41:
668:
139:
153:
851:. This represented almost one-tenth of total Japanese shipping losses between 1 November 1943 and 30 June 1944. Moreover, the isolation of this whole area of operations by submarine and air attack began the effective severance of Japanese shipping lanes between empire waters and critical fuel supplies to the south. The ultimate effect of such a disconnect was later seen during the
767:, which he personally led in a surface engagement against the previously damaged Japanese ships. The battered Japanese ships did not stand much of a chance against Task Group 50.9, though members of his staff saw Spruance's decision to engage in surface action when aircraft likely could have achieved similar results as needlessly reckless. Indeed, the Japanese destroyer
554:
413:
818:
Retaliation for the day's strikes arrived late at night in the form of small groups of
Japanese bombers probing the task groups' defenses. From roughly 21:00 on 17 February to just minutes past midnight on 18 February, at least five groups of between one and three enemy planes attempted to sneak past
573:
moved into position and began launching their first fighter sweep 90 minutes before daybreak on 17 February 1944. No
Japanese air patrol was active at the time, as the IJN's 22nd and 26th Air Flotillas were enjoying shore leave after weeks on high alert following the Liberator sightings. Similarly
455:
leaders and the
American public concerning Truk's projected fortifications, the base was never significantly reinforced or protected against land attack. However, the development of Truk began in earnest in late 1943, with defensive measures being taken against a potential U.S. invasion. Airfields
874:
Japan started to rebuild Truk as a bomber air base and increased its anti-aircraft defenses. Spruance sent in carrier planes again on 29 April and destroyed the defenses and bombers parked at airports. British forces attacked again in June 1945. No significant naval buildup occurred at Truk after
596:
Due to the lack of air cover or warning, many merchant ships were caught at anchor with only the islands' anti-aircraft guns for defense against the U.S. carrier planes. Some vessels outside the lagoon already steaming towards Japan were attacked by U.S. submarines and sunk before they could make
839:
Truk, like so many other
Japanese bases, was left to itself without hope of resupply or reinforcement. Army forces which had arrived at the atoll before the U.S. attacks put increasing strain on available foodstuffs and medical supplies. Dwindling ammunition even limited the ability of shore
681:
By the second and third shipping strikes of the day, CAG action reports listed the apparent enemy mission as "escape". Those ships able to make for open sea steamed for the North Pass exit from the lagoon while weathering repeated aerial attacks. One particular group of warships – cruiser
593:. As many as 30 of the 80 Zeros sent up in response to the fighter sweep were shot down, compared with four Hellcats reported lost. Only token aerial resistance was encountered for the rest of the morning; almost no Japanese aircraft were present by the afternoon.
557:
742:
At this point, reports reached
Admiral Spruance concerning the group of warships fleeing through North Pass. Spruance was so adamant on engaging in ship-to-ship combat that his carrier commander, Admiral Mitscher, ordered his CAGs to stop attacking
597:
their escape. Still others, attempting to flee via the atoll's North Pass, were bottled up by aerial attack and by
Admiral Spruance's surface force, Task Group 50.9, which circumnavigated Truk, bombarding shore positions and engaging enemy ships.
540:
had begun withdrawing fleet units from its anchorages as early as
October 1943. The effective abandonment of Truk as a forward operating base accelerated during the first week of February 1944, following Japanese sightings of U.S. Marine Corps
574:
problematic for the
Japanese, radar on Truk was not capable of detecting low-flying planes—a weakness probably known and exploited by Allied intelligence organizations. Because of these factors, U.S. carrier aircraft achieved total surprise.
775:
during the engagement. Fortunately for
Spruance, the torpedoes missed, and the "battle" ended with predictably one-sided results. The U.S. Navy surface combatants incurred virtually no damage, and it was the only time in their careers that
637:. Dozens of aircraft were damaged or destroyed, further blunting any possible response by the Japanese to the strikes. Subsequent joint attacks by dive bombers and Avenger torpedo bombers cratered runways and destroyed hangar facilities.
556:
585:(IJAAS) planes were present at Truk on the first day of attacks, only about half of them were operational compared with over 500 operational aircraft among the carriers of TF 58. U.S. Navy fighter pilots in their
2774:
2779:
479:, designated TF 58, to carry out air raids against Truk. Three of TF 58's four carrier task groups were committed to the operation. Their total strength consisted of five fleet carriers (
2769:
533:), carrying more than 500 warplanes. Supporting these aircraft carriers was a task force of seven battleships and numerous heavy cruisers, light cruisers, destroyers, and submarines.
979:
555:
436:, its "South Seas Force". After the outbreak of war with the United States, the 4th Fleet was put under the command of the Combined Fleet, which continued to use Truk as a
315:
847:
Losses at Truk were severe. Some 17,000 tons of stored fuel were destroyed by the strikes. Shipping losses totaled almost 200,000 tons, including precious resources in
811:
was the only
Japanese ship from this group to escape, only suffering very minor damage at the hand of a straddle from a High Capacity 16-inch (406 mm) round from
1944:
444:
and the Southern Resources Area, five airfields and a seaplane base were constructed at Truk, making it the only major Japanese airfield within flying range of the
1675:
878:
Truk is renowned today as a tourist destination for divers interested in seeing the many shipwrecks left in the lagoon, many of which were sunk in Operation
607:
squadrons from the carrier air groups (CAGs) were responsible for the bulk of the damage inflicted on Japanese ground facilities. Early on the first day of
40:
664:. The bomb blast set off a tremendous explosion which immediately sank the ship and apparently engulfed the plane as well, killing all three men inside.
