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justified in the future, we strongly urge that a minimum of 90 days' advance notice be given. The exercise should be conducted on
Saturday night-Sunday morning of a three-day holiday weekend." The American public also responded well, and when given a reasonable amount of time to reschedule their flights were fully understanding and supportive of the military defense operations. However,
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accordingly and notify their reservation holders. An estimated 1,000 U.S. commercial flights – carrying around 37,000 passengers – and 700 general aviation aircraft were affected by this exercise. To comply with this, Canada had 310 flights with 3,000 passengers affected, and 31 foreign flights scheduled to land in North
America were canceled. William B. Becker of the
303:, calling Sky Shield II "the greatest exercise in information analysis, decision-making, and action-taking in continental aerospace defense in all our history." But Kuter deflected calls for a score of the operation, reiterating that Sky Shield's intent was, "by no means, a contest between offensive and defensive forces."
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After the operation, NORAD produced an exhaustive report, presented it to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and then filed it in secure archives. It wasn't until 1997 that most, but not all, of the Sky Shield results were declassified. Conclusions showed that nearly one-half of enemy flights at low altitude
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a decade earlier, and their attacks were all successful without any (simulated) losses, or even successful detection. A 27 Sqn Vulcan, flying from
Bermuda, successfully evaded the defending F-102 Delta Dagger interceptors, covered by the other three Vulcans providing jamming, and tracked round to the
185:
Operation Sky Shield II occurred on
October 14, 1961, from 11:00 a.m. to 11:00 p.m. It was one of the largest defense maneuvers ever held in the western world, involving approximately 250 bombers against 250 missile sites and 1,800 fighter planes flying more than 6,000 sorties. More than 50
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System's (NORAD) plan to simulate a missile-free mock war to test NORAD air defense systems for long-range bombers. The article outlined that the exercise was planned to take twelve hours beginning at 1 p.m. on
Saturday, October 14, through 1 a.m. Sunday, October 15. The article continues to outline
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Sky Shield II phases were transmitted to Royal
Canadian Air Force stations by secure media, but in case of intercept, not the details. Operations were given RCAF code names, and planning conferences included Trusted Agents. Final pre-event checklists were dubbed Double Take A or B. The harried, last
110:
The United States assured citizens that their defenses were "99 percent effective", but the results showed how unsuccessful the defense would be against a Soviet air attack. No more than one quarter of bombers in Sky Shield would have been intercepted, according to later reports. The results of the
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commented that the Sky Shield grounding of all civilian air traffic was necessary to allow NORAD and SAC pilots full range of motion at all altitudes. He also noted that the use of radar jamming equipment by the attacking force would severely affect all civilian traffic and make them incapable of
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were planned to be the first warning line in the NORAD defense system by being positioned on the outer ring of the
Atlantic and Pacific Ocean defense systems. The WV-2s would patrol the northern part of the oceans with their large fuel reserves, while the picket ships escorted by destroyers would
315:
Sky Shield III, held on
September 2, 1962, from 1:00 p.m. to 6:30 p.m., was North America's first test of procedures for clearing national civilian air traffic at short notice, such as would be done in the event of a Soviet attack. Hundreds of USAF trainers were used to simulate normal
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The response after the operation from the FAA and ATA was they would continue to support NORAD. William Becker said "The airlines will continue to cooperate to the fullest extent where military requirements dictate the necessity. In the event that an exercise of the magnitude of Sky Shield is
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When the friendly plane units posing as the enemy broke preauthorized flight patterns and attempted to simulate the enemy as much as possible by flying below the preauthorized fly zone and in patterns that also deviated from the initial plans, they caused great difficulties to the defenders.
136:
In late July 1960, the
Department of Defense gave airlines an eight-week notice that it would mobilize an unprecedented number of combat aircraft in a training exercise so vast that it could succeed only if civil aircraft did not interfere and that the airlines should adjust their schedules
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The estimated 1,880 U.S. civilian domestic and international air fleet were all to remain grounded during
Operation Sky Shield II, in addition to the estimated 70,000 general aviation planes also located in the United States. In conformation with the Air Force's
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light jets, 263 in the U.S. and 56 in Canada, from random and unannounced locations. As the alert horn sounded, Federal Aviation Administration controllers hustled to get them to civil airports far from the metropolitan targets that were presumed to be under
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magazine saying "Don't Forget Sky Shield", and "If you've planned a flight for Oct. 14 or 15, better look at the clock before you take off." An estimated 2,900 U.S. and Canadian flights, scheduled to carry around 125,000 passengers, were cancelled.
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Other unnamed FAA officials commented and stated that there was a possibility of an enemy attack during the operation and that the NORAD defenders would be easily able to identify actual enemy aircraft from other participants in the operation.
