2993:. Part of the proposal is to overcome the "80–20 rule" that requires the U.S. to purchase 80 percent of its legal opium from India and Turkey to include Afghanistan, by establishing a second-tier system of supply control that complements the current INCB regulated supply and demand system by providing poppy-based medicines to countries who cannot meet their demand under the current regulations. Senlis arranged a conference in Kabul that brought drug policy experts from around the world to meet with Afghan government officials to discuss internal security, corruption issues, and legal issues within Afghanistan. In June 2007, the council launched a "Poppy for Medicines" project that provides a technical blueprint for the implementation of an integrated control system within Afghan village-based poppy for medicine projects: the idea promotes the economic diversification by redirecting proceeds from the legal cultivation of poppy and production of poppy-based medicines. There has been criticism of the Senlis report findings by Macfarlan Smith, who argue that though they produce morphine in Europe, they were never asked to contribute to the report.
2144:
1759:
2176:
were allowed to prescribe opiates such as morphine and heroin if they believed their patients demonstrated a medical need. Because addiction was viewed as a medical problem rather than an indulgence, doctors were permitted to allow patients to wean themselves off opiates rather than cutting off any opiate use altogether. The passing of the
Rolleston Act put the control of opium use in the hands of medical doctors instead of pharmacists. Later in the 20th century, addiction to opiates, especially heroin in young people, continued to rise and so the sale and prescription of opiates was limited to doctors in treatment centers. If these doctors were found to be prescribing opiates without just cause, then they could lose their license to practice or prescribe drugs.
1219:
1600:
816:
1790:
875:
2748:
1932:
incarnation of law enforcement in which rural populations had their property destroyed, their land confiscated and/or were publicly tortured, humiliated and executed. Addicts sometimes turned to missionaries for treatment for their addiction, though many associated these foreigners with the drug trade. The program was counted as a substantial success, with a cessation of direct
British opium exports to China (but not Hong Kong) and most provinces declared free of opium production. Nonetheless, the success of the program was only temporary, with opium use rapidly increasing during the disorder following the death of
49:
2817:
1306:(1839–1842), in which Britain defeated China. After 1860, opium use continued to increase with widespread domestic production in China. By 1905, an estimated 25 percent of the male population were regular consumers of the drug. Recreational use of opium elsewhere in the world remained rare into late in the 19th century, as indicated by ambivalent reports of opium usage. In 1906, 41,000 tons were produced, but because 39,000 tons of that year's opium were consumed in China, overall usage in the rest of the world was much lower. These figures from 1906 have been criticized as overestimates.
1286:, prior to the extensive prohibitions that came later. In places of gathering, often tea shops, or a person's home servings of opium were offered as a form of greeting and politeness. Often served with tea (in China) and with specific and fine utensils and beautifully carved wooden pipes. The wealthier the smoker, the finer and more expensive material used in ceremony. The image of seedy underground, destitute smokers were often generated by anti-opium narratives and became a more accurate image of opium use following the effects of large scale opium prohibition in the 1880s.
2229:
1107:
2417:
1565:
1119:
was exported to Europe. In 1573, for instance, a
Venetian visitor to the Ottoman Empire observed many of the Turkish natives of Constantinople regularly drank a "certain black water made with opium" that makes them feel good, but to which they become so addicted, if they try to go without, they will "quickly die". From drinking it, dervishes claimed the drugs bestowed them with visionary glimpses of future happiness. Indeed, the Ottoman Empire supplied the West with opium long before China and India.
2756:
2586:. On November 30, 1998, the standard cutoff was increased to 2000 nanograms (two micrograms) per milliliter. Confirmation by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry will distinguish amongst opium and variants including poppy seeds, heroin, and morphine and codeine pharmaceuticals by measuring the morphine:codeine ratio and looking for the presence of noscapine and acetylcodeine, the latter of which is only found in illicitly produced heroin, and heroin metabolites such as 6-monoacetylmorphine.
950:. The text lists medicinal effects of opium, such as analgesia, hypnosis, antitussive effects, gastrointestinal effects, cognitive effects, respiratory depression, neuromuscular disturbances, and sexual dysfunction. It also refers to opium's potential as a poison. Avicenna describes several methods of delivery and recommendations for doses of the drug. This classic text was translated into Latin in 1175 and later into many other languages and remained authoritative until the 19th century.
1068:
alleviating a wide range of ailments. Due to the constipation often produced by the consumption of opium, it was one of the most effective treatments for cholera, dysentery, and diarrhea. As a cough suppressant, opium was used to treat bronchitis, tuberculosis, and other respiratory illnesses. Opium was additionally prescribed for rheumatism and insomnia. Medical textbooks even recommended its use by people in good health, to "optimize the internal equilibrium of the human body".
3031:
1914:
1645:
1398:, involving a pipe made from bamboo rimmed with silver, stuffed with palm slices and hair, fed by a clay bowl in which a globule of molten opium was held over the flame of an oil lamp. This elaborate procedure, requiring the maintenance of pots of opium at just the right temperature for a globule to be scooped up with a needle-like skewer for smoking, formed the basis of a craft of "paste-scooping" by which servant girls could become prostitutes as the opportunity arose.
2915:) per kilogram. Some additional money is made by drying the poppy heads and collecting poppy seeds, and a small fraction of opium beyond the quota may be consumed locally or diverted to the black market. The opium paste is dried and processed into government opium and alkaloid factories before it is packed into cases of 60 kilograms for export. Purification of chemical constituents is done in India for domestic production, but typically done abroad by foreign importers.
3142:
2167:. Upon his arrival the colonies were losing millions of francs each year. Determined to put them on a paying basis he levied taxes on various products, opium among them. The Vietnamese, Cambodians and Laotians who could or would not pay these taxes, lost their houses and land, and often became day laborers. Evidently, resorting to this means of gaining income gave France a vested interest in the continuation of opium use among the population of Indochina.
3157:
1310:
3087:, a special oil lamp with a distinct funnel-like chimney to channel heat into a small area. The smoker would lie on his or her side in order to guide the pipe-bowl and the tiny pill of opium over the stream of heat rising from the chimney of the oil lamp and inhale the vaporized opium fumes as needed. Several pills of opium were smoked at a single session depending on the smoker's tolerance to the drug. The effects could last up to twelve hours.
2252:
971:
1512:
2828:, it enters the country, perhaps through its Central Asian neighbors which do not participate. A counternarcotics law passed in December 2005 requires Afghanistan to develop registries or regulations for tracking, storing, and owning acetic anhydride. In November 2023, a U.N report showed that in the entirety of Afghanistan, poppy cultivation dropped by over 95%, removing it from its place as being the world's largest opium producer.
2448:
2180:
opium-based products came into effect just after the beginning of the twentieth century, physicians in the US considered opium a miracle drug that could help with many ailments. Therefore, the ban on said products was more a result of negative connotations towards its use and distribution by
Chinese immigrants who were heavily persecuted during this particular period in history. As the 19th century progressed however, doctor
583:
2843:
2619:, meaning a lancet) and carries three or four blades three millimeters apart, which are scored upward along the pod. Incisions are made three or four times at intervals of two to three days, and each time the "poppy tears", which dry to a sticky brown resin, are collected the following morning. One acre harvested in this way can produce three to five kilograms of raw opium. In the
1454:. Britain's All-India Opium Act of 1878 formalized ethnic restrictions on the use of opium, limiting recreational opium sales to registered Indian opium-eaters and Chinese opium-smokers only and prohibiting its sale to workers from Burma. Likewise, in San Francisco, Chinese immigrants were permitted to smoke opium, so long as they refrained from doing so in the presence of whites.
2352:. From 1898 to 1910 heroin was marketed as a non-addictive morphine substitute and cough medicine for children. Because the lethal dose of heroin was viewed as a hundred times greater than its effective dose, heroin was advertised as a safer alternative to other opioids. By 1902, sales made up 5 percent of the company's profits, and "heroinism" had attracted media attention.
1050:, which Paracelsus has been credited with developing. During his lifetime, Paracelsus was viewed as an adventurer who challenged the theories and mercenary motives of contemporary medicine with dangerous chemical therapies, but his therapies marked a turning point in Western medicine. In the 1660s, laudanum was recommended for pain, sleeplessness, and diarrhea by
1641:(BEIC), as a strict monopoly of the British government. There was an extensive and complicated system of BEIC agencies involved in the supervision and management of opium production and distribution in India. Bengal opium was highly prized, commanding twice the price of the domestic Chinese product, which was regarded as inferior in quality.
3345:
2782:, removed the Taliban and installed the interim government, the land under cultivation leapt back to 285 square miles (740 km), with Afghanistan supplanting Burma to become the world's largest opium producer once more. Opium production increased rapidly in Afghanistan from that point, reaching an all-time high in 2006. According to
1098:, a hereditary nervous system deficiency that could predispose an individual to addiction. Neurasthenia was increasingly tied in medical rhetoric to the "nervous exhaustion" suffered by many a white-collar worker in the increasingly hectic and industrialized U.S. life—the most likely potential clients of physicians.
3106:, an alcoholic tincture which was prevalently used as a pain medication and sleeping aid. Tincture of opium has been prescribed for, among other things, severe diarrhea. Taken thirty minutes prior to meals, it significantly slows intestinal motility, giving the intestines greater time to absorb fluid in the stool.
1054:, the renowned "father of English medicine" or "English Hippocrates", to whom is attributed the quote, "Among the remedies which it has pleased Almighty God to give to man to relieve his sufferings, none is so universal and so efficacious as opium." Use of opium as a cure-all was reflected in the formulation of
1940:
singled China out as the primary source of illicit opium in East and
Southeast Asia. Many local powerholders facilitated the trade during this period to finance conflicts over territory and political campaigns. In some areas food crops were eradicated to make way for opium, contributing to famines in
1801:
in China decided to strengthen their opposition to the trade by compiling data which would demonstrate the harm the drug did. Faced with the problem that many
Chinese associated Christianity with opium, partly due to the arrival of early Protestant missionaries on opium clippers, at the 1890 Shanghai
1660:
Some competition came from the newly independent United States, which began to compete in
Guangzhou, selling Turkish opium in the 1820s. Portuguese traders also brought opium from the independent Malwa states of western India, although by 1820, the British were able to restrict this trade by charging
1118:
in the 11th to 13th century brought opium with them. Opium is said to have been used for recreational purposes from the 14th century onwards in Muslim societies. Ottoman and
European testimonies confirm that from the 16th to the 19th centuries Anatolian opium was eaten in Constantinople as much as it
1021:
was introduced to
Western medicine in 1527, when Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim, better known by the name Paracelsus, claimed (dubiously) to have returned from wanderings in Arabia with a famous sword, within the pommel of which he kept "Stones of Immortality" compounded from
753:
From the earliest finds, opium has appeared to have ritual significance, and anthropologists have speculated ancient priests may have used the drug as a proof of healing power. In Egypt, the use of opium was generally restricted to priests, magicians, and warriors, its invention is credited to Thoth,
2910:
is much more traditional. As of 2008, opium was collected by farmers who were licensed to grow 0.1 hectares (0.25 acres) of opium poppies, who to maintain their licences needed to sell 56 kilograms of unadulterated raw opium paste. The price of opium paste is fixed by the government according to the
2850:
Chinese production mainly trades with and profits from North
America. In 2002, they were seeking to expand through eastern United States. In the post 9/11 era, trading between borders became difficult and because new international laws were set into place, the opium trade became more diffused. Power
2494:
has estimated that current production of opium would need to increase fivefold to account for total global medical need. Solar energy panels in use in Afghanistan have allowed farmers to dig their wells deeper, leading to a bumper crop of opium year after year. In a 2023 report, poppy cultivation in
1636:
China had a positive balance sheet in trading with the British, which led to a decrease of the British silver stocks. Therefore, the British tried to encourage Chinese opium use to enhance their balance, and they delivered it from Indian provinces under British control. In India, its cultivation, as
1619:
visiting the port by the 1690s. Due to the growing British demand for Chinese tea and the Chinese Emperor's lack of interest in British commodities other than silver, British traders resorted to trade in opium as a high-value commodity for which China was not self-sufficient. The English traders had
8321:
A philosophical and statistical history of the inventions and customs of ancient and modern nations in the manufacture and use of inebriating liquors; with the present practice of distillation in all its varieties: together with an extensive illustration of the consumption and effects of opium, and
2786:
statistics, Afghanistan's production of oven-dried opium increased to 1,278 tons in 2002, more than doubled by 2003, and nearly doubled again during 2004. In late 2004, the U.S. government estimated that 206,000 hectares were under poppy cultivation, 4.5 percent of the country's total cropland, and
2184:
worked to decrease the use of opium in the US by submitting the Harrison Act to congress. This act put taxes and restrictions on the sale and prescription of opium, as well as trying to stigmatize the opium poppy and its derivatives as "demon drugs", to try to scare people away from them. This act
1931:
were publicly burned, as well as coercive legal action and the granting of police powers to organizations such as the Fujian Anti-Opium Society. Smokers were required to register for licenses for gradually reducing rations of the drug. Action against opium farmers centered upon a highly repressive
1174:
written from the point of view of an addict, details the pleasures and dangers of the drug. In the book, it is not Ottoman, nor Chinese, addicts about whom he writes, but English opium users: "I question whether any Turk, of all that ever entered the paradise of opium-eaters, can have had half the
1071:
During the 18th century, opium was found to be a good remedy for nervous disorders. Due to its sedative and tranquilizing properties, it was used to quiet the minds of those with psychosis, help with people who were considered insane, and also to help treat patients with insomnia. However, despite
2175:
Before the 1920s, regulation in Britain was controlled by pharmacists. Pharmacists who were found to have prescribed opium for illegitimate uses and anyone found to have sold opium without proper qualifications would be prosecuted. With the passing of the Rolleston Act in Britain in 1926, doctors
2044:
and the perception that whites were starting to frequent the dens. This was followed by an 1891 California law requiring that narcotics carry warning labels and that their sales be recorded in a registry; amendments to the California Pharmacy and Poison Act in 1907 made it a crime to sell opiates
1917:
Map showing the amount of opium produced in China in 1908: The quote "We English, by the policy we have pursued, are morally responsible for every acre of land in China which is withdrawn from the cultivation of grain and devoted to that of the poppy; so that the fact of the growth of the drug in
1473:
and sentenced to hard labor for opium possession. Due to this, both the immigrant population and the social use of opium fell into decline. Yet despite lurid literary accounts to the contrary, 19th-century London was not a hotbed of opium smoking. The total lack of photographic evidence of opium
2595:
2022:
government is generally credited with eradicating both consumption and production of opium during the 1950s using unrestrained repression and social reform. Ten million addicts were forced into compulsory treatment, dealers were executed, and opium-producing regions were planted with new crops.
3057:
and "ack ack" (smoking of cigarettes containing tobacco mixed with heroin powder) are only 40 percent and 20 percent efficient, respectively. One study of British heroin addicts found a 12-fold excess mortality ratio (1.8 percent of the group dying per year). Most heroin deaths result not from
2515:
Opium poppies are popular and attractive garden plants, whose flowers vary greatly in color, size and form. A modest amount of domestic cultivation in private gardens is not usually subject to legal controls. In part, this tolerance reflects variation in addictive potency. A cultivar for opium
2179:
Abuse of opium in the United States began in the late 19th century and was largely associated with Chinese immigrants. During this time the use of opium had little stigma; the drug was used freely until 1882 when a law was passed to confine opium smoking to specific dens. Until the full ban on
2259:
The process continued until 1817, when Sertürner published his results after thirteen years of research and a nearly disastrous trial on himself and three boys. The great advantage of purified morphine was that a patient could be treated with a known dose—whereas with raw plant material, as
1067:
Eventually, laudanum became readily available and extensively used by the 18th century in Europe, especially England. Compared to other chemicals available to 18th century regular physicians, opium was a benign alternative to arsenic, mercury, or emetics, and it was remarkably successful in
1091:). Because opiates were viewed as more humane than punishment or restraint, they were often used to treat the mentally ill. Between 150,000 and 200,000 opiate addicts lived in the United States in the late 19th century and between two-thirds and three-quarters of these addicts were women.
1785:
million people consuming 39,000 tons of opium yearly. From 1880 to the beginning of the Communist era, the British attempted to discourage the use of opium in China, but this effectively promoted the use of morphine, heroin, and cocaine, further exacerbating the problem of addiction.
2708:
by weight with a similar duration; at these relative quantities, they could distinguish the drugs subjectively but had no preference. Heroin was also found to be twice as potent as morphine in surgical anesthesia. Morphine is converted into heroin by a simple chemical reaction with
1072:
its medicinal values in these cases, it was noted that in cases of psychosis, it could cause anger or depression, and due to the drug's euphoric effects, it could cause depressed patients to become more depressed after the effects wore off because they would get used to being high.
3042:
In the industrialized world, the United States is the world's biggest consumer of prescription opioids, with Italy being one of the lowest, because of tighter regulations on prescribing narcotics for pain relief. Most opium imported into the United States is broken down into its
1751:. Gladstone criticized it as "a war more unjust in its origin, a war more calculated in its progress to cover this country with permanent disgrace". His hostility to opium stemmed from the effects of opium brought upon his sister Helen. Due to the First Opium war brought on by
2185:
and the stigma of a demon drug on opium, led to the criminalization of people that used opium-based products. It made the use and possession of opium and any of its derivatives illegal. The restrictions were recently redefined by the Federal Controlled Substances Act of 1970.
1780:
in 1858, China was forced to legalize opium and began massive domestic production. Importation of opium peaked in 1879 at 6,700 tons, and by 1906, China was producing 85 percent of the world's opium, some 35,000 tons, and 27 percent of its adult male population regularly used
3295:
entered the English language in the early nineteenth century, originally referring to viscous liquids, particularly sauces or gravy. It has been used to refer to opiates since at least 1888, and this usage arose because opium, when prepared for smoking, is viscous.
3109:
Despite the historically negative view of opium as a cause of addiction, the use of morphine and other derivatives isolated from opium in the treatment of chronic pain has been reestablished. If given in controlled doses, modern opiates can be an effective treatment for
2555:. Although millennia older, the production of poppy head decoctions can be seen as a quick-and-dirty variant of the Kábáy poppy straw process, which since its publication in 1930 has become the major method of obtaining licit opium alkaloids worldwide, as discussed in
2463:
or tightly regulated, highly taxed, legal prescription drugs. In 1980, 2,000 tons of opium supplied all legal and illegal uses. Worldwide production in 2006 was 6610 tonnes—about one-fifth the level of production in 1906; since then, opium production has fallen.
1624:
first visited in the mid-16th century. Trade in opium was standardized, with production of balls of raw opium, 1.1–1.6 kg (2.4–3.5 lb), 30% water content, wrapped in poppy leaves and petals, and shipped in chests of 60–65 kg (132–143 lb) (one
1971:
both prohibited and engaged in the opium trade. It was hoped that Ma Fuxiang would have improved the situation, since Chinese Muslims were well known for opposition to smoking opium. Ma Fuxiang officially prohibited opium and made it illegal in Ningxia, but the
7602:
3009:
company) to cultivate opium poppies in England for medicinal reasons, after Macfarlan Smith's primary source, India, decided to increase the price of export opium latex. This move is well received by British farmers, with a major opium poppy field located in
2099:, though it soon became a general vehicle for depriving them of basic rights by administrative regulation. By 1905 all Australian states and territories had passed similar laws making prohibitions to Opium sale. Smoking and possession was prohibited in 1908.
4674:
Garzoni, Costantino. 1840 . "Relazione dell'impero Ottomano del senatore Costantino Garzoni stato all'ambascieria di Costantinopoli nel 1573". In Le relazioni degli ambasciatori veneti al Senato, serie III, volume I, ed. Eugenio Albèri. Firenze: Clio, p.
1926:
Official Chinese resistance to opium was renewed on September 20, 1906, with an antiopium initiative intended to eliminate the drug problem within 10 years. The program relied on the turning of public sentiment against opium, with mass meetings at which
2627:, were also used for production of opiates from their capsules and stems. A traditional Chinese method of harvesting opium latex involved cutting off the heads and piercing them with a coarse needle then collecting the dried opium 24 to 48 hours later.
2812:
per kilo. Opium production has led to rising tensions in Afghan villages. Though direct conflict has yet to occur, the opinions of the new class of young rich men involved in the opium trade are at odds with those of the traditional village leaders.
1086:
One reason for the increase in opiate consumption in the United States during the 19th century was the prescribing and dispensing of legal opiates by physicians and pharmacists to women with "female complaints" (mostly to relieve menstrual pain and
2520:, contains 91.2 percent morphine, codeine, and thebaine in its latex alkaloids, whereas in the latex of the condiment cultivar "Marianne", these three alkaloids total only 14.0 percent. The remaining alkaloids in the latter cultivar are primarily
3082:
which had a removable knob-like pipe-bowl of fired earthenware attached by a metal fitting to a long, cylindrical stem. A small "pill" of opium about the size of a pea would be placed on the pipe-bowl, which was then heated by holding it over an
8407:
The iniquities of the opium trade with China; being a development of the main causes which exclude the merchants of Great Britain from the advantages of an unrestricted commercial intercourse with that vast empire. With extracts from authentic
1230:
in China came from Xu Boling, who wrote in 1483 that opium was "mainly used to aid masculinity, strengthen sperm and regain vigor", and that it "enhances the art of alchemists, sex and court ladies". He also described an expedition sent by the
1802:
Missionary Conference, they agreed to establish the Permanent Committee for the Promotion of Anti-Opium Societies in an attempt to overcome this problem and to arouse public opinion against the opium trade. The members of the committee were
1683:. The illegal sale of opium became one of the world's most valuable single commodity trades and has been called "the most long continued and systematic international crime of modern times". Opium smuggling provided 15 to 20 percent of the
2974:, stating that year's actual consumption of many classes of controlled drugs as well as opioids and projecting required quantities for the next year. This is to allow trends in consumption to be monitored and production quotas allotted.
1862:
acted as first president. This organization, which had elected national officers and held an annual national meeting, was instrumental in gathering data from every Western-trained medical doctor in China, which was then published as
3014:, England. The British government has contradicted the Home Office's suggestion that opium cultivation can be legalized in Afghanistan for exports to the United Kingdom, helping lower poverty and internal fighting while helping the
390:. The traditional, labor-intensive method of obtaining the latex is to scratch ("score") the immature seed pods (fruits) by hand; the latex leaks out and dries to a sticky yellowish residue that is later scraped off and dehydrated.
2102:
Hardening of Canadian attitudes toward Chinese opium users and fear of a spread of the drug into the white population led to the effective criminalization of opium for nonmedical use in Canada between 1908 and the mid-1920s.
3290:
Some slang terms for opium include: "Big O", "Shanghai Sally", "dope", "hop", "midnight oil", "O.P.", and "tar". "Dope" and "tar" can also refer to heroin. The traditional opium pipe is known as a "dream stick." The term
8366:
The morning of my life in China : comprising an outline of the history of foreign intercourse from the last year of the regime of honorable East India Company, 1833, to the imprisonment of the foreign community in
3077:
of the material as might be imagined. Rather, the prepared opium is indirectly heated to temperatures at which the active alkaloids, chiefly morphine, are vaporized. In the past, smokers would use a specially designed
2110:
was founded, and by 1914, 34 nations had agreed that the production and importation of opium should be diminished. In 1924, 62 nations participated in a meeting of the commission. Subsequently, this role passed to the
7599:
2717:" in a simplified procedure. This form predominates in the U.S. west of the Mississippi. Relative to other preparations of heroin, it has been associated with a dramatically decreased rate of HIV transmission among
2573:
formerly mandated that all drug screening laboratories use a standard cutoff of 300 nanograms per milliliter in urine samples. A single poppy seed roll (0.76 grams of seeds) usually did not produce a positive
2791:
estimated production to have risen 59 percent to 165,000 hectares (407,000 acres) in cultivation, yielding 6,100 tons of opium, 82 percent of the world's supply. The value of the resulting heroin was estimated at
1272:(1578), but also wrote that "lay people use it for the art of sex," in particular the ability to "arrest seminal emission". This association of opium with sex continued in China until the end of the 19th century.
