Operation Opera - Knowledge

1036:, witnessed the planes overfly his yacht, and noticed their Israeli markings. Taking into account the location, heading, and armament of the jets, Hussein quickly deduced the Iraqi reactor to be the most probable target. Hussein immediately contacted his government and ordered a warning to be sent to the Iraqis. However, due to a communication failure the message was never received and the Israeli planes entered Iraqi airspace undetected. Upon reaching Iraqi airspace, the squadron split up, with two of the F-15s forming close escort to the F-16 squadron, and the remaining F-15s dispersing into Iraqi airspace as a diversion and ready back-up. The attack squadron descended to 30 m (100 ft) over the Iraqi desert, attempting to fly under the radar of the Iraqi defences. 574: 1426:

invested $ 400 million. And the French reactor and the associated plans were from Italy. When they bombed it out we became 7,000 with a $ 10 billion investment for a secret, much larger underground program to make bomb material by enriching uranium. We dropped the reactor out totally, which was the plutonium for making nuclear weapons, and went directly into enriching uranium. ... They estimated we'd make 7 kg of plutonium a year, which is enough for one bomb. And they get scared and bombed it out. Actually it was much less than this, and it would have taken a much longer time. But the program we built later in secret would make six bombs a year.

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the sixteen released bombs struck the containment dome of the reactor. It was later revealed that half an hour before the Israeli planes arrived, a group of Iraqi soldiers manning anti-aircraft defenses had left their posts for an afternoon meal, turning off their radars. The Israeli planes were still intercepted by Iraqi defenses but managed to evade the remaining anti-aircraft fire. The squadron climbed to high altitude and started their return to Israel. The attack lasted less than two minutes.

648:, fell ill and died on trips to Switzerland and France respectively, with Mossad suspected of having poisoned them. It has also been claimed that the Mossad bombed several of the French and Italian companies it suspected of working on the project, and sent threatening letters to top officials and technicians, causing several French technicians to resign. Following the bombing in April 1979, France inserted a clause in its agreement with Iraq saying that French personnel would have to supervise the 1167: 528:: "The Osirak reactor that was bombed by Israel in June 1981 was explicitly designed by the French engineer Yves Girard to be unsuitable for making bombs. That was obvious to me on my 1982 visit". Elsewhere Wilson has stated that contrary to claims that the bombing of the Iraqi Osirak reactor delayed Iraq's nuclear bomb program, the Iraqi nuclear program before 1981 was peaceful, and the Osirak reactor was not only unsuited to making bombs but was under intensive safeguards. 503:, an Egyptian nuclear scientist who headed the Iraqi nuclear program, in a hotel in Paris. In July 1980, Iraq received from France a shipment of approximately 12.5 kilograms of highly enriched uranium fuel to be used in the reactor. The shipment was the first of a planned six deliveries totalling 72 kilograms. It was reportedly stipulated in the purchase agreement that no more than two HEU fuel loadings, 24 kilograms, could be in Iraq at any time. 932: 4776: 738: 216: 1082:. Security Council Resolution 487 strongly condemned the attack as a "clear violation of the Charter of the United Nations and the norms of international conduct" and called on Israel to refrain from such attacks in the future; the Council recognised the right of Iraq to "establish programmes of technological and nuclear development" and called for Israel to join Iraq within the "IAEA safeguards regime" of the 1063: 1486:

plutonium. An examination of the reactor by Harvard physicist Richard Wilson after the attack concluded that the facility was not suited for production of weapons-grade plutonium. As a result, the attack did not reduce the risk that Iraq would develop nuclear weapons. On the contrary, it brought about a far more determined and focused effort to acquire nuclear weapons.

902:(which could have been used to retaliate against Israel in the event of an attack). The attack was a severe blow to Iraqi airpower, and largely gave Iran air superiority over Iraq. Israeli reconnaissance planes had been monitoring Iraq during the attack, and observed that the Iraqi Air Force had been severely degraded and their retaliatory capacity had been weakened. 565:, disputed Richter's claim that a fuel processing program for the manufacturing of nuclear weapons could have been conducted secretly. Fainberg wrote that there was barely enough fuel on the site to make one bomb, and that the presence of hundreds of foreign technicians would have made it impossible for the Iraqis to take the necessary steps without being discovered. 1377:, American forces captured a number of documents detailing conversations that Saddam Hussein had with his inner sanctum. In a 1982 conversation Hussein stated that, "Once Iraq walks out victorious , there will not be any Israel." Of Israel's anti-Iraqi endeavors, Saddam noted, "Technically, they are right in all of their attempts to harm Iraq." 1086:. The council also stated its consideration that Iraq was "entitled to appropriate redress for the destruction it has suffered." The United States voted for the resolution and suspended the delivery of four F-16 aircraft to Israel, but blocked punitive action by the UN. The suspension on the delivery of the aircraft was lifted two months later. 1498:, then the United States Secretary of Defense, thanked the Israeli mission commander for the "outstanding job he did on the Iraqi nuclear program in 1981". While many scholars debate the value of the bombing, Iraq did not possess nuclear weapons at the outbreak of the Gulf War, and, according to Cheney, the bombing made Desert Storm easier. 420: 1347:

states that may attempt to do so will now be all the more secretive and circumspect. Israel's strike, far from foreclosing Iraq's nuclear future, gained her the support of some other Arab states in pursuing it. And despite Prime Minister Begin's vow to strike as often as need be, the risks in doing so would rise with each occasion.

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suspend all technical assistance to Israel. A draft resolution was introduced to expel Israel from the IAEA, but the proposition was defeated. The United States argued that the attack was not a violation of the IAEA Statute and that punitive action against Israel would do great harm to the IAEA and the non-proliferation regime.

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attack: "...triggered a covert nuclear weapons program that did not previously exist ... a decade later Iraq stood on the threshold of a nuclear weapons capability. This case suggests that preventive attacks can increase the long-term proliferation risk posed by the targeted state." Elsewhere, she wrote:

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Israel had pulled off a remarkable military raid, striking targets with great precision over long distances. But the bombing set back Israel more than Iraq. It further harmed Israel's international reputation, later worsened by the ill-fated 1982 invasion of Lebanon, while making Iraq appear a victim

1145:, the U.S. ambassador to the UN and as stern a lecturer as Britain's then prime minister, described it as "shocking" and compared it to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. American newspapers were as fulsome. "Israel's sneak attack ... was an act of inexcusable and short-sighted aggression," said the 1021:

airspace. To avoid detection, the Israeli pilots conversed in Saudi-accented Arabic while in Jordanian airspace and told Jordanian air controllers that they were a Saudi patrol that had gone off course. While flying over Saudi Arabia, they pretended to be Jordanians, using Jordanian radio signals and

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concluded that "it would be most unlikely for an attack with conventional bombs upon the reactor when operating to have caused lethal exposures to radioactivity in Baghdad, although some people at the reactor site might receive some exposure". This was similarly the conclusion of Herbert Goldstein of

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convened on 9–12 June and condemned Israel's action. The Board further asked that the prospect of suspending Israel's privileges and rights of membership be considered at the next General Conference held by the organization. On 26 September 1981, the IAEA Conference condemned the attack and voted to

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and, more importantly, the determination not to allow the Arab nation to acquire scientific or technical knowledge." Syria requested condemnation not only of Israel for terrorism against Arab peoples, but also of the United States, "which continue to provide Israel with instruments of destruction as

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Debate prior to passage of the UN resolution reflected member states' differing positions on issues such as nuclear proliferation in the region and the appropriateness and justifiability of Israel's actions. The Iraqi representative stated that "the motives behind the Israeli attack were to cover up

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following the attack, claimed that the operation was launched on a Sunday afternoon under the assumption that workers present on the site, including foreign experts employed at the reactor, would have left. Notwithstanding this precaution, there were hundreds of French workers and other nationals at

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After the approval for Operation Opera, the Israelis began to plan their mission against Osirak. The basic procedure for the airstrike had been formulated as early as 1979. However, the Israelis needed photographic intelligence about the layout of the plant. That task allegedly fell to the Iranians.

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were among those opposed. According to Mueller, "the principal difference between the hawks and doves on this issue lay in their estimation of the likely international political costs of an air strike". Shai Feldman specifies that " feared that the operation would derail the fragile Israeli-Egyptian

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Israel—actually, what Israel is that it got out the immediate danger out of the way. But it created a much larger danger in the longer range. What happened is that Saddam ordered us—we were 400 ... scientists and technologists running the program. And when they bombed that reactor out, we had also

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reactor complex, the F-16 formation climbed to 2,100 m (6,900 ft) and went into a 35-degree dive at 1,100 km/h (680 mph), aimed at the reactor complex. At 1,100 m (3,600 ft), the F-16s began releasing the Mark 84 bombs in pairs, at 5-second intervals. At least eight of

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argued for continued efforts in trying to find a non-military solution as it would take the Iraqis five to ten years to produce the material necessary for a nuclear weapon. In the end, Begin chose to order the attack based on a worst-case estimate where a weapon could be created in one to two years

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was intended for peaceful purposes. Begin considered the diplomatic options fruitless, and worried that prolonging the decision to attack would lead to a fatal inability to act in response to the perceived threat. According to Karl P. Mueller, in the spring of 1979, Begin had reached the conclusion

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has repeatedly said that the attack was a dangerous failure: the bombed reactor had nothing to do with weapons research, while "the attack may have actually increased Saddam's commitment to acquiring weapons." In 2011, and basing herself on new Iraqi sources, Malfrid Braut-Hegghammer said that the

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The destruction of the Osiraq reactor did not delay the development of a nuclear weapons option because it was never intended to be part of such an effort. The French-supplied facility was subject to rigorous safeguards and designed to ensure that Iraq would not be able to produce weapons-grade

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in the western part of the country (near Jordan and Israel). Eight Iranian F-4 Phantoms carried out the long range bombing mission and struck the airbase. Iran claimed that 48 Iraqi aircraft were destroyed, although US intelligence concluded that 27 aircraft were destroyed and 11 others damaged.

