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799:. If a medical work-up does not reveal a cause of the pathological visual illusions, the idiopathic visual disturbances could be analogous to the altered excitability state seen in visual aura with no migraine headache. If the visual illusions are diffuse and persistent, they often affect the patient's quality of life. These symptoms are often refractory to treatment and may be caused by any of the aforementioned etiologies, but are often idiopathic. There is no standard treatment for these visual disturbances.
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227:), are presumed to be the effects on the eyes or brain of excessive stimulation or interaction with contextual or competing stimuli of a specific type—brightness, color, position, tile, size, movement, etc. The theory is that a stimulus follows its individual dedicated neural path in the early stages of visual processing and that intense or repetitive activity in that or interaction with active adjoining channels causes a
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853:, or an individual's sense of their own body and its parts, progressively adapts to the post-amputation state. Essentially, the amputees were learning to no longer respond to sensations near what had once been their arm. As a result, many have suggested the use of RHI as a tool for monitoring an amputee's progress in reducing their phantom limb sensations and adjusting to the new state of their body.
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608:. The spinning dancer appears to be moving clockwise or counterclockwise depending on spontaneous activity in the brain where perception is subjective. Recent studies show on the fMRI that there are spontaneous fluctuations in cortical activity while watching this illusion, particularly the parietal lobe because it is involved in perceiving movement.
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that is 3D volumetric in appearance. Coloration consists of an assimilation of color radiating from a thin-colored edge lining a darker chromatic contour. The water-color illusion describes how the human mind perceives the wholeness of an object such as top-down processing. Thus, contextual factors play into perceiving the brightness of an object.
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an unfamiliar object is changed. The luminosity of the object will appear brighter against a black field (that reflects less light) than against a white field, even though the object itself did not change in luminosity. Similarly, the eye will compensate for color contrast depending on the color cast of the surrounding area.
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limbs. After prolonged exposure to RHI, the amputees gradually stopped feeling a dissociation between the prosthetic (which resembled the rubber hand) and the rest of their body. This was thought to be because they adjusted to responding to and moving a limb that did not feel as connected to the rest
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with the syndrome actually responded to RHI more strongly than controls, an effect that was often consistent for both the sides of the intact and the amputated arm. However, in some studies, amputees actually had stronger responses to RHI on their intact arm, and more recent amputees responded to the
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Changizi asserts that the human visual system has evolved to compensate for neural delays by generating images of what will occur one-tenth of a second into the future. This foresight enables humans to react to events in the present, enabling humans to perform reflexive acts like catching a fly ball
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In addition to the gestalt principles of perception, water-color illusions contribute to the formation of optical illusions. Water-color illusions consist of object-hole effects and coloration. Object-hole effects occur when boundaries are prominent where there is a figure and background with a hole
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and brightness constancy are responsible for the fact that a familiar object will appear the same color regardless of the amount of light or color of light reflecting from it. An illusion of color difference or luminosity difference can be created when the luminosity or color of the area surrounding
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of the retina receptor signals from light and dark areas compete with one another, has been used to explain why we see bands of increased brightness at the edge of a color difference when viewing Mach bands. Once a receptor is active, it inhibits adjacent receptors. This inhibition creates contrast,
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The hypothesis claims that visual illusions occur because the neural circuitry in our visual system evolves, by neural learning, to a system that makes very efficient interpretations of usual 3D scenes based in the emergence of simplified models in our brain that speed up the interpretation process
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is useful as an orientation. According to that, there are three main classes: physical, physiological, and cognitive illusions, and in each class there are four kinds: Ambiguities, distortions, paradoxes, and fictions. A classical example for a physical distortion would be the apparent bending of a
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is based on the illusion that the brain perceives a series of slightly varied images produced in rapid succession as a moving picture. Likewise, when we are moving, as we would be while riding in a vehicle, stable surrounding objects may appear to move. We may also perceive a large object, like an
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in New York has a more imaginative take on optical illusions, saying that they are due to a neural lag which most humans experience while awake. When light hits the retina, about one-tenth of a second goes by before the brain translates the signal into a visual perception of the world. Scientists
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visual illusion is a distortion of a real external stimulus and is often diffuse and persistent. Pathological visual illusions usually occur throughout the visual field, suggesting global excitability or sensitivity alterations. Alternatively visual hallucination is the perception of an external
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looks like bicycle spokes around a central point, with vertical lines on either side of this central, so-called vanishing point. The illusion tricks us into thinking we are looking at a perspective picture, and thus according to
Changizi, switches on our future-seeing abilities. Since we are not
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of perception govern the way different objects are grouped. Good form is where the perceptual system tries to fill in the blanks in order to see simple objects rather than complex objects. Continuity is where the perceptual system tries to disambiguate which segments fit together into continuous
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Just as it perceives color and brightness constancies, the brain has the ability to understand familiar objects as having a consistent shape or size. For example, a door is perceived as a rectangle regardless of how the image may change on the retina as the door is opened and closed. Unfamiliar
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Christ, Oliver; Reiner, Miriam (2014-07-01). "Perspectives and possible applications of the rubber hand and virtual hand illusion in non-invasive rehabilitation: Technological improvements and their consequences". Neuroscience & Biobehavioral
Reviews. Applied Neuroscience: Models, methods,
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Research indicates that 3D vision capabilities emerge and are learned jointly with the planning of movements. That is, as depth cues are better perceived, individuals can develop more efficient patterns of movement and interaction within the 3D environment around them. After a long process of
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Evolution has seen to it that geometric drawings like this elicit in us premonitions of the near future. The converging lines toward a vanishing point (the spokes) are cues that trick our brains into thinking we are moving forward—as we would in the real world, where the door frame (a pair of
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The double-anchoring theory, a popular but recent theory of lightness illusions, states that any region belongs to one or more frameworks, created by gestalt grouping principles, and within each frame is independently anchored to both the highest luminance and the surround luminance. A spot's
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but give rise to optical illusions in unusual situations. In this sense, the cognitive processes hypothesis can be considered a framework for an understanding of optical illusions as the signature of the empirical statistical way vision has evolved to solve the inverse problem.