2623:, pods were typically scored horizontally, and opium was collected three times, or else one or two collections were followed by isolation of opiates from the ripe capsules. Oil poppies, an alternative strain of
1871:(Shanghai: American Presbyterian Mission Press, 1899). The vast majority of these medical doctors were missionaries; the survey also included doctors who were in private practices, particularly in Shanghai and
2039:
There were no legal restrictions on the importation or use of opium in the United States until the San Francisco Opium Den Ordinance, which banned dens for public smoking of opium in 1875, a measure fueled by
1992:
from taxing those sales in 1923. General Ma had been using the bank, a branch of the Government of China's exchequer, to arrange for silver currency to be transported to Baotou to use it to sponsor the trade.
8499:
2602:
When grown for opium production, the skin of the ripening pods of these poppies is scored by a sharp blade at a time carefully chosen so that rain, wind, and dew cannot spoil the exudation of white, milky
1394:, which at first effectively exempted pure opium as a potentially medicinal product, the smoking of pure opium became more popular in the 18th century. In 1736, the smoking of pure opium was described by
1903:
appealed to the London Missionary Conference of 1888 and the Edinburgh Missionary Conference of 1910 to condemn the continuation of the trade. When Broomhall was dying, his son Marshall read to him from
2578:, but a positive result was observed from eating two rolls. A slice of poppy seed cake containing nearly five grams of seeds per slice produced positive results for 24 hours. Such results are viewed as
11608:
2824:
An increasingly large fraction of opium is processed into morphine base and heroin in drug labs in Afghanistan. Despite an international set of chemical controls designed to restrict availability of
2120:
2115:, and all signatory nations agreed to prohibit the import, sale, distribution, export, and use of all narcotic drugs, except for medical and scientific purposes. This role was later taken up by the
1747:
Opium War" and said that he felt "in dread of the judgments of God upon England for our national iniquity towards China" in May 1840. A famous speech was made by Gladstone in Parliament against the
1731:. As a member of Parliament, Gladstone called it "most infamous and atrocious" referring to the opium trade between China and British India in particular. Gladstone was fiercely against both of the
2701:) finally can be made by macerating raw opium with water. To make opium extract, 20 parts water are combined with 1 part raw opium which has been boiled for 5 minutes (the latter to ease mixing).
8310:
Drugging a nation, the story of China and the opium curse; a personal investigation, during an extended tour, of the present conditions of the opium trade in China and its effects upon the nation
6360:
Morimoto S, Kazunari Suemori, Jun Moriwaki, Futoshi Taura, Hiroyuki Tanaka, Mariko Aso, Masakazu Tanaka, Hiroshi Suemune, Yasuyuki Shimohigashi, Yukihiro Shoyama, et al. (October 12, 2001).
6662:
10756:
10751:
10746:
10074:
8992:
8987:
8982:
1478:
opium-smoking scene was little more than fantasy on the part of British writers of the day, who were intent on scandalizing their readers while drumming up the threat of the "yellow peril".
6796:
Frick S, Kramell R, Schmidt J, Fist AJ, Kutchan TM (May 2005). "Comparative qualitative and quantitative determination of alkaloids in narcotic and condiment Papaver somniferum cultivars".
1461:, gambling, knife- and revolver-fights, and a source for drugs causing deadly overdoses, with the potential to addict and corrupt the white population. By 1919, anti-Chinese riots attacked
445:
alkaloids morphine, codeine, and to a lesser extent thebaine has been greatly increased. In modern times, much of the thebaine, which often serves as the raw material for the synthesis for
2499:. In November 2023, a U.N report showed that in the entirety of Afghanistan, poppy cultivation dropped by over 95%, removing it from its place as being the world's largest opium producer.
1083:, the Union Army used 175,000 lb (80,000 kg) of opium tincture and powder and about 500,000 opium pills. During this time of popularity, users called opium "God's Own Medicine".
871:, remained in use (which was edited and improved in the Arabic versions) from the 1st to 16th centuries, and described opium and the wide range of its uses prevalent in the ancient world.
9472:
2092:
11329:
10455:
2607:, usually in the afternoon. Incisions are made while the pods are still raw, with no more than a slight yellow tint, and must be shallow to avoid penetrating hollow inner chambers or
2391:(late 1950s), and derivatives thereof have been introduced, and each is preferred for certain specialized applications. Nonetheless, morphine remains the drug of choice for American
1333:
wrote, "nowadays, from nobility and gentlemen down to slaves and women, all are addicted to tobacco." Tobacco in that time was frequently mixed with other herbs (this continues with
222:
10189:
2774:
was formerly the primary producer of the drug. Having regularly producing 70 percent of the world's opium, Afghanistan decreased production to 74 tons per year under a ban by the
5710:
11600:
566:
A little of it, taken as much as a grain of ervum is a pain-easer, and a sleep-causer, and a digester...but being drank too much it hurts, making men lethargical, and it kills.
3208:
effects. Morphine is the most prevalent and important alkaloid in opium, consisting of 10–16 percent of the total, and is responsible for most of its harmful effects such as
9467:
2989:
Afghan farmers to produce opium for the world pharmaceutical market, and thereby solve another problem, that of chronic underuse of potent analgesics where required within
11780:
9883:
7547:
Poppy for Medicine: "Licensing poppy for the production of essential medicines: an integrated counter-narcotics, development, and counter-insurgency model for Afghanistan"
6239:
Brown Richard Harvey (2002). "The Opium Trade And Opium Policies In India, China, Britain, And The United States: Historical Comparisons And Theoretical Interpretations".
1855:
7549:
11813:
11081:
10329:
9372:
2531:
Seed capsules can be dried and used for decorations, but they also contain morphine, codeine, and other alkaloids. These pods can be boiled in water to produce a bitter
2031:; based on a study of opiate use in soldiers returning to the United States in 1971, 20 percent of participants were dependent enough to experience withdrawal symptoms.
754:
and it was said to have been given by Isis to Ra as treatment for a headache. A figure of the Minoan "goddess of the narcotics", wearing a crown of three opium poppies,
7272:
4076:
3022:
and heroin. Opium poppy cultivation in the United Kingdom does not need a licence, but a licence is required for those wishing to extract opium for medicinal products.
2634:, because pungent, jelly-like raw opium is bulkier and harder to smuggle. Crude laboratories in the field are capable of refining opium into morphine base by a simple
7502:
11595:
10500:
10209:
2566:
1891:. In 1888, Broomhall formed and became secretary of the Christian Union for the Severance of the British Empire with the Opium Traffic and editor of its periodical,
1060:
6857:
Meadway C, George S, Braithwaite R (August 31, 1998). "Opiate concentrations following the ingestion of poppy seed products—evidence for 'the poppy seed defence'".
2611:
while cutting into the lactiferous vessels. In the Indian Subcontinent, Afghanistan, Central Asia and Iran, the special tool used to make the incisions is called a
2935:
2060:, which did not allow the federal government to enact arbitrary prohibitions, but did permit arbitrary taxation. Beginning in 1883, opium importation was taxed at
1410:
in the West (1800s to 1949) first began to flourish during the 19th century due to famine and political upheaval, as well as rumors of wealth to be had outside of
8496:
1158:. A medical panacea of the 19th century, "any respectable person" could purchase a range of hashish pastes and (later) morphine with complementary injection kit.
8336:
The opium revenue: Sir William Muir's minute and other extracts from papers published by the Calcutta government; also extracts from parliamentary papers
2565:
are a common and flavorsome topping for breads and cakes. One gram of poppy seeds contains up to 33 micrograms of morphine and 14 micrograms of codeine, and the
2495:
southern Afghanistan was reduced by over 80% as a result of Taliban campaigns to stop its use toward opium. This included a 99% reduction of opium growth in the
8101:
6892:
Trafkowski J, Madea B, Musshoff F (August 2006). "The significance of putative urinary markers of illicit heroin use after consumption of poppy seed products".
5231:
258:
11706:
11494:
8902:
1446:, where the drug was promoted and monopolized by the colonial government as a source of revenue. Among white Europeans, opium was more frequently consumed as
10580:
3224:. Chronic opium addicts in 1906 China consumed an average of eight grams of opium daily; opium addicts in modern Iran are thought to consume about the same.
2721:(4 percent in Los Angeles vs. 40 percent in New York) due to technical requirements of injection, although it is also associated with greater risk of venous
1864:
1330:
282:
6424:
3523:
2267:
Morphine was the first pharmaceutical isolated from a natural product, and this success encouraged the isolation of other alkaloids: by 1820, isolations of
8853:
4591:
3891:
2638:. A sticky, brown paste, morphine base is pressed into bricks and sun-dried, and can either be smoked, prepared into other forms or processed into heroin.
1743:
initiated in 1857, denounced British violence against Chinese, and was ardently opposed to the British trade in opium to China. Gladstone lambasted it as "
306:
1474:
smoking in Britain, as opposed to the relative abundance of historical photos depicting opium smoking in North America and France, indicates the infamous
11701:
10575:
7573:
6130:
2143:
706:
6170:
5506:
The Opium War, 1840–1842: Barbarians in the Celestial Empire in the Early Part of the Nineteenth Century and the War by which They Forced Her Gates Ajar
1976:
reversed his policy; by 1933, people from every level of society were abusing the drug, and Ningxia was left in destitution. In 1923, an officer of the
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2881:
8912:
7204:
4310:
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3405:
1042:
was originally the 16th-century term for a medicine associated with a particular physician that was widely well-regarded, but became standardized as "
235:
9457:
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7842:
3239:
first identified as responsive to morphine. Tolerance is associated with the superactivation of the receptor, which may be affected by the degree of
3047:
constituents, and whether legal or illegal, most current drug use occurs with processed derivatives such as heroin rather than with unrefined opium.
2889:
992:
742:, where surgical-quality knives were used to score the poppy pods, and opium was cultivated, traded, and smoked. Opium was also mentioned after the
10470:
9943:
6831:
5696:
Windle, J. (2011). ‘Ominous Parallels and Optimistic Differences: Opium in China and Afghanistan’. Law, Crime and History, Vol. 2(1), pp. 141–164.
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3677:
7990:
6558:
5118:
3346:
Protocol for Limiting and Regulating the Cultivation of the Poppy Plant, the Production of, International and Wholesale Trade in, and Use of Opium
2135:
to take physical possession of licit opium crops as soon as possible after harvest and conduct all wholesaling and exporting through that agency.
11987:
11628:
11620:
10681:
10139:
10024:
9833:
9680:
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2851:
shifted from remote to high-end smugglers and opium traders. Outsourcing became a huge factor for survival for many smugglers and opium farmers.
2787:
produced 4,200 metric tons of opium, 76 percent of the world's supply, yielding 60 percent of Afghanistan's gross domestic product. In 2006, the
2543:. In poppies subjected to mutagenesis and selection on a mass scale, researchers have been able to use poppy straw to obtain large quantities of
1501:
1457:
Because of the low social status of immigrant workers, contemporary writers and media had little trouble portraying opium dens as seats of vice,
1431:
11897:
11661:
9938:
3355:
2630:
Raw opium may be sold to a merchant or broker on the black market, but it usually does not travel far from the field before it is refined into
2205:
facilitated production and trafficking of the drug from Southeast Asia for decades, with the region becoming a major source of world supplies.
2704:
Heroin is widely preferred because of increased potency. One study in postaddicts found heroin to be approximately 2.2 times more potent than
11676:
11001:
10886:
10279:
9634:
9297:
8957:
8547:
8258:
2208:
During the Communist era in Eastern Europe, poppy stalks sold in bundles by farmers were processed by users with household chemicals to make
913:, "In the Absence of a Physician", a home medical manual directed toward ordinary citizens for self-treatment if a doctor was not available.
677:, described the collection of poppy juice in the morning and its use in production of opium. Cultivation continued in the Middle East by the
2193:
Opium production in China and the rest of East Asia was nearly wiped out after WWII, however, sustained covert support by the United States
1667:. Despite drastic penalties and continued prohibition of opium until 1860, opium smuggling rose steadily from 200 chests per year under the
11823:
11793:
11744:
11464:
11454:
10555:
10550:
10059:
1026:, whose text, which described the use of opium or a similar preparation, had recently been translated and reintroduced to medieval Europe.
4249:
11932:
11404:
11258:
10921:
10736:
10379:
9788:
3279:
7397:
11843:
11833:
11026:
10039:
8433:
7153:
5717:
4650:
1752:
1744:
1279:
wrote that opium was used even by rich peasants, and even a small village without a rice store would have a shop where opium was sold.
1022:
opium thebaicum, citrus juice, and "quintessence of gold". The name "Paracelsus" was a pseudonym signifying him the equal or better of
944:("Avicenna") described opium as the most powerful of the stupefacients, in comparison to mandrake and other highly effective herbs, in
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11848:
11749:
11636:
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which is almost twice as potent, and increases the value by a similar factor. The reduced weight and bulk make it easier to smuggle.
5607:
3282:
concluded that opium is a Group 1 (sufficient evidence) human carcinogen, causing cancers of the larynx, lung, and urinary bladder.
2399:
containing 16 milligrams each for use on severely wounded soldiers. No drug has been found that can match the painkilling effect of
247:
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10635:
10424:
9524:
8846:
4617:
8283:
Two years in China. Narrative of the Chinese expedition, from its formation in April, 1840, to the treaty of peace in August, 1842
2486:
Opium production increased considerably, surpassing 5,000 tons in 2002 and reaching 8,600 tons in Afghanistan and 840 tons in the
434:) historically referred to related, weaker preparations made from other parts of the opium poppy or different species of poppies.
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11484:
11479:
11414:
6605:
1758:
1592:
virtues, officially prohibited the sale of opium, except for a small amount for medicinal purposes. The ban punished sellers and
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5205:
9783:
7546:
7421:
7029:
6637:
3651:
8080:
7068:"A comparative study of subjective and physiological effects of heroin and morphine administered intravenously in postaddicts"
6989:
2459:
in many countries during the early 20th century, leading to the modern pattern of opium production as a precursor for illegal
1705:
20,000 chests of opium (approximately 2,660,000 pounds) in Guangzhou in a river. Given that a chest of opium was worth nearly
1032:, the standard medical textbook that Paracelsus burned in a public bonfire three weeks after being appointed professor at the
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5902:
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5846:
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5514:
5487:
5460:
5433:
5406:
5379:
5352:
5325:
5169:
4831:
4814:
4742:
4555:
Kramer John C (1979). "Opium Rampant: Medical Use, Misuse and Abuse in Britain and the West in the 17th and 18th Centuries".
4083:
4041:
3991:
3702:
3440:
3315:
2971:
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2128:
2116:
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8378:
The Chinese war : an account of all the operations of the British forces from the commencement to the Treaty of Nanking
8133:
5671:
5558:
5531:
5504:
5396:
1379:
than opium, which users cannot do without, nor can they come by it except it be brought by the ships of the Batavians from
1094:
Opium addiction in the later 19th century received a hereditary definition. Dr. George Beard in 1869 proposed his theory of
7506:
6096:
5477:
5450:
5423:
5342:
2164:
1275:
Opium smoking began as a privilege of the elite and remained a great luxury into the early 19th century. However, by 1861,
1218:
8200:
Agreement between Great Britain and Portugal for regulation of the opium monopolies of the colonies of Hong Kong and Macao
6532:
5369:
2068:
per pound, until the Opium Exclusion Act of 1909 prohibited the importation of opium altogether. In a similar manner, the
857:, prohibit every intoxicating substance, though the use of intoxicants in medicine has been widely permitted by scholars.
9437:
8839:
6610:
5946:
Liang B, Lu H (2013). "Discourses of drug problems and drug control in China: Reports in the People's Daily, 1946–2009".
5802:
2124:
2008:
provided a detailed historical account of how the opium trade was essential to the economy of Yan'an during this period.
1875:, as well as Chinese who had been trained in medical schools in Western countries. In England, the home director of the
4180:
Heydari M, Hashempur MH, Zargaran A (2013). "Medicinal aspects of opium as described in Avicenna's Canon of Medicine".
2336:, the first semi-synthetic opioid, was first synthesized in 1874, but was not pursued until its rediscovery in 1897 by
1183:" is also widely considered to be a poem of the opium experience. Coleridge began using opium in 1791 after developing
294:
4509:
Aurin M (January 1, 2000). "Chasing the Dragon: The Cultural Metamorphosis of Opium in the United States, 1825–1935".
1984:
found out that Ma Fuxiang was assisting the drug trade in opium which helped finance his military expenses. He earned
12034:
8540:
8252:
8105:
5743:
5594:
5235:
4762:
1698:
took strong action to halt the smuggling of opium, including the seizure of cargo. In 1838, the Chinese Commissioner
1551:
8443:
6559:"Operational Medicine 2001 Field Medical Service School Student Handbook: Molle medical bag/surgical instrument set"
4948:
3053:
of opiates is most used: by comparison with injection, "dragon chasing" (heating of heroin on a piece of foil), and
1596:
keepers, but not users of the drug. Opium was banned completely in 1799, and this prohibition continued until 1860.
1442:" (manual laborers). French sailors provided another major group of opium smokers, having gotten the habit while in
11201:
3719:
3310:
2832:
2487:
2024:
8294:. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books, 2007. Photographs and history of Chinese and Vietnamese opium-smoking paraphernalia.
2985:, most of which is converted to heroin and smuggled for sale in Europe and the United States. This proposal is to
2808:
in revenue. For farmers, the crop can be up to ten times more profitable than wheat. The price of opium is around
1122:
Extensive textual and pictorial sources also show that poppy cultivation and opium consumption were widespread in
11196:
7320:
Goodhand J (2000). "From holy war to opium war? A case study of the opium economy in North Eastern Afghanistan".
3847:"Description of the Culture of the White Poppy and Preparation of Opium, as Practised in the Province of Bahar".
2982:
2907:
2783:
2771:
2738:
2081:
1797:
Scientific evidence of the pernicious nature of opium use was largely undocumented in the 1890s, when Protestant
681:, who also collected poppy juice in the morning after scoring the pods with an iron scoop; they called the juice
207:
7803:
5745:
Chronique du Toumet-Ortos: Looking through the Lens of Joseph Van Oost, Missionary in Inner Mongolia (1915–1921)
4595:
4404:
3919:
3605:
3531:
3466:
1599:
11121:
3320:
2364:, was introduced by Bayer in 1916 and promoted as a less-addictive analgesic. Preparations of the drug such as
2107:
2073:
1713:
1533:
8102:"Opium. Uncovering the Politics of the Poppy, London, I.B. Tauris (Cambridge, Harvard University Press: 2010)"
7974:
7577:
7475:
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815:
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6157:
2264:
once lamented, "if soporifics are weak they do not help; if they are strong they are exceedingly dangerous."
1702:
1568:
1487:
1295:
1294:
Opium prohibition in China began in 1729, yet was followed by nearly two centuries of increasing opium use.
894:
496:
contains the earliest archeological evidence of human use; the oldest known seeds date back to more than 5000
437:
The production methods have not significantly changed since ancient times. Through selective breeding of the
2027:
region. The remnant opium trade primarily served Southeast Asia, but spread to American soldiers during the
10319:
8533:
8522:, 20 July 1878, p. 36, historical account on the physiological effects of the first 16 known alkaloids
7226:
6115:
4314:
4158:
3444:
3413:
2892:, whereby the entire poppy, excluding roots and leaves, is mashed and stewed in dilute acid solutions. The
2788:
2148:
1268:
270:
7846:
7106:"Morphine compared with diamorphine. A comparison of dose requirements and side-effects after hip surgery"
3652:"The history of the poppy and of opium and their expansion in antiquity in the eastern Mediterranean area"
3259:
always entails a risk that the patient develops tolerance or physical dependence. There are many kinds of
11889:
8449:
7248:
3820:
2194:
1910:
the welcome news that an agreement had been signed ensuring the end of the opium trade within two years.
951:
874:
17:
7363:
6580:
6195:
Anderson S, Berridge V (2000). "Opium In 20th-Century Britain: Pharmacists, Regulation And The People".
5043:
1883:, was an active opponent of the opium trade, writing two books to promote the banning of opium smoking:
11299:
11294:
10686:
10029:
9117:
8339:(1st ed.), London: The Anglo-Oriental Society for the Suppression of the Opium Trade, p. 30,
7998:
6835:
6688:
5122:
3553:
Sawynok J (January 1986). "The therapeutic use of heroin: a review of the pharmacological literature".
2069:
1763:
1638:
1138:
In England, opium fulfilled a "critical" role, as it did other societies, in addressing multifactorial
893:
Between 400 and 1200 AD, Arab traders introduced opium to China, and to India by 700 AD. The physician
7893:"Endocytosis of the mu opioid receptor reduces tolerance and a cellular hallmark of opiate withdrawal"
6338:
6267:
3948:
3212:, respiratory difficulties, coma, or cardiac or respiratory collapse. Morphine binds to and activates
2697:. Opium syrup is made by combining 97.5 part sugar syrup with 2.5 parts opium extract. Opium extract (
2236:
Globally, opium has gradually been superseded by a variety of purified, semi-synthetic, and synthetic
779:(Death) were depicted wreathed in poppies or holding them. Poppies also frequently adorned statues of
12039:
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5022:
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2491:
2085:
1851:
1811:
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1495:
1209:
6663:"Opium production in the Golden Triangle continues at high levels, threatening regional integration"
5294:
2778:
in 2000, a move which cut production by 94 percent. A year later, after American and British troops
2747:
1337:
to the modern day), and opium was one component in the mixture. Tobacco mixed with opium was called
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10691:
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9695:
8438:
6401:
5777:
5711:"Historical Legacies and Non/Traditional Security: Commemorating National Humiliation Day in China"
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1191:, and became a full addict after a severe attack of the disease in 1801, requiring 80–100 drops of
4382:
2713:, followed by purification. Especially in Mexican production, opium may be converted directly to "
1101:
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11284:
9908:
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8805:
6316:
Peter Dale Scott, Asia-Pacific Journal Japan Focus, 1 Nov. 2010, Volume 8 | Issue 44 | Number 2,
4250:"Approach to painful disorders by Şerefeddin Sabuncuoğlu in the fifteenth century Ottoman period"
3015:
2816:
2052:
At the US federal level, the legal actions taken reflected constitutional restrictions under the
1997:
1944:
Beginning in 1915, Chinese nationalist groups came to describe the period of military losses and
1835:
1728:
1522:
1283:
1276:
1176:
924:
48:
8151:
7205:"Black tar heroin use explains lower HIV levels among intravenous drug users in the Western U.S"
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4339:
1755:, there was initial reluctance to join the government of Peel on part of Gladstone before 1841.
909:; he made use of opium in anesthesia and recommended its use for the treatment of melancholy in
841:
declined, the lands to the south and east of the Mediterranean Sea became incorporated into the
764:
BCE, was recovered from the Sanctuary of Gazi, Crete, together with a simple smoking apparatus.
10696:
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9685:
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7661:
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4735:
L’opium et le café. Traduction d’un texte arabe anonyme et exploration de l'opiophagie ottomane
3205:
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began developing a programme which hopes to solve the problems caused by the large quantity of
2900:
and purified. The exact date of its discovery is unknown, but it was described by Wurtz in his
2885:
2292:
2096:
2041:
1529:
1364:
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1023:
928:
402:
31:
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4360:
4033:
3875:
P. G. Kritikos, S. P. Papadaki (January 1, 1967). "The early history of the poppy and opium".
2970:
in the United Kingdom. The UN treaty requires that every country submit annual reports to the
2245:
1694:
In response to the ever-growing number of Chinese people becoming addicted to opium, the Qing
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1900:
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and became the world's largest producer of opium, producing 1080 metric tones according the
480:
is extracted from the opium latex, reducing the bulk weight by 88%. It is then converted to
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1941:
Guizhou and Shaanxi Provinces between 1921 and 1923, and food deficits in other provinces.
