1083:
113:
20:
65:(first performed a systematic study of the illusion in 1863). It is also known as the "filled-space illusion" or the "illusion of interrupted extent". Depending on the filling elements used, there is a wide variety of graphic implementations of the Oppel-Kundt illusion, which also differ in the magnitude of the visual distortion effects they cause.
133:) of the terminator is encoded by the magnitude of the cumulative neural response of some hypothetical area of weighted spatial summation (AWS, centered on the terminator), which size scales linearly towards the visual periphery. That is, a terminator with a more peripheral location affects overlapping
141:
associated with a greater eccentricity of the terminator). Thus, the illusion may arise because the additional neural excitation induced by a nearby contextual distractors (elements filling the spatial interval of the image) increases the AWS response, which, in turn, is decoded by
128:
According to the "spatial coding" model, the Oppel-Kundt illusion can be associated with misjudgments of the visual positions of stimuli terminators (items designating the ends of spatial intervals). It is assumed that the eccentricity (angular distance from the center of
146:
as an increase in the perceived eccentricity of the terminator. The use of the model allowed to assume the appearance of an illusion in the case of previously unexplored variants of stimuli (as, for example, with a circle centered on a lateral
107:
According to the "contour density" hypothesis, the number of zero crossings of the spatial profile of neural activity caused by the filled part of the Oppel-Kundt figure may be one of the most important factors determining the illusion
100:) approach, the illusion may be associated with the perception of continuity of the filled part of the stimulus. It was assumed that individual filling elements cause neural activation in the corresponding
73:
Although various modifications of the Oppel-Kundt illusion have been studied experimentally quite well, there is still no generally accepted explanation for the occurrence of this visual phenomenon.
121:
A fairly adequate description of the effects of the illusion was obtained from a computational model that seeks to explain the misperception of extent in terms of physiological
137:
of neuronal populations with a wider aggregated profile, thus causing a greater integrated response of the corresponding AWS (and vice versa, a greater response is
51:
829:
50:) and unfilled parts of the image (for most observers, the filled part seems larger). The illusion is named after German physicists
125:, as well as using a quantitative approach that explains the appearance of the illusion by internal noise in neural networks.
506:"Illusory contours activate specific regions in human visual cortex: evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging"
629:
1057:
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Hirsch, J; DeLaPaz, R L; Relkin, N R; Victor, J; Kim, K; Li, T; Borden, P; Rubin, N; Shapley, R (1995-07-03).
40:
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104:, and these windows (if they overlap) merge into a continuous array of "associated fields" of excitation.
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Watt, R.J. (1990). "The primal sketch in human vision". In Blake, Andrew; Troscianko, Tom (eds.).
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a number of different theoretical approaches have been tested to account for the data obtained in
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624:. European Conference on Visual Perception. New York: J. Wiley & Sons. pp. 147–180.
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757:"Two-dimensional profile of the region of distractors' influence on visual length judgments"
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in physics were used to explain the illusion by interactions between different elements of
457:"Contour integration by the human visual system: Evidence for a local "association field""
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273:"Determinants of filled/empty optical illusion: Search for the locus of maximal effect"
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A spatial interval with a circle seems longer than an empty interval of the same length
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361:"Temporal dynamics of the Oppel-Kundt Illusion compared to the MĂĽller-Lyer Illusion"
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234:"[A class of information integration models for the Oppel-Kundt illusion]"
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573:"The use of fractal image statistics in the estimation of lateral spatial extent"
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Bertulis, Algis; Surkys, Tadas; Bulatov, Aleksandr; Bielevicius, Arunas (2014).
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that occurs when comparing the sizes of filled (with some visual elements,
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710:"Uncertainty in visual processes predicts geometrical optical illusions"
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Zeitschrift fĂĽr
Psychologie mit Zeitschrift fĂĽr Angewandte Psychologie
31:, continuously) seems longer than the unfilled part of the same length
1134:
872:
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862:
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Bulatov, Aleksandr; Marma, Vilius; Bulatova, Natalija (July 2020).
455:
Field, David J.; Hayes, Anthony; Hess, Robert F. (January 1993).
