and present the Icelandic government with a
1689:. The report found that while an invasion could be successful, maintaining supply lines would be too costly and the benefits of holding Iceland would not outweigh the costs (there was, for instance, insufficient infrastructure for aircraft in Iceland).
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The British planned to land all of their forces at Reykjavík. There, they would overcome any resistance and defeat local Germans. To guard against a German counterattack by sea, they would secure the harbour and send troops by land to nearby
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which consisted only of rifles, pistols, and bayonets, while 50 of the marines had only just received their rifles and had not had a chance to fire them. On 4 May, the battalion received some modest additional equipment in the form of
1354:
reconnaissance aircraft. The principal aim of the flight was to scout the vicinity of Reykjavík for enemy submarines, which the Naval Intelligence Division had convinced itself were operating out of Icelandic harbours.
1289:, which would take them to Iceland. Boarding commenced but was fraught with problems and delays. Departure was delayed until 8 May, and even then a large amount of equipment and supplies had to be left on the piers.
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1308:. The voyage was used as planned for calibration and familiarisation with the newly acquired weapons. One of the newly recruited marines died by suicide en route. The voyage was uneventful otherwise.
585:. Meeting no resistance, the troops moved quickly to disable communication networks, secure strategic locations, and arrest German citizens. Requisitioning local transport, the troops moved to nearby
1370:. The acting chief of police, Einar Arnalds, surmised that it most likely originated from a British warship bringing the expected new ambassador. This was correct, though it was not the whole story.
1217:. The guns were manned by troops from the artillery divisions of the Navy and the marines, none of whom had ever fired them. They lacked searchlights, communication equipment, and gun directors.
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1146:. If by chance a Danish patrol vessel were present in Reykjavík, the Danish sailors might assist the defenders. This concern was needless, as the only Danish naval vessels abroad were in
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unable to perform his constitutional duties and assigned them to the government of Iceland, along with all other responsibilities previously performed by Denmark on behalf of Iceland.
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had relations with the soldiers. Both closed within a year, after investigations determined that most liaisons were consensual. About 332 Icelandic women married foreign soldiers.
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1407:, which would take them to the harbour. The seasickness and inexperience of the troops were causing delays and the officers were becoming frustrated. Just before 05:00,
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Although the British action was to forestall any risk of a German invasion, there is no evidence that the Germans had an invasion planned. There was, however, German
1612:, to relieve the marines, and by 21 May all but the coastal artillery elements of Force Sturges had been withdrawn. On 26 May the 147th Brigade was reinforced by the
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Iceland and the majority of the marines cluttered gangways and mess-decks throughout the ship, prostrate with seasickness. One unfortunate marine committed suicide.
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brought the occupying force up to the strength of a full division. Commonwealth occupation forces eventually totalled 25,000 infantry with elements from the
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1589:. However, the initial invasion force was ill-equipped, only partially trained and insufficient for the task of occupation and defence of the island.
1304:. The cruisers were not designed to transport a force of the size assigned to them, and conditions were cramped. Many of the marines developed severe
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considerable controversy and political turmoil. Women were often accused of prostitution and of being traitors. 255 children were born from these
1436:(broadcasting service), and the Meteorological Office were quickly occupied by the British to prevent news of the invasion from reaching Berlin.
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of all forces at the end of the war. In the following days, air defence equipment was deployed in Reykjavík and a detachment of troops sent to
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reaffirmed its neutrality. The German diplomatic presence in Iceland, along with the island's strategic importance, alarmed the UK government.
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aircraft – though it proved ultimately unsuitable for operations in Iceland, it had the advantage that it could land almost anywhere.
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At 04:00 on 8 May, the cruisers departed for Iceland. They were accompanied by an anti-submarine escort consisting of the destroyers
1202:(51 mm). With no time to spare, zeroing of the weapons and initial familiarisation shooting would have to be conducted at sea.
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After the British invasion, the Germans composed a report to examine the feasibility of seizing Iceland, proposed as
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issued a protest, charging that its neutrality had been "flagrantly violated" and "its independence infringed".