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The Iraqi Air Force was a potential threat to the Israelis (as the MiG-21 interception showed) and it somewhat deterred Israel from attacking yet. However, Israel had an advantage in that Iraq was preoccupied fighting Iran. On 4 April 1981, the Iranian Air Force launched a major attack on Iraq's

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In striking Iraq, Israel showed that a preventive strike can be made, something that was not in doubt. Israel's act and its consequences however, make clear that the likelihood of useful accomplishment is low. Israel's strike increased the determination of Arabs to produce nuclear weapons. Arab

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followed the Security Council with Resolution No. 36/27 on 13 November 1981, expressing deep alarm and condemning Israel over the "premeditated and unprecedented act of aggression," and demanding that Israel pay prompt and adequate compensation for the damage and loss of life it had caused. The

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The alleged assassinations caused widespread panic among Iraqi nuclear scientists. Saddam Hussein, worried over the effect on the morale of the project's scientists, awarded cash bonuses and luxury cars to all senior scientists. Meshad's widow was awarded $ 300,000 and promised that she and her

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initiated diplomatic negotiations with France, the United States and Italy (Israel maintained that some Italian firms acted as suppliers and sub-contractors) over the matter but failed to obtain assurances that the reactor program would be halted. In addition Israel was not able to convince the

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in the case of an emergency. While the new Iranian government was officially hostile to Israel, due to both nations having a common enemy (Iraq), and Iranian fears that the Iraqis would create an atomic bomb to use on them, they clandestinely worked with Israel to forestall such a development.

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if hit, they did not attack the actual reactor dome, but the control room, research/centrifuge facilities, and the adjacent buildings. The targets were struck and the buildings were damaged, along with the plant cooling mechanisms. Two other F-4s simultaneously hit Baghdad's main power plant,

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The representative of France stated that the sole purpose of the reactor was scientific research. Agreements between France and Iraq excluded military use. The United Kingdom said it did not believe Iraq had the capacity to manufacture fissionable materials for nuclear weapons. The IAEA

1384:, wrote in 2004 that Israel had "gambled that the strike would be within Iraq's threshold of tolerance." Moriarty argues that Iraq, already in the midst of a war with Iran, would not start a war with Israel at the same time and that its "threshold of tolerance was higher than normal." 874:, the Israeli Air Force received theirs ahead of schedule). The new F-16s would be used for the raid. Israeli F-4 Phantoms also ran reconnaissance missions over areas of southern and western Iraq. While the Iraqi Air Force was busy fighting the Iranians, on one occasion, an Iraqi 854:

reconnaissance jet took pictures of the Osirak reactor. The photographs were allegedly placed in a top-secret metal container, and certain elements of the Iranian military delivered them to the Israelis. With these photographs, the Israelis began to plan out Operation Opera.

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to halt construction or destroy the reactor. In April 1979, Mossad agents in France allegedly planted a bomb that destroyed the reactor's first set of core structures while they were awaiting shipment to Iraq. In June 1980, Mossad agents are said to have assassinated

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knocking the city's electricity out for nearly two days. The Iraqis denied any major damage. The French and Italian technicians promptly left Iraq, and nearly withdrew from the project, but some later returned in February 1981 and began to repair the damage.

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and had never been assigned to inspect facilities in the Middle East. Eklund claimed that the safeguards procedures were effective and that they were supplemented by precautionary measures taken by the nuclear suppliers. Anthony Fainberg, a physicist at the

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satellite. French technicians installing the reactor later said it was scheduled to become operational only by the end of 1981. Nonetheless, in October 1980, the Israeli cabinet (with Dayan absent) finally voted 10–6 in favor of launching the attack.

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became Prime Minister in 1977 the preparations intensified; Begin authorized the building of a full-scale model of the Iraqi reactor which Israeli pilots could practice bombing. Three Israeli pilots died in accidents while training for the mission.

882:. However, in their missions, the Israelis discovered a blind area on Iraqi radar, on the border with Saudi Arabia. While the Iraqis were aware of the blind area, they did not remedy the problem because they did not expect a war with Saudi Arabia. 1286:, and that it led to a special team within US intelligence being set up to investigate the failure to detect preparations for an operation of this magnitude within the Israeli Air Force, military intelligence, the Mossad, and political system. 459:

and the training of personnel. The total cost has been given as $ 300 million (equivalent to $ 1.62 billion in 2023). In November 1975, the countries signed a nuclear cooperation agreement and in 1976, the sale of the reactor was finalized.

1267:". Begin responded to Peres's accusation at a Likud rally: "Jews, you have known me for forty years, since I lived in the Hassidoff neighborhood of Petah Tikva to fight for the Jewish people (a reference to Begin's incognito days in the 656:

children would receive a lifelong pension. Iraqi scientists were given financial bonuses for international travel, which they had become increasingly fearful of, and received instructions on how to avoid potential Mossad assassinations.

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peace process, fuel Arab anxieties about Israel's profile in the region, and damage Israel-French relations". Begin and his supporters, including Sharon, were far less pessimistic than their opponents about the political fallout.

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release factors, the lethal contamination would be confined to a close proximity to the reactor and small amounts of radiation would be detectable in Baghdad under the assumption that winds were blowing in that direction.

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nuclear reactor about 10 miles (16 km) outside Baghdad had ended Saddam's program. Instead covert funding for a nuclear program code-named 'PC3' involving 5,000 people testing and building ingredients for a nuclear

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stated in 1997 that Iraq refocused its nuclear weapons effort on producing highly enriched uranium after the raid. Its interest in acquiring plutonium as fissile material for weapons continued, but at a lower priority.

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expressed support for the attack: "everybody talks about what the Israelis did at Osiraq, in 1981, which, I think, in retrospect, was a really good thing. You know, it kept Saddam from developing nuclear power."

994:. Raz led the attack and was later decorated by the Chief of Staff for his leadership. Ramon, who was the youngest pilot to participate in the operation, later became the first Israeli astronaut and died in the 1122:

wrote in his journal on the day of the attack, "I swear I believe Armageddon is near," adding of Begin's decision, "He should have told us & the French, we could have done something to remove the threat."

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Louis Rene Beres and Tsiddon-Chatto, Col. (res.) Yoash, "Reconsidering Israel's Destruction of Iraq's Osiraq Nuclear Reactor," Temple International and Comparative Law Journal 9(2), 1995. Reprinted in

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The Israeli aggression against the peaceful nuclear installations in Iraq : statement made by Dr. Sa'adoun Hammadi, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Iraq, before the Security Council, 12 June 1981

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In an interview in 2012, Wilson again emphasised: "The Iraqis couldn't have been developing a nuclear weapon at Osirak. I challenge any scientist in the world to show me how they could have done so."

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In 2010, squad leader Ze'ev Raz said of the operation: "There was no doubt in the mind of the decision makers that we couldn't take a chance. We knew that the Iraqis could do exactly what we did in

1271:). Would I send Jewish boys to risk death—or captivity worse than death, because those barbarians would have tortured our boys horribly—for elections?" On 30 June, Likud was reelected over Peres's 323:

by the French, was intended for peaceful scientific research, the Israelis viewed the reactor with suspicion, believing it was designed to produce nuclear weapons that could escalate the ongoing

4764: 724:, a former Israeli government employee. At the alleged meeting, the Iranians explained details of their 1980 attack on the site, and agreed to let Israeli planes land at an Iranian airfield in 506:

Iraq and France claimed that the Iraqi reactor was intended for peaceful scientific research. Agreements between France and Iraq excluded military use. The American private intelligence agency

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Ten Iraqi soldiers and one French civilian were killed in the attack. The civilian killed was engineer Damien Chaussepied, variously described as 24 or 25 years old, who was an employee of

398:. The efficacy of the attack is debated by historians, who acknowledge that it brought Iraq back from the brink of nuclear capability but drove its weapons program underground and cemented 802:

told Begin in October 1980 that the Mossad's campaign of assassinations and sabotage could not stop the Iraqi nuclear program and that the only way to put an end to it was an airstrike.

552:. Richter testified that only part of Iraq's nuclear installation was under safeguard and that the most sensitive facilities were not even subject to safeguards. IAEA's Director-General 5162: 1022:

formations. The Israeli planes were so heavily loaded that the external fuel tanks that had been mounted on the planes were exhausted in-flight. The tanks were jettisoned over the

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Iraq had established a nuclear program sometime in the 1960s, and in the mid-1970s looked to expand it through the acquisition of a nuclear reactor. After failing to convince the

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reactor would be fueled and operational by June 1981. This assessment was significantly aided by reconnaissance photos supplied by the United States, specifically using the

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attack is an illegal way to behave—Resolution 487 established that—but it is an understandable way to behave if you are the Israeli military-security establishment."

580:, Prime Minister of Israel and in charge of the operation, disembarks from an aircraft upon his arrival in the United States, accompanied by Israeli Foreign Minister 1137:

The world was outraged by Israel's raid on 7 June 1981. "Armed attack in such circumstances cannot be justified. It represents a grave breach of international law,"

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bombing—and Peres's poor political judgement in criticizing it—were crucial in turning the tide of what initially had seemed to be a hopeless election campaign for

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in 2004, it is stated that the Iraqi nuclear program "expanded considerably" with the purchase of the French reactor in 1976, and that "Israel's bombing of Iraq's

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reactor deep inside Iraq. Israel called the operation an act of self-defense, saying that the reactor had "less than a month to go" before "it might have become

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A. DeVolpi, V.E. Minkov, G.S. Stanford, and V.A. Simonenko, Vladimir Minkov, Vadim Simonenko, George Stanford, "Nuclear Shadowboxing: Legacies and Challenges"

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The distance between Israeli military bases and the reactor site was significant—over 1,600 km (990 mi). The Israeli planes would have to violate

644:, an Egyptian atomic scientist working on the Iraqi nuclear program. Shortly afterward, two other Iraqi engineers working on the program, Salman Rashid and 5979: 4945: 1535: 1476:

wrote that "there is no evidence that Israel's destruction of Osirak delayed Iraq's nuclear weapons program. The attack may actually have accelerated it."