1876:
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6615:
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3970:"Islamic Medical Manuscripts at the National Library of Medicine: a note on pharmaceutics"
1948:
as the "Century of National Humiliation", later defined to end with the conclusion of the
8:
11992:
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8265:, Pan Macmillan, London, 2018. **Review: Julie Peakman: "Not Just Smelling the Flowers",
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2232:
Apothecary vessel for storage of opium as a pharmaceutical, Germany, 18th or 19th century
2202:
2160:
1859:
1720:
in 1840, the British winning Hong Kong and trade concessions in the first of a series of
1633:
with the understanding that the independent purchasers would then smuggle it into China.
1033:
882:
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settlements have also been reported. The first known cultivation of opium poppies was in
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2430:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
2228:
1426:
brought with them the Chinese manner of opium smoking, and the social traditions of the
1036:, also described the use of opium, though many Latin translations were of poor quality.
629:, including the placement of large numbers of poppy seed capsules at a burial site (the
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3590:"Archaeological Evidence for the Tradition of Psychoactive Plant Use in the Old World"
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Other methods of preparation (besides smoking), include processing into regular opium
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The painkilling fields: England's opium poppies that tackle the NHS morphine crisis,
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3698:
3671:
3609:
3570:
3350:
3340:
2460:
2261:
2132:
2112:
2053:
1949:
1937:
1803:
1668:
1579:
1466:
1325:
of tobacco by the Ming emperor. The prohibition ended in 1644 with the coming of the
1227:
1161:
1155:
1075:
The standard medical use of opium persisted well into the 19th century. US president
863:
824:
788:
743:
727:
678:
463:
7926:
7727:
7525:
7299:
7139:
7007:
6921:
5096:
4289:
3629:
1106:
990:'s 5th-century work from the 10th and 11th centuries refer to the use of wild poppy
12049:
11714:
11651:
11474:
11190:
11116:
10841:
10570:
10324:
10164:
9878:
9137:
8810:
8800:
8633:
8591:
8340:
8084:
8052:
The Opium Debate and Chinese Exclusion Laws in the Nineteenth-century American West
7949:
7904:
7752:
7707:
7632:
7349:
7329:
7117:
6948:
6901:
6866:
6805:
6475:
6467:
6373:
6248:
6204:
6131:"Jailed for Possession: Illegal Drug Use, Regulation, and Power in Canada, 1920–61"
6039:
5998:
5957:
5775:
5622:
5425:
The Making of Addiction: The 'Use and Abuse' of Opium in Nineteenth-Century Britain
4912:
4870:
4862:
4706:
4698:
4564:
4518:
4261:
4220:
3903:
3784:
3774:
3601:
3562:
3325:
3111:
2825:
2760:
2714:
2710:
2616:
2496:
2456:
2369:
2001:
1945:
1919:
1777:
1740:
1721:
1695:
1680:
1672:
1443:
1407:
1384:
1334:
1299:
1235:
525:
516:
indicates that opium was consumed in several ways, including inhalation of vapors,
7940:
Alper KR, Lotsof HS, Kaplan CD (January 2008). "The ibogaine medical subculture".
5395:
Dr Roland Quinault, Dr Ruth Clayton Windscheffel, Mr Roger Swift (July 28, 2013).
5166:
3995:
1282:
Recreational use of opium was part of a civilized and mannered ritual, akin to an
11364:
10891:
10846:
10194:
10169:
9212:
9142:
8997:
8888:
8862:
8820:
8586:
8515:
8503:
8399:. Hartford, Conn., S. S. Scranton and company; Philadelphia, Parmelee & co.;
8297:
8165:
8030:
7606:
7553:
6528:
6359:
6318:"Operation Paper: The United States and Drugs in Thailand and Burma" 米国とタイ・ビルマの麻薬
5863:
5675:
5626:
5585:
5276:
John K. Fairbanks, "The Creation of the Treaty System' in John K. Fairbanks, ed.
5173:
5065:
4431:
3944:
3848:
3692:
3305:
3252:
3236:
3006:
3002:
2986:
2967:
2947:
2939:
2875:
2181:
2057:
1748:
1736:
1717:
1676:
1653:
1451:
1303:
1259:
1188:
1088:
1051:
987:
336:
90:
Uncertain, possibly Asia Minor, or Spain, southern France and northwestern Africa
77:
11304:
10460:
9700:
8508:
6937:"Experience with a Urine Opiate Screening and Confirmation Cutoff of 2000 mg/ml"
6536:
6362:"Morphine Metabolism in the Opium Poppy and Its Possible Physiological Function"
6100:
4767:
Dreaming of Paradise: Islamic Art from the Collection of the Museum of Ethnology
2076:
of 1912, nominally placed a tax on the distribution of opiates, but served as a
1854:
visiting India but not China. Accordingly, the missionaries first organized the
1347:) and became popular throughout China and its seafaring trade partners (such as
12024:
11666:
10991:
10289:
10269:
10264:
10069:
9327:
9287:
9277:
9237:
9132:
9097:
9002:
8977:
8932:
8749:
8699:
8617:
8350:
7558:
6771:"Opium cultivation declines by 95 per cent in Afghanistan: UN survey | UN News"
6770:
6252:
4072:
3759:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3232:
3217:
3067:
3063:
2978:
2959:
2863:
2831:
Besides Afghanistan, smaller quantities of opium are produced in Pakistan, the
2579:
2337:
1684:
1661:"pass duty" on the opium when it was forced to pass through Bombay to reach an
1564:
1411:
1102:
Recreational use in Europe, the Middle East and the US (11th to 19th centuries)
998:
898:
842:
701:
513:
7953:
7662:"An Assessment Of Inhalation As A Mode Of Administration Of Heroin By Addicts"
7333:
6471:
5804:
Opium, State, and Society: China's Narco-Economy and the Guomindang, 1924–1937
4916:
4866:
4702:
4522:
2888:
of individual countries. The leading legal production method is the Robertson-
2755:
1858:
among their colleagues in every mission station in China. American missionary
1727:
The opium trade incurred intense enmity from the later British Prime Minister
1434:
distributed opium-eaters in the same way, and both social groups survived as "
710:, sponges soaked in opium, were used during surgery. The Egyptians cultivated
556:
and its successors, which could be injected at a precisely controlled dosage.
12018:
11982:
11641:
11419:
11374:
11324:
11247:
11235:
10941:
10856:
10836:
10821:
10816:
10761:
10535:
10525:
10229:
10149:
9873:
9813:
9803:
9740:
9715:
9509:
9452:
9242:
9187:
9177:
9172:
9152:
9087:
9037:
9022:
8937:
8831:
6985:
5961:
4992:
4469:
4273:
3613:
3193:
3091:
2931:
2570:
2311:
2213:
1977:
1843:
1826:; Henry Whitney, MD, American Board of Commissioners for foreign Missions in
1608:
1423:
1415:
1395:
1127:
920:
868:
853:
704:
to put people quickly and painlessly to death. It was also used in medicine.
694:
533:
458:
454:
8272:
Latimer, Dean, and Jeff Goldberg with an Introduction by William Burroughs.
3779:
2884:
and other international drug treaties, subject to strict supervision by the
2535:
that induces a long-lasting intoxication. If allowed to mature, poppy pods (
11977:
11912:
11838:
11646:
11221:
11186:
10986:
10791:
10650:
10244:
10239:
10134:
10109:
10104:
9928:
9853:
9599:
9554:
9407:
9402:
9357:
9257:
9092:
9057:
9052:
8815:
8625:
8330:
8190:
7961:
7918:
7719:
7341:
7083:
6962:
6953:
6936:
6913:
6817:
6440:
6387:
6378:
6361:
6216:
6051:
6012:
5918:
5634:
5145:
4884:
4765:. Van de Wijngaart, G., "Trading in Dreams", in P. Faber & al. (eds.),
4755:
The Pursuit of Pleasure: Drugs and Stimulants in Iranian History, 1500–1900
4654:
4538:
4281:
4193:
3335:
3256:
3177:
3030:
2951:
2919:
2620:
2392:
2005:
1850:. These missionaries were generally outraged over the British government's
1798:
1576:
1329:, which encouraged smokers to mix in increasing amounts of opium. In 1705,
1326:
1232:
1095:
1055:
838:
442:
8344:
8245:
The Shore Beyond Good and Evil: A Report from Inside Burma's Opium Kingdom
7764:
7677:
7646:
7131:
6878:
6713:
6489:
5891:"The Blooming Poppy under the Red Sun: The Yan'an Way and the Opium Trade"
4996:
4720:
4485:
4234:
3798:
3574:
3216:
in the brain, spinal cord, stomach and intestine. Regular use can lead to
3001:
In late 2006, the British government permitted the pharmaceutical company
2767:
greets local children working in the field of opium poppies near the base.
2016:
were involved in the opium trade during the Japanese occupation of China.
1913:
1644:
11907:
11884:
11798:
11724:
11691:
11671:
11549:
11534:
11529:
11519:
11509:
11429:
11399:
11394:
11239:
11211:
11206:
11176:
11161:
11151:
11131:
11126:
11086:
11051:
11041:
10996:
10976:
10961:
10956:
10926:
10871:
10866:
10861:
10806:
10781:
10766:
10741:
10731:
10721:
10716:
10630:
10625:
10620:
10605:
10545:
10540:
10515:
10374:
10364:
10344:
10304:
10299:
10274:
10259:
10224:
10219:
10119:
10094:
9988:
9983:
9973:
9963:
9953:
9888:
9818:
9775:
9619:
9549:
9519:
9504:
9489:
9462:
9427:
9412:
9397:
9382:
9347:
9337:
9307:
9292:
9267:
9232:
9227:
9217:
9207:
9167:
9162:
9122:
9112:
9047:
9032:
9007:
8967:
8952:
8942:
8795:
8739:
8640:
7832:
349.20 (n.d.): 1943–1953. SocINDEX with Full Text. Web. November 3, 2011.
7828:
Ballantyne, Jane C., and Jianren Mao. "Opioid Therapy For Chronic Pain".
5479:
The Opium Wars: The Addiction of One Empire and the Corruption of Another
4952:
4576:
4113:
3240:
3035:
2859:
2662:
2536:
2521:
2476:
2156:
2028:
1933:
1621:
1372:
1356:
1322:
1175:
pleasure I had." De Quincey writes about the great English Romantic poet
690:
654:
618:
571:
537:
517:
505:
450:
431:
144:
8203:. London, Printed for H.M. Stationery office. by Harrison and sons, ltd.
6743:"Afghan opium poppy cultivation plunges by 95 percent under Taliban: UN"
5287:"Britain's opium wars – fact and myth about the opium trade in the East"
4477:
4453:
3723:
3508:
3483:
2255:
Modern vial of morphine first isolated from opium by Friedrich Sertürner
2023:
Remaining opium production shifted south of the Chinese border into the
1607:
During the Qing dynasty, China opened itself to foreign trade under the
12002:
11972:
11947:
11828:
11739:
11719:
11696:
11539:
11514:
11504:
11459:
11449:
11434:
11349:
11243:
11171:
11166:
11141:
11111:
11101:
11076:
11061:
11036:
11006:
10981:
10971:
10931:
10911:
10901:
10881:
10811:
10796:
10615:
10595:
10590:
10565:
10495:
10434:
10414:
10369:
10359:
10354:
10294:
10284:
10214:
10129:
9978:
9968:
9958:
9948:
9913:
9903:
9868:
9838:
9828:
9823:
9760:
9604:
9579:
9574:
9569:
9559:
9544:
9514:
9432:
9422:
9417:
9367:
9322:
9302:
9272:
9222:
9202:
9157:
9082:
8972:
8962:
8765:
8360:
8216:
7741:
Darke S, Zador D (December 1996). "Fatal heroin 'overdose': a review".
4402:
4108:
3621:
3589:
3264:
3248:
3209:
3197:
3084:
3079:
2686:
2562:
2552:
2540:
2327:
2315:
2296:
2280:
2272:
2046:
2019:
2009:
1968:
1964:
1732:
1716:, not willing to replace the cheap opium with costly silver, began the
1536: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1491:
1263:
1180:
1014:
917:
646:
414:
383:
118:
8525:
8465:
8322:
other stimulants used in the East, as substitutes for wine and spirits
6809:
6422:
6043:
6003:
5984:
4903:
Yangwen Zheng (2003). "The Social Life of Opium in China, 1483–1999".
4780:
Love for Pleasure: Betel, Tobacco, Wine and Drugs in Indian Miniatures
4530:
1309:
11957:
11952:
11902:
11874:
11803:
11764:
11759:
11734:
11729:
11656:
11564:
11554:
11444:
11354:
11268:
11226:
11216:
11156:
11146:
11136:
11106:
11096:
11091:
11046:
11016:
10896:
10876:
10776:
10771:
10726:
10645:
10640:
10600:
10585:
10560:
10490:
10429:
10399:
10349:
10339:
10334:
10199:
10089:
10054:
10049:
9993:
9918:
9898:
9893:
9863:
9793:
9755:
9735:
9730:
9670:
9654:
9644:
9589:
9499:
9447:
9442:
9377:
9332:
9312:
9192:
9182:
9027:
8709:
8659:
8598:
8239:. Shanghai; Statistical Dept. of the Inspectorate General of Customs.
8144:
History of the Opium Problem: The Assault on the East, ca. 1600–1950.
8054:(University of Nevada Press, 2007). Drugs and Racism in the Old West.
7807:
5452:
Opium Wars: The Addiction of One Empire and the Corruption of Another
4408:
3487:
3268:
3228:
3201:
3141:
3131:
3095:
3074:
2893:
2654:
2575:
2544:
2532:
2525:
2384:
2380:
2353:
2345:
2276:
2268:
2251:
2091:
Following passage of a Colonial Australian law in 1895, Queensland's
1973:
1906:
1872:
1807:
1649:
1612:
1593:
1589:
1588:
smoking at court and carrying out the government's role of upholding
1475:
1462:
1427:
1213:
1147:
970:
933:
886:
796:
784:
719:
614:
501:
446:
394:
387:
346:
189:
113:
8122:
7476:"Opium for the masses: photo essay on cultivation of opium in India"
7364:"International Narcotics Control Strategy Report: Chemical controls"
6027:
5344:
Crusaders Against Opium: Protestant Missionaries in China, 1874–1917
3566:
2093:
Aboriginals Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act 1897
1511:
901:
origin ("Rhazes", 845–930 CE) maintained a laboratory and school in
548:. Widespread medical use of unprocessed opium continued through the
11962:
11754:
11499:
11409:
11389:
11379:
11334:
11263:
11056:
10966:
10951:
10916:
10906:
10786:
10610:
10505:
10480:
10419:
10404:
10314:
10234:
10204:
10184:
10154:
10099:
10079:
10044:
9933:
9858:
9843:
9765:
9745:
9614:
9609:
9594:
9564:
9534:
9494:
9362:
9252:
9197:
9107:
9042:
9012:
8897:
8775:
8770:
8744:
8729:
8714:
8571:
8396:
The oldest and the newest empire : China and the United States
8387:
Seeds of Terror: How Heroin is Bankrolling the Taliban and Al Qaeda
7479:
5586:
Crusaders Against Opium: Protestant Missionaries in China 1874–1917
3892:"Evidencias del consumo de drogas en Europa durante la Prehistoria"
3755:"A brief history of opiates, opioid peptides, and opioid receptors"
3360:
3272:
3189:
3181:
3173:
3156:
3147:
3103:
3099:
3044:
3019:
2963:
2955:
2705:
2690:
2650:
2642:
2594:
2556:
2388:
2357:
2284:
2198:
1823:
1699:
1663:
1447:
1247:
1192:
1184:
1151:
1115:
1043:
1038:
1018:
975:
959:
955:
941:
776:
731:
650:
553:
545:
521:
477:
427:(derived from the Greek for "opium-like", but now used to refer to
423:
379:
375:
352:
349:
174:
169:
149:
123:
103:
8059:
The Arts of an Addiction. Qing Dynasty Opium Pipes and Accessories
7867:
6425:"The Isolation of Morphine—First Principles in Science and Ethics"
5608:"'Harms Caused by China's 1906–17 Opium Suppression Intervention'"
2911:
quality and quantity tendered. The average is around 1500 rupees (
1637:
well as the manufacture and traffic to China, were subject to the
1620:
been purchasing small amounts of opium from India for trade since
633:, or "Bat Cave", in Spain), which has been carbon-14 dated to 4200
11927:
11808:
11686:
11369:
11253:
11031:
11021:
10249:
10179:
10114:
10064:
9923:
9675:
9649:
9639:
9624:
9529:
9342:
9317:
9067:
8947:
8724:
8719:
5838:
Places of Memory in Modern China: History, Politics, and Identity
5448:
5262:
3690:
3185:
3162:
2938:
in the United States, and legal opium production is conducted by
2923:
2855:
2775:
2548:
2396:
2376:
2361:
2349:
2323:
2322:
began in 1846–1847, and rapidly displaced the use of opiates and
2300:
2295:
of Darmstadt, and helped him expand his family pharmacy into the
2288:
2237:
1960:
1956:
1918:
China ought only to increase our sense of responsibility." is by
1839:
1831:
1815:
1712:
in 1800, this was a substantial economic loss. The British queen
1630:
1376:
1318:
1255:
1251:
1123:
1047:
902:
792:
674:
622:
428:
371:
139:
108:
5560:
William Ewart Gladstone: Faith and Politics in Victorian Britain
5475:
3150:
is the primary biologically active chemical constituent of opium
1936:
in 1916. Opium farming also increased, peaking in 1930 when the
1575:
A large scale opium prohibition attempt began in 1729, when the
1302:
in an attempt to stop opium smuggling by the British led to the
1238:
in 1483 to procure opium for a price "equal to that of gold" in
11937:
11922:
11917:
11788:
11681:
11344:
11011:
10826:
10485:
10409:
10394:
10384:
10159:
9750:
9629:
9247:
9127:
8666:
8609:
8301:
The Politics of Heroin: CIA Complicity in the Global Drug Trade
7698:
Karl A. Sporer, M.D. (April 6, 1999). "Acute Heroin Overdose".
7659:
6714:"Poppy Cultivation in South of Afghanistan Down by 80%: Report"
6527:
4769:, Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Martial & Snoeck, 1993, p. 186-191.
3365:
3330:
3244:
3127:
3123:
3011:
2694:
2447:
2400:
2333:
2013:
1981:
1847:
1827:
1688:
1439:
1435:
1419:
1380:
1348:
1243:
1239:
847:
800:
780:
768:
739:
670:
509:
481:
368:
360:
356:
179:
159:
5697:
5178:
4687:"Pharmacy in medieval Islam and the history of drug addiction"
4454:"The Uses and Abuses Of Opiates In Nineteenth-Century England"
2918:
Legal opium importation from India and Turkey is conducted by
2170:
937:, that influenced medical thought well into the 16th century.
11942:
11544:
11439:
11181:
10936:
10801:
10174:
10124:
10084:
9848:
9539:
9392:
9077:
9072:
8790:
6028:"Lee Robins' studies of heroin use among US Vietnam veterans"
4618:"Drug Addiction Research and the Health of Women – pg. 33–52"
3054:
2836:
2674:
2604:
2341:
1626:
1584:
1339:
1143:
906:
662:
626:
587:
582:
541:
398:
332:
311:
Controlled unless and except for medical use under a license.
184:
164:
80:
74:
8883:
8232:
6638:"Afghan poppy farmers say new seeds will boost opium output"
6293:"Opium – Poppy Cultivation, Morphine and Heroin Manufacture"
5776:
Association for Asian Studies. Southeast Conference (1979).
5280:, vol. 10 Part 1 (Cambridge University Press, 1992) p. 213.
3874:
3165:
is another biologically active chemical constituent of opium
2842:
2403:
without also duplicating much of their addictive potential.
1869:
Opinions of Over 100 Physicians on the Use of Opium in China
27:
Dried latex of the opium poppy containing narcotic compounds
10946:
8680:
8603:
8221:
7202:
6934:
6113:
5861:
4977:
Rewriting history, A response to the 2008 World Drug Report
4651:"Why a Medieval Woman Had Lapis Lazuli Hidden in Her Teeth"
3606:
10.1663/0013-0001(2003)057[0295:aeftto]2.0.co;2
2080:
prohibition of the drugs. Today, opium is regulated by the
2045:
without a prescription, and bans on possession of opium or
1793:
The cover page of the book of The Truth about Opium Smoking
1470:
1352:
1139:
820:
804:
154:
8479:
4991:
4778:
Habighorst, Ludwig V., Reichart, Peter A., Sharma, Vijay,
4209:"Avicenna and the Canon of Medicine: a millennial tribute"
2800:, of which Afghan farmers were estimated to have received
602:
Opium has been actively collected since approximately 3400
8269:
History Today Vol. 68/10, October 2018, pp. 102–103.
7383:
Brzezinski, Matthew. "Re-Engineering the Drug Business".
5985:"Transition of China's drug policy: problems in practice"
5748:. Leuven, Belgium: Leuven University Press. p. 312.
4383:"PARACELSUS, Five Hundred Years: Three American Exhibits"
4247:
3825:
2820:
Afghanistan opium poppy cultivation, 1994–2016 (hectares)
2567:
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
2539:) can be crushed and used to produce lower quantities of
772:
8415:
7446:
7065:
6856:
5556:
5388:
4248:
Ganidagli S, Cengiz M, Aksoy S, Verit A (January 2004).
4179:
3117:
2483:
on the streets of Europe before conversion into heroin.
1226:
The earliest clear description of the use of opium as a
8484:
8419:
British opium policy and its results to India and China
8066:
Race, Law and 'The Chinese Puzzle' in Imperial Britain.
7224:
6891:
6795:
5476:
W. Travis Hanes III, Frank Sanello (February 1, 2004).
5312:
The Imperial Cruise: a secret history of empire and war
4334:
4332:
954:
used opium in the 14th-century Ottoman Empire to treat
532:
texts of the ancient and medieval world, including the
7227:"Victorious warlords set to open the opium floodgates"
7103:
6265:
3434:
3235:
are functions of the mu opioid receptor, the class of
3062:, but combination with other depressant drugs such as
3038:
man smokes a pipe containing opium mixed with tobacco.
2131:. Opium-producing nations are required to designate a
1266:
listed standard medical uses of opium in his renowned
528:
for suicide. Opium is mentioned in the most important
345:. Approximately 12 percent of opium is made up of the
7666:
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
7660:
Benjamin Pui-Nin Mo, E. Leong Way (October 1, 1966).
7503:"Feasibility Study on Opium Licensing in Afghanistan"
7072:
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
5807:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 240.
965:
7697:
7422:"UNODC – Bulletin on Narcotics – 1950 Issue 3 – 003"
7030:"UNODC – Bulletin on Narcotics – 1969 Issue 4 – 001"
6238:
5895:
New Perspectives on the Chinese Communist Revolution
5367:
4972:
4970:
4329:
3263:, including pharmacologically based treatments with
1481:
8422:. London, S. Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington.
5340:
3658:. UNODC- Bulletin on Narcotics – 1967 Issue 4 – 002
3521:
8279:
8131:
8078:
7522:"The Kabul International Symposium on Drug Policy"
7203:Jeff Sheehy, Corinna Kaarlela (January 26, 2004).
5708:
5421:
5309:
4129:"Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi (841–926)"
4077:"Opium as a commodity and the Chinese drug plague"
4025:
3403:
2882:United Nations Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs
2240:with progressively stronger effects, and by other
1830:; the Rev. Samuel Clarke, China Inland Mission in
810:
8374:
8354:The American Disease: Origins of Narcotic Control
8313:. New York, Chicago : F. H. Revell company.
7939:
7470:
6737:
6735:
6689:"Solar panels driving opium trade in Afghanistan"
6423:Huxtable Ryan J., Schwartz Stephen K. W. (2001).
5834:
5186:
4967:
4403:Stephen Harding, Lee Ann Olivier, Olivera Jokic.