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lines were often penetrated by enemy cells of up to four aircraft even while flying at the radar's optimal altitude for tracking. NORAD acknowledged that real enemy bombers would fly much lower than the test altitude and be more successful.
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had escaped detection, and of those initially detected, 40 percent then eluded tracking radar by changing their formation shape, size, or altitude. No more than one-fourth of bombers in Sky Shield II would have been intercepted.
210:. Across the continent, some 150,000 airfield and flying personnel and 50,000 more in close support would also play a part, spanning NORAD, the U.S. Air Force, Army, Navy, Air National Guard, and the Royal Canadian Air Force.
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in 2001, these exercises were often overlooked, with news agencies reporting that the similar but unplanned evacuation of US airspace during that incident had been first ever clearing of US airspace of all civilian aircraft.
256:(USAF) B-52 Stratofortresses at 35,000–42,000 ft (11,000–13,000 m) and the lower-level B-47 Stratojets. The RAF had invested considerable effort in developing their jamming technique after lessons learned in their
577:(LAX) temporary guides met visitors at ticketing posts and showed off the new passenger terminal and ramp. To go along with this, at every gate across the airport different airliners were showing off their latest planes.
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The defense system was said to consist of a NORAD fighter squadron composed from both the U.S. and Royal Canadian Air Forces. This squadron would consist of about 6,000 sorties consisting of F-102, F-106, and F-89 jets.
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Operation Sky Shield took place as planned on September 10, 1960, from 1:00 a.m. to 7:00 a.m. CDT. The operation included 1,129 fighter scrambles which were flown by approximately 360 interceptors against the
404:
magazine quoted "that British aircraft last took part in a Strategic Air Command exercise over the United States in the Autumn of 1960 ", the '' being added by the magazine indicating an error. In a later statement,
434:), occurred on 23 December 1960. The B.2s were replacing the Vulcan B.1s the squadron had been flying since 1957. This confusion over dates may have led to urban legend that "The RAF Nuked America Twice ."
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The closings for this operation were 1,800 scheduled airline flights in the United States, 130 more in Canada, and 31 foreign airlines. The total cost of these closings was estimated to be $ 1 million.
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In the exercises, all air traffic from the Arctic Circle to Mexico was grounded, sometimes for up to twelve hours. The estimated cost of the shut downs was millions of dollars. In the reporting of the
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While there would be no participation by any planes south of the Mexican border, the Aircraft Control and Warning bases located in the Gulf coast were all made aware of the operation and on stand-by.
380:, the low-tech chaff is what affected SAGE the most. SAGE was affected so much that NORAD had to move to manual plane tracking, which allowed the enemy to get into bombing range before being tracked.
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A B-52 lost in the Atlantic Ocean accounted for the eight lives lost during the exercise. On 15 October 1961, a search triangle 600 miles from New York was set up looking for the missing crew. A
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and DC-7s. The two Chicago airports also worked on communications during the downtime and reduced the price of phone calls between each other from 15 to 10 cents for the first five minutes.
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The US DoD statement as read in the above paragraph suggested that RAF Vulcans had participated in 1960. However, Vulcans did not participate until 1961. The first Vulcan B.2 (serial
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The total estimated number of military personnel and civilians was estimated to reach 150,000 with another 100,000 coordinated into rescue teams and maintenance staff on stand-by.
141:(ATA) wrote that "stimated cost figures from only nine of the many air carriers affected totalled approximately one-half million dollars." (equivalent to $ 5,150,000 in 2023)
165:, who was the Canadian prime minister at the time of the operation, shared his objections to Sky Shield repeatedly until the Americans called off the operation on September 15.
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at 12:15 a.m. on the 17th of October, but the eight crew members were eventually presumed lost at sea. These were the only casualties of the three operations.
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of Gloversville and Johnstown, N.Y. wrote a front-page article entitled "U.S. Air Defense to Test Muscle in Operation Sky Shield II." This article outlined the
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missile bases in the northeast United States were to remain in stand-by mode, purely as practice because no missiles were to be fired during the exercise.
1103:
1039:
Wynn, Humphrey. RAF Strategic Nuclear Deterrent Forces: Origins, Roles and Deployment 1946–1969. London: The Stationery Office, 1997. ISBN 0-11-772833-0.
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interceptor squadrons were planned to patrol along the northern and southern perimeters of the United States as part of the NORAD defense system.
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stations along the Distant Early Warning line, the Mid-Canadian line, and the U.S. border were also coordinating with the NORAD defense system.
