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583:. Small organic particles are moved into the mouth by the tube feet. Ophiuroids may also prey on small crustaceans or worms. Basket stars in particular may be capable of suspension feeding, using the mucus coating on their arms to trap plankton and bacteria. They extend one arm out and use the other four as anchors. Brittle stars will eat small suspended organisms if available. In large, crowded areas, brittle stars eat suspended matter from prevailing seafloor currents.
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They move as if they were bilaterally symmetrical, with an arbitrary leg selected as the symmetry axis and the other four used in propulsion. The axial leg may be facing or trailing the direction of motion, and due to the radially symmetrical nervous system, can be changed whenever a change in direction is necessary.
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shows the ancestors of modern brittle stars went though a bottleneck, where a miniaturization caused by paedomorphosis led to structural simplification of their skeletal anatomy. These traits affected their further evolution. As they began to increase in size again, so did their complexity. The first
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Brittle stars use their arms for locomotion. Brittle stars move fairly rapidly by wriggling their arms which are highly flexible and enable the animals to make either snake-like or rowing movements. However, they tend to attach themselves to the sea floor or to sponges or cnidarians, such as coral.
547:
Most ophiuroids have no eyes, or other specialised sense organs. However, they have several types of sensitive nerve endings in their epidermis, and are able to sense chemicals in the water, touch, and even the presence or absence of light. Moreover, tube feet may sense light as well as odors. These
847:
In this species, fission appears to start with the softening of one side of the disk and the initiation of a furrow. This deepens and widens until it extends across the disk and the animal splits in two. New arms begin to grow before the fission is complete, thus minimizing the time between possible
746:
are surrounded by a relatively thin ring of soft tissue, and then by four series of jointed plates, one each on the upper, lower, and lateral surfaces of the arm. The two lateral plates often have a number of elongated spines projecting outwards; these help to provide traction against the substrate
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Between 2,064 and 2,122 species of brittle stars are currently known, but the total number of modern species may be over 3,000. This makes brittle stars the most abundant group of current echinoderms (before sea stars). Around 270 genera are known, these are distributed in 16 families, which makes
772:
species moves vertically. The latter have bigger vertebrae and smaller muscles. They are less spasmodic, but can coil their arms around objects, holding on even after death. These movement patterns are distinct to the taxa, separating them. Ophiuroida moves quickly when disturbed. One arm presses
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by fission of the disk with subsequent regeneration of the arms. In both summer and winter, large numbers of individuals with three long arms and three short arms can be found. Other individuals have half a disk and only three arms. A study of the age range of the population indicates little
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successive divisions. The plane of fission varies so that some newly formed individuals have existing arms of different lengths. The time period between successive divisions is 89 days, so theoretically, each brittle star can produce 15 new individuals during the course of a year.
936:
436:. Ophiuroids can be found today in all of the major marine provinces, from the poles to the tropics. Basket stars are usually confined to the deeper parts of this range; Ophiuroids are known even from abyssal (>6,000 m) depths. However, brittle stars are also common members of
937:
747:
while the animal is moving. The spines, in ophiuroids, compose a rigid border to the arm edges, whereas in euryalids they are transformed into downward-facing clubs or hooklets. Euryalids are similar to ophiurids, if larger, but their arms are forked and branched.
648:
Gas exchange and excretion occur through cilia-lined sacs called bursae; each opens between the arm bases on the underside of the disk. Typically ten bursae are found, and each fits between two stomach digestive pouches. Water flows through the bursae by means of
543:
The nervous system consists of a main nerve ring which runs around the central disk. At the base of each arm, the ring attaches to a radial nerve which runs to the end of the limb. The nerves in each limb run through a canal at the base of the vertebral ossicles.
956:. Most of these produce light in the green wavelengths, although a few blue-emitting species have also been discovered. Both shallow-water and deep-sea species of brittle stars are known to produce light. Presumably, this light is used to deter predators.
492:
The disk contains all of the viscera. That is, the internal organs of digestion and reproduction never enter the arms, as they do in the
Asteroidea. The underside of the disk contains the mouth, which has five toothed jaws formed from skeletal plates. The
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ahead, whereas the other four act as two pairs of opposite levers, thrusting the body in a series of rapid jerks. Although adults do not use their tube feet for locomotion, very young stages use them as stilts and even serve as an adhesive structure.
830:, exhibit fissiparity (division through fission), with the disk splitting in half. Regrowth of both the lost part of the disk and the arms occur which yields an animal with three large arms and three small arms during the period of growth.
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Even if some species have blunt spines, no brittlestar is known to be dangerous, nor venomous. There is no harm evidence towards humans, and even with their predators, brittlestars' only means of defense is escaping or discarding an arm.
383:. They crawl across the sea floor using their flexible arms for locomotion. The ophiuroids generally have five long, slender, whip-like arms which may reach up to 60 cm (24 in) in length on the largest specimens.
907:
the distal part of their tails to confuse pursuers. Moreover, the
Amphiuridae can regenerate gut and gonad fragments lost along with the arms. Discarded arms have not been shown to have the ability to regenerate.
727:(the basket stars) have five long, slender, flexible, whip-like arms, up to 60 cm in length. They are supported by an internal skeleton of calcium carbonate plates referred to as vertebral ossicles. These "
2252:. Study of past distribution and evolution of brittle stars has been hampered by the tendency of dead brittle stars to disarticulate and scatter, providing poor brittle star fossils. Until discoveries in the
793:
being shed into the surrounding water through the bursal sacs. An exception is the
Ophiocanopidae, in which the gonads do not open into bursae and are instead paired in a chain along the basal arm joints.