577:
Japanese pilots scrambled into their cockpits just minutes before TF 58 planes arrived over Eten, Param, Moen, and Dublon Islands. Though more than 300
823:"Kate" bomber, managed to evade night fighter planes protecting the U.S. task force and dropped its torpedo on Task Group 58.2. The torpedo struck
308:
87:
2754:
2749:
2544:
2301:
2274:
2242:
2213:
2186:
2164:
2759:
301:
2538:
589:, with the advantages of speed, altitude, armor, and surprise, achieved a one-sided victory against IJNAS pilots flying the outdated
2652:
2728:
1918:
2079:
2055:
2013:
1992:
1883:
1862:
401:
325:
32:
747:
and her companions. Spruance put himself in tactical command of Task Group 50.9, made up of four destroyers, heavy cruisers
1024:
1035:
964:
948:
710:– was given special attention by carrier bombers. Multiple air groups attacked these ships, inflicting serious damage.
582:
578:
433:
2295:
2268:
2236:
2207:
2180:
2527:
2508:
2489:
2467:
2445:
2426:
2407:
2379:
2356:
2337:
2142:
2090:
1043:
2583:
Young, Edward M. (2015). "A Hard Rain: Operation Hailstone: The US Navy Raid on Truk Lagoon, February 17–18, 1944".
2112:
701:
987:
2460:: Operations Against Truk by Carrier Task Force 58, 17 and 18 February 1944, and the Shipwrecks of World War II
956:
667:
2565:
2024:
2764:
2396:
1961:
1081:
339:
2714:"James Ramage, Executive Officer of USS Enterprise's Bombing Squadron 10 (VB-10), Recalls Strikes On Truk"
2300:. Series: World War II War Diaries, Other Operational Records and Histories, ca. 1/1/1942 - ca. 6/1/1946.
2273:. Series: World War II War Diaries, Other Operational Records and Histories, ca. 1/1/1942 - ca. 6/1/1946.
2241:. Series: World War II War Diaries, Other Operational Records and Histories, ca. 1/1/1942 - ca. 6/1/1946.
2212:. Series: World War II War Diaries, Other Operational Records and Histories, ca. 1/1/1942 - ca. 6/1/1946.
2185:. Series: World War II War Diaries, Other Operational Records and Histories, ca. 1/1/1942 - ca. 6/1/1946.
644:, commanding officer of Dive Bombing Squadron 10 (VB-10), is credited with sinking the previously damaged
1984:
Combined Fleet Decoded: The Secret History of American Intelligence and the Japanese Navy in World War II
1397:
1015:
871:, which for the first time put U.S. land-based heavy bombers within range of the Japanese home islands.
2693:
2457:
1392:
935:
695:
428:, in 1914 and established Truk as a base as early as 1939. The lagoon was first built up to house the
2482:
Nan'Yo: The Rise and Fall of the Japanese in Micronesia, 1885–1945 (Pacific Islands Monograph Series)
1949:
841:
510:
1064:
2071:
The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944
1382:
1056:
911:
683:
504:
476:
2646:
640:
Morning strikes were also launched against shipping targets in the lagoon. Lieutenant Commander
2669:
1441:
762:
440:
into 1944. In addition to anchorages for warships and port facilities for shipping between the
437:
429:
397:
1437:
919:
840:
batteries to fend off intermittent attacks by Allied forces, including experimental raids by
831:
was forced to retire to the U.S. for repairs and did not return to combat until August 1944.
522:
480:
2548:
1938:
852:
726:
528:
498:
486:
441:
344:
1362:
8:
1387:
864:
848:
612:
590:
586:
359:
827:
on the starboard quarter of the ship, damaging steering control and killing 11 sailors.
463:, and because Truk had recently served as a ferry point for the resupply of aircraft to
293:
1894:
1111:
672:
659:
516:
460:
452:
389:
371:
396:
on 17–18 February 1944, conducted as part of the American offensive drive against the
2609:
2588:
2571:
2523:
2504:
2485:
2463:
2441:
2422:
2403:
2375:
2368:
2352:
2333:
2264:
2138:
2075:
2051:
2009:
1988:
1879:
1858:
1291:
2732:
2520:
Ghost Fleet of the Truk Lagoon: An Account of "Operation Hailstone", February, 1944
1377:
868:
756:
542:
492:
468:
445:
425:
349:
176:
81:
2670:"A CRM Approach in Investigating the Submerged World War II Sites in Chuuk Lagoon"
2005:
Storm Over Leyte: The Philippine Invasion and the Destruction of the Japanese Navy
1420:. Aircraft losses included 12 fighters, seven torpedo-bombers, and 6 dive-bombers.
2709:
2132:
2069:
2045:
2003:
1982:
1957:
1873:
1852:
641:
459:
Because aircraft stationed at Truk could potentially interfere with the upcoming
354:
158:
658:
s Torpedo Squadron 6 (VT-6) Avengers scored a direct hit on the ammunition ship
536:
The Japanese, meanwhile, understood the weakness of their position at Truk. The
2642:
2600:
Zolandez, Thomas (2006). "Question 12/03: Japanese Facilities at Truk Lagoon".
2095:
600:
2270:
Action Report, Intrepid Air Operations Against Truk Atoll, 16–17 February 1944
2743:
2613:
2592:
1151:
645:
537:
472:
171:
144:
102:
89:
2575:
2713:
2477:
2305:
2278:
2246:
2217:
2190:
1444:, which later replaced the Dauntless as the US Navy's standard dive bomber.