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265:, New York. The northern force, attacking in a stream, reported a single instance of radar contact by an interceptor and all four landed in
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636:, maintenance workers shut down power and performed 12 hours of repairs in the terminal, and across San Diego at the Mission Valley Inn,
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radar system was able to track less than one-third of the total mileage flown within radar range. While NORAD had prepared for high-tech
68:. The tests were intended to ensure that any attacks over the American–Canadian border or coastlines would be detected and then stopped.
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stated that the purpose of this exercise was to provide operational training for the entire North American Air Defense System program.
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tests were classified until 1997 over fears that they could be used by the Soviets to engage the US more effectively in the event of
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During Operation Sky Shield, airports and airlines prepared tours charging around 50 cents for a 20-minute tour. For example, at
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moments: Fast Pace. The Go hour: Cocked Pistol. Various milestones were designated Big Noise A or B and so on, through Fade Out.
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had 40,000 visitors, while workers took advantage of the closing to install a new air traffic control tower. At San Diego's
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The NORAD remote radar stations that were considered high-risk for destruction survived all three simulated ground attacks.
341:(SAC) decided against it and instead opted for smaller exercises to be held beginning in 1964 under the code name Top Rung.
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During Operation Sky Shield II, airports continued to hold open houses, and many airlines threw parties for their staff.
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464:(SAC) B-47s and B-52s accompanied by a number of British bombers initiated contact with NORAD's systems.
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430:) was not delivered to the RAF until 1 July 1960; the first delivery to an operational squadron, No 83 (
325:. All T-33s were on the ground in Canada within 49 minutes, and in the United States within 72 minutes.
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plan, all foreign air carriers would also be grounded from sending planes to the United States.
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newspaper reported; "We do not know whether the Royal Air Force leaked the story to show up the
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Planning for Sky Shield II was more organized than the first operation. In August 1961, the
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The penetrations by RAF Vulcans in 1961 was first reported in a British newspaper, the
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would command the U.S. army air defense units in coordination with Kuter's plans.
409:, Secretary of the USAF, said the report was "completely without foundation". The
64:(Continental Air Defense) Command to test defenses against an air attack from the
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conducted in the United States and The United Kingdom in 1960, 1961, and 1962 by
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U.S. fighter-interceptor squadrons participated, including those equipped with
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operating at the highest altitude – 56,000 ft (17,000 m), above the
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and more. They were among the largest military aviation exercises ever held.
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Protecting the Arctic Cap were the Canadians and their radar systems. Their
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survey the southern part of the oceans with their long-range radar systems.
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Pine Tree defense lines used by Canadian forces in Operation Sky Shield II
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The beginning of this Sky Shield operation was to begin when a force of
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civil traffic levels and routes. The Air Force trainers took off in 319
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1062:. Universal-International News. 16 October 1961. Archived from
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using their radar equipment to maneuver and land their planes.
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Empire of the Clouds: When Britain's Aircraft Ruled the World.
394:, in January 1963. It was initially strenuously denied by the
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The NORAD defense coordinator for this operation was General
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980:"U.S. Air Defense to Test Muscle in Operation Sky Shield II"
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157:, which simulated an "enemy" (Soviet) force of 310 bombers.
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Non-combat military operations involving the United States
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was quoted in media after Sky Shield II ranging from
475:located in Colorado Springs. In addition, Lt. Gen
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978:Nolan, Tom The Leader-Herald (11 October 1961).
30:For the 1958 and 1960 simulated attacks against
518:Airborne Early Warning Squadrons consisting of
1084:Cold War military history of the United States
438:U.S. media reaction to Operation Sky Shield II
217:B.2s participated in Sky Shield II, four from
345:Intelligence gained from all three operations
337:Sky Shield IV was planned for 1963, but the
1068:Contemporary newsreel about Sky Shield II:
486:Units involved in Operation Sky Shield II
60:(North American Air Defense) Command and
1094:North American Aerospace Defense Command
1060:"Civil Planes Grounded in Defense Alert"
644:held a crew luncheon and pool party. At
569:Airport activities during the operations
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280:(USCG) cutter reported seeing an orange
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1104:United Kingdom–United States relations
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729:(July–December 1961): 60–66. May 1962.
684:, American, United, and TWA displayed
362:Ballistic Missile Early Warning System
175:Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association
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904:RAF Illustrated By Kev Darling p53–54
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442:On Wednesday, October 11, 1961, the
236:, and one other), again flying from
52:, was a series of three large-scale
1109:Military operations of the Cold War
855:Cold Fire: Kennedy's Northern Front
680:twin-jet from France. At Chicago's
396:United States Department of Defense
87:fighter and bomber attacks against
36:Arlington Heights Army Installation
24:
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625:'s tiny 1926 Douglas M-2 biplane.