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lines. Proximity is where objects that are close together are associated. Similarity is where objects that are similar are seen as associated. Some of these elements have been successfully incorporated into quantitative models involving optimal estimation or
Bayesian inference.
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King, Daniel J.; Hodgekins, Joanne; Chouinard, Philippe A.; Chouinard, Virginie-Anne; Sperandio, Irene (2017-06-01). "A review of abnormalities in the perception of visual illusions in schizophrenia". Psychonomic
Bulletin & Review. 24 (3): 734–751.
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illusion. Physical illusions are caused by the physical environment, e.g. by the optical properties of water. Physiological illusions arise in the eye or the visual pathway, e.g. from the effects of excessive stimulation of a specific receptor type.
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911:, affect schizophrenic patients. Additionally, evaluating the differences between how schizophrenic patients and unaffected individuals see illusions may enable researchers to better identify where specific illusions are processed in the
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learning, an internal representation of the world emerges that is well-adjusted to the perceived data coming from closer objects. The representation of distant objects near the horizon is less "adequate". In fact, it is not only the
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and to maneuver smoothly through a crowd. In an interview with ABC Changizi said, "Illusions occur when our brains attempt to perceive the future, and those perceptions don't match reality." For example, an illusion called the
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In the scientific literature the term "visual illusion" is preferred because the older term gives rise to the assumption that the optics of the eye were the general cause for illusions (which is only the case for so-called
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is an example of an illusion which uses monocular cues of depth perception to fool the eye. But even with two-dimensional images, the brain exaggerates vertical distances when compared with horizontal distances, as in the
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and the fact that in order to survive it was important to see form and edges. The use of perceptual organization to create meaning out of stimuli is the principle behind other well-known illusions including
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Renier, L.; Laloyaux, C.; Collignon, O.; Tranduy, D.; Vanlierde, A.; Bruyer, R.; De Volder, A. G. (2005). "The Ponzo illusion using auditory substitution of vision in sighted and early blind subjects".
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DeCastro, Thiago Gomes; Gomes, William
Barbosa (2017-05-25). "Rubber Hand Illusion: Evidence for a multisensory integration of proprioception". Avances en PsicologĂa Latinoamericana. 35 (2): 219.
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These symptoms may indicate an underlying disease state and necessitate seeing a medical practitioner. Etiologies associated with pathological visual illusions include multiple types of
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Cognitive illusions are assumed to arise by interaction with assumptions about the world, leading to "unconscious inferences", an idea first suggested in the 19th century by the
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Bernal, B., Guillen, M., & Marquez, J. (2014). The spinning dancer illusion and spontaneous brain fluctuations: An fMRI study. Neurocase (Psychology Press), 20(6), 627-639.
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273:. More recent empirical approaches to optical illusions have had some success in explaining optical phenomena with which theories based on lateral inhibition have struggled.
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Tourists attractions employing large-scale illusory art allowing visitors to photograph themselves in fantastic scenes have opened in several Asian countries, such as the
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believe one way this is done is by perceiving individual sensory stimuli as a meaningful whole. Gestalt organization can be used to explain many illusions including the
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when we perceive it near the horizon. In a photo of a distant scene, all distant objects are perceived as smaller than when we observe them directly using our vision.
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Pinna's illusory intertwining effect and Pinna illusion (scholarpedia). The picture shows squares spiralling in, although they are arranged in concentric circles.
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have known of the lag, yet they have debated how humans compensate, with some proposing that our motor system somehow modifies our movements to offset the delay.
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highlighting edges. In the
Hermann grid illusion, the gray spots that appear at the intersections at peripheral locations are often explained to occur because of
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Bach, Michael (2008). "Die
Hermann-Gitter-Täuschung: Lehrbucherklärung widerlegt (The Hermann grid illusion: the classic textbook interpretation is obsolete)".
978:(MIB) illusion (pictured right), schizophrenic patients continued to perceive stationary visual targets even when observing distracting motion stimuli, unlike
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496:. The brain makes sense of shapes and symbols putting them together like a jigsaw puzzle, formulating that which is not there to that which is believable.
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114:. Illusions come in a wide variety; their categorization is difficult because the underlying cause is often not clear but a classification proposed by
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Dima, Danai; Roiser, Jonathan P.; Dietrich, Detlef E.; Bonnemann, Catharina; Lanfermann, Heinrich; Emrich, Hinderk M.; Dillo, Wolfgang (2009-07-15).
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which is spun displaying the illusion of motion of a man bowing and a woman curtsying to each other in a circle at the outer edge of the disc, 1833
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Subjective cyan filter, left: subjectively constructed cyan square filter above blue circles, right: small cyan circles inhibit filter construction
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Illusions can be based on an individual's ability to see in three dimensions even though the image hitting the retina is only two dimensional. The
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The checker shadow illusion. Although square A appears a darker shade of gray than square B, in the image the two have exactly the same luminance.