2467:In 2002, the price for one kilogram of opium was
1687:'s revenue and simultaneously caused scarcity of
12016:
12005:(met-enkephalin releaser/degradation stabilizer)
8509:UNODC – United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
8317:
8180:The Cambridge History of China: volume 10 part I
7273:"Rebuilding Afghanistan: Weekly Activity Update"
7104:Robinson SL, Rowbotham DJ, Smith G (July 1991).
7066:W. R. Martin, H. F. Fraser (September 1, 1961).
6194:
5669:
5442:
5001:San Francisco Police and Peace Officers' Journal
4757:(Washington: Mage Publishers, 2005), pp. 97–116
4340:"Paracelsus: the philosopher's stone made flesh"
3247:administered, and leads to a superactivation of
2291:were reported. Morphine sales began in 1827, by
1321:smoking and may have been encouraged by a brief
746:conquest of Assyria and Babylonian lands in the
8493:: Traditional method of using opium in Thailand
8403:
8018:
8016:
7822:
7621:"Oral morphine consumption in Italy and Sicily"
7426:United Nations : Office on Drugs and Crime
7056:Belgische Farmacopee, 5de uitgave, 1966; part 3
6765:
6763:
6234:
6232:
6230:
6228:
6226:
5983:Xiao S, Yang M, Zhou L, Hao W (February 2015).
5982:
5865:The Vladimirov diaries: Yenan, China, 1942–1945
5800:
5509:. Univ of North Carolina Press. pp. 290–.
5398:William Gladstone: New Studies and Perspectives
5064:
5020:
4987:
4985:
4405:"Victorians' Secret: Victorian Substance Abuse"
3989:
3877:Journal of the Archaeological Society of Athens
3853:. Vol. 3. Wm. H. Allen & Company. 1817
3555:Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
1401:
927:("Abulcasis", 936–1013 CE) relied on opium and
8861:
8497:Tsur Shezaf, Witer, The Opium Growers of Sinai
8392:
8306:
8120:
7540:
7519:
7313:
6935:Albert D. Fraser, David Worth (October 1999).
6732:
6079:
5855:
5550:
5502:
5469:
5347:. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 86–.
5284:
4942:
4940:
4938:
4936:
4934:
4592:"Scientists Examine Pain Relief and Addiction"
4429:
4071:
3889:
3752:
3356:Society for the Suppression of the Opium Trade
2582:indications of drug use and were the basis of
2248:first isolated morphine from the opium poppy.
931:as surgical anesthetics and wrote a treatise,
367:. The latex also contains the closely related
8847:
8541:
8434:A fleet of opium clippers on the River Ganges
8196:
8166:Narcotic culture: a history of drugs in China
8164:Dikötter, Frank, Lars Laamann, and Zhou Xun.
7618:
7225:Paul Harris in Peshawar (November 25, 2001).
7052:
7050:
6984:
6331:"Eastern Europe Shooting Up Under A Red Star"
6328:
5647:
5563:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 108–.
5193:"Brilliant, Chang! « London Particulars"
5094:
4902:
4807:Narcotic Culture: A History of Drugs in China
4684:
4554:
4550:
4548:
4023:
3818:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3094:, opium is more commonly used in the form of
53:Opium poppy seed pod exuding latex from a cut
8329:
8146:Sinica Leidensia, 105. Leiden: Brill, 2012.
8099:
8013:
7890:
6978:
6760:
6223:
6128:
6094:
5893:. In Tony Saich, Hans J. Van de Ven (eds.).
5888:
5882:
5672:"The Troublesome Legacy of Commissioner Lin"
5449:William Travis Hanes, Frank Sanello (2004).
5415:
4982:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3717:
3691:Santella, Thomas M., Triggle, D. J. (2009).
3676:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3410:American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education
2880:Legal opium production is allowed under the
2589:
2406:
2034:
2000:was important to its finances in the 1940s.
1629:). Chests of opium were sold in auctions in
1258:, where it is close to the western lands of
1203:
1064:, which included true opium in the mixture.
8359:
8168:Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004.
8075:. London: Simon & Schuster, Ltd., 1996.
7563:June 2007. Retrieved on September 21, 2007.
7172:
6686:
5835:Marc Andre Matten, ed. (December 9, 2011).
5371:Opium: Uncovering the Politics of the Poppy
5334:
5160:
5116:
4946:
4931:
4800:
4798:
4796:
4794:
4792:
4790:
4788:
4589:
3943:
3870:
3868:
3546:
3524:"HON Mother & Child Glossary, Meconium"
3280:International Agency for Research on Cancer
2846:200 g (7.1 oz) Spanish opium ball
2171:Regulation in Britain and the United States
1502:Japanese opium policy in Taiwan (1895–1945)
1313:A Chinese opium house; photographed in 1902
1110:An artist's view of an Ottoman opium seller
1079:was treated with opium in 1841, and in the
559:
355:, which is processed chemically to produce
8854:
8840:
8548:
8534:
8470:by Michael Pollan (originally appeared in
8356:. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.
7868:Max Chamka, Translated by Geraldine Ring.
7740:
7500:
7047:
5828:
5741:
5401:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 238–.
5361:
5143:
5121:. Tower Hamlets Newsletter. Archived from
5070:"The politics of heroin in Southeast Asia"
4829:
4545:
4375:
3850:The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Miscellany
3741:
3697:. Facts On File, Incorporated. p. 8.
3073:The smoking of opium does not involve the
2685:). Vinum opii is made by combining sugar,
2201:Northern Army and the Chinese Nationalist
2056:doctrine prior to reinterpretation of the
617:settlements have been reported throughout
47:
8068:New York: Palgrave-Macmillan Press, 2009.
7908:
7636:
7249:"UN World Drug Report 2007 – Afghanistan"
7121:
6952:
6603:
6531:, The Sunday Times (September 13, 1998).
6479:
6453:
6377:
6268:"Legislation – Controlled Substances Act"
6155:
6025:
6002:
5529:
5428:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 66–.
5374:. Harvard University Press. pp. 9–.
4874:
4710:
4241:
4224:
4067:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4055:
4053:
3805:
3788:
3778:
3552:
2216:"), and poppy seeds were used to produce
1552:Learn how and when to remove this message
1170:(1822), one of the first and most famous
8274:Flowers in the Blood: The Story of Opium
7319:
7297:
6597:
6082:"State's War on Drugs – a 100-Year Bust"
5917:
5605:
5523:
5341:Kathleen L. Lodwick (February 5, 2015).
4898:
4896:
4894:
4849:"Opium Addiction and English Literature"
4846:
4804:
4785:
4504:
4502:
4206:
4019:
4017:
4015:
4013:
3983:
3865:
3684:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3251:signaling. Long-term use of morphine in
3192:are the main psychoactive constituents.
3029:
2996:
2902:Dictionnaire de chimie pure et appliquée
2841:
2815:
2754:
2746:
2593:
2446:
2250:
2227:
2142:
2004:'s diary provided a first hand account.
1912:
1788:
1757:
1643:
1598:
1563:
1469:. Chinese men were deported for playing
1308:
1289:
1217:
1105:
969:
873:
814:
718:BCE. Opium was traded from Egypt by the
581:
8555:
8487:: Speculations on the future of opioids
8081:"Economic Histories of the Opium Trade"
7712:10.7326/0003-4819-130-7-199904060-00019
7494:
5945:
5663:
5496:
5307:
5301:
5232:"Opium Factories of Bihar – Bihargatha"
4423:
4396:
4173:
3643:
3476:
2983:opium produced illegally in Afghanistan
2835:region of Southeast Asia (particularly
1806:, MD, American Presbyterian Mission in
1375:is retailed with greater profit by the
1010:for inducing sleep and relieving pain.
689:. Opium production continued under the
673:, a Sumerian spiritual center south of
14:
12017:
8303:. New York: Lawrence Hill Books, 1991.
8207:Forbes, Andrew; Henley, David (2011).
7891:Finn AK, Whistler JL (December 2001).
7625:Journal of Pain and Symptom Management
6832:"Production of thebaine and oripavine"
6551:
6502:
5316:. Little, Brown and Company. pp.
5267:1998. Retrieved on September 21, 2007.
5183:2007. Retrieved on September 21, 2007.
5021:H.H. Kane, M.D. (September 24, 1881).
4050:
3587:
3316:History of Jardine, Matheson & Co.
2372:oxycodone remain popular to this day.
2072:of 1914, passed in fulfillment of the
1414:. Chinese emigrants to cities such as
1317:Smoking of opium came on the heels of
300:
276:
8835:
8529:
8233:Hai guan zong shui wu si shu (1889).
8135:Confessions of an English opium-eater
7520:Senlis Council (September 26, 2005).
5208:. The Golden Triangle. Archived from
5097:"Opium and the British Indian Empire"
4891:
4833:Confessions of an English Opium-Eater
4648:
4508:
4499:
4451:
4445:
4200:
4010:
3581:
3441:University of California, Los Angeles
3378:
3118:Chemical and physiological properties
2972:International Narcotics Control Board
2732:
2502:
2129:Convention on Psychotropic Substances
2117:International Narcotics Control Board
1167:Confessions of an English Opium-Eater
288:
8411:. London : Wm. H. Allen and Co.
8263:Milk of Paradise: A History of Opium
8222:Great Britain, India office (1922).
7757:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1996.911217652.x
7447:"CENTRAL BUREAU OF NARCOTICS, INDIA"
6158:"Chapter 1, The French in Indochina"
5862:Petr Parfenovich Vladimirov (1975).
5615:International Journal of Drug Policy
5422:Ms Louise Foxcroft (June 28, 2013).
4979:, Transnational Institute, June 2008
3937:
3840:
3711:
3649:
2866:Southeast Asia Opium Survey report.
2839:), Colombia, Guatemala, and Mexico.
2410:
2165:Governor-General of French Indochina
1534:adding citations to reliable sources
1505:
1172:literary accounts of opium addiction
669:, the "joy plant". Tablets found at
461:opiates, originates from extracting
261:(Special prescription form required)
8381:. London : Saunders and Otley.
7845:. Homehealth-uk.com. Archived from
7275:. February 24, 2005. Archived from
6611:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
6097:"Ain't Nobody's Business If You Do"
5503:Peter Ward Fay (November 9, 2000).
4458:Bulletin of the History of Medicine
4032:. Oxford University Press. p.
2869:
2244:. This process began in 1804, when
2188:
2125:Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs
1814:, American Presbyterian Mission in
1222:An opium den in 18th-century China.
576:The Herbal of Dioscorides the Greek
265:
24:
8228:. Printed by H.M. Stationery Off.
8044:
7300:"UN warns of soaring Afghan opium"
7123:10.1111/j.1365-2044.1991.tb09650.x
6996:. New Delhi: National Book Trust.
6606:"Afghanistan: America's blind eye"
6176:from the original on March 1, 2023
5925:. New York: Vintage. p. 413.
5709:William A Callahan (May 8, 2004).
5455:. Sourcebooks, Inc. pp. 78–.
4782:(Koblenz: Ragaputra Edition, 2007)
4569:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1979.tb01367.x
3890:E. Guerra Doce (January 1, 2006).
3172:Opium contains two main groups of
1390:Fueled in part by the 1729 ban on
1046:of opium", a solution of opium in
966:Reintroduction to Western medicine
905:, and was a student and critic of
807:, symbolizing nocturnal oblivion.
714:in famous poppy fields around 1300
25:
12061:
10822:Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol)
10150:Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol)
9103:Dextropropoxyphene (propoxyphene)
9088:Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol)
8439:Confessions of a Poppy Tea addict
8427:
8416:Turner, Frederick Storrs (1876).
8325:. Dublin, W. Curry and W. Carson.
8211:. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books.
7229:. London: Observer.guardian.co.uk
6209:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2000.951234.x
6114:Legal Information Access Centre.
5897:. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 263–298.
5557:David William Bebbington (1993).
5044:"Opium degrading the French Navy"
3114:and other forms of chronic pain.
3102:. This is a weaker solution than
1482:Prohibition and conflict in China
1114:Soldiers returning home from the
421:, "juice of a plant"). The word
216:
11202:Salvinorin B methoxymethyl ether
8276:. New York: Franklin Watts, 1981
7983:
7968:
7933:
7884:
7861:
7835:
7796:
7771:
7734:
7691:
7653:
7612:
7592:
7566:
7513:
7464:
7439:
7414:
7390:
7377:
7356:
7291:
7265:
7241:
7218:
7196:
7146:
7097:
7059:
7022:
6969:
6941:Journal of Analytical Toxicology
6928:
6906:10.1097/00007691-200608000-00011
6885:
6850:
6834:. April 20, 2004. Archived from
6824:
6789:
6706:
6680:
6655:
6630:
6581:"0.0_Front Matters_05-31-07.qxd"
6573:
6521:
6496:
6447:
6416:
6394:
6353:
6322:
6080:Dale Gieringer (March 4, 2007).
5589:. University Press of Kentucky.
5536:. A&C Black. pp. 224–.
4266:10.1097/00000542-200401000-00026
4155:"El Zahrawi – Father Of Surgery"
3753:M J Brownstein (June 15, 1993).
3155:
3140:
2415:
2246:Friedrich Wilhelm Adam Sertürner
2138:
2095:addressed opium addiction among
1899:to stop the opium trade. He and
1776:Following China's defeat in the
1615:(Canton), with traders from the
1510:
1359:) in the 17th century. In 1712,
504:age with purposes such as food,
476:For the illegal drug trade, the
11197:Salvinorin B ethoxymethyl ether
8187:L'opium légal produit en France
7870:"3 grams of opium for 1 dollar"
7830:New England Journal of Medicine
6990:"CHAPTER 2: THE STORY OF OPIUM"
6366:Journal of Biological Chemistry
6329:Jennifer Hull (June 24, 2001).
6310:
6285:
6259:
6241:Asian Journal of Social Science
6188:
6149:
6122:
6107:
6088:
6073:
6019:
5976:
5939:
5911:
5794:
5769:
5735:
5702:
5690:
5670:Joyce A. Madancy (April 2004).
5641:
5599:
5577:
5285:John Newsinger (October 1997).
5270:
5250:
5234:. Bihargatha.in. Archived from
5224:
5198:
5195:. Retrieved on October 3, 2010.
5146:"Lascars in the port of London"
5137:
5110:
5088:
5058:
5036:
5014:
4997:"San Francisco's Old Chinatown"
4840:
4823:
4772:
4747:
4727:
4678:
4668:
4642:
4610:
4583:
4353:
4303:
4213:The Western Journal of Medicine
4182:Acta medico-historica Adriatica
4147:
4121:
4101:
3962:
3883:
3650:PAPADAKI P. G. KRITIKOS, S. P.
2908:Legal opium production in India
2739:Opium production in Afghanistan
2223:
2082:Drug Enforcement Administration
1822:, Church Missionary Society in
1521:needs additional citations for
1371:: "No commodity throughout the
811:Islamic societies (500–1500 CE)
253:
11122:Norbuprenorphine-3-glucuronide
8209:Traders of the Golden Triangle
7180:"UNODC World Drug Report 2005"
6859:Forensic Science International
6687:Kloosterman K (June 2, 2022).
5278:The Cambridge History of China
5119:"When a woman ruled Chinatown"
5117:John Rennie (March 26, 2007).
5095:John Richards (May 23, 2001).
4590:Donna Young (April 15, 2007).
4511:Medical Anthropology Quarterly
3515:
3501:
3459:
3428:
3321:Illegal drug trade in Colombia
3285:
3025:
2330:due to their relative safety.
2203:Kuomintang army invading Burma
2108:International Opium Commission
2074:International Opium Convention
1735:Britain waged in China in the
1298:by an emissary of the Chinese
1296:A massive destruction of opium
962:, and other painful ailments.
393:The English word for opium is
363:for medicinal use and for the
242:
229:
13:
1:
11097:Nalodeine (N-allylnorcodeine)
10290:Met-enkephalin (metenkefalin)
9899:Nalodeine (N-allylnorcodeine)
9328:Met-enkephalin (metenkefalin)
8446:: Opium, morphine, and heroin
7978:Volume 126: Opium Consumption
7975:Volume 126: Opium Consumption
7910:10.1016/S0896-6273(01)00517-7
7638:10.1016/S0885-3924(98)00368-6
7574:"Letter from Macfarlan Smith"
6871:10.1016/S0379-0738(98)00107-8
6507:. Vintage Books. p. 54.
5583:Lodwick, Kathleen L. (1996).
5530:Anne Isba (August 24, 2006).
5482:. Sourcebooks. pp. 88–.
5368:Pierre-Arnaud Chouvy (2009).
4949:"Opium History, 1858 to 1940"
3908:10.1016/S1575-0973(06)75106-6
3371:
2966:Pharmaceutical in Japan; and
2127:, and subsequently under the
1955:In the northern provinces of
1885:The Truth about Opium Smoking
1838:, English Baptist Mission in
1767:
1569:Destruction of opium at Humen
1488:Destruction of opium at Humen
895:Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi
828:
755:
738:BCE, opium was cultivated on
10320:N-Phenethyl-14-ethoxymetopon
8389:, Thomas Dunne Books (2009).
8225:The truth about Indian opium
7942:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
6404:. Pharmazeutische-zeitung.de
6266:Office of the Commissioner.
5782:. The Conference. p. 51
5627:10.1016/j.drugpo.2013.03.001
5144:J.P. Jones (February 1931).
4557:British Journal of Addiction
3588:Merlin MD (September 2003).
3437:"The Pernicious Opium Poppy"
3435:Professor Arthur C. Gibson.
3018:to meet the high demand for
2789:UN Office on Drugs and Crime
2451:Dried latex from opium poppy
2119:of the United Nations under
1846:, London Mission Society in
1402:Chinese diaspora in the West
1269:Compendium of Materia Medica
524:, and as a combination with
7:
11973:β-Lipotropin (proendorphin)
11601:((pF)Phe)Nociceptin(1-13)NH
10982:Leumorphin (dynorphin B-29)
9468:Oxymorphone phenylhydrazone
8280:MacPherson, Duncan (1843).
8173:Opium: Reality's Dark Dream
8132:de Quincey, Thomas (1821).
8079:Chandra, Siddharth (2008).
7700:Annals of Internal Medicine
7552:September 28, 2007, at the
7385:The New York Times Magazine
7298:BBC News (August 2, 2006).
6894:Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
6798:Journal of Natural Products
5698:http://roar.uel.ac.uk/1692/
4649:Zhang S (January 9, 2019).
3994:(in German). Archived from
3404:Paul L. Schiff Jr. (2002).
3299:
2518:Papaver somniferum L. elite
2195:Central Intelligence Agency
942:Abū ‘Alī al-Husayn ibn Sina
726:to destinations around the
401:, which in turn comes from
10:
12066:
11993:Proopiomelanocortin (POMC)
11613:-NH)Gly)Nociceptin(1-13)NH
10717:Adrenorphin (metorphamide)
9884:Methylsamidorphan chloride
9118:Dimethylaminopivalophenone
8943:Adrenorphin (metorphamide)
8511:– Afghan Opium Survey 2009
8502:November 20, 2009, at the
8375:Ouchterlony, John (1844).
6402:"Dem Morphin auf der Spur"
6253:10.1163/156853102320945420
4993:Commissioner Jesse B. Cook
4311:"Pseudo-Apuleius: Papaver"
3467:"The Global Heroin Market"
3121:
2873:
2736:
2508:
2366:oxycodone with paracetamol
2344:pharmaceutical company in
2070:Harrison Narcotics Tax Act
1996:The opium trade under the
1856:Anti-Opium League in China
1764:British East India Company
1739:initiated in 1840 and the
1639:British East India Company
1499:
1485:
1207:
1133:
487:
441:plant, the content of the
406:
29:
11913:Racecadotril (acetorphan)
11861:
11773:
11588:
11577:
11320:Buprenorphine/samidorphan
11277:
11232:Tricyclic antidepressants
10674:
10663:
10443:
10310:Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl
10017:
10006:
9663:
9353:Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl
8872:
8758:
8692:
8675:
8563:
8318:Morewood, Samuel (1838).
8292:The Art of Opium Antiques
8061:(privately printed, 2005)
7991:"Opiate Slang Dictionary"
7954:10.1016/j.jep.2007.08.034
7605:October 10, 2008, at the
7334:10.1080/02634930050079354
6720:. June 7, 2023. p. 1
6533:"How aspirin turned hero"
6472:10.1136/bmj.313.7072.1630
6456:"Narcosis and nightshade"
4917:10.1017/S0026749X0300101X
4867:10.1017/s0025727300021505
4847:Hubble D (October 1957).
4737:(Beirut: Albouraq, 2008)
4703:10.1017/s0025727300017725
4523:10.1525/maq.2000.14.3.414
4207:Smith RD (October 1980).
3406:"Opium and its alkaloids"
2751:International drug routes
2590:Harvesting and processing
2492:World Health Organization
2424:This section needs to be
2407:Modern production and use
2147:Two men smoking opium in
2086:Controlled Substances Act
2035:Prohibition outside China
1852:Royal Commission on Opium
1496:History of opium in China
1210:History of opium in China
1204:Recreational use in China
911:Fi ma-la-yahdara al-tabib
206:
198:
132:
94:
86:
70:
58:
46:
41:
12035:IARC Group 1 carcinogens
11898:Dexecadotril (retorphan)
11870:Enkephalinase inhibitors
11799:BTRX-246040 (LY-2940094)
11781:(Nphe)Nociceptin(1-13)NH
11697:Nociceptin (orphanin FQ)
8404:Thelwall, A. S. (1839).
8171:Dormandy, Thomas (2012)
8029:October 2, 2016, at the
6116:"Drug laws in Australia"
6026:Hall W, Weier M (2017).
5962:10.1177/0920203X13491387
5801:Edward R. Slack (2001).
5172:October 7, 2017, at the
5023:"American Opium Smokers"
3990:Julius Berendes (1902).
3737:(citing Andrew Sherratt)
3261:rehabilitation treatment
2886:law enforcement agencies
2659:tinctura opii camphorata
2551:and antagonists such as
2303:was isolated in 1832 by
2299:pharmaceutical company.
1889:The Chinese Opium Smoker
1198:
885:depicts an opium den in
631:Cueva de los Murciélagos
560:Ancient use (pre-500 CE)
307:Narcotic Schedule I
11596:(Arg14,Lys15)Nociceptin
10867:Dynorphin B (rimorphin)
9909:Nalorphine dinicotinate
8393:Speer, William (1870).
8307:Merwin, Samuel (1907).
8175:, Yale University Press
8121:Day, Horace B. (1868).
6429:Molecular Interventions
3780:10.1073/pnas.90.12.5391
2896:are then recovered via
1998:Chinese Communist Party
1836:Arthur Gostick Shorrock
1729:William Ewart Gladstone
1679:, and 30,000 under the
1284:East Asian tea ceremony
1177:Samuel Taylor Coleridge
925:Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi
845:. Some Muslims believe
685:, possibly the root of
665:, who called the plant
637:BCE. Numerous finds of
335:obtained from the seed
11212:Spiradoline (U-62,066)
11157:Pethidine (meperidine)
10350:Pethidine (meperidine)
10040:ADL-5747 (PF-04856881)
9686:4-Caffeoyl-1,5-quinide
9585:Tetrahydropapaveroline
9500:Pethidine (meperidine)
8647:Mandragora officinarum
8516:The Alkaloids of Opium
8450:From Flowers to Heroin
8197:Great Britain (1913).
8178:Fairbank, J.K. (1978)
7619:S. Mercadante (1998).
7509:on September 28, 2007.
6379:10.1074/jbc.M107105200
5841:. BRILL. p. 271.
5258:"Qing Era (1644–1912)"
4685:Hamarneh Sami (1972).
4109:"Answers.com: al-Razi"
4024:Philip Robson (1999).
3819:PBS Frontline (1997).
3255:and the management of
3206:central nervous system
3039:
2977:In 2005, the European
2936:Cody Laboratories Inc.
2847:
2821:
2768:
2752:
2719:intravenous drug users
2599:
2452:
2360:derivative similar to
2293:Heinrich Emanuel Merck
2256:
2233:
2152:
2049:in 1909 were enacted.