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577:, the UK invaded, on the morning of 10 May 1940. The initial force of 746 Royal Marines commanded by Colonel
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September 2006. At the end of hostilities most British facilities were given to the Icelandic government.
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2800:. Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War. Vol. I. Ottawa: Queen's Printer.
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and by the time the troops arrived in Greenock, many people knew that the destination was Iceland.
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On the morning of 7 May, the force headed to the harbour in Greenock, where they met the cruisers
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During 1918, after a long period of Danish rule, Iceland had become an independent state in
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came to the conclusion that the UK could no longer do without bases in Iceland. On 6 May,
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2601:"Hverjar voru áætlanir Þjóðverja um að ráðast inn í Ísland í seinni heimsstyrjöldinni?"
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to secure potential landing areas against the possibility of a German counterattack.
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During the occupation, on 17 June 1944, Iceland declared itself a republic. The
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was assigned to command the force. Aged 49, he was a highly regarded veteran of
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to be "less unpopular in Iceland than any other Danish sovereign has ever been".
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2518:. Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK: Alan Sutton Publishing Limited. pp. 12–18.
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2827:"Franklin D. Roosevelt's message to Congress on the US occupation of Iceland"
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1703:, a term about the influence of British and U.S. soldiers on Icelandic women
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1123:. To guard against this, troops would drive east to the landing grounds at
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with Denmark, which was largely responsible for its foreign relations. The
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The Lion and the White Falcon: Britain and Iceland in the World War II Era
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with the Danish king and with common foreign affairs. The newly initiated
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a month earlier. Although Iceland was independently governed, it was in a
1305:
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1046:, invading both Norway and Denmark. Denmark was subdued within a day and
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British violations of the rights of neutral nations during World War II
3378:
1500: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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345:
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546:. The invasion took place because the British government feared that
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The North Atlantic Front: Orkney, Shetland, Faroe and Iceland at War
2493:. London: Jayne's Publishing Company Limited. pp. 367 and 422.
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Battles and operations of World War II involving the United Kingdom
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Invasion of Iceland by British military forces during World War II
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Icelandic police officers undergoing firearms instruction in 1940
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Arms, Men and Governments: The War Policies of Canada, 1939–1945
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and the landing ground at Melgerði in the north of the country.
1616:, accompanied by HQ of the 49th Division. On 16 June 1940, the
1240:. Excluding those, the invasion force consisted of 746 troops.
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After failing to persuade the Icelandic government to join the
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List of expansion operations and planning of the Axis powers
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The British had also expected resistance from the crew of
2043:. London: Jane's Publishing Company Limited. p. 87.
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1131:. Lastly, troops would be sent by land to the harbour at
2645:"Decision to Land United States Forces in Iceland, 1941"
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World War II operations of the Western European Theatre
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Forgotten Sacrifice: The Arctic Convoys of World War II
2143:"WW2 People's War: Stan Foreman's War Years 1939–1945"
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Assisting arms provided to the force consisted of two
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As the military situation in Norway deteriorated, the
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1990:
1971:
1909:
1447:, a German freighter which had hit an iceberg in the
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Iceland's 1100 Years: History of a Marginal Society
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2715:Milli vonar og ótta: Ísland í síðari heimsstyrjöld
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3608:Military history of Iceland during World War II
2552:"The Occupation of Iceland During World War II"
1649:
3628:Military history of Canada during World War II
2848:
2734:Bretarnir koma: Ísland í síðari heimsstyrjöld
1007:
255:
1673:in seizing Iceland. In a postwar interview,
1366:was alerted about the aircraft, as were the
1359:event awoke and alerted a number of people.
269:
1262:On 6 May, Force Sturges boarded trains for
1065:on 12 April 1940, the British occupied the
3638:Arctic military operations of World War II
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1560:Learn how and when to remove this message
1342:At 01:47, Icelandic time, on 10 May, HMS
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2007:
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1730:Walling, Michael G. (20 October 2012).
1707:British occupation of the Faroe Islands
1654:, 'children of the situation'.
14:
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2829:, U.S. State Department (7 July 1941).
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1258:was the command ship of the operation.
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2579:"Hlutleysi Íslands á hverfandi hveli"
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1103:. The War Cabinet approved the plan.