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in two separate resolutions. Media reactions were also negative: "Israel's sneak attack ... was an act of inexcusable and short-sighted aggression", wrote

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published excerpts from the testimony of Roger Richter, a former IAEA inspector who described the weaknesses of the agency's nuclear safeguards to the

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Director-General confirmed that inspections of the nuclear research reactors near Baghdad revealed no non-compliance with the safeguards agreement.

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Iraq said it would rebuild the facility and France agreed, in principle, to aid in the reconstruction. Because of a mix of factors, including the

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Prime Minister Begin defended the timing of the bombing stating that a later attack, after the reactor had become operational, could cause lethal

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demanded that Israel compensate Iraq for the destruction of the reactor. An Iraqi official asserted that Iraq's right to redress is supported by

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wrote in 2007 that the uranium-fueled reactor "was believed to be on the verge of producing plutonium for a weapons program". In a 2003 speech,

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wrote in 1995 that "ad it not been for the brilliant raid at Osiraq, Saddam's forces might have been equipped with atomic warheads in 1991."

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The US government had been caught completely off-guard by the attack. A former senior official in US intelligence told Israeli journalist

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of Colonel Fakhri Hussein Jaber, the head of Iraq's Western Air Defense Zone, and all officers under his command above the rank of

297:, which explicitly stated the strike was not an anomaly, but instead "a precedent for every future government in Israel". Israel's 6496: 5478: 4907: 1718: 4053: 2965: 2308: 6516: 5635: 4887: 4577: 1513:

nuclear target. Like in Operation Opera, the same types of aircraft were involved, although their roles were reversed with the

1189:, international pressure and Iraqi payment problems, negotiations broke down in 1984 and France withdrew from the project. The 2246: 2117: 5902: 5886: 5782: 4737: 4724: 4710: 4693:

Why Israel launched a preventive military strike on Iraq’s nuclear weapons program (1981): The fungibility of power resources

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In Israel, discussions on which strategy to adopt in response to the Iraqi reactor development were taking place as early as

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issued a unanimous and almost immediate response on 19 June 1981, following eight meetings and statements from Iraq and the

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criticized the operation as a political ploy, which did not go over well with the electorate. Dan Perry writes that "the

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convinced the Iraqi leadership to initiate a full-fledged nuclear weapons program. United States Secretary of Defense

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who visually inspected the partially damaged reactor in December 1982, said that "to collect enough plutonium using

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had come to power in 1968. On 6 April 1979, Israeli agents sabotaged the Osirak reactor awaiting shipment to Iraq at

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that the failure to detect preparations for the attack was perceived as a grave intelligence failure within the

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Israel claims that the attack impeded Iraq's nuclear ambitions by at least ten years. In an interview in 2005,

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Rather than carrying out a follow-up air raid after their September attack, on 30 November 1980, an Iranian

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that the Iraqi government was entitled to seek compensation from Israel for damage caused by the attack.

1272: 573: 6511: 6271: 6249: 6185: 4814: 3592: 2905: 1545: 1010: 871: 777: 511: 455:. The purchase also included a smaller accompanying Isis-type reactor, the sale of 72 kilograms of 93% 358:

At the time of its occurrence, the attack was met with sharp international criticism, including in the

1307:, citing an unnamed Iraqi parliament member, reported that Iraqi officials had received word from the 6476: 6237: 6121: 6068: 6016: 5717: 5411: 5137: 4923: 4800: 4692: 3454: 1847: 1726: 1540: 1530: 1154: 806: 383: 324: 30: 3613: 2178: 1901: 6032: 6028: 5818: 5800: 5707: 5601: 4987: 4507: 2003: 1450:

nuclear reactor spurred Saddam to build up Iraq's military to confront Israel in the early 1980s."

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Moriarty, Tom (Fall 2004). "Entering the Valley of Uncertainty: The Future of Preemptive Attack".

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unfeasible. The Israelis eventually concluded that a squadron of heavily fueled and heavily armed

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The attack was strongly criticized around the world, including in the United States. Privately,

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showing the triangular mission marking for the attack, a nuclear reactor silhouette against the

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Nonproliferation and the National Interest: America's Response to the Spread of Nuclear Weapons

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Nonproliferation and the National Interest: America's Response to the Spread of Nuclear Weapons

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Due to last minute Iranian concerns that the reactor had been already fueled and could release

671: 665: 595:(1974–1977). Reportedly, planning and training for the operation began during this time. After 282: 3893: 2803: 2129: 2004:"The Israeli Strike Against Osiraq: the dynamics of fear and proliferation in the Middle East" 613: 6377: 6050: 5572: 5228: 5193: 5082: 5025: 3495: 3147: 2877:

Eitan, Rafael. 2003. "The Raid on the Reactor from the Point of View of the Chief of Staff,"

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The decision to go through with the operation was hotly contested within Begin's government.

636: 447:, and likewise failing to convince the Italian government to sell them a Cirene reactor, the 319:-class nuclear reactor from France. While Iraq and France maintained that the reactor, named 298: 2644: 6359: 6265: 5940: 5808: 5643: 5512: 5345: 5288: 5213: 5198: 5087: 4858: 4848: 4796: 3878: 3520: 3438: 3004: 1683: 1560: 1209:

signed a letter of appreciation to Menachem Begin, thanking him for ordering the attack on

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resolution also solemnly warned Israel to refrain from taking such measures in the future.

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doses to reach all the way to Baghdad. An analysis by Warren Donnelly of the United States

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was assigned to the operation to provide fighter support. The F-16 pilots were Ze'ev Raz,

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Comprehensive Report of the Special Advisor to the DCI on Iraq's WMD (The Duelfer Report)

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and only the third on a nuclear facility in history. It was also the first instance of a

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missile attacks on Israel during that war, vindicated his decision to bomb the reactor.

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Similarly, the Iraqi nuclear scientist Imad Khadduri wrote in 2003 that the bombing of

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for the raid. The Israelis shortly afterwards received their first agreed delivery of

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Iraq and the War of Sanctions: Conventional Threats and Weapons of Mass Destruction

4014: 3968: 3677: 3551: 3450: 3446: 3016: 3012: 2821: 1753:

Iraq and the War of Sanctions: Conventional Threats and Weapons of Mass Destruction

1695: 1691: 1473: 1435: 1359: 1354:, in an interview for the 25th anniversary of the attack, described the bombing of 1303: 1202: 1194: 754: 698:

on a nuclear reactor which aimed to forestall the development of a nuclear weapon.

496: 456: 452: 3685: 6403: 6056: 5738: 5520: 5122: 5006: 4872: 4607:

Striking First: Preemptive and Preventive Attack in U.S. National Security Policy

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Striking First: Preemptive and Preventive Attack in U.S. National Security Policy

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chased an Israeli F-4; the Iraqi jet ran out of fuel and the pilot was forced to

766: 721: 691: 690:, publicly urged the Iranians to bomb the reactor. The attack was the first on a 641: 500: 492: 467:

light-water nuclear reactor began in 1979 at the Al Tuwaitha Nuclear Center near

246: 4878: 4703:

Self-Defense in International Law: The Israeli Raid on the Iraqi Nuclear Reactor

4523:

Battling Terrorism: Legal Perspectives on the Use of Force and the War on Terror

4246:

Treacherous Alliance: The Secret Dealings of Israel, Iran, and the United States

4100:"Ending a decade of silence, Israel confirms it blew up Assad's nuclear reactor" 3282:

Battling Terrorism: Legal Perspectives on the Use of Force and the War on Terror

2770:

Treacherous Alliance: The Secret Dealings of Israel, Iran, and the United States

870:

aircraft (the first batch was originally earmarked for Iran, but because of the

720:

in France one month prior to the Israeli attack. The source of the assertion is

714:

Treacherous Alliance: The Secret Dealings of Israel, Iran, and the United States

5653: 5627: 5496: 5324: 5319: 5293: 5127: 4229:

The Unspoken Alliance: Israel's Secret Relationship with Apartheid South Africa

3920: 3664: 1809:

The Unspoken Alliance: Israel's Secret Relationship with Apartheid South Africa

1502: 1363: 1308: 1229: 983: 910: 790: 683: 675: 617: 596: 577: 553: 402: 391: 309: 301: 294: 104: 4808: 4537:

Terrorism and espionage in the Middle East: deception, displacement and denial

3972: 3681: 3624: 3588: 3524: 3319:

Terrorism and Espionage in the Middle East: Deception, Displacement and Denial

2752: 2619: 1411:, an Iraqi nuclear scientist, made the following statement in an interview on 1358:

as a variation of Israeli military doctrine beginning with the premiership of

1197:, when it was completely destroyed by subsequent coalition air strikes by the 6450: 5862: 5446: 5298: 5067: 4670: 4502: 4415: 4215:

Nuclear Power Plants as Weapons for the Enemy: An Unrecognized Military Peril

4152: 2825: 1913: 1740:

Nuclear Power Plants as Weapons for the Enemy: An Unrecognized Military Peril

1339: 1279: 1247:

Begin at a press conference following the attack on the reactor, 10 June 1981

1166: 1119: 1033: 892: 879: 844: 795: 589: 359: 81: 68: 4784:

was created from a revision of this article dated 19 December 2017

4679:

Raid on the Sun: Inside Israel's Secret Campaign that Denied Saddam the Bomb

4361:

International Seminar on Nuclear War and Planetary Emergencies: 29th session

2270:

International Seminar on Nuclear War and Planetary Emergencies: 29th session

2033: 347:

and one French civilian. The attack took place about three weeks before the

6243: 5562: 5340: 5172: 5117: 5030: 4642: 4572: 2421: 2344: 1453: 1408: 1320: 1256: 1237: 1129: 1018: 987: 979: 963: 887: 831: 799: 785: 781: 773: 750: 524: 4291:

The Outlaw State: Saddam Hussein's Quest for Power and the War in the Gulf

2481:

The Outlaw State: Saddam Hussein's Quest for Power and the War in the Gulf

2090:

Jed C. Snyder (1983). "The Road To Osiraq: Baghdad's Quest for the Bomb".