863:
because of fuel constraints. The neutralization of Truk and the seizure of
860:
820:
393:
2065:
1962:"The Campaigns of the Pacific War, Chapter 9: Central Pacific Operations"
1416:
Deaths included 29 aircrew from assorted carriers plus 11 sailors aboard
735:, stating that the ship was stopped dead in the water after the attack.
630:
604:
77:
2160:
1875:
The Fleet at Flood Tide: America at Total War in the Pacific, 1944–1945
1120:
690:
421:
412:
2563:
2677:
Micronesian Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences, Volume 5
819:
screening ships to strike at the fleet carriers. One such plane, a
791:
5-inch (127 mm) guns combined fire with U.S. cruisers to sink
562:
2775:
World War II aerial operations and battles of the Pacific theatre
2386:-Firsthand account of Operation Hailstone by a crewmember of USS
2161:"Action Report, USS Enterprise Air Group 10, 16–17 February 1944"
732:
629:
s CAG-6 dropped fragmentation and incendiary bombs on runways at
2780:
World War II naval operations and battles of the Pacific theatre
2209:
Action Report, USS Bunker Hill Air Group 17, 16–17 February 1944
1830:
1828:
2651:. United States Army in World War II – The War in the Pacific.
856:
464:
885:
1825:
2238:
Action Report, USS Yorktown Air Group 5, 16–17 February 1944
2182:
Action Report, USS Intrepid Air Group 6, 16–17 February 1944
1705:
1440:
at this time. VB-17 was the first squadron to use the newer
1943:
Aleutians, Gilberts and Marshalls, June 1942 – April 1944,
634:
1854:
Wings of Gold: The U.S. Naval Air Campaign in World War II
717:
s dive- and torpedo-bombing squadrons claimed two hits on
2770:
Naval battles of World War II involving the United States
2297:
Action Report, USS Essex Air Group 9, 16–17 February 1944
1945:
History of United States Naval Operations in World War II
1801:
1789:
1753:
1557:
1521:
323:
2398:
The Official Chronology of the U.S. Navy in World War II
1717:
1617:
1509:
1765:
1693:
2330:
World War II: Wrecks of the Kwajalein and Truk Lagoons
1777:
1653:
1545:
1482:
1968:. Naval Analysis Division, Government Printing Office
1741:
1641:
721:
and hits on another cruiser and multiple destroyers;
651:. Lieutenant James E. Bridges and his crew in one of
1813:
1729:
1593:
1533:
545:
reconnaissance planes sent to reconnoiter the area.
2694:"Order of Battle, Raid On Truk 17–18 February 1944"
2640:
2435:
1629:
1605:
1581:
2395:
2367:
1499:
1497:
1470:
16:American attack on Truk Lagoon during World War II
2570:. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
1895:"War Graves, Munition Dumps and Pleasure Grounds"
2741:
2628:Quest for Sunken Warships: "Operation Hailstone"
1429:All dive bomber squadrons with the exception of
677:exploding after a torpedo hit, 17 February 1944.
456:were extended and shore batteries were erected.
2564:United States Strategic Bombing Survey (1947).
2134:The Battle of Leyte Gulf: The Last Fleet Action
1494:
1097:War Graves, Munition Dumps and Pleasure Grounds
897:War Graves, Munition Dumps and Pleasure Grounds
2679:. James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
2402:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
784:had fired their main armament at enemy ships.
2545:United States Army Center of Military History
309:
2302:National Archives and Records Administration
2275:National Archives and Records Administration
2243:National Archives and Records Administration
2214:National Archives and Records Administration
2187:National Archives and Records Administration
2165:National Archives and Records Administration
771:managed to fire torpedoes at the battleship
2543:. The U.S. Army Campaigns in World War II.
2503:(reissue ed.). Naval Institute Press.
1871:
1759:
1711:
1527:
886:List of ships in Truk at the time of attack
569:The three carrier task groups committed to
2501:The Big E: The Story of the USS Enterprise
807:with numerous hits from her main battery.
316:
302:
2454:
45:Japanese ships burning off Dublon Island.
2599:
2498:
2393:
2234:
2178:
2110:
2088:
1919:"War in Paradise: World War II in Chuuk"
1819:
1735:
1647:
1599:
1216:Navy water carrier/passenger/cargo ship
844:and attacks by Allied carrier aircraft.
666:
552:
411:
2731:. National Park Service. Archived from
2667:
2653:Office of the Chief of Military History
2517:
2476:
2263:
2158:
2130:
2043:
1937:
1916:
1892:
1834:
1783:
1723:
1587:
1575:
1476:
1464:
149:
2742:
2536:
2327:
2001:
1980:
1956:
1925:. Chuuk Historical Preservation Office
1807:
1795:
1747:
1563:
1539:
1515:
2755:Pacific Ocean theatre of World War II
2750:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
2655:, Department of the Army. CMH Pub 5-6
2648:Seizure of the Gilberts and Marshalls
2630:, 2007, documentary, Military Channel
2582:
2419:The End of the Imperial Japanese Navy
2365:
2346:
2293:
2205:
1850:
1670:
1668:
1659:
1635:
1623:
327:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
297:
33:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
2438:Japanese Cruisers of the Pacific War
2436:Lacroix, Eric; Linton Wells (1997).
2064:
2031:. Vol. 28. U.S. Naval Institute
2022:
1771:
1699:
1611:
1551:
1503:
1488:
622:s Carrier Air Group 10 (CAG-10) and
2416:
2332:. North Valley Diver Publications.