2426:. They can easily thrive in marine tanks; in fact, the micro brittle star is a common "hitchhiker" that will propagate and become common in almost any saltwater tank, if one happens to come along on some
807:, with the embryo receiving nourishment from the mother through the wall of the bursa. However, some species do not brood their young, and instead have a free-swimming larval stage. Referred to as an
976:
range below 4 m. Shallow species live among sponges, stones, or coral, or under the sand or mud, with only their arms protruding. Two of the best-known shallow species are the green brittle star (
564:). Behind the jaws is a short esophagus and a stomach cavity which occupies much of the dorsal half of the disk. Digestion occurs within 10 pouches or infolds of the stomach, which are essentially
815:. They develop directly into an adult, without the attachment stage found in most starfish larvae. The number of species exhibiting ophiopluteus larvae are fewer than those that directly develop.
531:. The water vascular system generally has one madreporite. Others, such as certain Euryalina, have one per arm on the aboral surface. Still other forms have no madreporite at all. Suckers and
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Larger brittle stars are popular because, unlike
Asteroidea, they are not generally seen as a threat to coral, and are also faster-moving and more active than their more archetypical cousins.
1002:
The main parasite to enter the digestive tract or genitals are protozoans. Crustaceans, nematodes, trematodes, and polychaete annelids also serve as parasites. Algal parasites such as
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them at the same time a relatively poorly diversified group structurally, compared with the other echinoderms. For example, 467 species belong to the sole family of
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2031:
1991:
1057:(frail brittle stars which live buried in the sediment leaving only their arms in the stream to capture the plankton). There are also 344 species in the family of
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2051:
2011:
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1851:
3021:
David L. Pawson, Andrew C. Campbell, David L. Pawson, David L. Pawson, Raymond C. Moore, J. John
Sepkoski, Jr., "Echinodermata", in AccessScience@McGraw-Hill,
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712:. In most species, the joints between the ossicles and superficial plates allow the arm to bend to the side, but cannot bend upwards. However, in the
489:, in that ophiuroids have five arms joined to a central body disk. However, in ophiuroids, the central body disk is sharply marked off from the arms.
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398:(basket stars). Over 2,000 species of brittle stars live today. More than 1,200 of these species are found in deep waters, greater than 200 m deep.
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Brittle stars generally sexually mature in two to three years, become full grown in three to four years, and live up to five years. Members of
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are located in the disk, and open into pouches between the arms, called genital bursae. Fertilization is external in most species, with the
735:, and are controlled by muscles. They are essentially fused plates which correspond to the parallel ambulacral plates in sea stars and five
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1784:
2770:
1764:
3163:
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Mladenov, Philip V.; Roland H. Emson; Lori V. Colpit; Iain C. Wilkie (1983). "Asexual reproduction in the west Indian brittle star
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2164:
2786:"Getting around when you're round: Quantitative analysis of the locomotion of the blunt-spined brittle star, Ophiocoma echinata"
2124:
2915:
Fernández, Diana E.; Giachetti, Luciana; Sabine, Stöhr; Thuy, Ben; Pérez, Damián E.; Comerio, Marcos; Pazos, Pablo J. (2019).
1944:
2917:"Brittle stars from the Lower Cretaceous of Patagonia: first ophiuroid articulated remains for the Mesozoic of South America"
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communities, where they hide under rocks and even within other living organisms. A few ophiuroid species can even tolerate
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2084:
664:"coelomocytes" collecting waste products in the body cavity and then migrating to the bursae for expulsion from the body.
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Thuy, Ben; Eriksson, Mats E.; Kutscher, Manfred; Lindgren, Johan; Numberger-Thuy, Lea D.; Wright, David F. (2022).
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Brittle stars live in areas from the low-tide level downwards. Six families live at least 2 m deep; the genera
3014:
Andrew B. Smith, Howard B. Fell, Daniel B. Blake, Howard B. Fell, "Ophiuroidea", in AccessScience@McGraw-Hill,
2331:
497:
is usually located within one of the jaw plates, and not on the upper side of the animal as it is in starfish.
2522:"First occurrence of a "brittlestar bed" (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea) in Bohemia (Ordovician, Czech Republic)"
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2327:
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Of all echinoderms, the
Ophiuroidea may have the strongest tendency toward five-segment radial (pentaradial)
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1021:
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Many species brood developing larvae in the bursae, effectively giving birth to live young. A few, such as
1924:
700:. In ophiuroids, the calcite ossicles are fused to form armor plates which are known collectively as the
444:, an ability otherwise almost unknown among echinoderms. A brittle star's skeleton is made up of embedded
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353:
17:
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cause spinal malformation. Unlike in sea stars and sea urchins, annelids are not typical parasites.
2969:"Miniaturization during a Silurian environmental crisis generated the modern brittle star body plan"
2316:
900:
568:, but unlike in sea stars, almost never extend into the arms. The stomach wall contains glandular
2410:
Brittle stars are not used as food, though they are not toxic, because of their strong skeleton.
2320:
417:
3256:
3051:
1951:
896:
346:
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era, brittle stars had open ambulacral grooves, but in modern forms, these are turned inward.