6293: 5454: 5427: 5283: 5077: 4305:

International Law and the Use of Force: A Documentary and Reference Guide

4241: 4018: 3954:"Preventive Attacks Against Nuclear Programs and the 'Success' at Osiraq" 3793: 3790:"A Preemptive Attack on Iran's Nuclear Facilities: Possible Consequences" 2671:"Preventive Attacks against Nuclear Programs and the "Success" at Osiraq" 1781:

International Law and the Use of Force: A Documentary and Reference Guide

1495: 1175: 975: 859: 851: 716:, writes that a senior Israeli official met with a representative of the 709: 604: 581: 522:

would've taken decades, not years". In 2005, Wilson further commented in

4892: 3771: 6080: 5001: 4652: 4508:

The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy

4003:"Revisiting Osirak: Preventive Attacks and Nuclear Proliferation Risks" 3632: 3204:

The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy

3102: 2103: 1477: 991: 971: 931: 924: 762: 117: 4810:

HUD video recording from two F-16s, including hit of two bombs at 1:07

4375:

France and Iraq: Oil, Arms and French Policy Making in the Middle East

2556:

France and Iraq: Oil, Arms and French Policy Making in the Middle East

6208: 5112: 5062: 3921:"The Osiraq Myth and the Track Record of Preventive Military Attacks" 3741:"Papers From Iraqi Archive Reveal Conspiratorial Mind-Set of Hussein" 1464:

Israeli intelligence were convinced that their strike in 1981 on the

1182:. In 1981, Israel agreed to pay restitution to Chaussepied's family. 674:, Iran attacked and damaged the site on 30 September 1980, with two 4852: 3844:

Duelfer, Charles (30 September 2004). "Regime Strategic Incident".

3347: 2959: 2242: 1240:. In addition, 23 other Iraqi pilots and officers were imprisoned. 1067: 507: 464: 4434:

Journey of Hope: The Story of Ilan Ramon, Israel's First Astronaut

3792:. James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies. Archived from 3294:

Bennet, James (September 2010). "Editor's Note: Nuclear Options".

2855:

Journey of Hope: The Story of Ilan Ramon, Israel's First Astronaut

6287: 5278: 5233: 5208: 4448:

Flawed Victory: Arab-Israeli Conflict and the 1982 War in Lebanon

3128:

Flawed Victory: Arab-Israeli Conflict and the 1982 War in Lebanon

1569: 1564: 1206: 1074:

International response at the United Nations took two paths. The

1005:

The operation started on 7 June 1981, at 15:55 local time (12:55

737: 468: 352: 266: 4648:

The Prime Ministers: An Intimate Narrative of Israeli Leadership

4157:

The Law of Armed Conflict: International Humanitarian Law in War

2451:

The Law of Armed Conflict: International Humanitarian Law in War

5268: 5263: 5020: 5015: 4840:

Israel's Air Strike Against The Osiraq Reactor: A Retrospective

4303:

Shirley V. Scott, Anthony Billingsley, Christopher Michaelsen,

4079:

Israeli Attack on Iraqi Reactor Offers History Lesson for Obama

3040:

Physics and Nuclear Arms Today: Section 5 Nuclear Proliferation

1779:

Shirley V. Scott, Anthony Billingsley, Christopher Michaelsen.

1554: 1510: 1014: 875: 823: 746: 725: 632: 286: 191: 4875:) – Exhibition in the IDF & Defense establishment archives 4462:

Divided We Stand: American Jews, Israel, and the Peace Process

3256:"Precautionary Self-Defense: Preempting Nuclear Proliferation" 3164:

Divided We Stand: American Jews, Israel, and the Peace Process

1682:(8). Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc.: 33–36. 1062: 5303: 5273: 5218: 5107: 5097: 5039: 4996: 4865:

Operation Opera: the destruction of the Iraqi nuclear Reactor

3606:

Israel's Strike Against the Iraqi Nuclear Reactor 7 June 1981

2879:

Israel's Strike Against the Iraqi Nuclear Reactor 7 June 1981

2464:

Israel's Strike Against the Iraqi Nuclear Reactor 7 June 1981

2384:(8). Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc.: 5 1991 2309:"Myth: Israel's Strike on Iraqi Reactor Hindered Iraqi Nukes" 1518: 1268: 1264: 1023: 917: 896: 451:

convinced the French government to sell them an Osiris-class

3575:"Transcript: Interview at the World Economic Forum in Davos" 2617: 2462:

Arye Naor, 2003. "Analysis of the Decision-Making Process,"

2340:"Bomb Iran and it will surely decide to pursue nuclear arms" 3003:(7). Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc.: 12. 1251:

The attack took place approximately three weeks before the

1218: 815: 753:

airspace in a covert flight over foreign territory, making

4347:

Thinking about nuclear weapons: analyses and prescriptions

3496:"NSA spying on Israel: This is how you treat your enemies" 2193:

Thinking about nuclear weapons: analyses and prescriptions

765:

to provide air cover and fighter support, could perform a

556:

issued a rebuttal saying that Richter had never inspected

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United States and Iraq Since 1979: Hegemony, Oil and War

1876:"S-RES-487(1981) Security Council Resolution 487 (1981)" 769:

to eliminate the reactor site without having to refuel.

215: 2239:"Geopolitical Diary: Israeli Covert Operations in Iran" 2001: 499:

in France. On 14 June 1980, Mossad agents assassinated

285:, with the damage having been subsequently repaired by 3217: 1642:"Israel Bombs Iraq's Osirak Nuclear Research Facility" 1380:

Tom Moriarty, a military intelligence analyst for the

1217:, claimed that the Gulf War, and especially the Iraqi 1213:. In July 1991, Begin, in a rare interview granted to 1193:

facility remained in its damaged state until the 1991

838: 4960: 2483:. John Wiley & Sons Inc. (1st ed.), 1991. p. 152. 4124:

Amos Perlmutter, Michael I. Handel, Uri Bar-Joseph,

1848:"The Bush doctrine makes nonsense of the UN charter" 1597:

Amos Perlmutter, Michael I. Handel, Uri Bar-Joseph.

1407:

simply went underground, diversified, and expanded.

1403:

By contrast, Iraqi researchers have stated that the

1051: 4621:

Nuclear Weapons and Arms Control in the Middle East

4274:

Preemption: Military Action and Moral Justification

3660:"The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: More May Be Better" 3547:"Iraq pursuing compensation for Israel nuke attack" 2948:

Nuclear Weapons and Arms Control in the Middle East

2818:

Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs

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Preemption: Military Action and Moral Justification