520:Lockheed WV-2 Super Constellations
451:the exercise in great detail. The
240:, Bermuda, and four aircraft from
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1015:London: Faber & Faber, 2010.
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575:Los Angeles International Airport
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892:Andrew Brookes, Chris Davey p21
857:. Knopf Canada. pp. 57–58.
548:Security Control of Air Traffic
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727:NORAD CONAD Historical Summary
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656:swung open the doors to their
541:Effect on civilian air traffic
83:(RAF) (1961 only), simulating
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1:
868:"Milestones of Flight" 1961."
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71:The exercises involved 6,000
890:Vulcan Units of the Cold War
248:in Scotland. They simulated
177:published an article in its
155:Boeing B-52 Stratofortresses
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1114:Canadian military exercises
928:Wynn 1997, p. 313. Quoting
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200:Lockheed F-104 Starfighters
10:
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1099:Military history of Canada
1011:Hamilton-Paterson, James.
448:North American Air Defense
263:Plattsburgh Air Force Base
29:
919:, 17 January 1963, p. 88.
652:, American Airlines, and
630:Los Angeles International
192:Convair F-106 Delta Darts
139:Air Transport Association
75:flown by aircraft of the
873:21 November 2008 at the
833:Air & Space Magazine
723:"Exercise Sky Shield II"
421:air-to-ground missile."
204:Northrop F-89J Scorpions
188:McDonnell F-101B Voodoos
880:Retrieved 5 March 2011.
829:""This Is Only a Test""
757:Kriz, Marjorie (1988).
254:United States Air Force
77:United States Air Force
1051:"Testing the Shield,"
1028:"This Is Only a Test."
930:No 1 Group RAF History
759:"Operation Sky Shield"
678:Sud-Aviation Caravelle
621:. On the LAX ramp sat
619:Lockheed Constellation
495:
415:Kennedy administration
238:Kindley Air Force Base
151:Boeing B-47 Stratojets
149:(SAC) strike force of
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462:Strategic Air Command
358:Distant Early Warning
339:Strategic Air Command
311:Sky Shield III (1962)
250:Russian heavy bombers
147:Strategic Air Command
1066:on 27 February 2012.
853:Boyko, John (2016).
666:Trans World Airlines
169:Sky Shield II (1961)
120:September 11 attacks
46:Operation Sky Shield
902:Avro Vulcan, Part 1
500:Army National Guard
208:Douglas F4D Skyrays
196:F-102 Delta Daggers
132:Sky Shield I (1960)
50:Exercise Sky Shield
18:Operation Skyshield
941:Wynn 1997, p. 565.
516:United States Navy
510:Air National Guard
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374:electronic warfare
294:Air Force Magazine
261:north, landing at
54:military exercises
1021:978-0-571-24794-3
650:Eastern Air Lines
642:American Airlines
638:Pacific Southwest
615:National Airlines
607:Pacific Air Lines
599:Bonanza Air Lines
473:Laurence S. Kuter
16:(Redirected from
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836:. Retrieved
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611:Martin 4-0-4
583:Douglas DC-8
572:
563:
552:
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536:
529:
524:picket ships
514:
507:
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389:
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267:Newfoundland
244:flying from
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135:
117:
109:
70:
66:Soviet Union
49:
45:
44:
32:Project Nike
878:RAF Museum.
670:Convair 880
658:Boeing 707s
654:Continental
601:opened its
591:Convair 340
398:, which in
215:Avro Vulcan
101:Los Angeles
48:, properly
1078:Categories
704:References
587:Boeing 720
127:Operations
105:Washington
522:and Navy
503:Nike-Ajax
97:San Diego
992:26 April
871:Archived
838:24 April
692:See also
676:its new
498:Fifteen
287:General
89:New York
698:SCATANA
508:Thirty
419:Skybolt
297:to the
223:serials
93:Chicago
73:sorties
1019:
917:Flight
682:Midway
672:, and
613:, and
593:, and
589:jets,
401:Flight
206:, and
85:Soviet
983:(PDF)
762:(PDF)
709:Notes
662:720Bs
432:XH563
427:XH558
282:flare
234:XJ823
230:XH555
226:XJ824
179:Pilot
62:CONAD
58:NORAD
1053:Time
1017:ISBN
994:2017
840:2017
660:and
640:and
585:and
376:and
370:SAGE
368:The
360:and
356:The
213:RAF
194:and
153:and
79:and
38:and
554:FAA
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985:.
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831:.
770:^
735:^
725:.
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648:,
617:a
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232:,
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103:,
99:,
95:,
91:,
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1023:.
996:.
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842:.
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221:(
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20:)
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