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Optical illusions, as well as multi-sensory illusions involving visual perception, can also be used in the monitoring and rehabilitation of some
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and progresses from dark gray to light gray. The horizontal bar appears to progress from light grey to dark grey, but is in fact just one color.
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A familiar phenomenon and example for a physical visual illusion is when mountains appear to be much nearer in clear weather with low humidity (
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The classical example of a physical illusion is when a stick that is half immersed in water appears bent. This phenomenon was discussed by
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Top-down processing involves using action plans to make perceptual interpretations and vice versa. (This is impaired in schizophrenia.)
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One study on schizophrenic patients found that they were extremely unlikely to be fooled by a three dimensional optical illusion, the
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vertical lines) seems to bow out as we move through it—and we try to perceive what that world will look like in the next instant.
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is yet another example of how the brain perceives motion, which is most often created by blinking lights in close succession.
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A set of colorful spinning disks that create illusion. The disks appear to move backwards and forwards in different regions.
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airplane, to move more slowly than smaller objects, like a car, although the larger object is actually moving faster. The
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illusion better than amputees who had been missing an arm for years or more. Researchers believe this is a sign that the
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objects, however, do not always follow the rules of shape constancy and may change when the perspective is changed. The
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visual stimulus where none exists. Visual hallucinations are often from focal dysfunction and are usually transient.
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3712:"Vertical-horizontal illusion present for sighted but not early blind humans using auditory substitution of vision"
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Bangio Pinna; Gavin
Brelstaff; Lothar Spillman (2001). "Surface color from boundaries: a new watercolor illusion".
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is a style of art that uses optical illusions to create an impression of movement, or hidden images and patterns.
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To make sense of the world it is necessary to organize incoming sensations into information which is meaningful.
2331:"An optical illusion that seems to be both a circle and a square is baffling the internet — here's how it works"
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649:"Shepard tables" deconstructed. The two tabletops appear to be different, but they are the same size and shape.
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exploits rules of depth and proximity and our understanding of the physical world to create an illusion. Like
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Geier J, Bernáth L, Hudák M, Séra L (2008). "Straightness as the main factor of the
Hermann grid illusion".
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is farther away, therefore, the brain perceives the image to be larger, although the two images hitting the
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Drawing a connecting bar between the two squares breaks the illusion and shows that they are the same shade.
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actually moving and the figure is static, we misperceive the straight lines as curved ones. Changizi said:
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Lingelbach B, Block B, Hatzky B, Reisinger E (1985). "The
Hermann grid illusion -- retinal or cortical?".
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Building rooms where the furniture is attached to the ceiling makes it appear the two men are upside down.
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where the image as a whole switches back and forth from being a duck then being a rabbit and why in the
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between edges of the slightly differing shades of gray as soon as they come in contact with one another.
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2558:"Probing Perceptual Antinomies with the Watercolor Illusion and Explaining How the Brain Resolves Them"
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Checker version: the diagonal checker squares at the larger grid points make the grid appear distorted.
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uses realistic imagery to create the optical illusion that depicted objects exist in three dimensions.
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are pictures or objects that elicit a perceptual "switch" between the alternative interpretations. The
3220:"Neural Dynamics of Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization: From Grouping to Shape and Meaning"
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Gersztenkorn, D; Lee, AG (Jul 2, 2014). "Palinopsia revamped: A systematic review of the literature".
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means "form" or "shape" in German. However, another explanation of the Kanizsa's triangle is based in
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123:(where, despite movement, position remains unchanged). An example for a physiological fiction is an
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are characterized by distortions of size, length, position or curvature. A striking example is the
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Purves, D.; Williams, M. S.; Nundy, S.; Lotto, R. B. (2004). "Perceiving the intensity of light".
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processing and a higher-level integration of visual information beyond the primary visual cortex,
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Pinna, B.; Gregory, R.L.; Spillmann, L. (2002). "Shifts of Edges and Deformations of Patterns".
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data, researchers concluded that this resulted from a disconnection between their systems for
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The ambiguity of direction of motion due to lack of visual references for depth is shown in
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Geier J, Bernáth L (2004). "Stopping the Hermann grid illusion by simple sine distortion".
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Changizi, Mark A.; Hsieh, Andrew; Nijhawan, Romi; Kanai, Ryota; Shimojo, Shinsuke (2008).
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as a branch of modern physics. A regular scientific source for illusions are the journals
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following bright lights, or adapting stimuli of excessively longer alternating patterns (
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
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mechanisms causing the aforementioned types of illusions; they are discussed e.g. under
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theories, reviews. A Society of Applied Neuroscience (SAN) special issue. 44: 33–44.
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are when a figure is perceived even though it is not in the stimulus, like with the
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lightness is determined by the average of the values computed in each framework.
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illusion is an example of an illusion based on distortions in shape constancy.
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processing of visual cues and top-down interpretations of those cues in the
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stick half immerged in water; an example for a physiological paradox is the
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This article is about visual perception. For the album by Time Requiem, see
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Yang, Z.; Purves, D. (2003). "A statistical explanation of visual space".
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Masters of Deception: Escher, DalĂ & the Artists of Optical Illusion
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RHI may also be used to diagnose certain disorders related to impaired
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242:
220:
186:
124:
107:
75:
3807:
4219:
3957:
3497:
2402:
2026:
Pinel, J. (2005) Biopsychology (6th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
1683:
1257:
Some images need to be viewed in full resolution to see their effect.