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During the war, 100 out of 120 members of the 550:United States Senate Foreign Relations Committee 327:. On 7 June 1981, a flight of Israeli Air Force 3788:Sammy Salama & Karen Ruster (August 2004). 3037:Hafemeister, David; Levi, Barbara Goss (1991). 3036: 2785:. University of California Press, 1990. p. 370. 1845: 1621:. British Broadcasting Corporation. 7 June 1981 1366:strikes on Arab enemies." Tripp asserted, "the 4855:, 5 June 2006 (interview with pilots involved) 4089:), 16 March 2010, Encyclopædia Britannica Blog 3947: 3945: 3133: 2701:. Au.af.mil. 30 September 1980. Archived from 1058:United Nations Security Council Resolution 487 273:. The Israeli operation came a year after the 265:located 17 kilometres (11 miles) southeast of 261:on 7 June 1981, which destroyed an unfinished 5973: 5374: 4946: 4908: 4045: 3674:International Institute for Strategic Studies 3062: 3060: 2608: 2089: 2022:Israel, the Middle East, and the great powers 1509:in 2007, an Israeli airstrike on a purported 1224:In response to their failures to prevent the 4593:Iraq's Nuclear Mirage, Memoirs and Delusions 4260:Israel, the Middle East and the Great Powers 3826: 3824: 3816:Iraq's Nuclear Mirage, Memoirs and Delusions 2538: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2362: 1615:"1981: Israel bombs Baghdad nuclear reactor" 1553: – an Israeli airstrike on a purported 1390:, then director of non-proliferation at the 631:writes that the Israeli intelligence agency 257:, was a surprise airstrike conducted by the 4490:The challenge of abolishing nuclear weapons 3942: 3912: 3337: 3335: 3190:The challenge of abolishing nuclear weapons 3158: 3156: 2453:. Cambridge University Press, 2010. p. 182. 2331: 2272:. World Scientific Publishing, 2003. p. 33. 1988: 1986: 1823: 1821: 1819: 1817: 1791: 1789: 1763: 1761: 1639: 652:reactor on-site for a period of ten years. 625:that an anticipatory attack was necessary. 616:to cease aiding the Iraqi nuclear program. 6552:Foreign relations during the Iran–Iraq War 6432:Israeli–Lebanese maritime border agreement 5980: 5966: 5381: 5367: 4953: 4939: 4915: 4901: 3994: 3885: 3734: 3732: 3402:"Osiraq – Iraq Special Weapons Facilities" 3057: 2914:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2574:. Edinburgh University Press, 2009. p. 55. 2497: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2489: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1803: 1801: 1665: 1663: 1392:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 1301:in response to the attack. In early 2010, 390:reactor has been cited as an example of a 312:capability of other states in the region. 289:technicians. Operation Opera, and related 6142:UN Security Council (UNSC) Resolution 242 6116:UN General Assembly (UNGA) Resolution 194 4922: 4001:Braut-Hegghammer, Malfrid (Summer 2011). 3821: 3783: 3781: 3577:. The Clinton Foundation. 27 January 2005 3567: 3511: 3509: 3253: 2802:Raas, Whitney & Long, Austin (2007). 2738: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2664: 2662: 2635: 2633: 2529: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2401: 2399: 2359: 2063: 2061: 1976: 1974: 1841: 1839: 1837: 568: 408: 293:statements following it, established the 6547:Military nuclear accidents and incidents 4792:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 4775: 4052:Malfrid Braut-Hegghammer (11 May 2011). 3872: 3757: 3751: 3425:"Iraq and the Rules of the Nuclear Game" 3332: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3153: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2801: 2764: 2762: 2691: 2566: 2564: 2550: 2548: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2231: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2210: 1983: 1870: 1868: 1814: 1786: 1758: 1646:Washington Report on Middle East Affairs 1563: – the Israeli Air Force's raid on 1242: 1165: 1061: 930: 909: 736: 572: 542:(IAEA) safeguards. In October 1981, the 418: 304:added another dimension to its existing 5479:Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon 3930:(4–2). Pittsburgh's Ridgway Center: 1–4 3843: 3729: 3705: 3703: 3517:"Iraq demands compensation from Israel" 3493: 3192:. Transaction Publishers, 2009. p. 161. 3066: 2887: 2857:. Geffen Publishing House, 2003. p. 11. 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2577: 2501: 2486: 2185: 2171:"Attack – and Fallout: Israel and Iraq" 2127: 2121: 1940: 1831:. McFarland & Co Inc., 1999. p. 46. 1798: 1660: 1442:In the Duelfer Report, released by the 1342:discussed the fallout from the strike: 958:The attack squadron consisted of eight 732: 343:." The airstrike reportedly killed ten 6449: 6424:Israel–Morocco normalization agreement 6414:Bahrain–Israel normalization agreement 4578:State of Denial: Bush at War, Part III 4552:Technology Transfer to the Middle East 4420:Asad: The Struggle for the Middle East 3951: 3918: 3778: 3739:Gordon, Michael R. (25 October 2011). 3506: 3375:Technology Transfer to the Middle East 3293: 2783:Asad: The Struggle for the Middle East 2717: 2668: 2659: 2630: 2408: 2396: 2058: 1971: 1933:Shue, Henry and Rhodin, David (2007). 1834: 1609: 1607: 1100:Israel's possession of nuclear weapons 5961: 5388: 5362: 4934: 4896: 4879:Operation Opera: An Ambiguous Success 4641: 3891: 3818:. Springhead Publishers, 2003. p. 82. 3766:(2). World Affairs Institute: 71–77. 3657: 3639:from the original on 19 December 2021 3238: 2997:The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 2860: 2759: 2618:Tom Cooper and Farzad Bishop (2004). 2561: 2545: 2430: 2378:The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 2337: 2228:. United Nations Pubns, 1984. p. 277. 2207: 2146: 2140: 2098:(4). Middle East Institute: 565–593. 1865: 1773: 1732: 1676:The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 1228:attack (and the earlier H-3 attack), 6419:Israel–Sudan normalization agreement 6158:Israel–Syria disengagement agreement 5835:Southern Israel cross-border attacks 5747:Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel 5678:Iraqi missile attacks against Israel 3850:. pp. 28 and 31. Archived from 3700: 3399: 3343:"Israel Pays a Raid Victim's Family" 2788: 1927: 1601:. Routledge (2nd ed.), 2008. p. 120. 1289:In 2009, the Prime Minister of Iraq 1253:Israeli legislative election of 1981 1043:), 20 km (12 mi) from the 678:, shortly after the outbreak of the 415:Iraq and weapons of mass destruction 331:fighter aircraft, with an escort of 6467:Airstrikes during the Iran–Iraq War 4319:Israel and the Quest for Permanence 4171:Yearbook of the United Nations 1981 4054:"Can an Attack Deny Iran the Bomb?" 3711:"Osirak: Threats real and imagined" 3093: 2993:"Osirak and international security" 2605:. Vintage Books, 1984. pp. 175–178. 2427:. St. Martin's Press, 1996. p. 320. 2226:Yearbook of the United Nations 1981 2128:Bergman, Ronen (13 December 2010). 1965:"Osirak: Threats real and imagined" 1829:Israel and the Quest for Permanence 1672:"Osirak and international security" 1604: 1178:and the French governmental agency 955:the plant at the time of the raid. 862:aircraft began practicing over the 839:Preliminary Israeli/Iranian actions 427:reactor prior to the Israeli attack 250: 13: 6409:Israel–UAE normalization agreement 6300:Beirut Summit and peace initiative 5153:Palestinian Popular Struggle Front 4762: 4635: 4333:Israeli F-15 Eagle Units in Combat 3892:Betts, Richard K. (1 March 2006). 3832:Proliferation: Threat and Response 3284:. Ashgate Publishing, 2005. p. 35. 2937:. Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. p. 81. 2935:Ariel Sharon: An Intimate Portrait 2750: 2147:Hider, James (20 September 2008). 2069:Israeli F-15 Eagle Units in Combat 2024:. Transaction Books, 1985. p. 334. 1937:. Oxford University Press. p. 215. 1080:International Atomic Energy Agency 540:International Atomic Energy Agency 349:1981 Israeli legislative elections 275:Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force 14: 6563: 6507:Cross-border operations into Iraq 4835:Federation of American Scientists 4743: 3494:Bergman, Ronen (3 January 2016). 3430:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 3377:. DIANE Publishing, 1984. p. 387. 3260:Nuclear weapons non-proliferation 2508:. RAND Corporation. p. 215. 2245:. 2 February 2007. Archived from 2071:. Osprey Publishing, 2006. p. 35. 1811:. Pantheon (1 ed.), 2010. p. 145. 1375:U.S.-led invasion of Iraq in 2003 1103:part of its strategic alliance." 1052:International political reactions 688:Military Intelligence Directorate 659: 545:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 6338:Agreement on Movement and Access 4774: 4092: 4071: 3877:. Simon & Schuster. p. 3866: 3837: 3834:. DIANE Publishing, 1996. p. 19. 3808: 3214:. Random House Inc., 1991. p. 6. 2149:"The secret life of Tzipi Livni" 2036:"Iraq Profile: Nuclear Overview" 2002:Lucien S. Vandenborucke (1984). 1878:. United Nations. Archived from 1770:. World Book Inc., 1983. p. 350. 