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are especially found at the ends of their arms, detecting light and retreating into crevices.
3251:
3089:
2674:
2580:"Salinity Tolerance of the Brackish-Water Echinoderm Ophiophragmus filograneus (Ophiuroidea)"
1032:
732:
524:
3243:
3305:
3194:
3150:
3098:
2744:
2693:
2591:
2474:
986:). Deep-water species tend to live in or on the sea floor or adhere to coral, urchins, or
840:
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families of ophiuroids. In modern forms, the vertebrae occur along the median of the arm.
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hunts epibenthic animals and the
Antarctic Ophiosparte gigas is an active predator.
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generally function as sensory organs. They are not usually used for feeding, as in
470:
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In a few species, the female carries a dwarf male, clinging to it with the mouth.
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lost arms or arm segments unless all arms are lost. Ophiuroids use this ability
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In living ophiuroids, the vertebrae are linked by well-structured longitudinal
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recruitment and fission is the primary means of reproduction in this species.
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980:), found from Massachusetts to Brazil, and the common European brittle star (
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The sexes are separate in most species, though a few are hermaphroditic or
657:, a series of sinuses and vessels distinct from the water vascular system.
615:
580:
466:
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209:
911:
371: 'tail'; referring to the serpent-like arms of the brittle star) are
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large-sized modern brittle star originated in the Early
Carboniferous.
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or muscular contraction. Oxygen is transported through the body by the
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is strongly reduced, particularly in comparison to other echinoderms.
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2870:"Brittle Star Diversity! How many are there and where do they live?"
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2652:. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 957–959.
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2675:"Patterns of sexual and asexual reproduction in the brittle star
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eat both infaunal prey, carrion and seafloor organic matter, and
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113:
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78:
2463:"Global diversity of brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea)"
874:
826:
Some brittle stars, such as the six-armed members of the family
660:
The bursae are probably also the main organs of excretion, with
3022:
3015:
990:. The most widespread species is the long-armed brittle star (
790:
637:
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501:
411:
168:
3264:
3155:
812:
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613:, the arms are used to sweep food rhythmically to the mouth.
565:
387:
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692:
Like all echinoderms, the
Ophiuroidea possess a skeleton of
606:
is omnivorous and feeds on algae, polychaetes and detritus.
556:
The mouth is rimmed with five jaws, and serves as an anus (
474:
437:
3030:
Encyclopædia
Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD
2271:
Silurian fossils from a minor mass extinction called the
811:, these larvae have four pairs of rigid arms lined with
2831:: toward a new pattern of light emission in ophiuroids"
2520:
Mikuláš, Radek; Petr, Václav; Prokop, Rudolf J (1995).
2422:
Brittle stars are a moderately popular invertebrate in
994:), a grayish or bluish, strongly luminescent species.
2827:"Study of the luminescence in the black brittle-star
2260:
in the 2010s no fossil brittle star was known in the
1186:
Müller & Troschel, 1840 sensu O'Hara et al., 2017
1142:
Müller & Troschel, 1840 sensu O'Hara et al., 2017
424:
from the Lower Hienheim Beds (Lower Tithonian, Upper
272:
Müller & Troschel, 1840 sensu O'Hara et al., 2017
2910:
2908:
2906:
2550:
2551:Cousteau, Jaques-Ives; Schiefelbein, Susan (2007).
2460:
2737:Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
1169:(O'Hara, Stöhr, Hugall, Thuy & Martynov, 2018)
2903:
2647:
2519:
1647:O'Hara, Hugall, Thuy, Stöhr & Martynov, 2017
1618:O'Hara, Hugall, Thuy, Stöhr & Martynov, 2017
1356:O'Hara, Hugall, Thuy, Stöhr & Martynov, 2017
952:Over 60 species of brittle stars are known to be
3297:
2863:
2861:
2859:
1627:O'Hara, Stöhr, Hugall, Thuy & Martynov, 2018
1597:O'Hara, Stöhr, Hugall, Thuy & Martynov, 2018
1512:O'Hara, Stöhr, Hugall, Thuy & Martynov, 2018
1476:O'Hara, Stöhr, Hugall, Thuy & Martynov, 2018
1467:O'Hara, Hugall, Thuy, Stöhr & Martynov, 2017
1458:O'Hara, Hugall, Thuy, Stöhr & Martynov, 2017
1403:O'Hara, Stöhr, Hugall, Thuy & Martynov, 2018
1334:O'Hara, Stöhr, Hugall, Thuy & Martynov, 2018
1325:O'Hara, Stöhr, Hugall, Thuy & Martynov, 2018
1260:O'Hara, Hugall, Thuy, Stöhr & Martynov, 2017
1251:O'Hara, Hugall, Thuy, Stöhr & Martynov, 2017
1095:O'Hara, Hugall, Thuy, Stöhr & Martynov, 2017
632:fjords (since those trees hang over the water).
315:O'Hara, Hugall, Thuy, Stöhr & Martynov, 2017
307:O'Hara, Hugall, Thuy, Stöhr & Martynov, 2017
299:O'Hara, Hugall, Thuy, Stöhr & Martynov, 2017
291:O'Hara, Hugall, Thuy, Stöhr & Martynov, 2017
283:O'Hara, Hugall, Thuy, Stöhr & Martynov, 2017
256:O'Hara, Hugall, Thuy, Stöhr & Martynov, 2017
2771:"Common brittlestar | the Wildlife Trusts"
3028:"brittle star."Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.