2091:"The Graveyard Lure of Truk Lagoon"
13:
2760:South Seas Mandate in World War II
2708:
2668:Jeffery, William (November 2006).
2321:
2152:
2117:Intrepid Sea, Air and Space Museum
2111:Williams, Jessica (21 June 2000).
2089:Trumbull, Robert (30 April 1972).
1665:
583:Imperial Japanese Army Air Service
579:Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service
14:
2791:
2634:
2462:. Oregon: Resource Publications.
1878:. Random House Publishing Group.
1857:. Random House Publishing Group.
1090:
2691:
2518:Stewart, William Herman (1986).
151:
137:
39:
2349:Warship Losses of World War Two
1569:
1423:
1004:Motor torpedo boat #10, 85 tons
867:paved the way for the upcoming
725:bombers claimed five hits on a
2484:. University of Hawaii Press.
2047:Helldiver Units of World War 2
2025:"Two Birds with One Hailstone"
1458:
1410:
615:torpedo bomber squadrons from
1:
1844:
407:
252:1 battleship slightly damaged
57:17–18 February 1944
2499:Stafford, Edward P. (2002).
2394:Cressman, Robert J. (2000).
2137:. Indiana University Press.
2023:Rems, Alan (February 2014).
2008:. Penguin Publishing Group.
1403:
1355:
1095:List derived from Jeffery's
895:List derived from Jeffery's
834:
7:
1872:Hornfischer, James (2016).
1398:Naval Base Marshall Islands
1371:
997:Auxiliary submarine chaser
890:
842:Boeing B-29 Superfortresses
509:) and four light carriers (
451:Despite the impressions of
10:
2796:
2458:Hailstorm Over Truk Lagoon
2421:(reissue ed.). Jove.
2366:Brown, Herbert C. (2000).
1393:Naval Base Gilbert Islands
1008:
859:separately from Japan and
755:, and the new battleships
392:air and surface attack on
2455:Lindemann, Klaus (2005).
2440:. Naval Institute Press.
2351:. Naval Institute Press.
2044:Tillman, Barrett (1997).
1987:. Naval Institute Press.
1950:Little, Brown and Company
1917:Jeffery, William (2003).
1893:Jeffery, William (2007).
1158:Navy transport/freighter
1102:
855:, when IJN forces had to
739:was sunk by air attacks.
671:Japanese ammunition ship
633:and the seaplane base on
548:
335:
273:3 auxiliary cruisers sunk
237:
182:
165:
130:
49:
38:
30:
25:
2729:"Truk Lagoon Area Study"
2621:
2235:Stebbins, Edgar (1944).
2179:Harrison, Harry (1944).
1676:"H-026-3 Truk Raid 1944"
1451:
340:Marshalls–Gilberts raids
2522:. Pictorial Histories.
2374:. Ancient Mariners Pr.
2328:Bailey, Dan E. (1992).
2113:"Torpedo Damage Report"
1904:. James Cook University
1383:US Naval Base Carolines
1116: (愛国丸) 10,348 tons
902:
477:Fast Carrier Task Force
285:250+ aircraft destroyed
249:1 fleet carrier damaged
2585:The Aviation Historian
2417:Ito, Masanori (1986).
2159:Gardner, M.B. (1944).
2131:Wilmott, H.P. (2005).
2029:Naval History Magazine
1851:Astor, Gerald (2007).
1837:, pp. Appendix 4.
1442:Curtiss SB2C Helldiver
1301:(リオデジャネイロ丸) 9,626 tons
1001:#15 (第15昭南丸), 355 tons
678:
566:
438:forward operating base
430:Imperial Japanese Navy
420:The Japanese occupied
417:
398:Imperial Japanese Navy
279:32 merchant ships sunk
276:6 auxiliary ships sunk
166:Commanders and leaders
2602:Warship International
2567:The Reduction of Truk
2347:Brown, David (1990).
2294:White, Ogden (1944).
2002:Prados, John (2016).
1981:Prados, John (1995).
1939:Morison, Samuel Eliot
1923:National Park Service
1438:Douglas SBD Dauntless
1345:passenger/cargo ship
1325:Auxiliary oil tanker
1191:passenger/cargo ship
1177:passenger/cargo ship
875:Operation Hailstone.
670:
565:describing the attack
560:
471:ordered Vice Admiral
415:
402:Pacific Ocean theatre
267:2 light cruisers sunk
255:25 aircraft destroyed
238:Casualties and losses
2765:February 1944 events
2551:on 22 September 2013
2537:Wright III, Burton.
2370:Hell at Tassafaronga
2206:Jeter, T.P. (1944).
1902:Research Online @JCU
1578:, pp. 16–17, 31
969:(太刀風) 峯風型 1,215 tons
853:Battle of Leyte Gulf
688:, auxiliary cruiser
587:Grumman F6F Hellcats
461:invasion of Eniwetok
416:The Caroline Islands
2735:on 6 November 2012.
2308:on 17 February 2022
2281:on 17 February 2022
2249:on 17 February 2022
2220:on 17 February 2022
1810:, pp. 194–195.
1798:, pp. 110–111.
1774:, pp. 413–414.
1702:, pp. 410–411.
1626:, pp. 233–234.
1566:, pp. 537–538.
1554:, pp. 405–406.
1518:, pp. 533–535.
1491:, pp. 404–405.
