161:
410:(the "stress hormone") and trouble regulating cortisol in response to stressors. Another study by Scheier examined the recovery process for a number of patients that had undergone surgery. The study showed that optimism was a strong predictor of the rate of recovery. Optimists achieved faster results in "behavioral milestones" such as sitting in bed, walking around, etc. They also were rated by staff as having a more favorable physical recovery. At a six-month follow-up, optimists were quicker to resume normal activities.
335:
Maydeu-Olivares, and D'Zurilla as the
Extended Life Orientation Test (ELOT). The Revised Life Orientation Test (LOT-R) consists of six items, each scored on a five-point scale from "Strongly disagree" to "Strongly agree" and four filler items. Half of the coded items are phrased optimistically, the other half in a pessimistic way. Compared with its previous iteration, LOT-R offers good internal consistency over time despite item overlaps, making the correlation between the LOT and LOT-R extremely high.
259:
53:
4117:
4111:
351:"), and are asked to record a possible cause for the event. They then rate whether this is internal or external, stable or changeable, and global or local to the event. There are several modified versions of the ASQ including the Expanded Attributional Style Questionnaire (EASQ), the Content Analysis of Verbatim Explanations (CAVE), and the ASQ designed for testing the optimism of children.
246:
themselves are a cognitive style – individuals who tend to focus on the global explanations do so for all types of events, and the styles correlate among each other. In addition, individuals vary in how optimistic their attributions are for good events and on how pessimistic their attributions are for bad events. Still, these two traits of optimism and pessimism are un-correlated.
290:. Evidence from twin studies shows that the inherited component of the dispositional optimism is about 25 percent, making this trait a stable personality dimension and a predictor of life outcomes. Its genetic origin interacts with environmental influences and other risks, to determine the vulnerability to depression across the lifespan. Many theories assume optimism can be
509:
philosophical self-examination. He maintained that knowledge of moral truth is necessary and sufficient for leading a good life. In his philosophical investigations, Socrates followed a model that did not merely focus on the intellect or reason but a balanced practice that also considered emotion as an important contributor to the richness of human experience.
646:. Perfectionism can be defined as a persistent compulsive drive toward unattainable goals and valuation based solely in terms of accomplishment. Perfectionists reject the realities and constraints of human ability. They cannot accept failures, delaying any ambitious and productive behavior in fear of failing again. This
242:
among explanations for events: Whether these explanations draw on internal versus external causes; whether the causes are viewed as stable versus unstable; and whether explanations apply globally versus being situationally specific. In addition, the measures distinguish attributions for positive and negative events.
658:
Optimalists accept failures and learn from them, encouraging further pursuit of achievement. Ben-Shahar believes that optimalists and perfectionists show distinct motives. Optimalists tend to have more intrinsic, inward desires, with a motivation to learn, while perfectionists are highly motivated by
499:
A study involving twins found that optimism is largely inherited at birth. Along with the recognition that childhood experiences determine an individual's outlook, such studies demonstrate the genetic basis for optimism reinforces the recognized difficulty in changing or manipulating the direction of
402:
confirmed the assumption that optimism is related to psychological well-being: "Put simply, optimists emerge from difficult circumstances with less distress than do pessimists." Furthermore, the correlation appears to be attributable to coping style: "That is, optimists seem intent on facing problems
334:
There are eight items and four filler items in the test. Four are positive items (e.g. "In uncertain times, I usually expect the best") and four are negative items e.g. "If something can go wrong for me, it will." The LOT has been revised twice—once by the original creators (LOT-R) and also by Chang,
512:
Distinct from a disposition to believe that things will work out, there is a philosophical idea that, perhaps in ways that may not be fully comprehended, the present moment is in an optimum state. This view that all of nature—past, present, and future—operates by laws of optimization along the lines
249:
There is much debate about the relationship between explanatory style and optimism. Some researchers argue that optimism is simply the lay-term for what researchers know as explanatory style. More commonly, it is found that explanatory style is distinct from dispositional optimism, so the two should
245:
Optimistic people attribute internal, stable, and global explanations to good things. Pessimistic explanations attribute these traits of stability, globality, and internality to negative events, such as relationship difficulty. Models of optimistic and pessimistic attributions show that attributions
128:. Methods to measure optimism have been developed within both of these theoretical approaches, such as various forms of the Life Orientation Test for the original dispositional definition of optimism and the Attributional Style Questionnaire designed to test optimism in terms of explanatory style.