1096:
749:
745:
741:
701:
593:
141:
3612:
Purves, D.; Lotto, R.B.; Nundy, S. (2002). "Why We See What We Do".
3534:
3271:
2440:
Myers, D. (2003). Psychology in Modules, (7th ed.) New York: Worth.
1739:
1143:
1059:. Contemporary artists who have experimented with illusions include
4247:
3947:
3758:
2376:
1001:
926:: alternating lines appear to be moving horizontally left or right.
784:
753:
524:
where the vertical line is thought to be longer than the horizontal
465:
301:
246:
99:
3686:
2476:
2158:
2104:
1777:= "seeing", so the term refers to an "illusion of seeing", not to
942:
2475:
Yoon Mo Jung and Jackie (Jianhong) Shen (2014), arXiv:1406.1265,
645:
563:
528:
320:, distorting illusions, paradox illusions, or fiction illusions.
309:
297:
201:
111:
2463:
First-order modeling and stability analysis of illusory contours
151:
4299:
4182:
3341:
3148:– via American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
1778:
1668:
1457:
An ancient Roman geometric mosaic. The cubic texture induces a
1110:
856:
Other research used RHI in the rehabilitation of amputees with
559:
3671:
3217:
2233:"The Poggendorff illusion explained by natural scene geometry"
2042:
1437:(left inset) and high-frequency components of a photograph of
938:
which makes concave masks appear to be jutting out (or convex)
695:
3521:
Gregory, Richard (1991). "Putting illusions in their place".
1726:
Gregory, Richard (1991). "Putting illusions in their place".
1433:
constructed from low-frequency components of a photograph of
1333:
Checker version with horizontal and vertical central symmetry
869:
837:
2702:"Optical Illusions: When Your Brain Can't Believe Your Eyes"
1309:: the parallel horizontal lines in this image appear sloped.
1103:. Optical illusion is also used in film by the technique of
16:
Visually perceived images that differ from objective reality
3438:"Perceiving the Present and a Systematization of Illusions"
2997:
2848:
3435:
4268:
802:
3632:
2231:
Howe, Catherine Q.; Yang, Zhiyong; Purves, Dale (2005).
211:) and was often a prototypical example for an illusion.
2906:
2499:
1019:
Artists who have worked with optical illusions include
592:
is responsible for a number of sensory illusions. Film
475:
In addition, gestalt theory can be used to explain the
249:
that are often explained using a biological approach.
3709:
3257:
2144:
1512:
appears to move both clockwise and counter-clockwise.
570:
also exploits assumptions based on monocular cues of
418:
262:
by the surround in larger receptive fields. However,
154:
arise from pathological changes in the physiological
3110:
AIAA Modeling and Simulation Technologies Conference
2758:"Approach to the patient with visual hallucinations"
620:
Simultaneous contrast illusion. The background is a
2555:
1363:: contrasting colors create the illusion of motion.
611:
189:) than they are. This is because haze is a cue for
2958:
2910:; Schuler, Daniela; Junghan, Ulrich (2006-01-31).
562:are the same size. The optical illusion seen in a
3710:Renier, L.; Bruyer, R.; De Volder, A. G. (2006).
2368:
2087:Schiller, Peter H.; Carvey, Christina E. (2005).
1527:: the man is made to appear to be supporting the
1133:
807:
628:Perceptual constancies are sources of illusions.
547:where the two lines are exactly the same length.
331:is a well-known example; other instances are the
214:
4468:
3611:
3014:"3-D art wows visitors | the Straits Times"
2341:
1773:). "Optical" in the term derives from the Greek
1441:(right inset). The Einstein image is clearer in
816:A visual representation of what an amputee with
316:. Cognitive illusions are commonly divided into
2993:"3-D museums: Next big thing for Asia tourism?"
2785:
2036:
1923::10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/apl/a.3430.
462:illusion the figure and ground are reversible.
193:, signalling the distance of far-away objects (
3781:
3204:Visual Intelligence. How we create what we see
2289:
2230:
2086:
875:
511:
127:. Three typical cognitive distortions are the
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3908:
3401:
2328:
2187:
1801:
3922:
3101:Sweet, Barbara; Kaiser, Mary (August 2011).
2779:
2556:Tanca, M.; Grossberg, S.; Pinna, B. (2010).
2348:Petry, Susan; Meyer, Glenn E. (2012-12-06).
2283:
2061:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
554:tell the brain that the image higher in the
180:
3842:"Visual illusions:An Empirical Explanation"
3100:
789:hallucinogen persisting perception disorder
696:Pathological visual illusions (distortions)
4291:
4277:
3915:
3901:
3879:Understanding Human Minds and Their Limits
3744:
3344:"A new visual illusion of relative motion"
3342:Baingio Pinna; Gavin J. Brelstaff (2000).
2699:
2347:
2138:
2055:
423:
3867:
3815:
3727:
3646:
3594:
3456:
3326:
3218:Stephen Grossberg; Baingio Pinna (2012).
3125:
3067:
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2668:
2576:
2523:
2354:. Springer; 1987th edition. p. 696.
2266:
2256:
2181:
1963:
1835:
1721:
1719:
1228:Learn how and when to remove this message
148:and are perhaps those most widely known.
3473:
3402:Bach, Michael; Poloschek, C. M. (2006).
3201:
3024:
2751:
2749:
2436:
2434:
2080:
2066:. Malden Ma: Blackwell. pp. 33–53.
1957:
1802:Bach, Michael; Poloschek, C. M. (2006).