2893: : Let's get to know some brittle stars"
2856:
2824:
2590:(3). Inter-Research Science Center: 249–256.
2578:Turner, R. L.; Meyer, C. E. (30 April 1980).
1503:(O'Hara, Stöhr, Hugall, Thuy, Martynov, 2018)
1160:(O'Hara, Stöhr, Hugall, Thuy, Martynov, 2018)
2735:(H.L. Clark) (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea)".
884:brittle star with missing arm segments from
2577:
2334:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
716:, the arms are flexible in all directions.
2461:Stöhr, S.; O'Hara, T.D.; Thuy, B. (2012).
1048:Second plate of brittle stars from Haeckel
636:clings to coral branches to browse on the
121:
2992:
2944:
2934:
2801:
2705:
2603:
2496:
2486:
2398:Learn how and when to remove this message
1011:
667:
485:. The body outline is similar to that of
2672:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2283:
2248:The first known brittle stars date from
1235:
1043:
1025:
933:
910:
873:
671:
518:
506:
455:
416:
405:
27:Echinoderms, closely related to starfish
2868:Mah, Christopher L. (28 January 2014).
2526:Bulletin of the Czech Geological Survey
14:
3298:
2887:Mah, Christopher L. (4 October 2011).
2783:
3050:
3049:
2643:
2554:The Human, The Orchid and The Octopus
2443:
768:. Ophiuroida moves horizontally, and
3270:89E2E860-536A-9C4C-341B-5D94B0CDEC4C
3231:cd76b790-1bcf-4ba7-b70f-631417c5a263
2726:
2724:
2673:McGovern, Tamara M. (5 April 2002).
2641:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2332:adding citations to reliable sources
2299:
3311:Extant Ordovician first appearances
2886:
2867:
2777:
24:
2279:
1064:List of families according to the
947:
386:The Ophiuroidea contain two large
25:
3322:
2721:
2620:
1018:List of prehistoric brittle stars
538:
473:(Middle Jurassic), near Gunlock,
2825:Jones, A.; Mallefet, J. (2012).
2557:. Bloomsbury. pp. 205–206.
2304:
2243:
2223:
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2083:
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2043:
2023:
2003:
1983:
1963:
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1903:
1883:
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1843:
1823:
1803:
1783:
1763:
1743:
1723:
1708:
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1066:World Register of Marine Species
1030:Plate of brittle stars from the
704:. The plates are covered by the
145:
46:
3041:Brittlestars on wetwebmedia.com
2960:
2818:
2790:Journal of Experimental Biology
1530:O'Hara, Thuy & Hugall, 2021
869:
776:
535:are absent from the tube feet.
432:The ophiuroids diverged in the
345: 'brittle star'; from
3025:, DOI 10.1036/1097-8542.210700
3018:, DOI 10.1036/1097-8542.471000
2763:
2686:Marine Ecology Progress Series
2666:
2584:Marine Ecology Progress Series
2571:
2544:
2513:
2264:, nor was any brittle star of
903:, in a way similar to lizards
833:The West Indian brittle star,
643:
13:
1:
2436:
925:
708:, which consists of a smooth
3023:http://www.accessscience.com
3016:http://www.accessscience.com
2757:10.1016/0022-0981(83)90016-3
2488:10.1371/journal.pone.0031940
2288:Tropical black brittlestar (
1022:List of echinodermata orders
997:
851:
551:
360: 'serpent' and
7:
2850:10.11646/zoosymposia.7.1.13
1383:Ljungman, 1867 (restricted)
1213:Müller & Troschel, 1840
915:Micro brittle starfish and
586:Many species in the family
10:
3327:
2985:10.1038/s42003-021-02971-9
2648:Barnes, Robert D. (1982).
2417:
1015:
959:
821:
451:
428:) near Regensburg, Germany
363:
352:
3058:
2733:Ophiocomella ophiactoides
1068:, following O'Hara 2017:
836:Ophiocomella ophiactoides
731:" articulate by means of
575:Ophiuroids are generally
239:
234:
215:
208:
142:Scientific classification
140:
129:
120:
34:
2936:10.5027/andgeoV46n2-3157
866:, may live much longer.
422:Ophiopetra lithographica
401:
1832:Ophiomisidium crosnieri
1732:Squamophis albozosteres
905:which deliberately shed
895:Ophiuroids can readily
839:, frequently undergoes
2973:Communications Biology
2784:Astley, H. C. (2012).
2297:
2232:Ophiomyces frutectosus
2032:Ophiocamax fasciculata
1992:Clarkcoma canaliculata
1952:Ophionereis reticulata
1244:
1049:
1041:
1012:Diversity and taxonomy
944:
943:Brittle star in motion
922:
892:
733:ball-and-socket joints
689:
685:with its brittle star
668:Musculoskeletal system
604:Ophionereis reticulata
560:) as well as a mouth (
515:
513:Ophiarachna incrassata
478:
429:
414:
410:Brittle star in Kona,
3252:Paleobiology Database
2287:
2112:Ophioplocus bispinosa
2092:Ophioderma brevispina
2052:Ophiopteris antipodum
2012:Ophiacantha alternata
1892:Amphioplus thrombodes
1852:Spinophiura jolliveti
1239:
1047:
1033:Kunstformen der Natur
1029:
978:Ophioderma brevispina
942:
914:
877:
675:
616:Ophiopsammus maculata
600:Ophiura sarsii Lütken
596:Ophiura albida Forbes
525:water vascular system
519:Water-vascular system
511:Green brittle star -
510:
477:; scale bar is 10 mm.