358:
206:
198:
Visual illusions, their causes, characteristics and applications
1097:
112:
503:
19:
652:
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Bulatov, A.; Bertulis, A.; MickienÄ—, L. (1997-12-01).
408:
Ivry, Richard; Beck, Jacob; Rosenfeld, Azriel (1989).
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23:The part of the figure filled with some elements (
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270:
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708:FermĂĽller, Cornelia; Malm, Henrik (March 2004).
510:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
16:Geometric illusion with graphic implementations
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61:(first mentioned this phenomenon in 1860) and
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707:
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85:experiments. For example, the methods of the
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655:"Geometrical illusions: study and modelling"
271:Wackermann, Jiri; Kastner, Kristina (2010).
166:"The Illusion of Filled and Unfilled Space"
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761:Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics
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93:in a two-dimensional perceptual field.
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201:. New York: D. Van Nostrand Company.
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322:"A Field Theory of Visual Illusions"
320:Eriksson, E. Sture (November 1970).
13:
365:Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
338:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1970.tb01264.x
277:Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
182:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1912.tb00054.x
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571:Craven, B.J.; Watt, R.J. (1989).
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474:10.1016/0042-6989(93)90156-Q
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164:Lewis, E. O. (March 1912).
123:spatial-frequency filtering
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774:10.3758/s13414-020-02002-5
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79:phenomenological modeling
1119:Ascending and Descending
589:10.1163/156856889X00149
531:10.1073/pnas.92.14.6469
426:10.1163/156856889X00068
659:Biological Cybernetics
378:10.55782/ane-2014-2007
290:10.55782/ane-2010-1814
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102:spatiotemporal windows
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671:10.1007/s004220050399
195:Luckiesh, M. (1922).
115:
22:
1153:Accidental viewpoint
37:Oppel-Kundt illusion
1058:Vertical–horizontal
522:1995PNAS...92.6469H
52:Johann Joseph Oppel
1158:Auditory illusions
953:Impossible trident
410:"Line segregation"
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77:Along with purely
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1194:Optical illusions
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1173:Temporal illusion
1168:Tactile illusions
1138:(2015 photograph)
839:Optical illusions
516:(14): 6469–6473.
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1199:1860s in science
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1038:Schroeder stairs
1013:Peripheral drift
1008:Penrose triangle
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583:(4): 223–239.
577:Spatial Vision
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467:(2): 173–193.
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414:Spatial Vision
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371:(4): 443–455.
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176:(1): 36–50.
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147:terminator).
139:perceptually
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69:Explanations
63:August Kundt
36:
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24:
1114:(1864 book)
1018:Poggendorff
993:Oppel-Kundt
988:Necker cube
983:MĂĽller-Lyer
958:Irradiation
55: [
48:distractors
1188:Categories
1111:Spectropia
1028:Rubin vase
978:McCollough
973:Mach bands
923:Ehrenstein
918:Ebbinghaus
883:Barberpole
858:Afterimage
219:HathiTrust
152:References
108:magnitude.
1163:Illusions
1135:The dress
1127:Waterfall
928:Flash lag
908:Cornsweet
893:Café wall
873:Ames room
851:Illusions
799:256207482
783:1943-3921
679:0340-1200
597:0169-1015
540:0027-8424
491:205016575
434:0169-1015
387:1689-0035
299:1689-0035
250:0044-3409
215:271206850
41:geometric
913:Delboeuf
863:Ambigram
791:32166640
734:14751556
695:17211435
640:20995610
395:25576975
307:21196950
207:22003634
91:stimulus
1146:Related
1073:Zöllner
1063:White's
998:Orbison
963:Jastrow
742:9605503
687:9433754
605:2486816
558:7604015
518:Bibcode
483:8447091
442:2487165
346:5487457
258:7941680
1098:Op art
1053:Ternus
1033:Sander
948:Hering
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1023:Ponzo
903:Chubb
795:S2CID
738:S2CID
691:S2CID
549:41539
487:S2CID
59:]
39:is a
29:lower
25:upper
943:Grid
843:list
787:PMID
779:ISSN
730:PMID
683:PMID
675:ISSN
636:OCLC
626:ISBN
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211:OCLC
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35:The
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