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69:
61:
3782:Dixon, E.; Shapiro, A.; Lu, Z. (2014).
3557:
3520:
3103:"Depth Perception, Cueing, and Control"
3030:
2675:Key to All-Optical Illusions Discovered
2648:"Scientist: Humans Can See Into Future"
2497:
2374:
2293:Incogito: The Secret Lives of the Brain
1856:
1725:
4469:
3839:
3560:"Knowledge in perception and illusion"
3033:"Knowledge in perception and illusion"
2964:
2665:
1716:
803:Connections to psychological disorders
276:
4272:
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3300:
3096:
3094:
2902:
2900:
2844:
2842:
2823:
2821:
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2746:
2431:
2089:"The Hermann grid illusion revisited"
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
550:In the Ponzo illusion the converging
219:Physiological illusions, such as the
110:that arguably appears to differ from
66:Gregory's categorization of illusions
3011:
2614:
2478:Illusory shapes via phase transition
2310:from the original on 12 October 2013
1989:
1166:adding citations to reliable sources
1137:
891:, a mental disorder often marked by
661:
432:Reversible figures and vase, or the
3479:"Visual Illusions and Neurobiology"
2351:The Perception of Illusory Contours
1795:
144:visual illusions are the result of
13:
3840:Purves, Dale; et al. (2008).
3833:
3091:
2897:
2839:
2832::10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.02.013.
2814:
2725:
2645:
1930:
1900:
708:Types of visual illusions include
419:Explanation of cognitive illusions
14:
4493:
2800:10.1016/j.survophthal.2014.06.003
2755:
2615:Bach, Michael (4 January 2010) .
266:as an explanation of the Hermann
225:contingent perceptual aftereffect
4417:
4166:
3388:from the original on 2013-10-05.
3087:from the original on 2005-04-04.
2867:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.03.033
2617:"Shepard's "Turning the Tables""
2604:from the original on 2017-09-21.
2016:from the original on 2015-04-22.
1968:. Pacific Grove, CA: Wadsworth.
1563:
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1407:
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1383:
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1338:
1326:
1314:
1299:
1284:
1262:
1142:
730:prolonged indistinct afterimages
674:Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
612:Color and brightness constancies
355:. Other examples are the famous
48:
34:
3335:
3294:
3251:
3211:
3195:
3152:
3005:
2985:
2768:from the original on 2014-08-26
2719:
2700:NIERENBERG, CARI (2008-02-07).
2693:
2639:
2608:
2549:
2540:
2491:
2469:
2450:
2322:
2296:. Vintage Books. pp. 33–.
2224:
2020:
1153:needs additional citations for
339:'s ambiguous cylinder illusion.
3716:Perception & Psychophysics
3233:(3+4): 399–482. Archived from
2623:. Michael Bach. Archived from
2329:Gili Malinsky (22 July 2019).
1998:
1983:
1762:
1629:Flashed face distortion effect
1134:Cognitive processes hypothesis
808:The rubber hand illusion (RHI)
770:blue field entoptic phenomenon
215:Physiological visual illusions
106:and characterized by a visual
1:
3395:
3363:10.1016/S0042-6989(00)00072-9
3173:10.1016/s0042-6989(01)00105-5
3112:. NASA Ames Research Center.
3012:Seow, Bei Yi (13 June 2014).
2290:David Eagleman (April 2012).
1878:10.1016/s1364-6613(97)01060-7
1859:"Visual illusions classified"
1644:Human reactions to infrasound
1570:Illusion on the floor of the
1015:to reveal letters upside down
840:, has been used to study how
348:geometrical-optical illusions
335:and the "squircle", based on
205:
152:Pathological visual illusions
3567:Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B
3411:Adv. Clin. Neurosci. Rehabil
3202:Hoffmann, Donald D. (1998).
3031:Gregory, Richard L. (1997).
2928:10.1016/j.schres.2005.08.012
1964:Goldstein, E. Bruce (2002).
1950::10.3758/s13423-016-1168-5.
1866:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
1857:Gregory, Richard L. (1997).
1811:Adv. Clin. Neurosci. Rehabil
844:affects amputees over time.
606:the spinning dancer illusion
545:vertical–horizontal illusion
522:vertical–horizontal illusion
7:
3657:10.1037/0033-295x.111.1.142
3486:Nature Reviews Neuroscience
2516:10.1037/0033-295x.113.3.526
1994:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
1992:A natural history of vision
1578:
1544:Scintillating grid illusion
989:and stationary image cues.
876:Illusions and schizophrenia
512:Depth and motion perception
10:
4498:
4298:
3417:(2): 20–21. Archived from
1990:Wade, Nicholas J. (1998).
1817:(2): 20–21. Archived from
1256:
1252:
974:. In another study on the
18:
4426:
4415:
4306:
4230:
4175:
4164:
3935:
3882:. Publisher Bookboon.com
3869:10.4249/scholarpedia.3706
3558:Gregory, Richard (1997).
3458:10.1080/03640210802035191
3328:10.4249/scholarpedia.6656
2971:. Sterling. p. 320.
2202:10.1007/s00347-008-1845-5
1664:List of optical illusions
992:
924:peripheral drift illusion
861:of their body or senses.
640:
181:Physical visual illusions
4204:Ascending and Descending
2587:10.1163/187847510x532685
1966:Sensation and Perception
1710:
1608:Closed-eye hallucination
1604:(stopped-clock illusion)
1494:Pinna-Brelstaff illusion
976:motion-induced blindness
948:motion induced blindness
832:illusion involving both
391:Ascending and Descending
312:physicist and physician
234:that alters perception.