459:
420:
409:
379:, closely related to
3036:Palaeos: Ophiuroidea
2679:in the Florida Keys"
2650:Invertebrate Zoology
2328:improve this section
2212:Ophioleuce seminudum
2172:Ophiopeza cf. fallax
1972:Ophiothrix suensonii
992:Amphipholis squamata
841:asexual reproduction
800:Amphipholus squamata
394:(brittle stars) and
130:Common brittlestar (
2889:"Face to disk with
2749:1983JEMBE..72....1M
2698:2002MEPS..230..119M
2596:1980MEPS....2..249T
2479:2012PLoSO...731940S
2290:Ophiocoma erinaceus
2262:Southern Hemisphere
2192:Ophiernus adspersus
2152:Ophiomyxa australis
1772:Astrocladus euryale
1151:O'Hara et al., 2017
983:Ophiothrix fragilis
901:to escape predators
881:Ophiothrix fragilis
523:The vessels of the
235:Reorganized orders
2803:10.1242/jeb.068460
2707:10.3354/meps230119
2677:Ophiactis savignyi
2605:10.3354/meps002249
2298:
2292:) held in hand at
2132:Ophiolepis superba
1912:Ophiactis savignyi
1812:Ophiomusium lymani
1245:
1050:
1042:
1005:Coccomyxa ophiurae
945:
923:
893:
690:
516:
479:
430:
415:
3293:
3292:
3239:Open Tree of Life
3052:Taxon identifiers
2829:Ophiocomina nigra
2796:(11): 1923–1929.
2532:(3). Praha: 17–24
2408:
2407:
2400:
2382:
2072:Ophiocomina nigra
1792:Ophiomusa acufera
1777:Gorgonocephalidae
1717:Asteroschematidae
1666:
1657:
1648:
1637:
1628:
1619:
1598:
1589:
1580:
1571:
1560:
1551:
1542:
1531:
1522:
1513:
1504:
1495:
1486:
1477:
1468:
1459:
1444:
1435:
1426:
1413:
1404:
1395:
1384:
1375:
1366:
1357:
1344:
1335:
1326:
1317:
1308:
1297:
1288:
1279:
1270:
1261:
1252:
1214:
1205:
1196:
1187:
1170:
1161:
1152:
1143:
1132:
1128:Gorgonocephalidae
1123:
1114:
1105:
1096:
1087:
1078:
940:
694:calcium carbonate
590:are carnivorous.
469:of an ophiuroid;
324:
323:
316:
308:
300:
292:
284:
273:
265:
257:
247:
204:
16:(Redirected from
3318:
3286:
3285:
3273:
3272:
3260:
3259:
3247:
3246:
3234:
3233:
3224:
3223:
3211:
3210:
3198:
3197:
3185:
3184:
3172:
3171:
3159:
3158:
3146:
3145:
3133:
3132:
3120:
3119:
3107:
3106:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3047:
3046:
3007:
3006:
2996:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2948:
2938:
2912:
2901:
2900:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2865:
2854:
2853:
2835:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2805:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2728:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2709:
2683:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2645:
2618:
2617:
2607:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2500:
2490:
2458:
2403:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2383:
2381:
2340:
2308:
2300:
2250:Early Ordovician
2227:
2207:
2187:
2167:
2147:
2127:
2107:
2087:
2067:
2047:
2027:
2007:
1987:
1967:
1947:
1927:
1907:
1887:
1867:
1847:
1827:
1807:
1787:
1767:
1747:
1727:
1712:
1697:Asteronyx loveni
1692:
1664:
1655:
1646:
1635:
1626:
1617:
1596:
1587:
1578:
1569:
1567:Ophiodermatoidea
1558:
1549:
1540:
1529:
1520:
1511:
1502:
1493:
1484:
1475:
1466:
1457:
1442:
1433:
1425:Matsumoto, 1915
1424:
1411:
1402:
1393:
1391:Ophionereidoidea
1382:
1373:
1364:
1355:
1342:
1333:
1324:
1315:
1306:
1295:
1286:
1277:
1269:Matsumoto, 1915
1268:
1259:
1250:
1240:1852 drawing of
1212:
1203:
1194:
1185:
1168:
1159:
1150:
1141:
1130:
1121:
1112:
1103:
1094:
1085:
1076:
941:
592:Ophiura Linnaeus
471:Carmel Formation
434:Early Ordovician
367:
356:
314:
306:
298:
290:
282:
271:
263:
255:
245:
202:
150:
149:
125:
108:
45:
38:Temporal range:
32:
31:
21:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3281:
3276:
3268:
3263:
3255:
3250:
3242:
3237:
3229:
3227:
3219:
3214:
3206:
3201:
3193:
3188:
3180:
3175:
3167:
3162:
3154:
3149:
3141:
3136:
3128:
3123:
3115:
3110:
3102:
3097:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3054:
3011:
3010:
2965:
2961:
2951:
2949:
2913:
2904:
2885:
2881:
2866:
2857:
2833:
2823:
2819:
2782:
2778:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2729:
2722:
2712:
2710:
2681:
2671:
2667:
2660:
2646:
2621:
2576:
2572:
2565:
2549:
2545:
2535:
2533:
2518:
2514:
2459:
2444:
2439:
2420:
2404:
2393:
2387:
2384:
2341:
2339:
2325:
2309:
2282:
2280:Human relations
2254:Agrio Formation
2246:
2239:
2228:
2219:
2208:
2199:
2188:
2179:
2168:
2159:
2148:
2139:
2128:
2119:
2108:
2099:
2097:Ophiodermatidae
2088:
2079:
2068:
2059:
2048:
2039:
2028:
2019:
2008:
1999:
1988:
1979:
1968:
1959:
1957:Ophionereididae
1948:
1939:
1932:Breviturma pica
1928:
1919:
1908:
1899:
1888:
1879:
1872:Ophiura ophiura
1868:
1859:
1848:
1839:
1828:
1819:
1817:Ophiosphalmidae
1808:
1799:
1788:
1779:
1768:
1759:
1748:
1739:
1728:
1719:
1713:
1704:
1693:
1662:Ophioscolecidae
1636:Matsumoto, 1915
1576:Ophiodermatidae
1541:Ljungman, 1867
1494:Matsumoto, 1915
1443:Matsumoto, 1915
1434:Matsumoto, 1915
1409:Ophionereididae
1362:Ophiolepidoidea
1316:Matsumoto, 1915
1296:Matsumoto, 1915
1166:Ophiosphalmidae
1086:Matsumoto, 1913
1077:Matsumoto, 1915
1024:
1014:
1000:
962:
950:
948:Bioluminescence
934:
928:
886:Póvoa de Varzim
872:
863:Gorgonocephalus
854:
824:
779:
749:Ophiuroid podia
696:in the form of
682:Callogorgia sp.
676:A field of the
670:
646:
554:
541:
521:
454:
404:
246:Matsumoto, 1915
230:
221:
218:Ophiura ophiura
201:
144:
133:Ophiura ophiura
116:
107:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
40:
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3324:
3314:
3313:
3308:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3274:
3261:
3248:
3235:
3225:
3212:
3199:
3186:
3173:
3160:
3147:
3134:
3121:
3108:
3095:
3080:
3064:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3026:
3019:
3009:
3008:
2959:
2929:(2): 421–432.
2922:Andean Geology
2902:
2897:The Echinoblog
2879:
2874:The Echinoblog
2855:
2817:
2776:
2762:
2720:
2665:
2658:
2619:
2570:
2563:
2543:
2512:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2419:
2416:
2406:
2405:
2347:"Brittle star"
2312:
2310:
2303:
2281:
2278:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2229:
2222:
2220:
2209:
2202:
2200:
2189:
2182:
2180:
2169:
2162:
2160:
2149:
2142:
2140:
2137:Ophiolepididae
2129:
2122:
2120:
2117:Hemieuryalidae
2109:
2102:
2100:
2089:
2082:
2080:
2069:
2062:
2060:
2049:
2042:
2040:
2037:Ophiocamacidae
2029:
2022:
2020:
2017:Ophiacanthidae
2009:
2002:
2000:
1989:
1982:
1980:
1977:Ophiotrichidae
1969:
1962:
1960:
1949:
1942:
1940:
1929:
1922:
1920:
1909:
1902:
1900:
1889:
1882:
1880:
1869:
1862:
1860:
1849:
1842:
1840:
1837:Astrophiuridae
1829:
1822:
1820:
1809:
1802:
1800:
1789:
1782:
1780:
1769:
1762:
1760:
1752:Euryale aspera
1749:
1742:
1740:
1729:
1722:
1720:
1714:
1707:
1705:
1702:Asteronychidae
1694:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1680:incertae sedis
1675:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1658:
1644:Ophioscolecida
1640:
1639:
1638:
1629:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1607:incertae sedis
1605:Ophiacanthida
1603:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1590:
1588:Ljungman, 1867
1581:
1579:Ljungman, 1867
1570:Ljungman, 1867
1563:
1562:
1561:
1559:Ljungman, 1867
1550:Ljungman, 1867
1538:Ophiodermatina
1534:
1533:
1532:
1523:
1521:Paterson, 1985
1514:
1505:
1500:Ophiocamacidae
1496:
1487:
1485:Ljungman, 1867
1482:Ophiacanthidae
1478:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1431:Ophiopsiloidea
1418:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1412:Ljungman, 1867
1405:
1394:Ljungman, 1867
1387:
1386:
1385:
1380:Ophiolepididae
1376:
1371:Hemieuryalidae
1365:Ljungman, 1867
1353:Ophionereidina
1349:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1343:Ljungman, 1867
1340:Ophiotrichidae
1336:
1331:Ophiothamnidae
1327:
1318:
1307:Ljungman, 1867
1300:
1299:
1298:
1293:Amphilepididae
1289:
1287:Ljungman, 1867
1278:Ljungman, 1867
1266:Gnathophiurina
1233:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1227:incertae sedis
1223:
1222:
1221:
1219:incertae sedis
1215:
1206:
1197:
1192:Astrophiuridae
1179:
1178:
1177:
1175:incertae sedis
1171:
1162:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1131:Ljungman, 1867
1124:
1115:
1113:Ljungman, 1867
1110:Asteronychidae
1013:
1010:
999:
996:
988:xenophyophores
961:
958:
954:bioluminescent
949:
946:
927:
924:
871:
868:
853:
850:
823:
820:
778:
775:
669:
666:
645:
642:
553:
550:
540:
539:Nervous system
537:
520:
517:
500:The ophiuroid
453:
450:
442:brackish water
403:
400:
322:
321:
320:
319:
318:
317:
312:Ophioscolecida
309:
301:
293:
276:
275:
274:
266:
237:
236:
232:
231:
222:
213:
212:
206:
205:
196:
192:
191:
186:
182:
181:
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
138:
137:
127:
126:
118:
117:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
37:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3323:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3284:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3226:
3222:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3085:
3081:
3076:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3048:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:17 June 2008.