1388:Naval Base Eniwetok
1332:(第三図南丸) 19,209 tons
1299:Rio de Janeiro Maru
1048:(時雨) 白露型 1,685 tons
1040:(松風) 神風型 1,400 tons
961:(追風) 神風型 1,270 tons
953:(文月) 睦月型 1,320 tons
940:(舞風) 陽炎型 2,000 tons
613:Grumman TBF Avenger
591:Mitsubishi A6M Zero
386:Operation Hailstone
103:7.3393°N 151.8846°E
99: /
26:Operation Hailstone
2641:Crowl, Philip A.;
2193:on 21 October 2021
2050:. Bloomsbury USA.
1952:. ASIN B0007FBB8I.
1227:(第六雲海丸) 3,220 tons
1160:San Francisco Maru
1108:Auxiliary cruiser
869:invasion of Saipan
803:targeted and sank
706:, and minesweeper
679:
567:
418:
390:United States Navy
2081:978-0-393-24820-3
2057:978-1-85532-689-7
2015:978-0-451-47361-5
1994:978-1-55750-431-9
1885:978-0-345-54870-2
1864:978-0-307-41777-0
1726:, pp. 14–15.
1714:, pp. 11–15.
1662:, pp. 85–98.
1436:s VB-17 flew the
1349:(天城山丸) 7,620 tons
1320:(富士山丸) 9,524 tons
1313:(神国丸) 10,020 tons
1295:(平安丸) 11,614 tons
1287:Submarine tender
1199:(山鬼山丸) 4,776 tons
1174:(西江丸)? 5,385 tons
1155:(富士川丸) 6,938 tons
1074:Submarine chaser
1061:(伊10), 2,919 tons
976:Submarine chaser
558:
380:
379:
292:
291:
282:9 vessels damaged
270:4 destroyers sunk
227:50 merchant ships
126:
125:
2787:
2736:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2674:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2617:
2596:
2579:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2547:. Archived from
2540:Eastern Mandates
2533:
2514:
2495:
2473:
2451:
2432:
2413:
2401:
2385:
2373:
2362:
2343:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2304:. Archived from
2290:
2288:
2286:
2277:. Archived from
2258:
2256:
2254:
2245:. Archived from
2229:
2227:
2225:
2216:. Archived from
2202:
2200:
2198:
2189:. Archived from
2175:
2173:
2171:
2148:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2085:
2074:. W. W. Norton.
2061:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2019:
1998:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1953:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1899:
1889:
1868:
1838:
1832:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1760:Hornfischer 2016
1757:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1721:
1715:
1712:Hornfischer 2016
1709:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1672:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1528:Hornfischer 2016
1525:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1445:
1435:
1427:
1421:
1414:
1378:Operation Inmate
1342:(宝洋丸) 8,691 tons
1282:(夕映丸) 3,217 tons
1276:(長野丸) 3,824 tons
1269:(暁天丸) 6,854 tons
1260:(泰吉丸) 1,891 tons
1247:(五星丸) 1,931 tons
1240:(松丹丸) 1,999 tons
1233:(大邦丸) 2,827 tons
1220:(日豊丸) 3,764 tons
1213:(桃川丸) 3,829 tons
1206:(北洋丸) 4,217 tons
1188:(花川丸) 4,739 tons
1181:(乾祥丸) 4,862 tons
1168:(麗洋丸) 5,446 tons
1162:(桑港丸) 5,831 tons
1147:(山霧丸) 7,112 tons
1141:(伯耆丸) 7,112 tons
1130:(清澄丸) 6,983 tons
1124:(赤城丸) 7,367 tons
1029:(秋津洲) 4,650 tons
1023:Seaplane tender
1020:(明石) 10,500 tons
716:
657:
628:
621:
559:
543:PB4Y-1 Liberator
469:Raymond Spruance
446:Marshall Islands
426:Caroline Islands
424:, including the
330:
328:
318:
311:
304:
295:
294:
224:5 other warships
194:4 light carriers
191:5 fleet carriers
177:Masami Kobayashi
161:
157:
155:
154:
143:
141:
140:
122:American victory
114:
113:
111:
110:
109:
108:7.3393; 151.8846
104:
100:
97:
96:
95:
92:
82:Caroline Islands
68:
66:
62:
51:
50:
43:
23:
22:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2740:
2739:
2727:
2718:
2716:
2699:
2697:
2682:
2680:
2672:
2658:
2656:
2637:
2624:
2554:
2552:
2530:
2511:
2492:
2470:
2448:
2429:
2410:
2382:
2359:
2340:
2324:
2322:Further reading
2311:
2309:
2284:
2282:
2265:Sprague, Thomas
2252:
2250:
2223:
2221:
2196:
2194:
2169:
2167:
2155:
2153:Primary sources
2145:
2121:
2119:
2101:
2099:
2082:
2058:
2034:
2032:
2016:
1995:
1971:
1969:
1928:
1926:
1907:
1905:
1897:
1886:
1865:
1847:
1842:
1841:
1833:
1826:
1818:
1814:
1806:
1802:
1794:
1790:
1782:
1778:
1770:
1766:
1758:
1754:
1746:
1742:
1734:
1730:
1722:
1718:
1710:
1706:
1698:
1694:
1684:
1682:
1674:
1673:
1666:
1658:
1654:
1646:
1642:
1634:
1630:
1622:
1618:
1610:
1606:
1598:
1594:
1586:
1582:
1574:
1570:
1562:
1558:
1550:
1546:
1538:
1534:
1530:, pp. 6–7.