2042:anti-Chinese sentiment
1923:
1893:National Righteousness
1794:
1773:
1762:Storage of opium at a
1657:
1604:
1572:
1314:
1223:
1111:
1077:William Henry Harrison
1058:described in the 1728
1024:Aulus Cornelius Celsus
983:
952:Şerafeddin Sabuncuoğlu
940:The Persian physician
890:
834:
599:
574:, Introduction to
568:
32:Opium (disambiguation)
11903:Ecadotril (sinorphan)
11390:CERC-501 (LY-2456302)
11290:4',7-Dihydroxyflavone
10852:Dinalbuphine sebacate
10727:Alazocine (SKF-10047)
10451:4',7-Dihydroxyflavone
10410:Thiobromadol (C-8813)
10050:Alazocine (SKF-10047)
9696:4',7-Dihydroxyflavone
9676:2-(S)-N,N-(R)-Viminol
9148:Dinalbuphine sebacate
8480:House of Opium museum
8100:Chouvy, P.A. (2009).
8087:on September 28, 2013
8057:Armero and Rapaport.
7609:, September 15, 2007.
7160:on September 24, 2001
6166:University of Houston
6129:Carstairs C. (2006).
5889:Chen Yung-Fa (1995).
5297:on February 13, 2006.
5238:on September 10, 2011
4830:de Quincey T (1821).
4317:on September 28, 2007
4161:on September 27, 2007
3718:Suzanne Carr (1995).
3522:Simon O'Dochartaigh.
3051:Intravenous injection
3033:
2997:Cultivation in the UK
2944:Johnson & Johnson
2845:
2819:
2758:
2750:
2727:necrotizing fasciitis
2681:) and opium extract (
2597:
2450:
2395:, who carry packs of
2375:A range of synthetic
2254:
2231:
2146:
1916:
1901:James Laidlaw Maxwell
1818:(Peking); Archdeacon
1792:
1761:
1647:
1602:
1567:
1312:
1290:Prohibitions in China
1221:
1109:
1029:The Canon of Medicine
974:Latin translation of
973:
947:The Canon of Medicine
877:
825:Dutch colonial period
818:
734:, and Europe. By 1100
609:At least 17 finds of
585:
564:
552:before giving way to
11760:Sunobinop (S-117957)
11495:N-Fluoropropyl-JDTic
10827:Diamorphine (heroin)
10160:Diamorphine (heroin)
9128:Diamorphine (heroin)
8928:Acetyldihydrocodeine
8908:7-Hydroxymitragynine
8903:7-Acetoxymitragynine
8444:DEA drug information
7322:Central Asian Survey
6954:10.1093/jat/23.6.549
6838:on September 5, 2012
6539:on September 6, 2015
6341:on February 24, 2021
6156:Ladenburg T (1974).
5650:"The opium monopoly"
5125:on February 10, 2010
4905:Modern Asian Studies
4809:. Hurst. p. 3.
4430:Ole Daniel Enersen.
4361:"The devil's doctor"
3896:Trastornos Adictivos
3509:"Etymonline - Opium"
3204:have no significant
2898:acid-base extraction
2636:acid-base extraction
2305:Pierre Jean Robiquet
1877:China Inland Mission
1611:through the port of
1530:improve this article
1179:(1772–1834), whose "
837:As the power of the
730:, including Greece,
700:Opium was used with
657:, approximately 3400
586:Poppy crop from the
536:and the writings of
494:Mediterranean region
378:, and non-analgesic
359:and other synthetic
202:Worldwide (#1: Iran)
30:For other uses, see
11963:Ubenimex (bestatin)
11707:Nociceptin (1-13)NH
11315:β-Chlornaltrexamine
11285:4′-Hydroxyflavanone
10707:β-Chlornaltrexamine
10581:N-Benzylnaltrindole
10476:β-Chlornaltrexamine
10395:TAN-67 (SB-205,607)
10060:AR-M100390 (ARM390)
9721:β-Chlornaltrexamine
9691:4′-Hydroxyflavanone
8918:α-Chlornaltrexamine
8557:Ancient anaesthesia
8520:Scientific American
8286:. London, Saunders.
8108:on October 26, 2011
7872:. Caucaz europenews
7849:on October 31, 2011
6618:on October 11, 2007
6372:(41): 38179–38184.
6137:on January 25, 2003
5779:Annals, Volumes 1–5
5742:Ann Heylen (2004).
5678:on January 30, 2008
5648:Ellen N. La Motte.
5533:Gladstone and Women
5167:"Opium in the West"
4805:Dikotter F (2004).
4598:on December 6, 2007
3998:on February 8, 2007
3992:"De Materia Medica"
3949:"Alcohol and Islam"
3771:1993PNAS...90.5391B
3726:on November 8, 2009
3447:on October 20, 2013
3416:on October 21, 2007
3222:physical dependence
3214:mu opioid receptors
2928:Abbott Laboratories
2904:published in 1868.
2780:invaded Afghanistan
2615:or "nishtar" (from
2242:general anesthetics
2161:President of France
2155:From 1897 to 1902,
1929:opium paraphernalia
1865:William Hector Park
1860:Hampden Coit DuBose
1671:to 1,000 under the
1648:British assault on
1603:British opium ships
1467:Chinatown of London
1262:. A century later,
1061:Chambers Cyclopedia
1034:University of Basel
883:Vasily Vereshchagin
867:, the precursor of
590:in India (probably
339:of the opium poppy
327:, scientific name:
11525:Norbinaltorphimine
10832:Diacetylnalorphine
10521:Diacetylnalorphine
10145:Desmethylclozapine
9799:Diacetylnalorphine
9479:Papaver somniferum
9063:Chloroxymorphamine
8385:Peters, Gretchen.
8236:The poppy in China
8138:. Standard Ebooks.
8064:Auerbach, Sascha.
6777:. November 5, 2023
6561:. December 7, 1999
6503:Judson HF (1974).
6454:Carter AJ (1996).
6095:Peter McWilliams.
5308:Bradley J (2009).
5256:Wertz, Richard R.
5076:on October 7, 2007
4630:on August 22, 2008
4133:Saudi Aramco World
3484:"Opium definition"
3040:
2991:developing nations
2848:
2822:
2769:
2753:
2743:Illegal drug trade
2733:Illegal production
2600:
2511:Papaver somniferum
2504:Papaver somniferum
2475:for purchasers in
2461:recreational drugs
2453:
2320:general anesthesia
2257:
2234:
2153:
1924:
1897:British Parliament
1881:Benjamin Broomhall
1812:B.C. Atterbury, MD
1795:
1781:opium—13.5
1774:
1675:, 4,000 under the
1658:
1617:East India Company
1605:
1573:
1361:Engelbert Kaempfer
1323:ban on the smoking
1315:
1224:
1112:
1081:American Civil War
984:
891:
835:
611:Papaver somniferum
600:
592:Papaver somniferum
550:American Civil War
470:Papaver bracteatum
439:Papaver somniferum
365:illegal drug trade
342:Papaver somniferum
329:Lachryma papaveris
96:Active ingredients
64:Papaver somniferum
12012:
12011:
11857:
11856:
11702:Nociceptin (1-11)
11573:
11572:
10702:14-Methoxymetopon
10659:
10658:
10576:Methylnaltrindole
10002:
10001:
9671:(3S,4S)-Picenadol
9283:Levacetylmethadol
8829:
8828:
8629:(devil's trumpet)
8580:Atropa belladonna
8452:, CIA publication
8243:Hideyuki Takano;
8160:978-90-04-22158-1
8037:(5 January 2009).
7779:"Anonymous Proxy"
7580:on March 22, 2009
7528:on March 13, 2007
7472:Pablo Bartholomew
7003:978-81-237-1383-0
6810:10.1021/np0496643
6514:978-0-394-72017-3
6044:10.1111/add.13584
6004:10.1111/add.12689
5949:China Information
5932:978-0-307-27536-3
5904:978-1-56324-428-5
5875:978-0-385-00928-7
5848:978-90-04-21901-4
5814:978-0-8248-2361-0
5755:978-90-5867-418-0
5606:Windle J (2013).
5570:978-0-8028-0152-4
5543:978-1-85285-471-3
5516:978-0-8078-6136-3
5489:978-1-4022-5205-1
5462:978-1-4022-0149-3
5435:978-1-4094-7984-0
5408:978-1-4094-8327-4
5381:978-0-674-05134-8
5354:978-0-8131-4968-4
5327:978-0-316-00895-2
5212:on April 20, 2009
4947:Alfred W. McCoy.
4816:978-0-226-14905-9
4743:978-2-84161-397-7
4432:"Thomas Sydenham"
4043:978-0-19-262955-5
3821:"The Opium Kings"
3765:(12): 5391–5393.
3704:978-1-4381-0213-9
3351:Psychoactive drug
3341:Opium replacement
2669:), opium powder (
2547:, a precursor to
2445:
2444:
2262:Gabriel Fallopius
2133:government agency
2113:League of Nations
2097:Aboriginal people
2054:enumerated powers
1950:Chinese Civil War
1938:League of Nations
1895:. He lobbied the
1804:John Glasgow Kerr
1669:Yongzheng Emperor
1580:Yongzheng Emperor
1562:
1561:
1554:
1228:recreational drug
1162:Thomas De Quincey
1156:Virginia Berridge
980:Canon of Medicine
864:De Materia Medica
728:Mediterranean Sea
707:Spongia somnifera
522:medical poultices
464:Papaver orientale
318:
317:
304:
292:
280:
268:
256:
245:
233:
225:(Controlled drug)
220:
87:Geographic origin
16:(Redirected from
12057:
12040:Medicinal plants
11892:
11819:Nociceptin (1-7)
11715:Norbuprenorphine
11652:Dihydroetorphine
11586:
11585:
11475:Methylnaltrexone
11385:Catechin gallate
11117:Norbuprenorphine
10842:Dihydroetorphine
10712:β-Funaltrexamine
10672:
10671:
10571:Methylnaltrexone
10511:Catechin gallate
10325:Norbuprenorphine
10165:Dihydroetorphine
10015:
10014:
9879:Methylnaltrexone
9771:Catechin gallate
9726:β-Funaltrexamine
9138:Dihydroetorphine
8881:
8880:
8856:
8849:
8842:
8833:
8832:
8634:Hyoscyamus niger
8564:Plants / animals
8550:
8543:
8536:
8527:
8526:
8423:
8412:
8400:
8382:
8371:
8347:
8326:
8314:
8298:McCoy, Alfred W.
8290:Martin, Steven.
8287:
8240:
8229:
8204:
8185:Franck Daninos,
8182:, Cambridge, CUP
8139:
8128:
8117:
8115:
8113:
8104:. Archived from
8096:
8094:
8092:
8083:. Archived from
8073:Opium: A History
8050:Ahmad, Diana L.
8038:
8020:
8011:
8010:
8008:
8006:
8001:on April 9, 2010
7997:. Archived from
7995:That's Poppycock
7987:
7981:
7972:
7966:
7965:
7937:
7931:
7930:
7912:
7888:
7882:
7881:
7879:
7877:
7865:
7859:
7858:
7856:
7854:
7839:
7833:
7826:
7820:
7819:
7817:
7815:
7806:. Archived from
7800:
7794:
7793:
7791:
7789:
7775:
7769:
7768:
7738:
7732:
7731:
7695:
7689:
7688:
7686:
7684:
7657:
7651:
7650:
7640:
7616:
7610:
7596:
7590:
7589:
7587:
7585:
7576:. Archived from
7570:
7564:
7544:
7538:
7537:
7535:
7533:
7524:. Archived from
7517:
7511:
7510:
7505:. Archived from
7501:Senlis Council.
7498:
7492:
7491:
7489:
7487:
7478:. Archived from
7468:
7462:
7461:
7459:
7457:
7443:
7437:
7436:
7434:
7432:
7418:
7412:
7411:
7409:
7407:
7402:
7394:
7388:
7381:
7375:
7374:
7372:
7370:
7360:
7354:
7353:
7317:
7311:
7310:
7308:
7306:
7295:
7289:
7288:
7286:
7284:
7269:
7263:
7262:
7260:
7258:
7253:
7245:
7239:
7238:
7236:
7234:
7222:
7216:
7215:
7213:
7211:
7200:
7194:
7193:
7191:
7189:
7184:
7176:
7170:
7169:
7167:
7165:
7156:. Archived from
7150:
7144:
7143:
7125:
7101:
7095:
7094:
7092:
7090:
7063:
7057:
7054:
7045:
7044:
7042:
7040:
7026:
7020:
7019:
7017:
7015:
7006:. Archived from
6982:
6976:
6973:
6967:
6966:
6956:
6932:
6926:
6925:
6889:
6883:
6882:
6854:
6848:
6847:
6845:
6843:
6828:
6822:
6821:
6793:
6787:
6786:
6784:
6782:
6767:
6758:
6757:
6755:
6753:
6739:
6730:
6729:
6727:
6725:
6710:
6704:
6703:
6701:
6699:
6693:Greenprophet.com
6684:
6678:
6677:
6675:
6673:
6659:
6653:
6652:
6650:
6648:
6634:
6628:
6627:
6625:
6623:
6614:. Archived from
6601:
6595:
6594:
6592:
6590:
6585:
6577:
6571:
6570:
6568:
6566:
6555:
6549:
6548:
6546:
6544:
6535:. Archived from
6525:
6519:
6518:
6505:Heroin Addiction
6500:
6494:
6493:
6483:
6466:(7072): 1630–2.
6451:
6445:
6444:
6420:
6414:
6413:
6411:
6409:
6398:
6392:
6391:
6381:
6357:
6351:
6350:
6348:
6346:
6337:. Archived from
6326:
6320:
6314:
6308:
6307:
6305:
6303:
6289:
6283:
6282:
6280:
6278:
6263:
6257:
6256:
6236:
6221:
6220:
6192:
6186:
6185:
6183:
6181:
6175:
6162:
6153:
6147:
6146:
6144:
6142:
6133:. Archived from
6126:
6120:
6119:
6111:
6105:
6104:
6103:on May 25, 2007.
6099:. Archived from
6092:
6086:
6085:
6077:
6071:
6070:
6068:
6066:
6023:
6017:
6016:
6006:
5980:
5974:
5973:
5943:
5937:
5936:
5915:
5909:
5908:
5886:
5880:
5879:
5859:
5853:
5852:
5832:
5826:
5825:
5823:
5821:
5798:
5792:
5791:
5789:
5787:
5773:
5767:
5766:
5764:
5762:
5739:
5733:
5732:
5730:
5728:
5723:on July 11, 2007
5722:
5716:. Archived from
5715:
5706:
5700:
5694:
5688:
5687:
5685:
5683:
5674:. Archived from
5667:
5661:
5660:
5658:
5656:
5645:
5639:
5638:
5612:
5603:
5597:
5581:
5575:
5574:
5554:
5548:
5547:
5527:
5521:
5520:
5500:
5494:
5493:
5473:
5467:
5466:
5446:
5440:
5439:
5419:
5413:
5412:
5392:
5386:
5385:
5365:
5359:
5358:
5338:
5332:
5331:
5315:
5305:
5299:
5298:
5293:. Archived from
5274:
5268:
5254:
5248:
5247:
5245:
5243:
5228:
5222:
5221:
5219:
5217:
5206:"Opium timeline"
5202:
5196:
5190:
5184:
5164:
5158:
5157:
5155:
5153:
5148:. P.L.A. Monthly
5141:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5130:
5114:
5108:
5107:
5105:
5103:
5092:
5086:
5085:
5083:
5081:
5072:. Archived from
5062:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5051:
5046:. April 27, 1913
5040:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5029:
5018:
5012:
5011:
5009:
5007:
4989:
4980:
4974:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4960:
4955:on April 4, 2007
4951:. Archived from
4944:
4929:
4928:
4900:
4889:
4888:
4878:
4844:
4838:
4837:
4827:
4821:
4820:
4802:
4783:
4776:
4770:
4751:
4745:
4731:
4725:
4724:
4714:
4682:
4676:
4672:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4646:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4635:
4629:
4623:. Archived from
4622:
4614:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4594:. Archived from
4587:
4581:
4580:
4552:
4543:
4542:
4506:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4492:
4452:Lomax E (1973).
4449:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4438:
4427:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4416:
4407:. Archived from
4400:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4389:
4379:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4368:
4363:. April 18, 2006
4357:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4346:
4336:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4322:
4313:. Archived from
4307:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4296:
4245:
4239:
4238:
4228:
4204:
4198:
4197:
4177:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4166:
4157:. Archived from
4151:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4125:
4119:
4118:
4105:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4089:on July 20, 2008
4088:
4082:. Archived from
4081:
4069:
4048:
4047:
4031:
4021:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4003:
3987:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3941:
3935:
3933:(includes image)
3931:
3929:
3927:
3918:. Archived from
3887:
3881:
3880:
3872:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3844:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3816:
3803:
3802:
3792:
3782:
3750:
3739:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3722:. Archived from
3715:
3709:
3708:
3688:
3682:
3681:
3675:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3530:. Archived from
3519:
3513:
3512:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3480:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3443:. Archived from
3432:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3412:. Archived from
3401:
3326:Mexican Drug War
3159:
3144:
3112:neuropathic pain
2914:
2870:Legal production
2826:acetic anhydride
2811:
2807:
2805:
2799:
2797:
2761:Helmand province
2715:black tar heroin
2711:acetic anhydride
2598:Harvesting opium
2497:Helmand Province
2482:
2474:
2471:for the farmer,
2470:
2440:
2437:
2431:
2419:
2418:
2411:
2370:extended release
2189:20th-century use
2067:
2063:
2002:Peter Vladimirov
1991:
1989:
1946:Unequal Treaties
1920:Lord Justice Fry
1784:
1778:Second Opium War
1772:
1769:
1741:Second Opium War
1722:Unequal Treaties
1711:
1696:Daoguang Emperor
1681:Daoguang Emperor
1673:Qianlong Emperor
1557:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1537:
1514:
1506:
1452:patent medicines
1444:French Indochina
1438:" (seamen) and "
1408:Chinese Diaspora
1335:clove cigarettes
1300:Daoguang Emperor
1236:Chenghua Emperor
833:
830:
763:
760:
757:
749:
737:
717:
660:
636:
605:
578:
512:. Evidence from
499:
408:
302:
299:
290:
287:
278:
275:
267:
264:
255:
252:
244:
241:
238:(Narcotic drugs)
231:
228:
218:
215:
71:Part(s) of plant
51:
39:
38:
21:
12065:
12064:
12060:
12059:
12058:
12056:
12055:
12054:
12015:
12014:
12013:
12008:
11890:
11853:
11784:
11769:
11710:
11632:
11624:
11616:
11612:
11604:
11581:
11569:
11365:Binaltorphimine
11310:6β-Naltrexol-d4
11273:
10892:Ethylketazocine
10847:Dihydromorphine
10667:
10655:
10466:6β-Naltrexol-d4
10439:
10195:Ethylketazocine
10170:Dihydromorphine
10010:
9998:
9706:6β-Naltrexol-d4
9659:
9458:Oxymorphonazine
9213:Furanylfentanyl
9143:Dihydromorphine
8998:Benzhydrocodone
8887:
8885:
8876:
8868:
8863:Opioid receptor
8860:
8830:
8825:
8754:
8688:
8671:
8559:
8554:
8504:Wayback Machine
8467:Opium Made Easy
8430:
8351:Musto, David F.
8124:The Opium Habit
8111:
8109:
8090:
8088:
8071:Booth, Martin.
8047:
8045:Further reading
8042:
8041:
8035:Wordorigins.org
8031:Wayback Machine
8021:
8014:
8004:
8002:
7989:
7988:
7984:
7973:
7969:
7938:
7934:
7889:
7885:
7875:
7873:
7866:
7862:
7852:
7850:
7841:
7840:
7836:
7827:
7823:
7813:
7811:
7810:on May 31, 2007
7802:
7801:
7797:
7787:
7785:
7777:
7776:
7772:
7751:(12): 1765–72.
7739:
7735:
7696:
7692:
7682:
7680:
7658:
7654:
7617:
7613:
7607:Wayback Machine
7597:
7593:
7583:
7581:
7572:
7571:
7567:
7554:Wayback Machine
7545:
7541:
7531:
7529:
7518:
7514:
7499:
7495:
7485:
7483:
7482:on July 1, 2007
7469:
7465:
7455:
7453:
7445:
7444:
7440:
7430:
7428:
7420:
7419:
7415:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7396:
7395:
7391:
7387:, June 23, 2002
7382:
7378:
7368:
7366:
7362:
7361:
7357:
7318:
7314:
7304:
7302:
7296:
7292:
7282:
7280:
7271:
7270:
7266:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7247:
7246:
7242:
7232:
7230:
7223:
7219:
7209:
7207:
7201:
7197:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7178:
7177:
7173:
7163:
7161:
7152:
7151:
7147:
7102:
7098:
7088:
7086:
7064:
7060:
7055:
7048:
7038:
7036:
7028:
7027:
7023:
7013:
7011:
7010:on May 19, 2007
7004:
6983:
6979:
6974:
6970:
6933:
6929:
6890:
6886:
6855:
6851:
6841:
6839:
6830:
6829:
6825:
6794:
6790:
6780:
6778:
6769:
6768:
6761:
6751:
6749:
6741:
6740:
6733:
6723:
6721:
6712:
6711:
6707:
6697:
6695:
6685:
6681:
6671:
6669:
6661:
6660:
6656:
6646:
6644:
6636:
6635:
6631:
6621:
6619:
6604:Mark Corcoran.
6602:
6598:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6579:
6578:
6574:
6564:
6562:
6557:
6556:
6552:
6542:
6540:
6529:Richard Askwith
6526:
6522:
6515:
6501:
6497:
6452:
6448:
6421:
6417:
6407:
6405:
6400:
6399:
6395:
6358:
6354:
6344:
6342:
6327:
6323:
6315:
6311:
6301:
6299:
6291:
6290:
6286:
6276:
6274:
6264:
6260:
6237:
6224:
6193:
6189:
6179:
6177:
6173:
6160:
6154:
6150:
6140:
6138:
6127:
6123:
6112:
6108:
6093:
6089:
6078:
6074:
6064:
6062:
6024:
6020:
5981:
5977:
5944:
5940:
5933:
5916:
5912:
5905:
5887:
5883:
5876:
5860:
5856:
5849:
5833:
5829:
5819:
5817:
5815:
5799:
5795:
5785:
5783:
5774:
5770:
5760:
5758:
5756:
5740:
5736:
5726:
5724:
5720:
5713:
5707:
5703:
5695:
5691:
5681:
5679:
5668:
5664:
5654:
5652:
5646:
5642:
5610:
5604:
5600:
5582:
5578:
5571:
5555:
5551:
5544:
5528:
5524:
5517:
5501:
5497:
5490:
5474:
5470:
5463:
5447:
5443:
5436:
5420:
5416:
5409:
5393:
5389:
5382:
5366:
5362:
5355:
5339:
5335:
5328:
5306:
5302:
5275:
5271:
5255:
5251:
5241:
5239:
5230:
5229:
5225:
5215:
5213:
5204:
5203:
5199:
5191:
5187:
5174:Wayback Machine
5165:
5161:
5151:
5149:
5142:
5138:
5128:
5126:
5115:
5111:
5101:
5099:
5093:
5089:
5079:
5077:
5066:Alfred W. McCoy
5063:
5059:
5049:
5047:
5042:
5041:
5037:
5027:
5025:
5019:
5015:
5005:
5003:
4990:
4983:
4975:
4968:
4958:
4956:
4945:
4932:
4901:
4892:
4854:Medical History
4845:
4841:
4828:
4824:
4817:
4803:
4786:
4777:
4773:
4753:Matthee, Rudi.
4752:
4748:
4733:Michot, Yahya.