25:Optical Illusions (film)
21:Optical Illusion (album)
3876:David Cycleback. 2018.
3301:Pinna, Baingio (2009).
2788:Survey of Ophthalmology
2565:Seeing & Perceiving
2375:Gregory, R. L. (1972).
2258:10.1073/pnas.0502893102
1461:-like optical illusion.
489:evolutionary psychology
424:Perceptual organization
4349:Gerhard von Graevenitz
3587:10.1098/rstb.1997.0095
3060:10.1098/rstb.1997.0095
2916:Schizophrenia Research
1674:Multistable perception
1634:Fraser spiral illusion
1247:Moon that seems larger
1016:
951:
939:
927:
885:
821:
693:
650:
625:
535:
525:
472:
447:
437:
384:seen, for example, in
305:
146:unconscious inferences
83:
67:
4374:Arnold Alfred Schmidt
1529:Leaning Tower of Pisa
1057:Charles Allan Gilbert
1000:
962:volunteers. Based on
945:
933:
921:
883:
868:or impaired sense of
842:phantom limb syndrome
818:phantom limb syndrome
815:
688:
648:
619:
531:
519:
468:
452:Gestalt psychologists
443:
431:
285:"The Organ Player" –
284:
171:phantom limb syndrome
169:disorders, including
160:visual hallucinations
73:
65:
4334:Richard Anuszkiewicz
4238:Accidental viewpoint
3635:Psychological Review
2726:Barile, Margherita.
2504:Psychological Review
2377:"Cognitive Contours"
1704:Watercolour illusion
1679:Rabbit–duck illusion
1659:Kinetic depth effect
1162:improve this article
956:hollow face illusion
936:hollow face illusion
826:rubber hand illusion
714:halos around objects
456:rabbit–duck illusion
445:Rabbit–duck illusion
382:impossible staircase
357:MĂĽller-Lyer illusion
23:. For the film, see
4143:Vertical–horizontal
3860:2008SchpJ...3.3706P
3800:2014NatSR...4E3900D
3747:Nature Neuroscience
3579:1997RSPTB.352.1121G
3573:(1358): 1121–1128.
3404:"Optical Illusions"
3319:2009SchpJ...4.6656P
3118:10.2514/6.2011-6424
3052:1997RSPTB.352.1121G
2965:Seckel, Al (2017).
2908:Tschacher, Wolfgang
2627:on 27 December 2009
2498:Bressan, P (2006).
2395:1972Natur.238...51G
2249:2005PNAS..102.7707H
1804:"Optical Illusions"
1619:Ebbinghaus illusion
1591:Barberpole illusion
1376:Watercolor illusion
1292:Ebbinghaus illusion
1128:Hong Kong 3D Museum
1033:Giuseppe Arcimboldo
907:, beyond imaginary
718:illusory palinopsia
325:Ambiguous illusions
318:ambiguous illusions
277:Cognitive illusions
74:In this animation,
4446:Hard-edge painting
4409:Jean-Pierre Yvaral
4394:Gregorio Vardanega
4243:Auditory illusions
4038:Impossible trident
3788:Scientific Reports
3729:10.3758/bf03208756
3626:10.1511/2002.9.784
3614:American Scientist
2680:2008-09-05 at the
2484:2017-11-24 at the
1771:physical illusions
1654:Infinity edge pool
1572:Florence Cathedral
1531:in the background.
1525:Forced perspective
1307:Café wall illusion
1277:Motion aftereffect
1177:"Optical illusion"
1105:forced perspective
1037:Patrick Bokanowski
1017:
952:
940:
934:An example of the
928:
922:An example of the
886:
822:
797:prescription drugs
651:
626:
536:
526:
501:gestalt principles
494:impossible objects
481:Kanizsa's triangle
473:
470:Kanizsa's triangle
448:
438:
353:Café wall illusion
306:
271:has been disproved
264:lateral inhibition
260:lateral inhibition
251:Lateral inhibition
195:Aerial perspective
121:motion aftereffect
84:
68:
4482:Optical phenomena
4477:Optical illusions
4464:
4463:
4441:François Morellet
4384:JesĂşs Rafael Soto
4379:Francisco Sobrino
4354:Edwin Mieczkowski
4266:
4265:
4258:Temporal illusion
4253:Tactile illusions
4223:(2015 photograph)
3924:Optical illusions
3888:978-87-403-2286-6
3808:10.1038/srep03900
3445:Cognitive Science
3357:(16): 2091–2096.
3266:(12): 1503–1508.
3167:(20): 2669–2676.
3137:978-1-62410-154-0
3018:The Straits Times
3001:. 28 August 2014.
2756:Pelak, Victoria.
2728:"Hering Illusion"
2687:Cognitive Science
2303:978-0-307-38992-3
2243:(21): 7707–7712.
2099:(11): 1375–1397.
1586:Auditory illusion
1476:
1271:
1238:
1237:
1230:
1212:
1093:Gianni A. Sarcone
1049:Oscar Reutersvärd
872:in non-amputees.