1526:
1522:
1514:
1510:
1502:
1495:
1487:
1483:
1475:
1471:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1448:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1374:
1367:(宗谷) 3,800 tons
1358:
1263:Army transport
1135:Navy transport
1105:
1093:
1086:(波勝) 1,641 tons
1032:Destroyer (DD)
1011:
929:Destroyer (DD)
924:(那珂) 5,195 tons
916:(香取) 5,800 tons
905:
893:
888:
837:
714:
655:
646:merchant tanker
642:James D. Ramage
626:
619:
553:
551:
410:
383:
382:
381:
376:
331:
326:
324:
322:
288:
258:
233:
212:
152:
150:
138:
136:
107:
105:
101:
98:
93:
90:
88:
86:
85:
84:
64:
60:
58:
44:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2793:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2738:
2737:
2725:
2706:
2689:
2665:
2643:Edmund G. Love
2636:
2635:External links
2633:
2632:
2631:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2608:(2): 152–153.
2597:
2580:
2561:
2534:
2528:
2515:
2509:
2496:
2490:
2474:
2468:
2452:
2446:
2433:
2427:
2414:
2408:
2391:
2380:
2363:
2357:
2344:
2338:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2291:
2260:
2259:
2231:
2230:
2203:
2176:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2143:
2128:
2108:
2096:New York Times
2086:
2080:
2062:
2056:
2041:
2020:
2014:
1999:
1993:
1978:
1954:
1935:
1914:
1890:
1884:
1869:
1863:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1824:
1812:
1800:
1788:
1786:, p. 292.
1776:
1764:
1752:
1750:, p. 538.
1740:
1728:
1716:
1704:
1692:
1664:
1652:
1640:
1628:
1616:
1614:, p. 407.
1604:
1592:
1580:
1568:
1556:
1544:
1542:, p. 537.
1532:
1520:
1508:
1493:
1481:
1469:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1422:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1343:
1333:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1314:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1296:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1277:
1270:
1261:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1241:
1234:
1228:
1221:
1214:
1207:
1200:
1197:Yamakisan Maru
1189:
1182:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1156:
1148:
1142:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1125:
1117:
1104:
1101:
1092:
1091:Merchant ships
1089:
1088:
1087:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1062:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1041:
1030:
1021:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1002:
995:
994:
993:
985:
974:
973:
972:
971:
970:
962:
954:
945:3 obsolescent
943:
942:
941:
927:
926:
925:
917:
904:
901:
892:
889:
887:
884:
836:
833:
601:Torpedo bomber
550:
547:
409:
406:
388:was a massive
378:
377:
375:
374:
369:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
336:
333:
332:
321:
320:
313:
306:
298:
290:
289:
287:
286:
283:
280:
277:
274:
271:
268:
265:
261:
259:
257:
256:
253:
250:
247:
243:
240:
239:
235:
234:
232:
231:
228:
225:
222:
219:
215:
213:
211:
210:
207:
204:
201:
198:
195:
192:
188:
185:
184:
180:
179:
174:
168:
167:
163:
162:
147:
133:
132:
128:
127:
124:
123:
120:
116:
115:
76:
74:
70:
69:
55:
47:
46:
36:
35:
28:
27:
21:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2792:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2715:
2711:
2710:Ramage, James
2707:
2695:
2690:
2678:
2671:
2666:
2654:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2638:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2587:(13): 76–89.
2586:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2562:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2541:
2535:
2531:
2529:0-933126-66-2
2525:
2521:
2516:
2512:
2510:1-55750-998-0
2506:
2502:
2497:
2493:
2491:0-8248-1480-0
2487:
2483:
2479:
2478:Peattie, Mark
2475:
2471:
2469:1-59752-347-X
2465:
2461:
2459:
2453:
2449:
2447:0-87021-311-3
2443:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2428:0-515-08682-7
2424:
2420:
2415:
2411:
2409:1-55750-149-1
2405:
2400:
2399:
2392:
2389:
2383:
2381:0-9700721-4-7
2377:
2372:
2371:
2364:
2360:
2358:1-55750-914-X
2354:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2339:0-911615-05-9
2335:
2331:
2326:
2325:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2292:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2262:
2261:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2204:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2177:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2156:
2146:
2144:0-253-00351-2
2140:
2136:
2135:
2129:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2042:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2011:
2007:
2006:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1979:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1958:Ofstie, Ralph
1955:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1940:
1936:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1903:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1870:
1866:
1860:
1856:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1836:
1831:
1829:
1821:
1820:Trumbull 1972
1816:
1809:
1804:
1797:
1792:
1785:
1780:
1773:
1768:
1762:, p. 18.
1761:
1756:
1749:
1744:
1737:
1736:Williams 2000
1732:
1725:
1720:
1713:
1708:
1701:
1696:
1681:
1677:
1671:
1669:
1661:
1656:
1649:
1648:Stebbins 1944
1644:
1638:, p. 15.