4732:
4728:
4691:Medical History
4683:
4679:
4673:
4669:
4659:
4657:
4647:
4643:
4633:
4631:
4627:
4620:
4616:
4615:
4611:
4601:
4599:
4588:
4584:
4553:
4546:
4507:
4500:
4490:
4488:
4450:
4446:
4436:
4434:
4428:
4424:
4414:
4412:
4411:on May 31, 2007
4401:
4397:
4387:
4385:
4381:
4380:
4376:
4366:
4364:
4359:
4358:
4354:
4344:
4342:
4338:
4337:
4330:
4320:
4318:
4309:
4308:
4304:
4294:
4292:
4246:
4242:
4205:
4201:
4178:
4174:
4164:
4162:
4153:
4152:
4148:
4138:
4136:
4127:
4126:
4122:
4107:
4106:
4102:
4092:
4090:
4086:
4079:
4070:
4051:
4044:
4028:Forbidden Drugs
4022:
4011:
4001:
3999:
3988:
3984:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3967:
3963:
3953:
3951:
3945:Ibrahim B. Syed
3942:
3938:
3925:
3923:
3922:on May 15, 2008
3888:
3884:
3873:
3866:
3856:
3854:
3846:
3845:
3841:
3831:
3829:
3817:
3806:
3751:
3742:
3729:
3727:
3716:
3712:
3705:
3689:
3685:
3669:
3668:
3661:
3659:
3648:
3644:
3634:
3632:
3594:Economic Botany
3586:
3582:
3567:10.1139/y86-001
3551:
3547:
3537:
3535:
3520:
3516:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3492:
3490:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3472:. October 2014.
3469:
3465:
3464:
3460:
3450:
3448:
3433:
3429:
3419:
3417:
3402:
3379:
3374:
3311:Golden Triangle
3306:Golden Crescent
3302:
3288:
3253:palliative care
3237:opioid receptor
3170:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3160:
3152:
3151:
3145:
3134:
3120:
3092:Eastern culture
3068:benzodiazepines
3028:
3007:Johnson Matthey
3003:MacFarlan Smith
2999:
2968:MacFarlan Smith
2948:Johnson Matthey
2940:GlaxoSmithKline
2912:
2890:Gregory process
2878:
2876:Opium licensing
2872:
2833:Golden Triangle
2809:
2803:
2801:
2795:
2793:
2745:
2735:
2592:
2584:a legal defense
2513:
2507:
2488:Golden Triangle
2480:
2472:
2468:
2441:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2420:
2416:
2409:
2326:alkaloids from
2226:
2191:
2182:Hamilton Wright
2173:
2141:
2065:
2061:
2058:commerce clause
2037:
2025:Golden Triangle
1987:
1985:
1842:; and the Rev.
1820:Arthur E. Moule
1782:
1770:
1749:First Opium War
1737:First Opium War
1718:First Opium War
1706:
1677:Jiaqing Emperor
1654:First Opium War
1582:, disturbed by
1558:
1547:
1541:
1538:
1527:
1515:
1504:
1498:
1486:Main articles:
1484:
1432:Indian Diaspora
1404:
1304:First Opium War
1292:
1216:
1206:
1201:
1189:rheumatic fever
1154:, as argued by
1136:
1104:
1052:Thomas Sydenham
1002:(identified as
993:Papaver agreste
988:Pseudo-Apuleius
986:Manuscripts of
968:
843:Islamic Empires
831:
819:Opium users in
813:
767:The Greek gods
761:
758:
747:
735:
715:
712:opium thebaicum
658:
634:
603:
580:
570:
562:
497:
490:
314:
194:
128:
59:Source plant(s)
54:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
12063:
12053:
12052:
12047:
12042:
12037:
12032:
12027:
12010:
12009:
12007:
12006:
11996:
11995:
11990:
11985:
11980:
11975:
11966:
11965:
11960:
11955:
11950:
11945:
11940:
11935:
11930:
11925:
11920:
11915:
11910:
11905:
11900:
11895:
11893:-Phenylalanine
11887:
11882:
11877:
11865:
11863:
11859:
11858:
11855:
11854:
11852:
11851:
11846:
11841:
11836:
11831:
11826:
11821:
11816:
11811:
11806:
11801:
11796:
11791:
11786:
11782:
11777:
11775:
11771:
11770:
11768:
11767:
11762:
11757:
11752:
11747:
11742:
11737:
11732:
11727:
11722:
11720:Racemethorphan
11717:
11712:
11708:
11704:
11699:
11694:
11689:
11684:
11679:
11674:
11669:
11667:Levomethorphan
11664:
11659:
11654:
11649:
11644:
11639:
11634:
11630:
11626:
11622:
11618:
11614:
11610:
11606:
11602:
11598:
11592:
11590:
11583:
11575:
11574:
11571:
11570:
11568:
11567:
11562:
11557:
11552:
11547:
11542:
11537:
11532:
11527:
11522:
11517:
11512:
11507:
11502:
11497:
11492:
11487:
11482:
11477:
11472:
11467:
11462:
11457:
11452:
11447:
11442:
11437:
11432:
11427:
11422:
11417:
11412:
11407:
11402:
11397:
11392:
11387:
11382:
11377:
11372:
11367:
11362:
11357:
11352:
11347:
11342:
11337:
11332:
11327:
11322:
11317:
11312:
11307:
11302:
11297:
11292:
11287:
11281:
11279:
11275:
11274:
11272:
11271:
11266:
11261:
11256:
11251:
11229:
11224:
11219:
11214:
11209:
11204:
11199:
11194:
11184:
11179:
11174:
11172:Racemethorphan
11169:
11164:
11159:
11154:
11149:
11144:
11139:
11134:
11129:
11124:
11119:
11114:
11109:
11104:
11099:
11094:
11089:
11084:
11079:
11074:
11069:
11064:
11059:
11054:
11049:
11044:
11039:
11034:
11029:
11024:
11019:
11014:
11009:
11004:
10999:
10994:
10992:Levomethorphan
10989:
10984:
10979:
10974:
10969:
10964:
10959:
10954:
10949:
10944:
10939:
10934:
10929:
10924:
10919:
10914:
10909:
10904:
10899:
10894:
10889:
10884:
10879:
10874:
10869:
10864:
10859:
10854:
10849:
10844:
10839:
10834:
10829:
10824:
10819:
10814:
10809:
10804:
10799:
10794:
10789:
10784:
10779:
10774:
10769:
10764:
10759:
10754:
10749:
10744:
10739:
10734:
10729:
10724:
10719:
10714:
10709:
10704:
10699:
10694:
10689:
10684:
10678:
10676:
10669:
10661:
10660:
10657:
10656:
10654:
10653:
10648:
10643:
10638:
10633:
10628:
10623:
10618:
10613:
10608:
10603:
10598:
10593:
10588:
10583:
10578:
10573:
10568:
10563:
10558:
10553:
10548:
10543:
10538:
10533:
10528:
10523:
10518:
10513:
10508:
10503:
10498:
10493:
10488:
10483:
10478:
10473:
10468:
10463:
10458:
10453:
10447:
10445:
10441:
10440:
10438:
10437:
10432:
10427:
10422:
10417:
10412:
10407:
10402:
10397:
10392:
10387:
10382:
10377:
10372:
10367:
10362:
10360:Racemethorphan
10357:
10352:
10347:
10342:
10337:
10332:
10327:
10322:
10317:
10312:
10307:
10302:
10297:
10292:
10287:
10282:
10277:
10272:
10270:Levomethorphan
10267:
10265:Leu-enkephalin
10262:
10257:
10252:
10247:
10242:
10237:
10232:
10227:
10222:
10217:
10212:
10207:
10202:
10197:
10192:
10187:
10182:
10177:
10172:
10167:
10162:
10157:
10152:
10147:
10142:
10137:
10132:
10127:
10122:
10117:
10112:
10107:
10102:
10097:
10092:
10087:
10082:
10077:
10072:
10067:
10062:
10057:
10052:
10047:
10042:
10037:
10032:
10027:
10021:
10019:
10012:
10004:
10003:
10000:
9999:
9997:
9996:
9991:
9986:
9981:
9976:
9971:
9966:
9961:
9956:
9951:
9946:
9944:Naltrexonazine
9941:
9936:
9931:
9926:
9921:
9916:
9911:
9906:
9901:
9896:
9891:
9886:
9881:
9876:
9871:
9866:
9861:
9856:
9851:
9846:
9841:
9836:
9831:
9826:
9821:
9816:
9811:
9806:
9801:
9796:
9791:
9786:
9781:
9778:
9773:
9768:
9763:
9758:
9753:
9748:
9743:
9738:
9733:
9728:
9723:
9718:
9713:
9708:
9703:
9698:
9693:
9688:
9683:
9678:
9673:
9667:
9665:
9661:
9660:
9658:
9657:
9652:
9647:
9642:
9637:
9632:
9627:
9622:
9617:
9612:
9607:
9602:
9597:
9592:
9587:
9582:
9577:
9572:
9567:
9562:
9557:
9552:
9547:
9545:Racemethorphan
9542:
9537:
9532:
9527:
9522:
9517:
9512:
9507:
9502:
9497:
9492:
9487:
9475:
9470:
9465:
9460:
9455:
9450:
9445:
9440:
9435:
9430:
9425:
9420:
9415:
9410:
9405:
9400:
9395:
9390:
9385:
9380:
9375:
9370:
9365:
9360:
9355:
9350:
9345:
9340:
9335:
9330:
9325:
9320:
9315:
9310:
9305:
9300:
9295:
9290:
9288:Levomethorphan
9285:
9280:
9278:Leu-enkephalin
9275:
9270:
9265:
9260:
9255:
9250:
9245:
9240:
9238:Hydromorphinol
9235:
9230:
9225:
9220:
9215:
9210:
9205:
9200:
9195:
9190:
9185:
9180:
9175:
9170:
9165:
9160:
9155:
9150:
9145:
9140:
9135:
9133:Dihydrocodeine
9130:
9125:
9120:
9115:
9110:
9105:
9100:
9098:Dextromoramide
9095:
9090:
9085:
9080:
9075:
9070:
9065:
9060:
9055:
9050:
9045:
9040:
9035:
9030:
9025:
9020:
9015:
9010:
9005:
9003:Benzylmorphine
9000:
8995:
8990:
8985:
8980:
8975:
8970:
8965:
8960:
8955:
8950:
8945:
8940:
8935:
8933:Acetylfentanyl
8930:
8925:
8920:
8915:
8910:
8905:
8900:
8894:
8892:
8878:
8870:
8869:
8859:
8858:
8851:
8844:
8836:
8827:
8826:
8824:
8823:
8818:
8813:
8808:
8803:
8798:
8793:
8788:
8783:
8778:
8773:
8768:
8762:
8760:
8756:
8755:
8753:
8752:
8747:
8742:
8737:
8732:
8727:
8722:
8717:
8712:
8707:
8696:
8694:
8690:
8689:
8679:
8677:
8673:
8672:
8670:
8669:
8664:
8656:
8651:
8643:
8638:
8630:
8622:
8618:Datura innoxia
8614:
8606:
8601:
8596:
8595:
8594:
8584:
8576:
8567:
8565:
8561:
8560:
8553:
8552:
8545:
8538:
8530:
8524:
8523:
8512:
8506:
8494:
8488:
8482:
8477:
8463:
8461:Opium in India
8458:
8453:
8447:
8441:
8436:
8429:
8428:External links
8426:
8425:
8424:
8413:
8401:
8390:
8383:
8372:
8357:
8348:
8327:
8315:
8304:
8295:
8288:
8277:
8270:
8256:
8247:(2002, Kotan,
8241:
8230:
8219:
8205:
8194:
8183:
8176:
8169:
8162:
8140:
8129:
8118:
8097:
8076:
8069:
8062:
8055:
8046:
8043:
8040:
8039:
8012:
7982:
7967:
7932:
7883:
7860:
7834:
7821:
7795:
7783:Softfamous.com
7770:
7733:
7706:(7): 584–590.
7690:
7672:(1): 142–151.
7652:
7611:
7591:
7565:
7559:Senlis Council
7539:
7512:
7493:
7463:
7438:
7413:
7389:
7376:
7355:
7328:(2): 265–280.
7312:
7290:
7279:on May 9, 2007
7264:
7240:
7217:
7195:
7171:
7145:
7096:
7078:(3): 388–399.
7058:
7046:
7021:
7002:
6994:Narcotic Drugs
6977:
6975:Gahlinger 2001
6968:
6947:(6): 549–551.
6927:
6884:
6849:
6823:
6788:
6759:
6731:
6705:
6679:
6654:
6629:
6596:
6572:
6550:
6520:
6513:
6495:
6446:
6435:(4): 189–191.
6415:
6393:
6352:
6321:
6309:
6284:
6258:
6222:
6187:
6148:
6121:
6106:
6087:
6072:
6018:
5975:
5938:
5931:
5910:
5903:
5881:
5874:
5854:
5847:
5827:
5813:
5793:
5768:
5754:
5734:
5701:
5689:
5662:
5640:
5621:(5): 498–505.
5598:
5576:
5569:
5549:
5542:
5522:
5515:
5495:
5488:
5468:
5461:
5441:
5434:
5414:
5407:
5387:
5380:
5360:
5353:
5333:
5326:
5300:
5291:Monthly Review
5269:
5249:
5223:
5197:
5185:
5159:
5136:
5109:
5087:
5057:
5035:
5013:
4981:
4966:
4930:
4890:
4839:
4836:. p. 188.
4822:
4815:
4784:
4771:
4746:
4726:
4697:(3): 226–237.
4677:
4667:
4641:
4609:
4582:
4563:(4): 377–389.
4544:
4517:(3): 414–441.
4498:
4464:(2): 167–176.
4444:
4422:
4395:
4374:
4352:
4328:
4302:
4254:Anesthesiology
4240:
4199:
4172:
4146:
4135:. January 2002
4120:
4100:
4073:Carl A. Trocki
4049:
4042:
4009:
3982:
3961:
3936:
3898:(in Spanish).
3882:
3864:
3839:
3804:
3740:
3710:
3703:
3683:
3642:
3600:(3): 295–323.
3580:
3545:
3534:on May 1, 2021
3514:
3500:
3475:
3458:
3427:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3301:
3298:
3287:
3284:
3243:caused by the
3233:drug addiction
3218:drug tolerance
3161:
3154:
3153:
3146:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3119:
3116:
3027:
3024:
2998:
2995:
2979:Senlis Council
2960:Sanofi Aventis
2874:Main article:
2871:
2868:
2734:
2731:
2699:extractum opii
2683:extractum opii
2591:
2588:
2580:false positive
2509:Main article:
2506:
2501:
2443:
2442:
2423:
2421:
2414:
2408:
2405:
2338:Felix Hoffmann
2225:
2222:
2190:
2187:
2172:
2169:
2140:
2137:
2036:
2033:
1965:Chinese Muslim
1685:British Empire
1560:
1559:
1518:
1516:
1509:
1483:
1480:
1412:Southeast Asia
1403:
1400:
1291:
1288:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1135:
1132:
1103:
1100:
999:Papaver rhoeas
967:
964:
921:ophthalmologic
869:pharmacopoeias
812:
809:
748:6th century BC
702:poison hemlock
563:
561:
558:
514:ancient Greece
489:
486:
316:
315:
313:
312:
309:
297:
285:
273:
262:
250:
239:
226:
212:
210:
204:
203:
200:
199:Main consumers
196:
195:
193:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
136:
134:
133:Main producers
130:
129:
127:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
100:
98:
92:
91:
88:
84:
83:
72:
68:
67:
60:
56:
55:
52:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12062:
12051:
12048:
12046:
12043:
12041:
12038:
12036:
12033:
12031:
12028:
12026:
12023:
12022:
12020:
12004:
12001:
11998:
11997:
11994:
11991:
11989:
11988:Pronociceptin
11986:
11984:
11983:Proenkephalin
11981:
11979:
11976:
11974:
11971:
11968:
11967:
11964:
11961:
11959:
11956:
11954:
11951:
11949:
11946:
11944:
11941:
11939:
11936:
11934:
11931:
11929:
11926:
11924:
11921:
11919:
11916:
11914:
11911:
11909:
11906:
11904:
11901:
11899:
11896:
11894:
11888:
11886:
11883:
11881:
11878:
11876:
11873:
11871:
11867:
11866:
11864:
11860:
11850:
11847:
11845:
11842:
11840:
11837:
11835:
11832:
11830:
11827:
11825:
11822:
11820:
11817:
11815:
11812:
11810:
11807:
11805:
11802:
11800:
11797:
11795:
11792:
11790:
11787:
11785:
11779:
11778:
11776:
11772:
11766:
11763:
11761:
11758:
11756:
11753:
11751:
11748:
11746:
11743:
11741:
11738:
11736:
11733:
11731:
11728:
11726:
11723:
11721:
11718:
11716:
11713:
11711:
11705:
11703:
11700:
11698:
11695:
11693:
11690:
11688:
11685:
11683:
11680:
11678:
11675:
11673:
11670:
11668:
11665:
11663:
11660:
11658:
11655:
11653:
11650:
11648:
11645:
11643:
11642:Buprenorphine
11640:
11638:
11635:
11633:
11627:
11625:
11619:
11617:
11607:
11605:
11599:
11597:
11594:
11593:
11591:
11587:
11584:
11580:
11576:
11566:
11563:
11561:
11558:
11556:
11553:
11551:
11548:
11546:
11543:
11541:
11538:
11536:
11533:
11531:
11528:
11526:
11523:
11521:
11518:
11516:
11513:
11511:
11508:
11506:
11503:
11501:
11498:
11496:
11493:
11491:
11488:
11486:
11483:
11481:
11478:
11476:
11473:
11471:
11468:
11466:
11463:
11461:
11458:
11456:
11453:
11451:
11448:
11446:
11443:
11441:
11438:
11436:
11433:
11431:
11428:
11426:
11423:
11421:
11418:
11416:
11413:
11411:
11408:
11406:
11403:
11401:
11398:
11396:
11393:
11391:
11388:
11386:
11383:
11381:
11378:
11376:
11375:Buprenorphine
11373:
11371:
11368:
11366:
11363:
11361:
11358:
11356:
11353:
11351:
11348:
11346:
11343:
11341:
11338:
11336:
11333:
11331:
11328:
11326:
11325:Amentoflavone
11323:
11321:
11318:
11316:
11313:
11311:
11308:
11306:
11303:
11301:
11298:
11296:
11293:
11291:
11288:
11286:
11283:
11282:
11280:
11276:
11270:
11267:
11265:
11262:
11260:
11257:
11255:
11252:
11249:
11248:nortriptyline
11245:
11241:
11237:
11236:amitriptyline
11233:
11230:
11228:
11225:
11223:
11220:
11218:
11215:
11213:
11210:
11208:
11205:
11203:
11200:
11198:
11195:
11192:
11188:
11185:
11183:
11180:
11178:
11175:
11173:
11170:
11168:
11165:
11163:
11160:
11158:
11155:
11153:
11150:
11148:
11145:
11143:
11140:
11138:
11135:
11133:
11130:
11128:
11125:
11123:
11120:
11118:
11115:
11113:
11110:
11108:
11105:
11103:
11100:
11098:
11095:
11093:
11090:
11088:
11085:
11083:
11080:
11078:
11075:
11073:
11070:
11068:
11065:
11063:
11060:
11058:
11055:
11053:
11050:
11048:
11045:
11043:
11040:
11038:
11035:
11033:
11030:
11028:
11025:
11023:
11020:
11018:
11015:
11013:
11010:
11008:
11005:
11003:
11000:
10998:
10995:
10993:
10990:
10988:
10985:
10983:
10980:
10978:
10975:
10973:
10970:
10968:
10965:
10963:
10960:
10958:
10955:
10953:
10950:
10948:
10945:
10943:
10942:Hydromorphone
10940:
10938:
10935:
10933:
10930:
10928:
10925:
10923:
10920:
10918:
10915:
10913:
10910:
10908:
10905:
10903:
10900:
10898:
10895:
10893:
10890:
10888:
10885:
10883:
10880:
10878:
10875:
10873:
10870:
10868:
10865:
10863:
10860:
10858:
10857:Diprenorphine
10855:
10853:
10850:
10848:
10845:
10843:
10840:
10838:
10837:Difelikefalin
10835:
10833:
10830:
10828:
10825:
10823:
10820:
10818:
10817:Cyprenorphine
10815:
10813:
10810:
10808:
10805:
10803:
10800:
10798:
10795:
10793:
10790:
10788:
10785:
10783:
10780:
10778:
10775:
10773:
10770:
10768:
10765:
10763:
10762:Big dynorphin
10760:
10758:
10755:
10753:
10750:
10748:
10745:
10743:
10740:
10738:
10735:
10733:
10730:
10728:
10725:
10723:
10720:
10718:
10715:
10713:
10710:
10708:
10705:
10703:
10700:
10698:
10695:
10693:
10690:
10688:
10685:
10683:
10682:3CS-nalmefene
10680:
10679:
10677:
10673:
10670:
10666:
10662:
10652:
10649:
10647:
10644:
10642:
10639:
10637:
10634:
10632:
10629:
10627:
10624:
10622:
10619:
10617:
10614:
10612:
10609:
10607:
10604:
10602:
10599:
10597:
10594:
10592:
10589:
10587:
10584:
10582:
10579:
10577:
10574:
10572:
10569:
10567:
10564:
10562:
10559:
10557:
10554:
10552:
10549:
10547:
10544:
10542:
10539:
10537:
10534:
10532:
10529:
10527:
10526:Diprenorphine
10524:
10522:
10519:
10517:
10514:
10512:
10509:
10507:
10504:
10502:
10499:
10497:
10494:
10492:
10489:
10487:
10484:
10482:
10479:
10477:
10474:
10472:
10469:
10467:
10464:
10462:
10459:
10457:
10454:
10452:
10449:
10448:
10446:
10442:
10436:
10433:
10431:
10428:
10426:
10423:
10421:
10418:
10416:
10413:
10411:
10408:
10406:
10403:
10401:
10398:
10396:
10393:
10391:
10388:
10386:
10383:
10381:
10378:
10376:
10373:
10371:
10368:
10366:
10363:
10361:
10358:
10356:
10353:
10351:
10348:
10346:
10343:
10341:
10338:
10336:
10333:
10331:
10328:
10326:
10323:
10321:
10318:
10316:
10313:
10311:
10308:
10306:
10303:
10301:
10298:
10296:
10293:
10291:
10288:
10286:
10283:
10281:
10278:
10276:
10273:
10271:
10268:
10266:
10263:
10261:
10258:
10256:
10253:
10251:
10248:
10246:
10243:
10241:
10238:
10236:
10233:
10231:
10230:Hydromorphone
10228:
10226:
10223:
10221:
10218:
10216:
10213:
10211:
10208:
10206:
10203:
10201:
10198:
10196:
10193:
10191:
10188:
10186:
10183:
10181:
10178:
10176:
10173:
10171:
10168:
10166:
10163:
10161:
10158:
10156:
10153:
10151:
10148:
10146:
10143:
10141:
10140:Deltorphin II
10138:
10136:
10133:
10131:
10128:
10126:
10123:
10121:
10118:
10116:
10113:
10111:
10108:
10106:
10103:
10101:
10098:
10096:
10093:
10091:
10088:
10086:
10083:
10081:
10078:
10076:
10073:
10071:
10068:
10066:
10063:
10061:
10058:
10056:
10053:
10051:
10048:
10046:
10043:
10041:
10038:
10036:
10033:
10031:
10028:
10026:
10025:3CS-nalmefene
10023:
10022:
10020:
10016:
10013:
10009:
10005:
9995:
9992:
9990:
9987:
9985:
9982:
9980:
9977:
9975:
9972:
9970:
9967:
9965:
9962:
9960:
9957:
9955:
9952:
9950:
9947:
9945:
9942:
9940:
9937:
9935:
9932:
9930:
9927:
9925:
9922:
9920:
9917:
9915:
9912:
9910:
9907:
9905:
9902:
9900:
9897:
9895:
9892:
9890:
9887:
9885:
9882:
9880:
9877:
9875:
9874:Methocinnamox
9872:
9870:
9867:
9865:
9862:
9860:
9857:
9855:
9852:
9850:
9847:
9845:
9842:
9840:
9837:
9835:
9834:Ginsenoside R
9832:
9830:
9827:
9825:
9822:
9820:
9817:
9815:
9812:
9810:
9807:
9805:
9804:Diprenorphine
9802:
9800:
9797:
9795:
9792:
9790:
9787:
9785:
9782:
9779:
9777:
9774:
9772:
9769:
9767:
9764:
9762:
9759:
9757:
9754:
9752:
9749:
9747:
9744:
9742:
9739:
9737:
9734:
9732:
9729:
9727:
9724:
9722:
9719:
9717:
9714:
9712:
9709:
9707:
9704:
9702:
9699:
9697:
9694:
9692:
9689:
9687:
9684:
9682:
9681:3CS-nalmefene
9679:
9677:
9674:
9672:
9669:
9668:
9666:
9662:
9656:
9653:
9651:
9648:
9646:
9643:
9641:
9638:
9636:
9633:
9631:
9628:
9626:
9623:
9621:
9618:
9616:
9613:
9611:
9608:
9606:
9603:
9601:
9598:
9596:
9593:
9591:
9588:
9586:
9583:
9581:
9578:
9576:
9573:
9571:
9568:
9566:
9563:
9561:
9558:
9556:
9553:
9551:
9548:
9546:
9543:
9541:
9538:
9536:
9533:
9531:
9528:
9526:
9523:
9521:
9518:
9516:
9513:
9511:
9510:Phencyclidine
9508:
9506:
9503:
9501:
9498:
9496:
9493:
9491:
9488:
9485:
9481:
9480:
9476:
9474:
9471:
9469:
9466:
9464:
9461:
9459:
9456:
9454:
9453:Oxymorphazone
9451:
9449:
9446:
9444:
9441:
9439:
9436:
9434:
9431:
9429:
9426:
9424:
9421:
9419:
9416:
9414:
9411:
9409:
9406:
9404:
9401:
9399:
9396:
9394:
9391:
9389:
9386:
9384:
9381:
9379:
9376:
9374:
9371:
9369:
9366:
9364:
9361:
9359:
9356:
9354:
9351:
9349:
9346:
9344:
9341:
9339:
9336:
9334:
9331:
9329:
9326:
9324:
9321:
9319:
9316:
9314:
9311:
9309:
9306:
9304:
9301:
9299:
9296:
9294:
9291:
9289:
9286:
9284:
9281:
9279:
9276:
9274:
9271:
9269:
9266:
9264:
9261:
9259:
9256:
9254:
9251:
9249:
9246:
9244:
9243:Hydromorphone
9241:
9239:
9236:
9234:
9231:
9229:
9226:
9224:
9221:
9219:
9216:
9214:
9211:
9209:
9206:
9204:
9201:
9199:
9196:
9194:
9191:
9189:
9188:Ethylmorphine
9186:
9184:
9181:
9179:
9178:Endomorphin-2
9176:
9174:
9173:Endomorphin-1
9171:
9169:
9166:
9164:
9161:
9159:
9156:
9154:
9153:Diphenoxylate
9151:
9149:
9146:
9144:
9141:
9139:
9136:
9134:
9131:
9129:
9126:
9124:
9121:
9119:
9116:
9114:
9111:
9109:
9106:
9104:
9101:
9099:
9096:
9094:
9091:
9089:
9086:
9084:
9081:
9079:
9076:
9074:
9071:
9069:
9066:
9064:
9061:
9059:
9056:
9054:
9051:
9049:
9046:
9044:
9041:
9039:
9038:Butyrfentanyl
9036:
9034:
9031:
9029:
9026:
9024:
9023:Buprenorphine
9021:
9019:
9016:
9014:
9011:
9009:
9006:
9004:
9001:
8999:
8996:
8994:
8991:
8989:
8986:
8984:
8981:
8979:
8976:
8974:
8971:
8969:
8966:
8964:
8961:
8959:
8956:
8954:
8951:
8949:
8946:
8944:
8941:
8939:
8938:Acrylfentanyl
8936:
8934:
8931:
8929:
8926:
8924:
8921:
8919:
8916:
8914:
8913:ψ-Akuammigine
8911:
8909:
8906:
8904:
8901:
8899:
8896:
8895:
8893:
8890:
8882:
8879:
8875:
8871:
8867:
8864:
8857:
8852:
8850:
8845:
8843:
8838:
8837:
8834:
8822:
8819:
8817:
8814:
8812:
8809:
8807:
8804:
8802:
8799:
8797:
8794:
8792:
8789:
8787:
8784:
8782:
8779:
8777:
8774:
8772:
8769:
8767:
8764:
8763:
8761:
8757:
8751:
8748:
8746:
8743:
8741:
8738:
8736:
8733:
8731:
8728:
8726:
8723:
8721:
8718:
8716:
8713:
8711:
8708:
8705:
8701:
8698:
8697:
8695:
8691:
8686:
8682:
8678:
8674:
8668:
8665:
8662:
8661:
8657:
8655:
8652:
8649:
8648:
8644:
8642:
8639:
8636:
8635:
8631:
8628:
8627:
8623:
8621:(thorn-apple)
8620:
8619:
8615:
8612:
8611:
8607:
8605:
8602:
8600:
8597:
8593:
8590:
8589:
8588:
8585:
8582:
8581:
8577:
8574:
8573:
8569:
8568:
8566:
8562:
8558:
8551:
8546:
8544:
8539:
8537:
8532:
8531:
8528:
8521:
8517:
8513:
8510:
8507:
8505:
8501:
8498:
8495:
8492:
8491:Thailex photo
8489:
8486:
8485:BLTC Research
8483:
8481:
8478:
8475:
8474:
8469:
8468:
8464:
8462:
8459:
8457:
8456:Erowid: Opium
8454:
8451:
8448:
8445:
8442:
8440:
8437:
8435:
8432:
8431:
8421:
8420:
8414:
8410:
8409:
8402:
8398:
8397:
8391:
8388:
8384:
8380:
8379:
8373:
8369:
8368:
8362:
8358:
8355:
8352:
8349:
8346:
8342:
8338:
8337:
8332:
8328:
8324:
8323:
8316:
8312:
8311:
8305:
8302:
8299:
8296:
8293:
8289:
8285:
8284:
8278:
8275:
8271:
8268:
8267:History Today
8264:
8260:
8257:
8254:
8253:0-9701716-1-7
8250:
8246:
8242:
8238:
8237:
8231:
8227:
8226:
8220:
8218:
8214:
8210:
8206:
8202:
8201:
8195:
8192:
8188:
8184:
8181:
8177:
8174:
8170:
8167:
8163:
8161:
8157:
8153:
8149:
8145:
8142:Derks, Hans:
8141:
8137:
8136:
8130:
8126:
8125:
8119:
8107:
8103:
8098:
8086:
8082:
8077:
8074:
8070:
8067:
8063:
8060:
8056:
8053:
8049:
8048:
8036:
8032:
8028:
8025:
8022:Dave Wilton,
8019:
8017:
8000:
7996:
7992:
7986:
7979:
7976:
7971:
7963:
7959:
7955:
7951:
7947:
7943:
7936:
7928:
7924:
7920:
7916:
7911:
7906:
7903:(5): 829–39.