834:visual perception
662:Future perception
590:motion perception
568:false perspective
477:illusory contours
412:illusory contours
372:impossible object
367:Paradox illusions
314:Hermann Helmholtz
156:visual perception
88:visual perception
4489:
4456:Optical illusion
4421:
4339:Carlos Cruz-Diez
4293:
4286:
4279:
4270:
4269:
4170:
4123:Schroeder stairs
4098:Peripheral drift
4093:Penrose triangle
3917:
3910:
3903:
3894:
3893:
3873:
3871:
3829:
3819:
3778:
3741:
3731:
3706:
3668:
3650:
3648:10.1.1.1008.6441
3629:
3608:
3598:
3564:
3554:
3517:
3498:10.1038/35104092
3483:
3470:
3460:
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3429:
3423:
3408:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3348:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3303:"Pinna illusion"
3298:
3292:
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3255:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3239:
3224:
3215:
3209:
3207:
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3156:
3150:
3149:
3129:
3127:2060/20180007277
3107:
3098:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3071:
3046:(1358): 1121–7.
3037:
3028:
3022:
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3009:
3003:
3002:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2904:
2895:
2894:
2861:(4): 1180–1186.
2846:
2837:
2825:
2812:
2811:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2762:www.uptodate.com
2753:
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2717:
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2662:
2660:
2658:
2646:Bryner, Jeanna.
2643:
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2603:
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2489:
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2403:10.1038/238051a0
2372:
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2222:
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2185:
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2178:
2142:
2136:
2135:
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2132:
2123:. Archived from
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2040:
2034:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2002:
1996:
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1808:
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1793:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1723:
1694:Troxler's fading
1567:
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1540:
1521:
1505:
1490:
1478:
1477:
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1219:
1213:
1211:
1170:
1146:
1138:
1101:Akiyoshi Kitaoka
1065:Sandro del Prete
586:depth perception
572:depth perception
410:triangle, using
378:Penrose triangle
337:Kokichi Sugihara
291:Neptune's Grotto
255:receptive fields
210:
207:
191:depth perception
92:optical illusion
52:
38:
4497:
4496:
4492:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4487:
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4467:
4466:
4465:
4460:
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4413:
4404:Victor Vasarely
4389:Julian Stanczak
4359:Andrzej Nowacki
4344:Wojciech Fangor
4324:Getulio Alviani
4302:
4297:
4267:
4262:
4226:
4176:Popular culture
4171:
4162:
4133:Spinning dancer
3953:Ambiguous image
3931:
3921:
3836:
3834:Further reading
3562:
3535:10.1068/p200001
3481:
3475:Eagleman, D. M.
3440:
3427:
3425:
3421:
3406:
3398:
3393:
3385:
3351:Vision Research
3346:
3340:
3336:
3299:
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3272:10.1068/p3112pp
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3161:Vision Research
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2694:
2682:Wayback Machine
2673:
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2609:
2601:
2578:10.1.1.174.7709
2560:
2554:
2550:
2545:
2541:
2496:
2492:
2486:Wayback Machine
2474:
2470:
2455:
2451:
2439:
2432:
2423:
2421:
2389:(5358): 51–52.
2373:
2369:
2362:
2346:
2342:
2327:
2323:
2313:
2311:
2304:
2288:
2284:
2229:
2225:
2196:(10): 913–917.
2186:
2182:
2143:
2139:
2130:
2128:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2060:
2056:
2041:
2037:
2025:
2021:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1988:
1984:
1976:
1962:
1958:
1944:
1931:
1918:
1901:
1861:
1855:
1836:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1806:
1800:
1796:
1767:
1763:
1740:10.1068/p200001
1724:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1614:Contour rivalry
1593:(Barber's pole)
1581:
1574:
1568:
1559:
1556:
1547:
1541:
1532:
1522:
1513:
1510:Spinning Dancer
1506:
1497:
1491:
1482:
1479:
1467:
1462:
1455:
1446:
1439:Albert Einstein
1427:
1418:
1415:Phenakistoscope
1412:
1403:
1400:
1391:
1388:
1379:
1373:
1364:
1361:Motion illusion
1358:
1349:
1343:
1334:
1331:
1322:
1319:
1310:
1304:
1295:
1289:
1280:
1274:
1263:
1258:
1255:
1234:
1223:
1217:
1214:
1171:
1169:
1159:
1147:
1136:
1124:Trickeye Museum
1053:Victor Vasarely
995:
972:parietal cortex
878:
810:
805:
762:dyschromatopsia
726:light streaking
722:visual trailing
698:
683:Hering illusion
664:
643:
630:Color constancy
614:
514:
426:
421:
279:
217:
208:
183:
116:Richard Gregory
96:visual illusion
94:(also called a
78:exaggerate the
60:
59:
58:
57:
56:
53:
44:
43:
42:
39:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4495:
4485:
4484:
4479:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4416:
4414:
4412:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4399:Grazia Varisco
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4310:
4308:
4304:
4303:
4296:
4295:
4288:
4281:
4273:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4224:
4216:
4215:(1961 drawing)
4208:
4207:(1960 drawing)
4200:
4192:
4185:
4179:
4177:
4173:
4172:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4128:Shepard tables
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4088:Penrose stairs
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3983:Checker shadow
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3963:Autostereogram
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3939:
3937:
3933:
3932:
3920:
3919:
3912:
3905:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3874:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3779:
3759:10.1038/nn1059
3753:(6): 632–640.
3742:
3722:(4): 535–542.
3707:
3681:(7): 857–867.
3669:
3641:(1): 142–158.
3630:
3620:(3): 236–242.
3609:
3555:
3518:
3471:
3451:(3): 459–503.
3433:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3334:
3293:
3250:
3227:Gestalt Theory
3210:
3194:
3151:
3136:
3090:
3023:
3004:
2984:
2977:
2957:
2922:(2): 261–267.