1042:On 9 April 1940, German forces began
243:
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2516:The Polar Bears - Monty's Left Flank
2488:
2038:
1498:adding citations to reliable sources
1469:
2558:. Icelandic Roots. 11 November 2014
1930:"The Big Scuttle – August 29, 1943"
1921:
1432:(state telecommunication service),
1326:
1318:Stan Foreman, petty officer of HMS
1054:(or Althing), declared Danish King
24:
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2477:
1604:began arriving on the troop ships
25:
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3618:World War II occupied territories
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1767:"Iceland in the Second World War"
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542:occurred on 10 May 1940, during
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3593:Invasions by the United Kingdom
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1963:. 22 April 1940. Archived from
1947:
1636:through to the end of the war.
1485:needs additional citations for
1211:QF 2-Pounder anti-aircraft guns
1758:
1723:
1622:2nd Canadian Infantry Division
1602:49th British Infantry Division
1580:On the evening of 10 May, the
1215:QF 4-inch coastal defence guns
13:
1:
2736:. Reykjavík: Vaka-Helgafell.
2717:. Reykjavík: Vaka-Helgafell.
2284:How Iceland Changed the World
1593:no incidents were recorded.
651:Timeline of Icelandic history
604:
3603:History of the Royal Marines
3568:British military occupations
1717:
854:Allied occupation of Iceland
550:would be used militarily by
7:
3558:Allied occupation of Europe
2770:. Ottawa: Queen's Printer.
2514:Delaforce, Patrick (2001).
2491:The Royal Marines 1919-1980
2041:The Royal marines 1919-1980
1692:
1207:3.7-inch mountain howitzers
1140:Naval Intelligence Division
1080:
845:British invasion of Iceland
611:Iceland during World War II
581:disembarked at the capital
528:British invasion of Iceland
37:British invasion of Iceland
10:
3654:
2996:2008–2011 financial crisis
2655:. Pub 70-7. Archived from
2617:
1596:On 17 May, troops of the
1463:
1459:
1403:were being ordered aboard
1385:Icelandic foreign minister
1183:2nd Royal Marine Battalion
1093:presented the case to the
608:
534:) by the United Kingdom's
3504:
3407:
3354:
3345:
3275:
3266:
3179:
3170:
3121:
3030:
3026:
3017:
3006:
2921:
2883:
2874:
2282:Bjarnason, Egill (2021).
1361:Prime Minister of Iceland
281:
225:
191:
144:
111:
58:
49:
41:
36:
3184:Administrative divisions
2628:. Hamden: Archon Books.
1955:"Iceland: Nobody's Baby"
1634:Royal Air Force stations
273:Nordic states, 1939–1945
3583:Iceland in World War II
2624:Bittner, D. F. (1983).
2577:Whitehead, Þór (2006).
1423:Operations in Reykjavík
1228:, having fought in the
1192:Bren light machine guns
880:Iceland in the Cold War
3613:World War II invasions
3563:Battle of the Atlantic
2791:Stacey, C. P. (1955).
2732:Whitehead, Þ. (1999).
2695:. Edinburgh: Birlinn.
2643:Fairchild, B. (2000).
2489:Ladd, James D (1980).
2145:. BBC. 17 January 2006
2039:Ladd, James D (1980).
1683:
1650:
1614:146th Infantry Brigade
1598:147th Infantry Brigade
1577:
1399:Meanwhile, marines on
1339:
1324:
1259:
1178:
679:Icelandic Commonwealth
145:Commanders and leaders
2966:Independence Movement
2961:Danish trade monopoly
2672:Karlsson, G. (2000).
1928:Nørby, Søren (2015).
1679:
1582:government of Iceland
1575:
1509:"Invasion of Iceland"
1466:Occupation of Iceland
1334:
1310:
1251:
1166:
952:Icelandic nationality
863:Invader relationships
799:Independence movement
766:Danish trade monopoly
668:Settlement of Iceland
609:Further information:
564:Government of Iceland
226:Casualties and losses
102:Occupation of Iceland
66:10 May 1940
3598:Invasions of Iceland
2585:: 22. Archived from
1765:Stone, Bill (1998).