7902:
7898:
7894:
7887:
7871:
7864:
7848:
7844:
7838:
7831:
7825:
7809:
7805:
7799:
7784:
7780:
7774:
7766:
7762:
7758:
7754:
7750:
7746:
7745:
7737:
7729:
7725:
7721:
7717:
7713:
7709:
7705:
7701:
7694:
7679:
7675:
7671:
7667:
7663:
7656:
7648:
7644:
7639:
7634:
7631:(4): 227–30.
7630:
7626:
7622:
7615:
7608:
7604:
7601:
7600:Press release
7595:
7579:
7575:
7569:
7562:
7560:
7555:
7551:
7548:
7543:
7527:
7523:
7516:
7508:
7504:
7497:
7481:
7477:
7473:
7467:
7452:
7448:
7442:
7427:
7423:
7417:
7399:
7393:
7386:
7380:
7365:
7359:
7351:
7347:
7343:
7339:
7335:
7331:
7327:
7323:
7316:
7301:
7294:
7278:
7274:
7268:
7250:
7244:
7228:
7221:
7206:
7199:
7181:
7175:
7159:
7155:
7149:
7141:
7137:
7133:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7116:(7): 538–40.
7115:
7111:
7107:
7100:
7085:
7081:
7077:
7073:
7069:
7062:
7053:
7051:
7035:
7031:
7025:
7009:
7005:
6999:
6995:
6991:
6987:
6986:Anil Aggrawal
6981:
6972:
6964:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6946:
6942:
6938:
6931:
6923:
6919:
6915:
6911:
6907:
6903:
6899:
6895:
6888:
6880:
6876:
6872:
6868:
6864:
6860:
6853:
6837:
6833:
6827:
6819:
6815:
6811:
6807:
6804:(5): 666–73.
6803:
6799:
6792:
6776:
6772:
6766:
6764:
6748:
6744:
6738:
6736:
6719:
6715:
6709:
6694:
6690:
6683:
6668:
6664:
6658:
6643:
6639:
6633:
6617:
6613:
6612:
6607:
6600:
6582:
6576:
6560:
6554:
6538:
6534:
6530:
6524:
6516:
6510:
6506:
6499:
6491:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6473:
6469:
6465:
6461:
6457:
6450:
6442:
6438:
6434:
6430:
6426:
6419:
6403:
6397:
6389:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6371:
6367:
6363:
6356:
6340:
6336:
6332:
6325:
6319:
6313:
6298:
6294:
6288:
6273:
6269:
6262:
6254:
6250:
6246:
6242:
6235:
6233:
6231:
6229:
6227:
6218:
6214:
6210:
6206:
6202:
6198:
6191:
6172:
6168:
6167:
6159:
6152:
6136:
6132:
6125:
6117:
6110:
6102:
6098:
6091:
6083:
6076:
6061:
6057:
6053:
6049:
6045:
6041:
6037:
6033:
6029:
6022:
6014:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5996:
5992:
5991:
5986:
5979:
5971:
5967:
5963:
5959:
5955:
5951:
5950:
5942:
5934:
5928:
5924:
5920:
5914:
5906:
5900:
5896:
5892:
5885:
5877:
5871:
5868:. Doubleday.
5867:
5866:
5858:
5850:
5844:
5840:
5839:
5831:
5816:
5810:
5806:
5805:
5797:
5781:
5780:
5772:
5757:
5751:
5747:
5746:
5738:
5719:
5712:
5705:
5699:
5693:
5682:September 25,
5677:
5673:
5666:
5655:September 25,
5651:
5644:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5609:
5602:
5596:
5595:0-8131-1924-3
5592:
5588:
5587:
5580:
5572:
5566:
5562:
5561:
5553:
5545:
5539:
5535:
5534:
5526:
5518:
5512:
5508:
5507:
5499:
5491:
5485:
5481:
5480:
5472:
5464:
5458:
5454:
5453:
5445:
5437:
5431:
5427:
5426:
5418:
5410:
5404:
5400:
5399:
5391:
5383:
5377:
5373:
5372:
5364:
5356:
5350:
5346:
5345:
5337:
5329:
5323:
5319:
5314:
5313:
5304:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5283:
5279:
5273:
5266:
5264:
5259:
5253:
5237:
5233:
5227:
5216:September 13,
5211:
5207:
5201:
5194:
5189:
5182:
5180:
5175:
5171:
5168:
5163:
5147:
5140:
5124:
5120:
5113:
5102:September 24,
5098:
5091:
5080:September 24,
5075:
5071:
5067:
5061:
5050:September 22,
5045:
5039:
5028:September 22,
5024:
5017:
5006:September 22,
5002:
4998:
4995:(June 1931).
4994:
4988:
4986:
4978:
4973:
4971:
4954:
4950:
4943:
4941:
4939:
4937:
4935:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4899:
4897:
4895:
4886:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4861:(4): 323–35.
4860:
4856:
4855:
4850:
4843:
4835:
4834:
4826:
4818:
4812:
4808:
4801:
4799:
4797:
4795:
4793:
4791:
4789:
4781:
4775:
4768:
4764:
4763:0-934211-64-7
4760:
4756:
4750:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4730:
4722:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4681:
4671:
4656:
4652:
4645:
4626:
4619:
4613:
4597:
4593:
4586:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4551:
4549:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4505:
4503:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4448:
4433:
4426:
4410:
4406:
4399:
4384:
4378:
4362:
4356:
4341:
4335:
4333:
4316:
4312:
4306:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4244:
4236:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4219:(4): 367–70.
4218:
4214:
4210:
4203:
4195:
4191:
4188:(1): 101–12.
4187:
4183:
4176:
4160:
4156:
4150:
4134:
4130:
4124:
4116:
4115:
4110:
4104:
4093:September 13,
4085:
4078:
4074:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4045:
4039:
4035:
4030:
4029:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4014:
3997:
3993:
3986:
3971:
3965:
3950:
3946:
3940:
3934:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3886:
3878:
3871:
3869:
3852:
3851:
3843:
3828:
3827:
3822:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3800:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3738:
3725:
3721:
3714:
3706:
3700:
3696:
3695:
3687:
3679:
3673:
3657:
3653:
3646:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3584:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3549:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3518:
3510:
3504:
3489:
3485:
3479:
3468:
3462:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3431:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3377:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3297:
3294:
3283:
3281:
3278:In 2021, the
3276:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3194:Isoquinolines
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3178:Phenanthrenes
3175:
3164:
3158:
3149:
3143:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3115:
3113:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3088:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3046:
3037:
3032:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3008:
3004:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2958:, Australia;
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2932:Purdue Pharma
2929:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2909:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2877:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2844:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2829:
2827:
2818:
2814:
2790:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2766:
2762:
2759:Afghanistan,
2757:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2647:tinctura opii
2644:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2632:morphine base
2628:
2626:
2625:P. somniferum
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2596:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2572:
2571:United States
2568:
2564:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2512:
2505:
2500:
2498:
2493:
2490:in 2014. The
2489:
2484:
2478:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2449:
2439:
2427:
2422:
2413:
2412:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2393:combat medics
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2312:diethyl ether
2308:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2263:
2253:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2230:
2221:
2220:, an opiate.
2219:
2215:
2214:Polish heroin
2211:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2186:
2183:
2177:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2150:
2145:
2139:Indochina tax
2136:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2106:In 1909, the
2104:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2048:
2043:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1983:
1979:
1978:Bank of China
1975:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1921:
1915:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1844:Griffith John
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1791:
1787:
1779:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1640:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1609:Canton System
1601:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1578:
1570:
1566:
1556:
1553:
1545:
1542:February 2021
1535:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1519:This section
1517:
1513:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1479:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1459:white slavery
1455:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1424:New York City
1421:
1417:
1416:San Francisco
1413:
1409:
1399:
1397:
1396:Huang Shujing
1393:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1311:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1287:
1285:
1280:
1278:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1229:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1117:
1108:
1099:
1097:
1092:
1090:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1008:P. somniferum
1006:) instead of
1005:
1004:P. silvaticum
1001:
1000:
995:
994:
989:
981:
977:
972:
963:
961:
957:
953:
949:
948:
943:
938:
936:
935:
930:
926:
922:
919:
916:The renowned
914:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
870:
866:
865:
860:
856:
855:
854:Sahih Bukhari
851:, such as in
850:
849:
844:
840:
826:
822:
817:
808:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
775:(Night), and
774:
770:
765:
751:
745:
741:
733:
729:
725:
721:
713:
709:
708:
703:
698:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
639:P. somniferum
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
607:
597:
593:
589:
584:
579:
577:
573:
567:
557:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
534:Ebers Papyrus
531:
527:
523:
519:
518:suppositories
515:
511:
507:
503:
495:
485:
483:
479:
474:
472:
471:
466:
465:
460:
459:semisynthetic
456:
455:hydromorphone
452:
448:
444:
440:
435:
433:
430:
426:
425:
420:
416:
412:
404:
403:Ancient Greek
400:
396:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
351:
348:
344:
343:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
310:
308:
298:
296:
286:
284:
274:
272:
263:
260:
251:
249:
240:
237:
227:
224:
214:
213:
211:
209:
205:
201:
197:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
137:
135:
131:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
101:
99:
97:
93:
89:
85:
82:
79:
76:
73:
69:
66:
65:
61:
57:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
11999:
11978:Prodynorphin
11970:Propeptides:
11969:
11868:
11839:Thienorphine
11662:JNJ-19385899
11647:Cebranopadol
11629:Ac-RYYRIK-NH
11621:Ac-RYYRWK-NH
11305:6β-Naltrexol
11222:Thienorphine
11187:Salvinorin A
10987:Levallorphan
10792:Cebranopadol
10651:Thienorphine
10461:6β-Naltrexol
10245:JNJ-20788560
10240:Isomethadone
10135:Deltorphin I
10130:Deltorphin A
10110:Cebranopadol
10105:Casokefamide
9939:Naltrexazone
9929:Naloxonazine
9854:Levallorphan
9701:6β-Naltrexol
9600:Thienorphine
9555:Remifentanil
9483:
9477:
9408:Nicomorphine
9403:Nicodicodine
9358:Morphiceptin
9258:Ketobemidone
9093:Desomorphine
9078:DAMGO (DAGO)
9058:Cebranopadol
9053:Casokefamide
8816:Theophrastus
8676:Preparations
8658:
8653:
8645:
8632:
8626:Datura metel
8624:
8616:
8608:
8583:(belladonna)
8578:
8570:
8471:
8466:
8418:
8406:
8395:
8386:
8377:
8365:
8353:
8334:
8331:William Muir
8320:
8309:
8300:
8291:
8282:
8273:
8266:
8262:
8259:Inglis, Lucy
8244:
8235:
8224:
8208:
8199:
8191:La Recherche
8186:
8179:
8172:
8143:
8134:
8123:
8110:. Retrieved
8106:the original
8089:. Retrieved
8085:the original
8072:
8065:
8058:
8051:
8034:
8003:. Retrieved
7999:the original
7994:
7985:
7977:
7970:
7945:
7941:
7935:
7900:
7896:
7886:
7874:. Retrieved
7863:
7851:. Retrieved
7847:the original
7837:
7829:
7824:
7812:. Retrieved
7808:the original
7798:
7786:. Retrieved
7782:
7773:
7748:
7742:
7736:
7703:
7699:
7693:
7681:. Retrieved
7669:
7665:
7655:
7628:
7624:
7614:
7594:
7582:. Retrieved
7578:the original
7568:
7557:
7542:
7530:. Retrieved
7526:the original
7515:
7507:the original
7496:
7484:. Retrieved
7480:the original
7466:
7454:. Retrieved
7450:
7441:
7429:. Retrieved
7425:
7416:
7406:December 20,
7404:. Retrieved
7392:
7384:
7379:
7367:. Retrieved
7358:
7325:
7321:
7315:
7303:. Retrieved
7293:
7281:. Retrieved
7277:the original
7267:
7255:. Retrieved
7243:
7231:. Retrieved
7220:
7208:. Retrieved
7198:
7186:. Retrieved
7174:
7162:. Retrieved
7158:the original
7148:
7113:
7109:
7099:
7087:. Retrieved
7075:
7071:
7061:
7037:. Retrieved
7033:
7024:
7012:. Retrieved
7008:the original
6993:
6980:
6971:
6944:
6940:
6930:
6900:(4): 552–8.
6897:
6893:
6887:
6865:(1): 29–38.
6862:
6858:
6852:
6840:. Retrieved
6836:the original
6826:
6801:
6797:
6791:
6779:. Retrieved
6774:
6750:. Retrieved
6746:
6722:. Retrieved
6717:
6708:
6696:. Retrieved
6692:
6682:
6670:. Retrieved
6666:
6657:
6645:. Retrieved
6641:
6632:
6620:. Retrieved
6616:the original
6609:
6599:
6587:. Retrieved
6575:
6563:. Retrieved
6553:
6541:. Retrieved
6537:the original
6523:
6504:
6498:
6463:
6459:
6449:
6432:
6428:
6418:
6406:. Retrieved
6396:
6369:
6365:
6355:
6343:. Retrieved
6339:the original
6334:
6324:
6312:
6300:. Retrieved
6296:
6287:
6275:. Retrieved
6271:
6261:
6244:
6240:
6203:(1): 23–36.
6200:
6196:
6190:
6178:. Retrieved
6164:
6151:
6139:. Retrieved
6135:the original
6124:
6109:
6101:the original
6090:
6075:
6063:. Retrieved
6035:
6031:
6021:
5997:(2): 193–4.
5994:
5988:
5978:
5953:
5947:
5941:
5922:
5913:
5894:
5884:
5864:
5857:
5837:
5830:
5818:. Retrieved
5803:
5796:
5784:. Retrieved
5778:
5771:
5759:. Retrieved
5744:
5737:
5725:. Retrieved
5718:the original
5704:
5692:
5680:. Retrieved
5676:the original
5665:
5653:. Retrieved
5643:
5618:
5614:
5601:
5584:
5579:
5559:
5552:
5532:
5525:
5505:
5498:
5478:
5471:
5451:
5444:
5424:
5417:
5397:
5390:
5370:
5363:
5343:
5336:
5311:
5303:
5295:the original
5290:
5281:
5277:
5272:
5261:
5252:
5240:. Retrieved
5236:the original
5226:
5214:. Retrieved
5210:the original
5200:
5188:
5179:Opium Museum
5177:
5162:
5150:. Retrieved
5139:
5127:. Retrieved
5123:the original
5112:
5100:. Retrieved
5090:
5078:. Retrieved
5074:the original
5060:
5048:. Retrieved
5038:
5026:. Retrieved
5016:
5004:. Retrieved
5000:
4957:. Retrieved
4953:the original
4908:
4904:
4858:
4852:
4842:
4832:
4825:
4806:
4779:
4774:
4766:
4754:
4749:
4734:
4729:
4694:
4690:
4680:
4670:
4658:. Retrieved
4655:The Atlantic
4644:
4632:. Retrieved
4625:the original
4612:
4600:. Retrieved
4596:the original
4585:
4560:
4556:
4514:
4510:
4489:. Retrieved
4461:
4457:
4447:
4435:. Retrieved
4425:
4413:. Retrieved
4409:the original
4398:
4386:. Retrieved
4377:
4365:. Retrieved
4355:
4343:. Retrieved
4319:. Retrieved
4315:the original
4305:
4293:. Retrieved
4260:(1): 165–9.
4257:
4253:
4243:
4216:
4212:
4202:
4185:
4181:
4175:
4163:. Retrieved
4159:the original
4149:
4137:. Retrieved
4132:
4123:
4112:
4103:
4091:. Retrieved
4084:the original
4027:
4000:. Retrieved
3996:the original
3985:
3973:. Retrieved
3964:
3952:. Retrieved
3939:
3932:
3924:. Retrieved
3920:the original
3902:(1): 53–61.