1338:As early as the autumn of 1981, 1084:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 891:Among the aircraft hit were two 536:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 362:, and Israel was rebuked by the 222:Tuwaitha Nuclear Research Centre 214: 207: 174:Osirak nuclear reactor destroyed 155: 52:Tuwaitha Nuclear Research Center 6472:1981 in international relations 6372:Israeli–Palestinian peace talks 6366:Israeli–Palestinian peace talks 6334:Israeli disengagement from Gaza 5539:Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 5420:Palestinian Fedayeen insurgency 5178:Syrian Social Nationalist Party 4859:Factfile: How Osirak was bombed 4117: 3651: 3617: 3598: 3539: 3487: 3469: 3416: 3393: 3380: 3367: 3311: 3302: 3287: 3274: 3229: 3195: 3182: 3169: 3140:United Nations Security Council 3120: 3087: 3030: 2984: 2953: 2940: 2927: 2847: 2775: 2595: 2473: 2456: 2315:. 16 March 2006. Archived from 2301: 2275: 2262: 2198: 2163: 2110: 2083: 2074: 2027: 2014: 1995: 1957: 1894: 1846:Jonathan Steele (7 June 2002). 1299:United Nations Security Council 1076:United Nations Security Council 952:United Nations Security Council 858:A team of Israeli pilots using 479:(Arabic: تموز) and the smaller 394:in contemporary scholarship on 364:United Nations Security Council 277:had caused minor damage to the 6497:Airstrikes conducted by Israel 6011:McMahon–Hussein Correspondence 5827:Palestinian militancy campaign 3658:Waltz, Kenneth (Autumn 1981). 3610:Menachem Begin Heritage Center 3451:10.1080/00963402.1991.11459992 3017:10.1080/00963402.1981.11458896 2967:Physics and Nuclear Arms Today 2883:Menachem Begin Heritage Center 2468:Menachem Begin Heritage Center 2374:"10 years ago in the Bulletin" 2338:Hasan, Mehdi (25 March 2012). 2177:. 22 June 1981. Archived from 1745: 1709: 1696:10.1080/00963402.1981.11458896 1633: 1591: 1582: 1032:of Jordan, vacationing in the 811:Congressional Research Service 563:Brookhaven National Laboratory 471:. The main reactor was dubbed 306:policy of deliberate ambiguity 122:(Commander, Israeli Air Force) 1: 6517:History of Diyala Governorate 6099:American trusteeship proposal 5168:Popular Resistance Committees 4184:The 1982 World Book Year Book 3523:. 6 June 2009. Archived from 3502:– via www.ynetnews.com. 3235:United Nations Staff, p. 281. 3226:United Nations Staff, p. 283. 2313:Institute for Public Accuracy 1768:The 1982 World Book Year Book 1575: 1314: 620:consistently maintained that 538:, placing its reactors under 437:gas cooled graphite moderated 386:". The destruction of Iraq's 4883:Journal of Strategic Studies 4697:Journal of Strategic Studies 4446:Trevor Dupuy, Paul Martell, 3919:Reiter, Dan (October 2004). 3126:Trevor Dupuy, Paul Martell. 2558:. I.B. Tauris, 2006. p. 134. 1161: 534:Iraq was a signatory to the 514:, a professor of physics at 171:Israeli operational success 7: 5696:Palestinian suicide attacks 4820:Attack on Iraq’s Nuke Plant 3400:Pike, John (24 July 2011). 3101:(in Hebrew). Archived from 2643:. Au.af.mil. Archived from 1524: 1039:At 18:35 local time (14:35 1009:). The Israeli planes left 978:, Dobbi Yaffe, Hagai Katz, 826:reported to Begin that the 682:. At the onset of the war, 670:In an air attack codenamed 315:In 1976, Iraq purchased an 232:nuclear reactor within Iraq 10: 6568: 6542:Nuclear technology in Iraq 6272:Sharm El Sheikh Memorandum 6260:Beilin–Abu Mazen agreement 6254:Israel–Jordan peace treaty 6186:Palestinian autonomy talks 4272:Henry Shue, David Rhodin, 4140:Iraq: From Sumer to Saddam 3390:. New Delhi, 2003. p. 183. 3280:Nyamuya Maogoto, Jackson. 3130:. Hero Books, 1986. p. 69. 2950:. MIT Press, 1997. p. 110. 2753:"Target: Saddam's Reactor" 2425:Iraq: From Sumer to Saddam 2195:. Routledge, 1985. p. 147. 2020:Stockman-Shomron, Israel. 1648:. Andrew I. Kilgore: 81–82 1546:Nuclear weapons and Israel 1362:, "advocating devastating 1133:, described the reaction: 1055: 966:2,000-pound (910 kg) 872:Iranian Revolution of 1979 842: 814:Columbia University using 784:and Deputy Prime Minister 686:, director of the Israeli 663: 603:Israel's Foreign Minister 412: 6492:Building bombings in Iraq 6386: 6229: 6182:Egypt–Israel peace treaty 6107: 6039:Faisal–Weizmann agreement 5996: 5957: 5730: 5593: 5438: 5396: 5358: 5333: 5312: 5256: 5186: 5073:al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades 5055: 5048: 4978: 4930: 4701:Timothy L. H. McCormack, 4691:Steven E. Lobell (2020) " 4521:Jackson Nyamuya Maogoto, 4258:Israel Stockman-Shomron, 3973:10.1080/10736700500379008 3967:(2). Routledge: 355–371. 3952:Reiter, Dan (July 2005). 3682:10.1080/05679328108457394 3073:. Osprey Publishing Ltd. 3043:. Springer. p. 205. 2991:Anthony Fainberg (1981). 2970:. Springer. p. 205. 2669:Reiter, Dan (July 2005). 2502:Mueller, Karl P. (2007). 2259:(requires e-mail address) 1807:Polakow-Suransky, Sasha. 1727:Nuclear Threat Initiative 1670:Anthony Fainberg (1981). 1517:carrying bombs while the 1284:US intelligence community 1155:state-sponsored terrorism 1070:with Osirak bombing mark. 1013:, flying unchallenged in 962:, each with two unguided 905: 807:radioactive contamination 384:state-sponsored terrorism 202: 198: 186: 167: 150: 142: 130: 97: 46: 36: 28: 23: 6537:June 1981 events in Asia 6221:Israel–Lebanon agreement 6033:Anglo-French Declaration 6029:Declaration to the Seven 5602:Misgav Am hostage crisis 4849:Osirak: Over the reactor 4227:Sasha Polakow-Suransky, 4126:Two Minutes Over Baghdad 3629:Interview with Ze'ev Raz 3612:: 2003, 60, quoted from 3179:. Longman, 1992. p. 178. 2826:10.1162/isec.2007.31.4.7 2155:. London. Archived from 1783:. Praeger, 2009. p. 182. 1755:. Praeger, 1999. p. 605. 1716:Country Profiles -Israel 1599:Two Minutes over Baghdad 1201:, one of them being the 610:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing 463:Construction for the 40- 111:Prime Minister of Israel 6532:France–Israel relations 5913:Israel–Palestine crisis 5764:Bringing Home the Goods 5103:Guardians of the Cedars 4871:27 October 2020 at the 3961:Nonproliferation Review 3067:Farrokh, Kaveh (2011). 2678:Nonproliferation Review 2283:"Letters to the Editor" 2092:The Middle East Journal 1382:United States Air Force 1199:United States Air Force 308:, as it related to the 6487:1981 building bombings 6330:Sharm El Sheikh Summit 6250:Gaza–Jericho Agreement 6132:Tripartite Declaration 5755:Ain es Saheb airstrike 5636:South Lebanon conflict 4770: 4750:Listen to this article 4169:United Nations Staff, 4007:International Security 3873:Woodward, Bob (2006). 3070:Iran at war: 1500–1988 2960:David W. Hafemeister; 2910:Proliferation Analysis 2809:International Security 2626:(110). Key Publishing. 2224:United Nations Staff. 1992:Perlmutter, pp. 41–42. 1751:Cordesman, Anthony H. 1729:(NTI) updated May 2014 1721:6 October 2014 at the 1501:The second use of the 1488: 1471: 1428: 1401: 1399:of Israeli aggression. 1349: 1248: 1171: 1159: 1071: 944: 928: 742: 672:Operation Scorch Sword 666:Operation Scorch Sword 637:clandestine operations 635:conducted a series of 608:French governments of 585: 569:Strategy and diplomacy 428: 409:Iraq's nuclear program 283:Operation Scorch Sword 134:Destruction of Iraq's 6527:France–Iraq relations 6522:Iraq–Israel relations 6378:John Kerry Parameters 6051:Churchill White Paper 6017:Sykes–Picot Agreement 5573:Coastal Road massacre 5194:Arab Higher Committee 5083:Arab Liberation Front 5026:Palestinian Authority 4924:Arab–Israeli conflict 4769: 4729:Dan McKinnon (1987), 4715:Dan McKinnon (1987), 3898:The National Interest 2906:"No Military Options" 2287:The Atlantic Magazine 2130:"Killing the Killers" 2008:Air University Review 1541:Iraq–Israel relations 1531:France–Iraq relations 1483: 1462: 1423: 1405:Iraqi nuclear program 1396: 1344: 1246: 1169: 1135: 1065: 950:, in a speech to the 934: 913: 740: 576: 422: 325:Arab–Israeli conflict 299:counter-proliferation 279:same nuclear facility 263:Iraqi nuclear reactor 190:10 Iraqi soldiers, 1 178:Iraqi nuclear program 82:33.20333°N 44.51861°E 31:Arab–Israeli conflict 6360:Annapolis Conference 6354:UNSC Resolution 1701 6344:UNSC Resolution 1850 6326:UNSC Resolution 1583 6320:UNSC Resolution 1566 6316:UNSC Resolution 1559 6266:Wye River Memorandum 6122:Armistice agreements 5879:Gaza border protests 5801:Gaza–Israel conflict 5513:Lod Airport massacre 5346:United Arab Republic 5289:United Arab Emirates 5199:Arab Liberation Army 4801:More spoken articles 4717:Bullseye One Reactor 4359:Richard C. Ragaini, 4085:2 April 2015 at the 4019:10.1162/isec_a_00046 3894:"The Osirak Fallacy" 3521:Al-Alam News Network 3404:. GlobalSecurity.org 3210:5 March 2016 at the 2268:Ragaini, Richard C. 2159:on 18 November 2010. 1640:Donald Neff (1995). 1561:Operation Wooden Leg 1255:. Opposition leader 868:F-16 Fighting Falcon 733:Operational planning 593:first term in office 6203:UNSC Resolution 497 6197:UNSC Resolution 478 6191:UNSC Resolution 452 6178:UNSC Resolution 446 6168:UNSC Resolution 425 6162:UNSC Resolution 350 6152:UNSC Resolution 339 6148:UNSC Resolution 338 6138:Khartoum Resolution 6126:Lausanne Conference 6075:Morrison–Grady Plan 6045:San Remo conference 6023:Balfour Declaration 5895:Gaza–Israel clashes 5887:Gaza–Israel clashes 5662:Mothers' Bus attack 5239:Revolutionary Cells 4558:Sharad S. Chauhan, 4389:Proliferation Today 4058:The Huffington Post 3796:on 10 November 2010 3635:. 31 January 2010. 3443:1991BuAtS..47f..10C 3437:(6): 10–11 and 43. 3386:Chauhan, Sharad S. 3009:1981BuAtS..37h..33F 2904:(19 January 2006). 