1618:4th Infantry Brigade
1494:improve this article
1238:Charles Howard Smith
1044:Operation Weserübung
897:
888:
870:Founding of republic
852:
843:
827:
764:
755:
736:
716:
697:
688:
453:Kirkenes and Petsamo
441:Heavy water sabotage
2691:Miller, J. (2003).
2248:, pp. 380–384.
2117:, pp. 374–375.
1967:on 1 February 2005.
1769:. Stone & Stone
1630:Royal Canadian Navy
1391:Down at the harbour
1230:battle of Gallipoli
1181:On 3 May 1940, the
1063:Operation Valentine
3384:Icelandic Language
1663:Keflavík Agreement
1578:
1352:Supermarine Walrus
1340:
1336:Supermarine Walrus
1260:
1244:Journey to Iceland
1179:
1121:Norwegian campaign
1109:Icelandic language
1034:declared itself a
1032:Kingdom of Iceland
819:Kingdom of Iceland
3578:Conflicts in 1940
3540:
3539:
3500:
3499:
3341:
3340:
3262:
3261:
3239:Political parties
3204:Foreign relations
3166:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3004:
3003:
2676:. London: Hurst.
2659:on 7 October 2017
2649:Command Decisions
2541:, pp. 73–97.
2351:, pp. 24–25.
2324:, pp. 22–23.
2309:, pp. 15–17.
2286:. Penguin Books.
2272:, pp. 30–32.
1843:, pp. 33–34.
1743:978-1-4728-1110-3
1628:, Royal Navy and
1570:
1569:
1562:
1544:
1430:Landssími Íslands
1348:aircraft catapult
1234:battle of Jutland
1091:Winston Churchill
1024:
1023:
918:COVID-19 pandemic
521:
520:
238:
237:
107:
106:
16:(Redirected from
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3477:National costume
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2941:Christianization
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2794:Six Years of War
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2589:on 2 April 2016.
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1934:Naval History.dk
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1675:Walter Warlimont
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1327:Surprise is lost
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962:Military history
947:Economic history
908:Financial crisis
775:Eruption of Laki
699:Christianization
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351:Continuation War
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2476:
2472:Whitehead 1999
2464:
2462:, p. 356.
2460:Whitehead 1995
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2436:Whitehead 1999
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2193:, p. 380.
2191:Whitehead 1995
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2181:, p. 379.
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2079:Whitehead 1995
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2027:Whitehead 1995
2012:
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1904:Whitehead 1995
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1880:Whitehead 1995
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1829:Whitehead 1995
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1387:by telephone.
1374:Werner Gerlach
1328:
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1268:Firth of Clyde
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1222:Robert Sturges
1200:2-inch mortars
1187:Bisley, Surrey
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2759:Stacey, C. P.
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2743:9979-2-1435-X
2739:
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2726:
2724:9979-2-0317-X
2720:
2716:
2712:
2711:Whitehead, Þ.
2708:
2704:
2702:1-84341-011-7
2698:
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2683:1-85065-420-4
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2500:0-7106-0011-9
2496:
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2474:, p. 47.
2473:
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2449:
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2437:
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2425:
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2413:
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2401:
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2389:
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2377:
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2293:9780143135883
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2204:
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2050:0-7106-0011-9
2046:
2042:
2035:
2028:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2010:, p. 42.
2009:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1987:, p. 41.
1986:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1950:
1935:
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1918:, p. 36.
1917:
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1900:
1893:
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1876:
1874:
1867:, p. 40.
1866:
1861:
1855:, p. 38.
1854:
1849:
1842:
1837:
1830:
1825:
1819:, p. 34.