3031:
3027:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3004:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2963:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2898:
2894:
2892:
2883:
2875:
2871:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2832:
2830:
2821:
2813:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2780:
2772:
2766:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2727:
2725:
2708:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2680:
2678:
2669:
2661:
2659:0-03-056747-5
2655:
2651:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2615:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2574:
2566:
2564:9781596917552
2560:
2556:
2555:
2547:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2516:
2508:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2473:(3): e31940.
2472:
2468:
2464:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2442:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2415:
2411:
2402:
2399:
2391:
2388:November 2022
2380:
2377:
2373:
2370:
2366:
2363:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2349: –
2348:
2344:
2343:Find sources:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2313:This section
2311:
2307:
2302:
2301:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2277:
2274:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2258:Neuquén Basin
2255:
2251:
2244:Fossil record
2238:
2234:
2233:
2226:
2221:
2218:
2217:Ophioleucidae
2214:
2213:
2206:
2201:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2186:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2166:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2146:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2133:
2126:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2113:
2106:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2086:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2066:
2061:
2058:
2057:Ophiopteridae
2054:
2053:
2046:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2026:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2006:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1986:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1966:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1946:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1933:
1926:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1906:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1893:
1886:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1866:
1861:
1858:
1857:Ophiopyrgidae
1854:
1853:
1846:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1826:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1806:
1801:
1798:
1797:Ophiomusaidae
1794:
1793:
1786:
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1774:
1773:
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1737:Astrocharidae
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1733:
1726:
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1718:
1711:
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1656:Perrier, 1893
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1633:Ophioleucidae
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1547:Ophiocomoidea
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1509:Ophiopteridae
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1491:Ophiobyrsidae
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1465:
1464:Ophiacanthina
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1455:Ophiacanthida
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1440:Ophiopsilidae
1437:
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1400:Amphilimnidae
1397:
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1374:Verrill, 1899
1372:
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1322:Ophiopholidae
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1234:
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1204:Perrier, 1893
1202:
1201:Ophiopyrgidae
1198:
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1157:Ophiomusaidae
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1104:Lamarck, 1816
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1092:Euryophiurida
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1074:Myophiuroidea
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1038:Ernst Haeckel
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375:in the class
374:
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366:
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348:
347:Ancient Greek
344:
340:
336:
332:
331:serpent stars
328:
327:Brittle stars
313:
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305:
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297:
296:Ophiacanthida
294:
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288:Amphilepidida
286:
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270:
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264:Lamarck, 1816
262:
259:
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253:Euryophiurida
250:
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243:Myophiuroidea
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55:
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2972:
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2950:. Retrieved
2926:
2920:
2896:
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2828:
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2779:
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2711:. Retrieved
2689:
2685:
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2668:
2649:
2587:
2583:
2573:
2553:
2546:
2534:. Retrieved
2529:
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2432:
2421:
2412:
2409:
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2385:
2375:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2342:
2326:Please help
2314:
2289:
2270:
2247:
2237:Ophiohelidae
2230:
2210:
2190:
2177:Ophiopezidae
2170:
2157:Ophiomyxidae
2150:
2130:
2110:
2090:
2077:Ophiotomidae
2070:
2050:
2030:
2010:
1997:Clarkcomidae
1990:
1970:
1950:
1937:Ophiocomidae
1930:
1910:
1890:
1870:
1850:
1830:
1810:
1790:
1770:
1750:
1730:
1695:
1678:
1677:Ophiuroidea
1665:Lütken, 1869
1653:Ophiohelidae
1615:Ophioleucida
1606:
1594:Ophiopezidae
1585:Ophiomyxidae
1565:superfamily
1556:Ophiocomidae
1545:superfamily
1527:Ophiojuridae
1518:Ophiotomidae
1473:Clarkcomidae
1429:superfamily
1422:Ophiopsilina
1389:superfamily
1360:superfamily
1304:Ophiactoidea
1302:superfamily
1275:Amphiuroidea
1273:superfamily
1248:Ophintegrida
1241:
1226:
1218:
1195:Sladen, 1879
1174:
1173:Ophiomusina
1083:Metophiurida
1063:
1051:
1031:
1003:
1001:
991:
981:
977:
973:
970:Amphiophiura
969:
965:
963:
951:
929:
916:
894:
879:
870:Regeneration
861:
855:
846:
834:
832:
825:
817:
809:ophiopluteus
808:
803:, are truly
798:
796:
780:
777:Reproduction
769:
763:
752:
748:
741:
724:
720:
718:
714:basket stars
701:
691:
681:
659:
655:hemal system
654:
647:
633:
620:
614:
611:basket stars
608:
603:
599:
595:
591:
585:
581:detritivores
574:
555:
546:
542:
522:
512:
499:
491:
480:
467:trace fossil
462:Asteriacites
460:
431:
421:
385:
376:
368:
361:
357:
350:
342:
334:
330:
326:
325:
304:Ophioleucida
280:Ophintegrida
240:
217:
216:
210:Type species
198:
131:
35:Brittle star
29:
3306:Ophiuroidea
3177:iNaturalist
3117:Ophiuroidea
3104:Ophiuroidea
3090:Ophiuroidea
3084:Wikispecies
3060:Ophiuroidea
2946:11336/97700
2844:: 139–145.