3899:
3895:
3885:
3876:
3855:. Retrieved
3849:
3842:
3830:. Retrieved
3824:
3762:
3758:
3736:
3728:. Retrieved
3724:the original
3713:
3693:
3686:
3660:. Retrieved
3655:
3645:
3633:. Retrieved
3597:
3593:
3583:
3558:
3554:
3548:
3536:. Retrieved
3532:the original
3527:
3517:
3503:
3493:February 28,
3491:. Retrieved
3478:
3461:
3451:February 22,
3449:. Retrieved
3445:the original
3430:
3418:. Retrieved
3414:the original
3409:
3336:Opium dollar
3292:
3289:
3277:
3257:chronic pain
3226:
3171:
3108:
3089:
3072:
3059:
3049:
3041:
3000:
2976:
2920:Mallinckrodt
2917:
2906:
2901:
2879:
2853:
2849:
2830:
2823:
2770:
2703:
2698:
2682:
2679:sirupus opii
2678:
2670:
2666:
2658:
2646:
2640:
2631:
2629:
2624:
2621:Soviet Union
2612:
2608:
2601:
2561:
2530:
2517:
2516:production,
2514:
2503:
2485:
2466:
2454:
2436:October 2022
2433:
2425:
2374:
2332:
2309:
2266:
2258:
2235:
2224:Obsolescence
2217:
2209:
2207:
2192:
2178:
2174:
2154:
2105:
2101:
2090:
2077:
2051:
2038:
2018:
2006:Chen Yung-fa
1995:
1954:
1943:
1925:
1905:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1868:
1799:missionaries
1796:
1775:
1745:Palmerston's
1726:
1693:
1662:
1659:
1635:
1606:
1583:
1574:
1548:
1539:
1528:Please help
1523:verification
1520:
1456:
1405:
1391:
1389:
1368:
1344:
1338:
1331:Wang Shizhen
1327:Qing dynasty
1316:
1293:
1281:
1274:
1267:
1233:Ming dynasty
1225:
1165:
1160:
1137:
1121:
1113:
1096:neurasthenia
1093:
1085:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1059:
1056:mithridatium
1037:
1027:
1012:
1007:
1003:
997:
991:
985:
979:
945:
939:
932:
915:
910:
892:
879:Opium-eaters
878:
862:
861:five-volume
859:Dioscorides'
852:
846:
839:Roman Empire
836:
766:
752:
711:
705:
699:
686:
682:
666:
643:P. setigerum
642:
638:
630:
610:
608:
601:
595:
591:
575:
569:
565:
506:anaesthetics
491:
475:
468:
462:
457:, and other
443:phenanthrene
438:
436:
422:
418:
410:
392:
340:
328:
324:
320:
319:
208:Legal status
62:
36:
12030:Euphoriants
11908:Kelatorphan
11885:Candoxatril
11774:Antagonists
11725:Racemorphan
11692:NNC 63-0532
11677:Lexanopadol
11672:Levorphanol
11550:Quadazocine
11535:Pawhuskin A
11530:Noribogaine
11520:Navacaprant
11510:Naltrindole
11430:Epicatechin
11395:Clocinnamox
11278:Antagonists
11240:desipramine
11207:Samidorphan
11177:Racemorphan
11162:Phenazocine
11152:Pentazocine
11132:Norketamine
11127:Noribogaine
11087:Nalfurafine
11052:Mirtazapine
11042:Metkefamide
11002:Lexanopadol
10997:Levorphanol
10977:Laudanosine
10962:ICI-204,448
10957:ICI-199,441
10927:Hemorphin-4
10887:Erinacine E
10872:Eluxadoline
10862:Dynorphin A
10807:Cyclazocine
10782:Butorphanol
10767:Bremazocine
10742:Asimadoline
10732:Allomatrine
10722:Akuammicine
10631:Quadazocine
10626:Pawhuskin A
10621:Noribogaine
10606:Naltrindole
10546:Epicatechin
10541:Eluxadoline
10516:Clocinnamox
10444:Antagonists
10375:Samidorphan
10365:Racemorphan
10345:Oxymorphone
10305:Mitragynine
10300:Metkefamide
10280:Lexanopadol
10275:Levorphanol
10260:Laudanosine
10225:Hydrocodone
10220:Hemorphin-4
10120:Cyclazocine
10095:Butorphanol
10070:β-Endorphin
9989:Samidorphan
9984:Quadazocine
9974:Pawhuskin A
9964:Noribogaine
9954:Naltrindole
9889:Naldemedine
9819:Epicatechin
9776:Clocinnamox
9664:Antagonists
9635:Tubotaiwine
9620:Trimebutine
9550:Racemorphan
9520:Piritramide
9505:Phenazocine
9490:Pentazocine
9463:Oxymorphone
9428:Oliceridine
9413:Norketamine
9398:Nicocodeine
9383:Naltalimide
9348:Mitragynine
9338:Metkefamide
9308:Loxicodegol
9298:Lexanopadol
9293:Levorphanol
9268:Laudanosine
9233:Hydrocodone
9228:Hodgkinsine
9218:Hemorphin-4
9208:Frakefamide
9168:Embutramide
9163:Dynorphin A
9123:Eluxadoline
9113:Dimenoxadol
9048:Carfentanil
9033:Butorphanol
9008:Bezitramide
8978:β-Endorphin
8968:Anileridine
8958:Akuammidine
8953:Akuammicine
8923:α-Narcotine
8806:Sabuncuoğlu
8796:Hippocrates
8786:Dioscorides
8740:Hyoscyamine
8704:medical use
8685:medical use
8641:Lactucarium
8592:medical use
8361:Nye, Gideon
8112:October 20,
8091:November 9,
7948:(1): 9–24.
7110:Anaesthesia
6781:November 7,
6775:news.un.org
6752:November 7,
6302:January 25,
6277:January 25,
5923:Retribution
4911:(1): 1–39.
4139:January 12,
4114:Answers.com
3720:"MS thesis"
3286:Slang terms
3241:endocytosis
3026:Consumption
2962:in France;
2860:Afghanistan
2772:Afghanistan
2671:pulvis opii
2663:herbal wine
2563:Poppy seeds
2537:poppy straw
2522:narcotoline
2477:Afghanistan
2310:The use of
2157:Paul Doumer
2047:opium pipes
2029:Vietnam War
1934:Yuan Shikai
1834:; the Rev.
1771: 1850
1766:warehouse,
1652:during the
1622:Ralph Fitch
1571:, June 1839
1357:Philippines
1013:The use of
958:headaches,
832: 1870
823:during the
759: 1300
720:Phoenicians
691:Babylonians
655:Mesopotamia
619:Switzerland
572:Dioscorides
538:Dioscorides
500:BCE in the
451:hydrocodone
331:) is dried
325:poppy tears
295:Schedule II
145:Afghanistan
18:Opium trade
12019:Categories
12003:Kyotorphin
11948:Spinorphin
11829:SB-612,111
11824:Nocistatin
11794:BAN-ORL-24
11745:SCH-486757
11740:SCH-221510
11579:Nociceptin
11540:PF-4455242
11515:Naringenin
11505:Naltrexone
11465:LY-2795050
11460:LY-2459989
11455:LY-2444296
11450:LY-2196044
11435:Hyperoside
11350:Aticaprant
11244:imipramine
11167:Proxorphan
11142:Oxilorphan
11112:Niravoline
11102:Nalorphine
11077:Nalbuphine
11062:Moxazocine
11037:Metazocine
11007:Lofentanil
10972:Ketazocine
10932:Herkinorin
10912:Gemazocine
10902:Fedotozine
10882:Eptazocine
10812:Cyclorphan
10797:Ciprefadol
10616:Naringenin
10596:Naltrexone
10591:Nalorphine
10566:LY-2196044
10556:ICI-174864
10551:ICI-154129
10496:Bevenopran
10471:α-Santolol
10435:Zenazocine
10415:Tonazocine
10370:RWJ-394674
10355:Proglumide
10295:Metazocine
10285:Lofentanil
10215:Fluorophen
9979:Rimonabant
9969:Oxilorphan
9959:Naringenin
9949:Naltrexone
9914:Naloxazone
9904:Nalorphine
9869:LY-2196044
9839:Hyperoside
9829:Gemazocine
9824:Eptazocine
9761:Bevenopran
9605:Tianeptine
9580:Tapentadol
9575:Sufentanil
9570:Sinomenine
9560:Salsolinol
9515:Piminodine
9433:Oxycodegol
9423:Octreotide
9418:Nufenoxole
9368:Nalbuphine
9323:Meptazinol
9303:Loperamide
9273:Lefetamine
9223:Herkinorin
9203:Fluorophen
9158:Dipipanone
9083:Dermorphin
8973:Apparicine
8963:Alfentanil
8886:(abridged;
8866:modulators
8750:Salicylate
8663:(saw-wort)
8650:(mandrake)
8217:B006GMID5K
8193:, May 2005
7853:October 7,
7804:"Laudanum"
7451:cbn.nic.in
7154:"Interpol"
6747:Al Jazeera
6408:October 7,
6297:Erowid.org
6247:(3): 623.
6038:(1): 177.
5956:(3): 302.
5919:Hastings M
5242:October 7,
3561:(1): 1–6.
3372:References
3265:naltrexone
3249:cyclic AMP
3210:lung edema
3198:papaverine
3122:See also:
3085:opium lamp
3080:opium pipe
2737:See also:
2687:white wine
2667:vinum opii
2553:naltrexone
2541:morphinans
2481:US$ 16,000
2457:prohibited
2455:Opium was
2328:Solanaceae
2316:chloroform
2297:Merck KGaA
2281:colchicine
2273:strychnine
2121:Article 23
2084:under the
2020:Mao Zedong
2010:Mitsubishi
1969:Ma Fuxiang
1963:in China,
1810:(Canton);
1753:Palmerston
1733:Opium Wars
1691:in China.
1656:, May 1841
1500:See also:
1492:Opium Wars
1385:Coromandel
1363:described
1355:, and the
1264:Li Shizhen
1208:See also:
1181:Kubla Khan
1015:Paracelsus
918:Andalusian
683:aratpa-pal
647:Bronze Age
415:diminutive
384:papaverine
259:Anlage III
248:Schedule I
119:papaverine
11958:Tynorphin
11953:Thiorphan
11933:Opiorphan
11875:Amastatin
11804:J-113,397
11765:TH-030418
11735:Ro65-6570
11730:Ro64-6198
11657:Etorphine
11565:Zyklophin
11555:Taxifolin
11445:LY-255582
11405:Cyclofoxy
11355:Axelopran
11269:Xorphanol
11259:U-54,494A
11227:Tifluadom
11217:TH-030418
11147:Oxycodone
11137:Oripavine
11107:Naltriben
11092:Nalmefene
11047:Mianserin
11017:Lufuradom
10922:GR-103545
10897:Etorphine
10877:Enadoline
10777:Butorphan
10772:BRL-52537
10737:Apadoline
10646:Taxifolin
10641:SoRI-9409
10601:Naltriben
10586:Nalmefene
10561:LY-255582
10491:Axelopran
10430:Xorphanol
10400:TH-030418
10380:SB-235863
10340:Oxycodone
10335:Oripavine
10200:Etorphine
10090:Butorphan
10055:Amoxapine
9994:Taxifolin
9919:Naloxegol
9894:Nalmefene
9864:LY-255582
9794:Cyprodime
9789:Cyclofoxy
9756:Axelopran
9736:Alvimopan
9731:Akuammine
9716:α-Gliadin
9655:Xorphanol
9645:Valorphin
9590:TH-030418
9448:Oxycodone
9443:Oripavine
9378:Nalmexone
9333:Methadone
9313:LS-115509
9193:Etorphine
9183:Eseroline
9028:Butorphan
8889:full list
8811:Sushrutha
8766:Abulcasis
8710:Aconitine
8693:Compounds
8660:Saussurea
8637:(henbane)
8613:(hemlock)
8599:Castoreum
8575:(aconite)
8408:documents
8345:Q19095804
8152:0169-9563
7843:"Opiates"
7744:Addiction
7584:March 21,
7257:March 21,
7233:March 21,
7034:Unodc.org
6667:unodc.org
6642:yahoo.com
6589:March 21,
6345:April 17,
6197:Addiction
6180:March 21,
6060:206974500
6032:Addiction
5990:Addiction
5970:147627658
5786:April 29,
4925:146582691
4634:March 21,
4470:0007-5140
4274:1528-1175
3916:145084811
3656:Unodc.org
3614:0013-0001
3488:Drugs.com
3269:methadone
3229:analgesia
3202:noscapine
3174:alkaloids
3132:Morphinan
3098:to treat
3096:paregoric
3058:overdose
2894:alkaloids
2858:overtook
2723:sclerosis
2673:), opium
2655:paregoric
2576:drug test
2545:oripavine
2526:noscapine
2385:pethidine
2381:methadone
2354:Oxycodone
2346:Elberfeld
2277:veratrine
2269:noscapine
1974:Guominjun
1952:in 1949.
1907:The Times
1873:Hong Kong
1867:compiled
1808:Guangzhou
1703:destroyed
1613:Guangzhou
1594:opium den
1590:Confucian
1476:Limehouse
1463:Limehouse
1428:opium den
1377:Batavians
1365:addiction
1214:Opium den
1148:dysentery
1126:Iran and
934:al-Tasrif
887:Turkestan
797:Aphrodite
785:Asclepius
771:(Sleep),
695:Egyptians
679:Assyrians
663:Sumerians
615:Neolithic
502:Neolithic
447:oxycodone
417:of ὀπός (
388:noscapine
380:alkaloids
347:analgesic
190:Australia
114:noscapine
12045:Morphine
11844:Trap-101
11834:SR-16430
11755:SR-16435
11609:(PheΨ(CH
11589:Agonists
11500:Naloxone
11410:Dezocine
11380:Catechin
11335:Apigenin
11264:U-69,593
11057:Morphine
11027:MB-1C-OH
10967:Ketamine
10952:Ibogaine
10917:GR-89696
10907:Fentanyl
10787:BW373U86
10675:Agonists
10665:κ-opioid
10611:Naloxone
10506:Catechin
10481:Apigenin
10420:Tramadol
10405:Thebaine
10315:Morphine
10235:Ibogaine
10205:Fentanyl
10185:DPI-3290
10155:Dezocine
10100:BW373U86
10080:Biphalin
10045:ADL-5859
10018:Agonists
10008:δ-opioid
9934:Naloxone
9859:Lobeline
9844:Ibogaine
9766:Catechin
9746:Apigenin
9615:Tramadol
9610:Tilidine
9595:Thebaine
9565:SC-17599
9535:Propiram
9495:Pericine
9438:OM-3-MNZ
9363:Morphine
9253:Ketamine
9198:Fentanyl
9108:Dezocine
9043:BW373U86
9013:Biphalin
8898:3-HO-PCP
8884:Agonists
8874:μ-opioid
8776:Avicenna
8771:Avenzoar
8745:Morphine
8730:Hyoscine
8715:Atropine
8587:Cannabis
8572:Aconitum
8500:Archived
8473:Harper's
8363:(1873).
8341:Wikidata
8333:(1875),
8027:Archived
7962:18029124
7927:16396686
7919:11738029
7788:June 11,
7728:22949289
7720:10189329
7603:Archived
7550:Archived
7486:June 15,
7474:(1996).
7456:April 4,
7342:18348361
7140:35289009
7084:13767429
7039:June 11,
6988:(1995).
6963:10517566
6922:22585610
6914:16885724
6818:15921406
6718:ToloNews
6698:June 11,
6672:April 4,
6647:April 4,
6565:June 27,
6441:14993340
6388:11498543
6217:10723823
6171:Archived
6065:July 26,
6052:27650054
6013:25602038
5921:(2007).
5820:June 28,
5761:June 28,
5635:23567100
5282:cited in
5170:Archived
5068:(1972).
4885:13476921
4539:11036586
4478:44447528
4321:June 15,
4290:27900838
4282:14695738
4194:23883087
4075:(2002).
3672:cite web
3630:30297486
3538:April 4,
3361:Morphine
3300:See also
3273:ibogaine
3196:such as
3190:thebaine
3182:morphine
3180:such as
3148:Morphine
3104:laudanum
3100:diarrhea
3045:alkaloid
3020:morphine
2964:Shionogi
2956:Tasmania
2854:In 2023
2706:morphine
2691:cinnamon
2651:laudanum
2643:tincture
2557:Morphine
2397:syrettes
2389:fentanyl
2387:(1939),
2383:(1937),
2379:such as
2358:thebaine
2285:caffeine
2197:for the
2078:de facto
1967:General
1824:Shanghai
1714:Victoria
1700:Lin Zexu
1664:entrepot
1631:Calcutta
1448:laudanum
1277:Wang Tao
1248:Zhejiang
1193:laudanum
1185:jaundice
1152:diarrhea
1116:Crusades
1089:hysteria
1044:tincture
1039:Laudanum
1019:laudanum
976:Avicenna
960:sciatica
956:migraine
929:mandrake
923:surgeon
777:Thanatos
732:Carthage
661:BCE, by
651:Iron Age
554:morphine
546:Avicenna
478:morphine
424:meconium
395:borrowed
382:such as
376:thebaine
353:morphine
350:alkaloid
337:capsules
236:Class A1
175:Thailand
170:Pakistan
150:Colombia
124:thebaine
104:Morphine
12050:Opioids
12000:Others:
11928:RB-3007
11880:BL-2401
11849:UFP-101
11814:NalBzOH
11809:JTC-801
11750:SR-8993
11687:MT-7716
11637:BU08070
11490:MR-2266
11470:MeJDTic
11400:CVL-354
11370:BU09059
11360:AZ-MTAB
11340:Arodyne
11300:6'-GNTI
11295:5'-GNTI
11254:U-50488
11234:(e.g.,
11082:NalBzOH
11067:MR-2034
11032:Menthol
11022:Matrine
10757:BAM-22P
10752:BAM-18P
10747:BAM-12P
10687:6'-GNTI
10456:5'-NTII
10390:SNC-162
10330:NalBzOH
10250:KNT-127
10180:DPI-221
10115:Codeine
10075:BAM-18P
10065:AZD2327
10030:6'-GNTI
9924:Naloxol
9650:Viminol
9640:U-47700
9625:TRIMU 5
9530:Prodine
9473:OxyPNPH
9388:Neopine
9373:NalBzOH
9343:Metopon
9318:Matrine
9068:Codeine
9018:BU08070
8993:BAM-22P
8988:BAM-18P
8983:BAM-12P
8948:AH-7921
8725:Coniine
8720:Cocaine
8700:Ethanol
7765:8997759
7683:June 6,
7678:5924312
7647:9601157
7398:"UNODC"
7369:May 11,
7350:2591603
7305:June 6,
7283:May 11,
7210:May 24,
7132:1862890
7089:June 6,
6879:9800363
6842:May 10,
6724:June 8,
6622:May 11,
6490:8991015
6481:2359130
6460:The BMJ
6272:Fda.gov
6141:May 21,
5727:July 8,
5318:274–275
5263:iBiblio
5152:May 12,
5129:May 12,
4876:1034310
4721:4595520
4712:1034978
4660:May 10,
4602:June 6,
4491:May 31,
4486:4584236
4388:June 6,
4295:May 31,
4235:7051568
4226:1272342
4002:May 10,
3975:June 6,
3954:July 7,
3926:May 10,
3857:May 31,
3832:May 16,
3799:8390660
3767:Bibcode
3730:May 16,
3662:May 31,
3635:May 31,
3622:4256701
3575:2420426
3186:codeine
3163:Codeine
3075:burning
3064:alcohol
2987:license
2924:Noramco
2810:US$ 138
2806:million
2802:US$ 700
2798:billion
2794:US$ 3.5
2776:Taliban
2665:(e.g.,
2617:Persian
2613:nushtar
2569:in the
2549:opioids
2473:US$ 800
2469:US$ 300
2426:updated
2401:opioids
2377:opioids
2362:codeine
2350:Germany
2340:at the
2324:tropane
2301:Codeine
2289:quinine
2238:opioids
2159:(later
2151:in 1923
2123:of the
2066:US$ 300
1990:million
1961:Suiyuan
1957:Ningxia
1840:Taiyuan
1832:Guiyang
1816:Beijing
1440:coolies
1436:lascars
1319:tobacco
1256:Shaanxi
1252:Sichuan
1195:daily.
1134:England
1130:India.
1124:Safavid
1048:ethanol
903:Baghdad
899:Persian
848:hadiths
793:Demeter
744:Persian
724:Minoans
687:Papaver
675:Baghdad
667:hul gil
623:Germany
530:medical
526:hemlock
488:History
429:newborn
372:codeine
369:opiates
361:opioids
283:Class A
271:Class B
269::
257::
246::
140:Myanmar
109:codeine
78:capsule
11938:Selank
11923:RB-120
11918:RB-101
11862:Others
11789:AT-076
11682:MCOPPB
11345:AT-076
11191:salvia
11072:N-MPPP
11012:LPK-26
10636:SDM25N
10486:AT-076
10425:TRV250
10385:SNC-80
10255:Kratom
10035:7-SIOM
9751:AT-076
9741:AM-251
9630:TRV734
9525:PL-017
9263:Kratom
9248:IBNtxA
8801:Rhazes
8781:Celsus
8759:People
8735:Δ9-THC
8667:Willow
8610:Conium
8343:
8251:
8215:
8158:
8150:
8024:"dope"
8005:May 1,
7960:
7925:
7917:
7897:Neuron
7876:May 6,
7814:May 4,
7763:
7726:
7718:
7676:
7645:
7532:May 4,
7431:May 5,
7348:
7340:
7188:May 2,
7164:May 9,
7138:
7130:
7082:
7014:May 6,
7000:
6961:
6920:
6912:
6877:
6816:
6543:May 2,
6511:
6488:
6478:
6439:
6386:
6215:
6058:
6050:
6011:
5968:
5929:
5901:
5872:
5845:
5811:
5752:
5633:
5593:
5567:
5540:
5513:
5486:
5459:
5432:
5405:
5378:
5351:
5324:
4959:May 4,
4923:
4883:
4873:
4813:
4761:
4741:
4719:
4709:
4577:396938
4575:
4537:
4531:649506
4529:
4484:
4476:
4468:
4437:May 2,
4415:May 2,
4367:May 4,
4345:May 4,
4288:
4280:
4272:
4233:
4223:
4192:
4165:May 4,
4040:
3914:
3797:
3787:
3701:
3628:
3620:
3612:
3573:
3528:hon.ch
3420:May 8,
3366:Heroin
3331:Nabidh
3245:opioid
3188:, and
3130:, and
3128:Opiate
3124:Opioid
3060:per se
3012:Didcot
2950:, and
2934:, and
2913:US$ 29
2804:
2796:
2765:Marine
2695:cloves
2693:, and
2609:loculi
2479:, and
2334:Heroin
2287:, and
2218:koknar
2210:kompot
2163:) was
2149:Tonkin
2014:Mitsui
1988:
1982:Baotou
1848:Hankou
1828:Fuzhou
1783:
1689:silver
1650:Canton
1494:, and
1465:, the
1450:or in
1430:. The
1422:, and
1420:London
1381:Bengal
1373:Indies
1349:Taiwan
1244:Fujian
1240:Hainan
1128:Mughal
982:, 1483
889:, 1868
801:Kybele
781:Apollo
769:Hypnos
762:
740:Cyprus
736:
716:
671:Nippur
659:
635:
625:, and
604:
544:, and
510:ritual
508:, and
498:
482:heroin
432:stools
357:heroin
305:
293:
281:
234:
221:
180:Turkey
160:Mexico
12025:Opium
11943:Semax
11582:(NOP)
11560:UPHIT
11545:RB-64
11485:ML350
11480:ML190
11440:JDTic
11415:DIPPA
11182:RB-64
10937:HS665
10802:CR665
10697:18-MC
10692:8-CAC
10668:(KOR)
10190:DSLET
10175:DPDPE
10125:DADLE
10085:BU-48
10011:(DOR)
9849:JDTic
9711:18-MC
9540:PZM21
9484:opium
9393:NFEPP
9073:DADLE
8877:(MOR)
8821:Zhang
8791:Galen
8654:Opium
7923:S2CID
7724:S2CID
7401:(PDF)
7346:S2CID
7252:(PDF)
7183:(PDF)
7136:S2CID
6918:S2CID
6584:(PDF)
6174:(PDF)
6161:(PDF)
6056:S2CID
5966:S2CID
5721:(PDF)
5714:(PDF)
5611:(PDF)
4921:S2CID
4628:(PDF)
4621:(PDF)
4527:JSTOR
4474:JSTOR
4286:S2CID
4087:(PDF)
4080:(PDF)
3912:S2CID
3790:46725
3694:Opium
3626:S2CID
3618:JSTOR
3470:(PDF)
3271:, or
3227:Both
3055:madak
2952:Mayne
2856:Burma
2837:Burma
2675:sirup
2605:latex
2342:Bayer
2062:US$ 6
1986:US$ 2
1980:from
1710:1,000
1627:picul
1585:madak
1392:madak
1369:madak
1345:madat
1340:madak
1199:China
1144:cough
907:Galen
789:Pluto
645:from
627:Spain
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