1818:
1813:
1806:
1805:Karlsson 2000
1801:
1794:
1793:Karlsson 2000
1789:
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1521:
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1514:
1511: –
1510:
1506:
1505:Find sources:
1499:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1483:This section
1481:
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1159:Force Sturges
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1104:
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1100:fait accompli
1096:
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1067:Faroe Islands
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3442:Coat of arms
3422:Architecture
3364:Demographics
3313:Nordic model
3209:Human rights
3194:Constitution
2976:World War II
2951:Sturlung Era
2936:Commonwealth
2809:. Retrieved
2793:
2780:. Retrieved
2763:
2733:
2714:
2692:
2673:
2661:. Retrieved
2657:the original
2648:
2625:
2606:24 September
2604:. Retrieved
2595:
2587:the original
2582:
2572:
2560:. Retrieved
2555:
2546:
2534:
2515:
2509:
2490:
2467:
2455:
2448:Bittner 1983
2443:
2431:
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2302:
2283:
2277:
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2210:
2198:
2186:
2164:Bittner 1983
2159:
2147:. Retrieved
2137:
2110:
2098:
2086:
2059:
2040:
2034:
2008:Bittner 1983
1985:Bittner 1983
1965:the original
1958:
1949:
1937:. Retrieved
1933:
1923:
1916:Bittner 1983
1911:
1899:
1887:
1865:Bittner 1983
1860:
1853:Bittner 1983
1848:
1841:Bittner 1983
1836:
1824:
1817:Bittner 1983
1812:
1800:
1771:. Retrieved
1760:
1732:
1725:
1698:
1684:
1680:
1677:claimed that
1670:
1668:
1660:
1656:
1642:
1638:
1609:
1605:
1595:
1591:
1579:
1556:
1547:
1537:
1530:
1523:
1516:
1504:
1492:Please help
1487:verification
1484:
1454:
1445:Bahia Blanca
1444:
1442:
1438:
1426:
1415:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1372:
1357:
1350:to launch a
1343:
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1300:
1294:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1276:
1261:
1254:
1219:
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1172:
1171:was said by
1144:60 armed men
1137:
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1025:
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906:
878:
868:
835:World War II
833:
829:Act of Union
817:
807:
797:
773:
745:
738:Old Covenant
726:
708:Sturlung era
706:
677:
666:
572:
568:
554:, which had
552:Nazi Germany
544:World War II
531:
527:
525:
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458:
446:
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407:
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337:
336:
318:
310:
291:
283:
112:Belligerents
44:World War II
29:
3280:Agriculture
3224:LGBT rights
3043:Earthquakes
2956:Reformation
2946:Aristocracy
2908:Prohibition
2903:Nationality
2130:Miller 2003
1651:ástandsbörn
1377: [
1306:seasickness
1226:World War I
1169:Christian X
1129:Kaldaðarnes
1117:Hvalfjörður
1095:War Cabinet
1056:Christian X
942:Aristocracy
809:Prohibition
757:Reformation
747:Danish rule
661:Middle ages
630:History of
591:Kaldaðarnes
587:Hvalfjörður
530:(codenamed
500:Attacks on
370:Lapland War
96:Territorial
3547:Categories
3492:Television
3462:Mass media
3457:Literature
3379:Icelanders
3374:Healthcare
3297:(currency)
3234:Parliament
3144:Localities
3108:Waterfalls
2931:Settlement
2525:0753702657
1752:1026826446
1610:Lancastria
1520:newspapers
1213:, and two
922:2020–2022
912:2008–2011
893:1948–1976
884:1947–1991
857:1940–1945
839:1939–1944
823:1918–1944
813:1915–1989
803:1809–1847
792:Modern era
779:1783–1785
769:1602–1874
760:1536–1627
751:1380–1918
732:1262–1380
721:1178–1297
718:Staðamálin
712:1180–1264
605:Background
536:Royal Navy
494:Zitronella
480:Gearbox II
416:Weserübung
357:Silver Fox
346:Winter War
292:Weserübung
206:4 warships
70:1940-05-10
3389:Languages
3369:Education
3333:Transport
3318:Outvasion
3244:President
3199:Elections
3139:Farthings
3122:Political
3103:Volcanoes
3073:Highlands
3019:Geography
2806:757709489
2778:. D2-5569
2776:317692687
1718:Footnotes
1606:Franconia
1346:used its
1253:HMS
1148:Greenland
1125:Sandskeið
1087:Admiralty
702:999–1118
690:Farthings
683:930–1262
595:Sandskeið
583:Reykjavík
376:Tanne Ost
311:Valentine
231:1 suicide
215:60 police
3527:Category
3394:Religion
3359:Abortion
3323:Taxation
3229:Military
3172:Politics
3134:Counties
3113:Wildlife
3068:Glaciers
2991:Cod Wars
2986:Cold War
2981:Invasion
2923:Timeline
2898:Military
2893:Economic
2885:By topic
2868:articles
2761:(1970).