2838:Zoosymposia
2743:(1): 1–23.
2692:: 119–126.
2536:12 November
2424:fishkeeping
2273:Mulde event
2268:age known.
2197:Ophiernidae
1917:Ophiactidae
1897:Amphiuridae
1624:Ophiernidae
1313:Ophiactidae
1284:Amphiuridae
1246:superorder
1148:Ophiomusina
1090:superorder
1081:infraclass
1055:Amphiuridae
974:Ophiacantha
828:Ophiactidae
644:Respiration
630:New Zealand
495:madreporite
377:Ophiuroidea
373:echinoderms
278:Superorder
251:Superorder
199:Ophiuroidea
185:Subphylum:
41:488–0
18:Ophiuroidea
3300:Categories
2891:Ophiolepis
2437:References
2358:newspapers
2266:Cretaceous
1877:Ophiuridae
1757:Euryalidae
1242:Ophioderma
1225:Ophiurida
1217:Ophiurina
1210:Ophiuridae
1122:Gray, 1840
1119:Euryalidae
1059:Ophiuridae
1016:See also:
926:Locomotion
897:regenerate
860:, such as
805:viviparous
783:protandric
754:Asteroidea
678:soft coral
662:phagocytic
622:Nothofagus
588:Ophiuridae
577:scavengers
337:(from
335:ophiuroids
203:Gray, 1840
110:Ordovician
2979:(1): 14.
2428:live rock
2315:does not
1536:suborder
1462:suborder
1420:suborder
1351:suborder
1264:suborder
1183:Ophiurina
1181:suborder
1146:suborder
1139:Ophiurida
1101:Euryalida
1072:subclass
998:Parasites
858:Euryalina
852:Life span
770:Euryalina
759:Paleozoic
757:. In the
737:Paleozoic
729:vertebrae
725:Euryalida
721:Ophiurida
719:Both the
710:syncytium
706:epidermis
687:symbionts
619:consumes
562:ingestion
552:Digestion
529:tube feet
396:Euryalida
392:Ophiurida
269:Ophiurida
261:Euryalida
241:Subclass
189:Asterozoa
165:Kingdom:
159:Eukaryota
3069:Wikidata
3003:35013524
2812:22573771
2614:24813186
2507:22396744
2467:PLOS ONE
920:racemosa
918:Caulerpa
890:Portugal
744:ossicles
634:Eurylina
558:egestion
533:ampullae
487:starfish
483:symmetry
446:ossicles
426:Jurassic
381:starfish
343:ophiurus
224:Linnaeus
175:Phylum:
169:Animalia
155:Domain:
2994:8748437
2952:15 June
2745:Bibcode
2713:13 July
2694:Bibcode
2592:Bibcode
2498:3292557
2475:Bibcode
2418:Aquaria
2372:scholar
2336:removed
2321:sources
2294:Réunion
1660:family
1651:family
1631:family
1622:family
1592:family
1583:family
1574:family
1554:family
1525:family
1516:family
1507:family
1498:family
1489:family
1480:family
1471:family
1438:family
1407:family
1398:family
1378:family
1369:family
1338:family
1329:family
1320:family
1311:family
1291:family
1282:family
1208:family
1199:family
1190:family
1164:family
1155:family
1126:family
1117:family
1108:family
966:Ophiura
960:Ecology
822:Fission
791:gametes
766:muscles
698:calcite
628:in the
572:cells.
570:hepatic
527:end in
452:Anatomy
358:(óphis)
195:Class:
114:Present
3283:123084
3244:197634
3228:NZOR:
3208:157325
3075:Q59256
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2991:
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1642:order
1613:order
1453:order
1255:order
1137:order
1099:order
1040:(1904)
972:, and
787:gonads
785:. The
638:polyps
626:pollen
502:coelom
412:Hawaii
388:clades
369:(ourá)
3278:WoRMS
3265:Plazi
3257:31508
3190:IRMNG
3182:48836
2834:(PDF)
2682:(PDF)
2610:JSTOR
2379:JSTOR
2365:books
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2215:, an
2195:, an
2175:, an
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1036:from
813:cilia
651:cilia
402:Range
349:
341:
339:Latin
333:, or
3221:7618
3216:NCBI
3203:ITIS
3195:1217
3164:GBIF
3156:2036
3125:BOLD
2999:PMID
2954:2019
2808:PMID
2715:2011
2654:ISBN
2559:ISBN
2538:2017
2503:PMID
2351:news
2319:any
2317:cite
1775:, a
1020:and
742:The
723:and
702:test
598:and
566:ceca
475:Utah
465:, a
438:reef
365:οὐρά
354:ὄφις
228:1758
49:PreꞒ
3169:350
3151:EoL
3138:CoL
3112:AFD
3099:ADW
2989:PMC
2981:doi
2941:hdl
2931:doi
2846:doi
2798:doi
2794:215
2753:doi
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112:to
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