1637:
1632:
1625:
1620:
1613:
1608:
1601:
1600:Harrison 1944
1596:
1589:
1584:
1577:
1572:
1565:
1560:
1553:
1548:
1541:
1536:
1529:
1524:
1517:
1512:
1505:
1500:
1498:
1490:
1485:
1478:
1473:
1467:, p. 330
1466:
1461:
1457:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1426:
1419:
1413:
1409:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1359:
1348:
1347:Amagisan Maru
1344:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1330:Tonan Maru #3
1327:
1326:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1311:Shinkoku Maru
1308:
1307:
1305:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1254:Taikichi Maru
1251:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1225:Unkai Maru #6
1222:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1211:Momokawa Maru
1208:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1193:Sankisan Maru
1190:
1187:
1186:Hanakawa Maru
1183:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1152:Fujikawa Maru
1149:
1146:
1145:Yamagiri Maru
1143:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1129:
1128:Kiyosumi Maru
1126:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1106:
1100:
1098:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1012:
1003:
1000:
996:
991:
990:
986:
983:
982:
978:
977:
975:
968:
967:
963:
960:
959:
955:
952:
951:
947:
946:
944:
939:
938:
934:
933:
931:
930:
928:
923:
922:
918:
915:
914:
910:
909:
908:Cruiser (CL)
907:
906:
900:
898:
883:
881:
876:
872:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
845:
843:
832:
830:
826:
822:
821:Nakajima B5N2
816:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
785:
783:
779:
774:
770:
766:
765:
760:
759:
754:
750:
746:
740:
738:
734:
731:
729:
724:
720:
713:
709:
705:
704:
699:
698:
694:, destroyers
693:
692:
687:
686:
676:
675:
669:
665:
663:
662:
654:
650:
647:
643:
638:
636:
632:
625:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
592:
588:
584:
580:
575:
572:
564:
546:
544:
539:
534:
532:
531:
526:
525:
520:
519:
514:
513:
508:
507:
502:
501:
496:
495:
490:
489:
484:
483:
478:
474:
473:Marc Mitscher
470:
466:
462:
457:
454:
449:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
414:
405:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
373:
370:
368:
367:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
337:
334:
329:
319:
314:
312:
307:
305:
300:
299:
296:
284:
281:
278:
275:
272:
269:
266:
264:4,500+ killed
263:
262:
260:
254:
251:
248:
245:
244:
242:
241:
236:
229:
226:
223:
220:
217:
216:
214:
208:
206:10 submarines
205:
203:28 destroyers
202:
199:
197:6 battleships
196:
193:
190:
189:
187:
186:
181:
178:
175:
173:
172:Marc Mitscher
170:
169:
164:
160:
148:
146:
145:United States
135:
134:
129:
121:
118:
117:
112:
83:
79:
75:
72:
71:
56:
53:
52:
48:
42:
37:
34:
29:
24:
19:
2733:the original
2719:29 September
2717:. Retrieved
2700:29 September
2698:. Retrieved
2681:. Retrieved
2676:
2657:. Retrieved
2647:
2627:
2605:
2601:
2584:
2566:
2553:. Retrieved
2549:the original
2539:
2519:
2500:
2481:
2456:
2437:
2418:
2397:
2387:
2369:
2348:
2329:
2310:. Retrieved
2306:the original
2296:
2283:. Retrieved
2279:the original
2269:
2251:. Retrieved
2247:the original
2237:
2222:. Retrieved
2218:the original
2208:
2195:. Retrieved
2191:the original
2181:
2168:. Retrieved
2133:
2120:. Retrieved
2116:
2100:. Retrieved
2094:
2070:
2046:
2033:. Retrieved
2028:
2004:
1983:
1970:. Retrieved
1965:
1942:
1927:. Retrieved
1922:
1906:. Retrieved
1901:
1874:
1853:
1835:Jeffery 2007
1815:
1803:
1791:
1784:Wilmott 2005
1779:
1767:
1755:
1743:
1731:
1724:Sprague 1944
1719:
1707:
1695:
1683:. Retrieved
1679:
1655:
1650:, p. 3.
1643:
1631:
1619:
1607:
1595:
1588:Gardner 1944
1583:
1576:Tillman 1997
1571:
1559:
1547:
1535:
1523:
1511:
1484:
1477:Jeffery 2003
1472:
1465:Morison 1961
1460:
1430:
1425:
1417:
1412:
1363:
1346:
1339:
1335:
1329:
1318:Fujisan Maru
1317:
1310:
1309:Fleet oiler
1298:
1290:
1279:
1273:
1266:
1257:
1253:
1244:
1237:
1230:
1224:
1217:
1210:
1203:
1196:
1192:
1185:
1178:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1127:
1119:
1112:
1096:
1094:
1082:
1080:Target ship
1075:
1069:, 1,115 tons
1065:
1057:
1044:
1036:
1025:
1016:
1014:Repair ship
998:
988:
980:
965:
957:
949:
936:
920:
912:
896:
894:
879:
877:
873:
861:Lingga Roads
849:fleet oilers
846:
838:
828:
824:
817:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
789:New Jersey's
788:
786:
781:
777:
772:
768:
763:
757:
752:
748:
744:
741:
736:
727:
722:
718:
711:
707:
702:
696:
689:
684:
680:
673:
660:
652:
648:
639:
623:
616:
608:
599:
595:
581:(IJNAS) and
576:
570:
568:
535:
529:
523:
517:
512:Belleau Wood
511:
505:
499:
493:
487:
481:
458:
450:
442:home islands
419:
385:
384:
365:
364:
221:8 destroyers
209:560 aircraft
131:Belligerents
31:Part of the
18:
2692:Muir, Dan.