2647:on 22 November 1999 2603:Proliferation Today 2590:Rise and Kill First 1902:"Israel's Illusion" 1688:1981BuAtS..37h..33F 1588:Perlmutter, p. 172. 1352:Charles R. H. Tripp 1091:UN General Assembly 927:in Operation Opera. 923:, flown by Colonel 794:time. According to 741:Scheme of operation 703:radioactive fallout 614:François Mitterrand 78: / 6502:Airstrikes in Iraq 6348:Quartet Principles 6282:Clinton Parameters 6172:Camp David Accords 5555:Savoy Hotel attack 5405:1948 Palestine war 5244:South Lebanon Army 5133:Muslim Brotherhood 4771: 4474:Peter A. Clausen, 3830:Perry, William J. 3745:The New York Times 3688:on 1 December 2010 3327:Edwin Mellen Press 3323:Lewiston, New York 3254:Eli Louka (2009). 3175:Clausen, Peter A. 2542:Cordesman, p. 606. 2479:Sciolino, Elaine. 2249:on 7 December 2010 2080:Perlmutter, p. 46. 2046:on 5 November 2010 1980:Perlmutter, p. 40. 1906:The New York Times 1738:Ramberg, Bennett. 1249: 1172: 1112:Board of Governors 1072: 970:. A flight of six 968:delay-action bombs 945: 929: 798:, Mossad director 776:, a member of the 761:, with a group of 743: 718:Ayatollah Khomeini 586: 516:Harvard University 445:reprocessing plant 429: 373:The New York Times 291:Israeli government 180:severely disturbed 87:33.20333; 44.51861 56:Diyala Governorate 6512:Mossad operations 6444: 6443: 6440: 6439: 6310:Geneva Initiative 6278:Camp David Summit 6238:Madrid Conference 6215:Reagan peace plan 6188: 6093:UN Partition Plan 6087:London Conference 6069:London Conference 6005:Damascus Protocol 5953: 5952: 5854:Pillar of Defense 5505:Sabena Flight 571 5471:Battle of Karameh 5390:Armed engagements 5354: 5353: 5252: 5251: 5224:Japanese Red Army 4979:Primary countries 4831:Osiraq / Tammuz I 4825:American Heritage 4767: 4738:978-0-425-11259-5 4725:978-0-941437-07-3 4711:978-0-312-16279-5 4687:978-0-7679-1400-0 4662:978-1-59264-278-6 4629:978-0-262-56108-2 4615:978-0-8330-3881-4 4605:Karl P. Mueller, 4601:978-0-9733790-0-6 4587:978-0-7432-7223-0 4568:978-81-7648-478-7 4545:978-0-7734-5866-6 4535:H. H. A. Cooper, 4531:978-0-7546-4407-1 4517:978-0-679-74331-6 4498:978-1-4128-1036-4 4484:978-0-06-501395-5 4470:978-0-275-97408-4 4456:978-0-915979-07-3 4442:978-965-229-316-9 4428:978-0-520-06976-3 4411:978-0-425-11259-5 4397:978-0-394-72901-5 4387:Leonard Spector, 4383:978-1-84511-045-1 4369:978-981-238-586-4 4355:978-0-7099-3775-3 4341:978-1-84603-047-5 4327:978-0-7864-0645-6 4313:978-0-313-36259-0 4299:978-0-471-54299-5 4282:978-0-19-923313-7 4268:978-965-287-000-1 4254:978-0-300-12057-8 4237:978-0-375-42546-2 4223:978-0-520-04969-7 4213:Bennett Ramberg, 4209:978-0-275-96528-0 4197:Anthony Cordesman 4192:978-0-7166-0482-2 4179:978-0-8002-3756-1 4165:978-0-521-87088-7 4148:978-1-4039-1770-6 4134:978-0-7146-8347-8 3317:Cooper, H. H. A. 3166:. Praeger. p. 66. 3162:Seliktar, Ofira. 3096:"Operation Opera" 3080:978-1-78096-221-4 3050:978-0-88318-626-8 2977:978-0-88318-626-8 2902:Joseph Cirincione 2601:Spector, Leonard. 2515:978-0-8330-4095-4 2405:Perlmutter, p. 67 2181:on 18 March 2011. 1952:Council of Europe 1551:Operation Orchard 1521:provided escort. 1507:Operation Orchard 1444:Iraq Survey Group 1394:, wrote in 2006: 1388:Joseph Cirincione 1215:Israel Army Radio 1151:Los Angeles Times 1143:Jeane Kirkpatrick 1139:Margaret Thatcher 915:Israeli Air Force 900:strategic bombers 864:Mediterranean Sea 822:In October 1980, 755:mid-air refueling 696:preventive attack 629:Anthony Cordesman 441:producing reactor 433:French Government 396:international law 392:preventive strike 379:Los Angeles Times 302:preventive strike 259:Israeli Air Force 255:Operation Babylon 253:), also known as 251:מִבְצָע אוֹפֵּרָה 240: 239: 162:Israeli Air Force 37:Operational scope 6559: 6477:1981 in aviation 6398:Trump peace plan 6390: 6184: 5982: 5975: 5968: 5959: 5958: 5944: 5941:Israel–Hamas war 5936: 5932:Shield and Arrow 5926: 5916: 5908: 5898: 5890: 5882: 5874: 5871:Wave of violence 5866: 5858: 5848: 5838: 5830: 5822: 5814: 5804: 5796: 5788: 5778: 5768: 5758: 5750: 5742: 5723: 5713: 5703: 5691: 5681: 5673: 5665: 5657: 5649: 5639: 5631: 5623: 5615: 5605: 5586: 5576: 5568: 5558: 5550: 5547:Ma'alot massacre 5542: 5534: 5524: 5516: 5508: 5500: 5492: 5482: 5474: 5466: 5463:War of Attrition 5458: 5450: 5431: 5423: 5415: 5412:Arab–Israeli War 5407: 5383: 5376: 5369: 5360: 5359: 5257:Other countries 5053: 5052: 4993:Egyptian Kingdom 4955: 4948: 4941: 4932: 4931: 4917: 4910: 4903: 4894: 4893: 4811: 4791: 4789: 4778: 4777: 4768: 4758: 4756: 4751: 4674: 4460:Ofira Seliktar, 4432:Allan D. 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London: 3656: 3652: 3642: 3640: 3623: 3622: 3618: 3603: 3599: 3580: 3578: 3573: 3572: 3568: 3558: 3556: 3545: 3544: 3540: 3530: 3528: 3527:on 19 July 2013 3515: 3514: 3507: 3492: 3488: 3475: 3474: 3470: 3460: 3458: 3457:on 20 July 2011 3421: 3417: 3407: 3405: 3398: 3394: 3385: 3381: 3372: 3368: 3358: 3356: 3341: 3340: 3333: 3329:, 2006. p. 382. 3316: 3312: 3307: 3303: 3292: 3288: 3279: 3275: 3265: 3263: 3252: 3239: 3234: 3230: 3225: 3218: 3212:Wayback Machine 3200: 3196: 3187: 3183: 3174: 3170: 3161: 3154: 3148:S/RES/487(1981) 3138: 3134: 3125: 3121: 3111: 3109: 3108:on 23 July 2011 3105: 3098: 3092: 3088: 3081: 3065: 3058: 3051: 3035: 3031: 3021: 3019: 2989: 2985: 2978: 2962:Barbara G. Levi 2958: 2954: 2946:Feldman, Shai. 2945: 2941: 2932: 2928: 2918: 2916: 2899: 2888: 2876: 2861: 2853:Abbey, Alan D. 2852: 2848: 2838: 2836: 2800: 2789: 2780: 2776: 2767: 2760: 2749: 2718: 2708: 2706: 2705:on 29 June 2019 2697: 2696: 2692: 2682: 2680: 2673: 2667: 2660: 2650: 2648: 2639: 2638: 2631: 2616: 2609: 2600: 2596: 2587: 2578: 2570:Hurst, Steven. 2569: 2562: 2553: 2546: 2541: 2530: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2500: 2487: 2478: 2474: 2461: 2457: 2449:Solis, Gary D. 2448: 2431: 2420: 2409: 2404: 2397: 2387: 2385: 2372: 2371: 2360: 2350: 2348: 2336: 2332: 2322: 2320: 2319:on 13 June 2010 2307: 2306: 2302: 2292: 2290: 2281: 2280: 2276: 2267: 2263: 2252: 2250: 2237: 2236: 2232: 2223: 2208: 2203: 2199: 2191:Holroyd, Fred. 2190: 2186: 2169: 2168: 2164: 2145: 2141: 2126: 2122: 2115: 2111: 2088: 2084: 2079: 2075: 2067:Aloni, Shlomo. 2066: 2059: 2049: 2047: 2032: 2028: 2019: 2015: 2000: 1996: 1991: 1984: 1979: 1972: 1963: 1962: 1958: 1950: 1941: 1932: 1928: 1918: 1916: 1908:. 9 June 1981. 1900: 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5595: 5591: 5590: 5588: 5587: 5577: 5569: 5559: 5551: 5543: 5535: 5525: 5517: 5509: 5501: 5497:Yom Kippur War 5493: 5483: 5475: 5467: 5459: 5451: 5442: 5440: 5436: 5435: 5433: 5432: 5424: 5416: 5408: 5400: 5398: 5394: 5393: 5386: 5385: 5378: 5371: 5363: 5356: 5355: 5352: 5351: 5349: 5348: 5343: 5337: 5335: 5331: 5330: 5328: 5327: 5325:United Nations 5322: 5320:European Union 5316: 5314: 5310: 5309: 5307: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5294:United Kingdom 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5260: 5258: 5254: 5253: 5250: 5249: 5247: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5190: 5188: 5184: 5183: 5181: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5128:al-Mourabitoun 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5059: 5057: 5050: 5046: 5045: 5043: 5042: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5011:Ba'athist Iraq 5004: 4999: 4990: 4984: 4982: 4976: 4975: 4972: 4971: 4968: 4965: 4961: 4958: 4957: 4950: 4943: 4935: 4928: 4927: 4920: 4919: 4912: 4905: 4897: 4891: 4890: 4885: 4876: 4862: 4856: 4846: 4837: 4828: 4817: 4794: 4780: 4773: 4761: 4748: 4747: 4745: 4744:External links 4742: 4741: 4740: 4727: 4713: 4699: 4689: 4675: 4661: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4631: 4619:Shai Feldman, 4617: 4603: 4589: 4570: 4556: 4547: 4533: 4519: 4500: 4486: 4472: 4458: 4444: 4430: 4413: 4401:Dan McKinnon, 4399: 4385: 4371: 4357: 4345:Fred Holroyd, 4343: 4331:Shlomo Aloni, 4329: 4315: 4301: 4284: 4270: 4256: 4239: 4225: 4211: 4194: 4181: 4167: 4150: 4138:Geoff Simons, 4136: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4113: 4112: 4091: 4070: 4044: 4033:on 4 July 2012 4013:(1): 101–132. 3993: 3941: 3911: 3884: 3865: 3836: 3820: 3807: 3777: 3750: 3728: 3699: 3665:Adelphi Papers 3650: 3616: 3597: 3566: 3538: 3505: 3486: 3468: 3415: 3392: 3379: 3366: 3331: 3310: 3308:Styan, p. 137. 3301: 3286: 3273: 3237: 3228: 3216: 3194: 3181: 3168: 3152: 3132: 3119: 3086: 3079: 3056: 3049: 3029: 2983: 2976: 2952: 2939: 2926: 2886: 2859: 2846: 2787: 2774: 2768:Parsi, Trita. 2758: 2716: 2690: 2658: 2629: 2624:Air Enthusiast 2607: 2594: 2576: 2560: 2554:Styan, David. 2544: 2528: 2514: 2485: 2472: 2455: 2429: 2407: 2395: 2358: 2330: 2300: 2274: 2261: 2230: 2206: 2197: 2184: 2162: 2139: 2120: 2109: 2082: 2073: 2057: 2026: 2013: 1994: 1982: 1970: 1967:. 5 June 2006. 1956: 1939: 1926: 1893: 1864: 1833: 1813: 1797: 1795:Scott, p. 132. 