2713:(1995).
1700:Ástandið
1693:See also
1671:interest
1646:liaisons
1587:Akureyri
1550:May 2017
1416:Fearless
1409:Fearless
1405:Fearless
1316:—
1295:Fearless
1264:Greenock
1232:and the
1220:Colonel
1133:Akureyri
1081:Planning
1071:Atlantic
1048:occupied
982:Category
890:Cod Wars
672:870–930
621:a series
619:Part of
513:Finnmark
459:Gauntlet
447:Claymore
435:Alphabet
410:incident
332:Bornholm
325:Isefjord
192:Strength
78:Location
42:Part of
3511:Outline
3447:Cuisine
3409:Culture
3347:Society
3328:Tourism
3285:Banking
3268:Economy
3189:Cabinet
3154:Regions
3098:Valleys
3078:Islands
3063:Geology
3058:Forests
3038:Climate
3031:Natural
2971:Kingdom
2876:History
2864:Iceland
2811:14 June
2782:14 June
2663:18 June
2618:Sources
2149:28 July
1773:22 June
1620:of the
1600:of the
1534:scholar
1460:Outcome
1401:Berwick
1344:Berwick
1320:Berwick
1301:Fortune
1286:Glasgow
1280:Berwick
1272:uncoded
1266:on the
1255:Berwick
1209:, four
1138:The UK
1052:Alþingi
632:Iceland
599:Akranes
548:Iceland
502:Tirpitz
473:Gearbox
466:Fritham
422:Denmark
408:Altmark
384:Iceland
339:Finland
298:Denmark
285:Denmark
139:Iceland
98:changes
82:Iceland
68: (
3532:Portal
3437:Cinema
3417:Anthem
3303:Energy
3295:Króna
3093:Rivers
3053:Fjords
2913:Rulers
2866:
2804:
2774:
2740:
2721:
2699:
2680:
2632:
2562:1 July
2522:
2497:
2290:
2047:
1939:2 July
1750:
1740:
1648:, the
1536:
1529:
1522:
1515:
1507:
1198:, and
987:Portal
967:Rulers
623:on the
597:, and
575:Allies
487:Leader
427:Norway
400:Norway
364:Orator
319:Safari
303:Norway
136:
123:
88:Result
3518:Index
3487:Sport
3472:Names
3467:Music
3432:Chess
3399:Women
3083:Lakes
2798:(PDF)
2768:(PDF)
1541:JSTOR
1527:books
1381:]
1167:King
1061:With
902:1949
874:1944
848:1940
741:1262
3452:Flag
2813:2019
2802:OCLC
2784:2019
2772:OCLC
2738:ISBN
2719:ISBN
2697:ISBN
2678:ISBN
2665:2010
2630:ISBN
2608:2015
2583:Saga
2564:2016
2520:ISBN
2495:ISBN
2288:ISBN
2151:2007
2045:ISBN
1960:Time
1941:2016
1775:2008
1748:OCLC
1738:ISBN
1608:and
1513:news
1414:The
1298:and
1283:and
1174:Time
1127:and
693:965
538:and
526:The
392:Fork
234:none
200:746
63:Date
3427:Art
3214:Law
2653:CMH
1496:by
1434:RÚV
1185:in
3549::
2651:.
2647:.
2581:.
2554:.
2479:^
2368:^
2341:^
2314:^
2222:^
2171:^
2122:^
2071:^
2015:^
1992:^
1973:^
1957:.
1932:.
1872:^
1783:^
1746:.
1379:de
1194:,
1150:.
1111:.
1077:.
593:,
589:,
2856:e
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2786:.
2746:.
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1943:.
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1754:.
1563:)
1557:(
1552:)
1548:(
1538:·
1531:·
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1490:.
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