2388:New Orleans
1808:Ofstie 1946
1796:Prados 2016
1748:Prados 1995
1564:Prados 1995
1540:Prados 1995
1516:Prados 1995
1431:Bunker Hill
1361:Cargo ship
1336:Houyou Maru
1316:Oil tanker
1274:Nagano Maru
1267:Gyoten Maru
1238:Shotan Maru
1204:Hokuyo Maru
1179:Kensho Maru
1113:Aikoku Maru
1026:Akitsushima
999:Shonan Maru
797:Shonan Maru
787:Meanwhile,
753:New Orleans
749:Minneapolis
708:Shonan Maru
674:Aikoku Maru
661:Aikoku Maru
635:Moen Island
631:Eten Island
605:dive bomber
506:Bunker Hill
394:Truk Lagoon
200:10 cruisers
106: /
94:151°53′05″E
78:Truk Lagoon
2744:Categories
2696:. NavWeaps
2683:23 January
2659:23 January
2122:29 October
1948:. Boston:
1908:3 November
1845:References
1660:White 1944
1636:Jeter 1944
1624:Astor 2007
1292:Heian Maru
1280:Yubae Maru
1272:freighter
1258:Tachi Maru
1252:Freighter
1245:Gosei Maru
1243:freighter
1236:freighter
1231:Taiho Maru
1223:freighter
1218:Nippo Maru
1209:freighter
1202:freighter
1184:freighter
1172:Seiko Maru
1166:Reiyo Maru
1121:Akagi Maru
1053:Submarine
992:, 440 tons
984:, 440 tons
782:New Jersey
773:New Jersey
764:New Jersey
737:Akagi Maru
691:Akagi Maru
617:Enterprise
561:1944 U.S.
482:Enterprise
467:, Admiral
422:Micronesia
408:Background
230:350 planes
218:5 cruisers
65:1944-02-18
61:1944-02-17
2614:0043-0374
2593:2051-1930
2555:20 August
2102:5 October
2066:Toll, Ian
2035:5 October
1972:5 October
1929:5 October
1772:Toll 2015
1700:Toll 2015
1612:Toll 2015
1552:Toll 2015
1504:Rems 2014
1489:Toll 2015
1404:Footnotes
1340:Hoyo Maru
1139:Hoki Maru
1037:Matsukaze
966:Tachikaze
932:1 modern
880:Hailstone
835:Aftermath
649:Hoyo Maru
609:Hailstone
571:Hailstone
453:U.S. Navy
434:4th Fleet
366:Hailstone
360:Kwajalein
355:2nd Makin
345:1st Makin
246:40 killed
91:7°20′21″N
2645:(1955).
2576:44738732
2480:(1992).
2267:(1944).
2068:(2015).
1966:HyperWar
1960:(1946).
1941:(1961).
1685:20 March
1418:Intrepid
1372:See also
950:Fumizuki
891:Warships
865:Eniwetok
829:Intrepid
825:Intrepid
799:, while
712:Yorktown
653:Intrepid
624:Intrepid
563:newsreel
524:Monterey
500:Intrepid
488:Yorktown
372:Eniwetok
183:Strength
73:Location
63: –
1356:Damaged
1328:whaler
1099:(2007)
1083:Hakachi
1045:Shigure
1009:Damaged
937:Maikaze
899:(2007)
793:Maikaze
769:Maikaze
733:cruiser
697:Maikaze
530:Cowpens
400:in the
59: (
2612:
2591:
2574:
2526:
2507:
2488:
2466:
2444:
2425:
2406:
2378:
2355:
2336:
2312:27 May
2285:27 May
2253:27 May
2224:27 May
2197:27 May
2170:27 May
2141:
2078:
2054:
2012:
1991:
1882:
1861:
1306:Oiler
1076:CHa-20
1017:Akashi
913:Katori
857:sortie
809:Nowaki
805:Katori
745:Katori
730:-class
728:Katori
719:Katori
703:Nowaki
685:Katori
549:Attack
527:, and
503:, and
465:Rabaul
350:Tarawa
156:
142:
119:Result
2673:(PDF)
2622:Video
2606:XLIII
1898:(PDF)
1452:Notes
1434:'
1066:RO-42
989:CH-24
981:CH-29
723:Essex
715:'
656:'
627:'
620:'
518:Cabot
494:Essex
159:Japan
2721:2017
2702:2017
2685:2007
2661:2007
2610:ISSN
2589:ISSN
2572:OCLC
2557:2010
2524:ISBN
2505:ISBN
2486:ISBN
2464:ISBN
2442:ISBN
2423:ISBN
2404:ISBN
2376:ISBN
2353:ISBN
2334:ISBN
2314:2020
2287:2020
2255:2020
2226:2020
2199:2020
2172:2020
2139:ISBN
2124:2017
2104:2017
2076:ISBN
2052:ISBN
2037:2017
2010:ISBN
1989:ISBN
1974:2017
1931:2017
1910:2017
1880:ISBN
1859:ISBN
1687:2023
1680:NHHC
1364:Sōya
1103:Sunk
1058:I-10
958:Oite
921:Naka
903:Sunk
813:Iowa
801:Iowa
795:and
780:and
778:Iowa
761:and
758:Iowa
751:and
700:and
603:and
54:Date
1338:or
1256:or
1195:or
538:IJN
475:'s
432:'s
2746::
2712:.
2675:.
2604:.
2163:.
2115:.
2093:.
2027:.
1964:.
1921:.
1900:.
1827:^
1678:.
1667:^
1496:^
882:.
815:.
611:,
521:,
515:,
497:,
491:,
485:,
448:.
404:.
80:,
2723:.
2704:.
2687:.
2663:.
2616:.
2595:.
2578:.
2559:.
2532:.
2513:.
2494:.
2472:.
2450:.
2431:.
2412:.
2390:.
2384:.
2361:.
2342:.
2316:.
2289:.
2257:.
2228:.
2201:.
2174:.
2147:.
2126:.
2106:.
2084:.
2060:.
2039:.
2018:.
1997:.
1976:.
1933:.
1912:.
1888:.
1867:.
1822:.
1738:.
1689:.
1602:.
1590:.
1506:.
1479:.
317:e
310:t
303:v
67:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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