1785: 1772: 1757: 1744: 1731: 1708: 1659: 1632: 1603: 1590: 1580: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1573: 1572: 1567: 1558: 1557:nuclear target 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1526: 1523: 1503:Begin Doctrine 1456:, in the book 1373:Following the 1316: 1313: 1309:UN Secretariat 1295:Resolution 487 1230:Saddam Hussein 1163: 1160: 1147:New York Times 1053: 1050: 1011:Etzion Airbase 996:Space Shuttle 984:Iftach Spector 935:Nose of F-16A 907: 904: 843:Main article: 840: 837: 791:Yehoshua Saguy 734: 731: 712:, in the book 684:Yehoshua Saguy 664:Main article: 661: 660:Iranian attack 658: 618:Saddam Hussein 597:Menachem Begin 578:Menachem Begin 570: 567: 554:Sigvard Eklund 512:Richard Wilson 413:Main article: 410: 407: 403:Saddam Hussein 345:Iraqi soldiers 295:Begin Doctrine 238: 237: 227: 221: 220: 213: 212: 206: 205: 204: 203: 200: 199: 196: 195: 188: 184: 183: 182: 181: 175: 169: 165: 164: 152: 148: 147: 144: 140: 139: 132: 128: 127: 125: 124: 115: 105:Menachem Begin 101: 99: 95: 94: 50: 48: 44: 43: 38: 34: 33: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6564: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6454: 6452: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6406: 6405: 6401: 6399: 6395: 6394: 6392: 6385: 6379: 6375: 6373: 6369: 6367: 6363: 6361: 6357: 6355: 6351: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6339: 6335: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6311: 6307: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6295: 6291: 6289: 6285: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6273: 6269: 6267: 6263: 6261: 6257: 6255: 6251: 6247: 6245: 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5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5088:Army of Islam 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5060: 5058: 5054: 5051: 5049:Organizations 5047: 5041: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5008: 5007:Iraqi Kingdom 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4988:All-Palestine 4986: 4985: 4983: 4977: 4970:Organizations 4969: 4966: 4963: 4962: 4956: 4951: 4949: 4944: 4942: 4937: 4936: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4918: 4913: 4911: 4906: 4904: 4899: 4898: 4895: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4880: 4877: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4863: 4860: 4857: 4854: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4826: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4812: 4807: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4783: 4739: 4735: 4732: 4731:Bullseye Iraq 4728: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4688: 4684: 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4153:Gary D. Solis 4151: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4122: 4101: 4095: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4074: 4059: 4055: 4048: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 3997: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3955: 3948: 3946: 3929: 3922: 3915: 3899: 3895: 3888: 3880: 3876: 3869: 3853: 3849: 3848: 3840: 3833: 3827: 3825: 3817: 3811: 3795: 3791: 3784: 3782: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3760:World Affairs 3754: 3746: 3742: 3735: 3733: 3717:. 5 June 2006 3716: 3712: 3706: 3704: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3666: 3661: 3654: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3620: 3614: 3611: 3608:, Jerusalem: 3607: 3601: 3594: 3590: 3576: 3570: 3554: 3553: 3548: 3542: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3512: 3510: 3501: 3497: 3490: 3482: 3478: 3472: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3431: 3426: 3419: 3403: 3396: 3389: 3383: 3376: 3370: 3354: 3350: 3349: 3344: 3338: 3336: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3314: 3305: 3297: 3290: 3283: 3277: 3261: 3257: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3232: 3223: 3221: 3213: 3209: 3206: 3205: 3198: 3191: 3185: 3178: 3172: 3165: 3159: 3157: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3136: 3129: 3123: 3104: 3097: 3090: 3082: 3076: 3072: 3071: 3063: 3061: 3052: 3046: 3042: 3041: 3033: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2987: 2979: 2973: 2969: 2968: 2963: 2956: 2949: 2943: 2936: 2930: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2884: 2881:. Jerusalem: 2880: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2856: 2850: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2810: 2805: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2784: 2778: 2771: 2765: 2763: 2754: 2751:Cooper, Tom. 2747: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2704: 2700: 2694: 2679: 2672: 2665: 2663: 2646: 2642: 2636: 2634: 2625: 2621: 2614: 2612: 2604: 2598: 2592:, pp. 350–352 2591: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2573: 2567: 2565: 2557: 2551: 2549: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2517: 2511: 2507: 2506: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2482: 2476: 2469: 2466:. Jerusalem: 2465: 2459: 2452: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2426: 2423: 2422:Simons, Geoff 2418: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2402: 2400: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2347: 2346: 2341: 2334: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2304: 2288: 2284: 2278: 2271: 2265: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2234: 2227: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2201: 2194: 2188: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2166: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2143: 2135: 2131: 2124: 2118: 2113: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2086: 2077: 2070: 2064: 2062: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2030: 2023: 2017: 2009: 2005: 1998: 1989: 1987: 1977: 1975: 1966: 1960: 1953: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1936: 1930: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1897: 1881: 1877: 1871: 1869: 1853: 1849: 1842: 1840: 1838: 1830: 1824: 1822: 1820: 1818: 1810: 1804: 1802: 1792: 1790: 1782: 1776: 1769: 1764: 1762: 1754: 1748: 1741: 1735: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1717: 1712: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1666: 1664: 1647: 1643: 1636: 1620: 1616: 1610: 1608: 1600: 1594: 1585: 1581: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1528: 1522: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1487: 1482: 1479: 1475: 1470: 1467: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1440: 1437: 1436:William Perry 1433: 1427: 1422: 1420: 1419: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1400: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1383: 1378: 1376: 1371: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1341: 1340:Kenneth Waltz 1336: 1334: 1329: 1327: 1322: 1312: 1310: 1306: 1305: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1287: 1285: 1281: 1280:Ronen Bergman 1276: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1245: 1241: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1222: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1187:Iran–Iraq War 1183: 1181: 1177: 1168: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1134: 1132: 1131: 1127:, writing in 1126: 1121: 1116: 1113: 1108: 1104: 1101: 1095: 1092: 1087: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1049: 1046: 1042: 1037: 1035: 1034:Gulf of Aqaba 1031: 1027: 1025: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1003: 1001: 999: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 956: 953: 949: 942: 938: 933: 926: 922: 919: 916: 912: 903: 901: 898: 894: 893:Tu-22 Blinder 889: 883: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 856: 853: 846: 845:H-3 airstrike 836: 833: 829: 825: 820: 817: 812: 808: 803: 801: 797: 796:Ronen Bergman 792: 787: 783: 779: 775: 770: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 739: 730: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 704: 699: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 680:Iran–Iraq War 677: 673: 667: 657: 653: 651: 647: 643: 638: 634: 630: 626: 623: 619: 615: 611: 606: 601: 598: 594: 591: 583: 579: 575: 566: 564: 559: 555: 551: 547: 546: 541: 537: 532: 529: 527: 526: 521: 517: 513: 509: 504: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 461: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 426: 421: 416: 406: 404: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 380: 375: 374: 369: 365: 361: 360:United States 356: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 335:, bombed the 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 313: 311: 307: 303: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 248: 244: 231: 210: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 179: 176: 173: 172: 170: 166: 163: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 119: 116: 112: 106: 103: 102: 100: 96: 91: 61: 57: 53: 49: 45: 42: 39: 35: 32: 27: 22: 19: 6346: / 6336: / 6332: / 6328: / 6318: / 6302: / 6280: / 6252: / 6244:Oslo Accords 6189: / 6180: / 6170: / 6160: / 6150: / 6140: / 6124: / 6031: / 5931: 5921: 5903: 5853: 5843: 5809: 5783: 5774:Summer Rains 5773: 5763: 5718: 5708: 5698:(1993–2008; 5687:Bramble Bush 5686: 5644: 5610: 5609: 5581: 5563: 5529: 5487: 5341:Soviet Union 5031:Saudi Arabia 4882: 4843: 4823: 4730: 4716: 4702: 4696: 4678: 4646: 4620: 4606: 4592: 4576: 4573:Bob Woodward 4559: 4551: 4536: 4522: 4506: 4489: 4475: 4461: 4447: 4433: 4419: 4402: 4388: 4374: 4360: 4346: 4332: 4318: 4304: 4290: 4273: 4259: 4245: 4228: 4214: 4200: 4183: 4170: 4156: 4139: 4125: 4118:Bibliography 4103:. 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