2896:
2838:
2813:
2778:
2745:
2718:
2692:
2664:
2638:
2621:michaelbach.de
2607:
2571:(4): 295–333.
2548:
2539:
2510:(3): 526–553.
2490:
2468:
2449:
2430:
2367:
2360:
2340:
2321:
2302:
2282:
2223:
2180:
2153:(5): 651–665.
2137:
2079:
2073:978-0631224211
2072:
2054:
2035:
2019:
2006:"After Images"
1997:
1982:
1974:
1956:
1929:
1899:
1872:(5): 190–194.
1834:
1794:
1761:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1610:/visualization
1605:
1599:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1569:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1550:
1548:
1542:
1535:
1533:
1523:
1516:
1514:
1507:
1500:
1498:
1492:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1465:
1463:
1456:
1449:
1447:
1443:the full image
1435:Marilyn Monroe
1428:
1421:
1419:
1413:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1382:
1380:
1374:
1367:
1365:
1359:
1352:
1350:
1344:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1313:
1311:
1305:
1298:
1296:
1290:
1283:
1281:
1275:
1261:
1254:
1251:
1236:
1235:
1150:
1148:
1141:
1135:
1132:
1081:Patrick Hughes
1069:Octavio Ocampo
1041:Marcel Duchamp
1013:negative space
994:
991:
946:An example of
909:hallucinations
893:hallucinations
877:
874:
866:proprioception
809:
806:
804:
801:
781:ocular disease
774:purkinje trees
758:metamorphopsia
697:
694:
663:
660:
656:Shepard tables
642:
639:
622:color gradient
613:
610:
599:phi phenomenon
552:parallel lines
540:Ponzo illusion
533:Ponzo illusion
513:
510:
425:
422:
420:
417:
416:
415:
401:
364:
361:Ponzo illusion
340:
289:phenomenon in
278:
275:
216:
213:
182:
179:
102:caused by the
54:
47:
46:
45:
40:
33:
32:
31:
30:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4494:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4436:Figure–ground
4434:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4425:
4420:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4369:Bridget Riley
4367:
4365:
4364:Julio Le Parc
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4294:
4289:
4287:
4282:
4280:
4275:
4274:
4271:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4229:
4222:
4221:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4174:
4169:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4018:Fraser spiral
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3934:
3929:
3925:
3918:
3913:
3911:
3906:
3904:
3899:
3898:
3895:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3837:
3827:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3687:10.1068/p5219
3684:
3680:
3676:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3561:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3492:(12): 920–6.
3491:
3487:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3439:
3434:
3424:on 2021-01-20
3420:
3416:
3412:
3405:
3400:
3399:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3345:
3338:
3329:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3297:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3254:
3240:on 2013-10-04
3236:
3232:
3228:
3221:
3214:
3205:
3198:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3155:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3104:
3097:
3095:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3034:
3027:
3019:
3015:
3008:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2988:
2980:
2978:9781402705779
2974:
2970:
2969:
2961:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2903:
2901:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2845:
2843:
2835:
2831:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2782:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2752:
2750:
2733:
2729:
2722:
2707:
2703:
2696:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2671:
2669:
2653:
2649:
2642:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2611:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2559:
2552:
2543:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2525:11577/1560501
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2494:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2472:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2453:
2447:
2446:0-7167-5850-4
2443:
2437:
2435:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2371:
2363:
2361:9781461247609
2357:
2353:
2352:
2344:
2336:
2332:
2325:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2295:
2294:
2286:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2227:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2190:Ophthalmologe
2184:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2159:10.1068/p5622
2156:
2152:
2148:
2141:
2127:on 2011-12-12
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2105:10.1068/p5447
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2083:
2075:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2050:
2046:
2039:
2033:
2032:0-205-42651-4
2029:
2023:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1993:
1986:
1977:
1975:0-534-53964-5
1971:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
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1860:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1824:on 2021-01-20
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1660:
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1600:
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1573:
1566:
1561:
1554:
1549:
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1495:
1489:
1484:
1464:
1460:
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1448:
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1436:
1432:
1425:
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1371:
1366:
1362:
1356:
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1302:
1297:
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1287:
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1259:
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1200:
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1189:
1186:
1182:
1179: –
1178:
1174:
1173:Find sources:
1167:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1151:This section
1149:
1145:
1140:
1139:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1089:Rob Gonsalves
1086:
1082:
1078:
1077:Shigeo Fukuda
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1061:Jonty Hurwitz
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1029:Salvador DalĂ
1026:
1025:Bridget Riley
1022:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1003:
999:
990:
988:
984:
981:
977:
973:
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925:
920:
916:
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890:
889:Schizophrenia
882:
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871:
867:
862:
859:
854:
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847:
843:
839:
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831:
830:multi-sensory
827:
819:
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786:
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775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
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703:
692:
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678:
675:
671:
670:Mark Changizi
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486:
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478:
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460:figure–ground
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434:figure-ground
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272:
269:
268:grid illusion
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252:
248:
244:
240:
239:grid illusion
235:
233:
230:
229:physiological
226:
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4068:MĂĽller-Lyer
4043:Irradiation
3854:(6): 3706.
3313:(2): 6656.
2794:(1): 1–35.
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3529:(1): 1–4.
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2631:27 January
2424:2021-09-04
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1954:1531-5320.
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2734:. Wolfram
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2010:worqx.com
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3767:12754512
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