654:
and low productivity. As an alternative to negative perfectionism, Ben-Shahar suggests the adoption of optimalism. Optimalism allows for failure in pursuit of a goal, and expects that while the trend of activity is towards the positive, it is not necessary always to succeed while striving towards
603:
which became an term for excessive, even stupendous, optimism. The phrase "panglossian pessimism" has been used to describe the pessimistic position that, since this is the best of all possible worlds, it is impossible for anything to get any better. Conversely, philosophical pessimism might be
331:
health-related domains. Scheier and Carver's initial research, which surveyed college students, found that optimistic participants were less likely to show an increase in symptoms like dizziness, muscle soreness, fatigue, blurred vision, and other physical complaints than pessimistic respondents.
241:
are reflections of the ways people explain events, i.e., that attributions cause these dispositions. An optimist would view defeat as temporary, as something that does not apply to other cases, and as something that is not their fault. Measures of attributional style distinguish three dimensions
221:
modelling confirms this independence, showing that pessimism and optimism are inherited as independent traits, with the typical correlation between them emerging as a result of a general well-being factor and family environment influences. Patients with high dispositional optimism appear to have
508:
One of the earliest forms of philosophical optimism was
Socrates' theory of moral intellectualism, which formed part of his model of enlightenment through the process of self-improvement. According to the philosopher, it is possible to live a virtuous life by attaining moral perfection through
437:
Another study conducted by
Aspinwall and Taylor (1990) assessed incoming freshmen on a range of personality factors such as optimism, self-esteem, locus of self-control, etc. Freshmen who scored high on optimism before entering college had lower levels of psychological distress than their more
476:
from negative to positive may shift individuals from a negative to a more positive/optimistic outlook. Strategies claimed to be of value include surrounding oneself with positive people, identifying areas of change, practicing positive self-talk, being open to humor, and following a healthy
330:
The Life
Orientation Test (LOT) was designed by Scheier and Carver (1985) to assess dispositional optimism – expecting positive or negative outcomes. It is one of the more popular tests of optimism and pessimism. It was often used in early studies examining these dispositions' effects in
438:
pessimistic peers while controlling for the other personality factors. Over time, the more optimistic students were less stressed, less lonely, and less depressed than their pessimistic counterparts. This study suggests a strong link between optimism and psychological well-being.
662:
Two additional facets of optimalism have been described: product optimalism and process optimalism. The former is described as an outlook that seeks to realize the best possible result, while the latter seeks maximization of the chances of achieving the best possible result.
574:'s philosophy of awe and desperation in the face of the infinite by claiming that infinity should be celebrated. While Pascal advocated for making man's rational aspirations more humble, Leibniz was optimistic about the capacity of human reason to extend itself further.
451:
Seeking to explain the correlation, researchers find that optimists choose healthier lifestyles. For example, optimists smoke less, are more physically active, consume more fruit, vegetables, and whole-grain bread, and are more moderate in alcohol consumption.
179:
the term "optimism" differently depending on their research. As with any trait characteristic, there are several ways to evaluate optimism, such as the Life
Orientation Test (LOT), an eight-item scale developed in 1985 by Michael Scheier and Charles Carver.
460:
Research to date has demonstrated that optimists are less likely to have certain diseases or develop certain diseases over time. Research has not yet been able to demonstrate the ability to change an individual's level of optimism through
604:
associated with an optimistic long-term view because it implies that no change for the worse is possible. Voltaire found it difficult to reconcile
Leibniz's optimism with human suffering as demonstrated by the earthquake that devastated
2156:
Giltay, Erik J.; Geleijnse, Johanna M.; Zitman, Frans G.; Hoekstra, Tiny; Schouten, Evert G. (November 2004). "Dispositional
Optimism and All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality ina Prospective Cohort of Elderly Dutch Men and Women".
183:
Dispositional optimism and pessimism are typically assessed by asking people whether they expect future outcomes to be beneficial or negative (see below). The LOT returns separate optimism and pessimism scores for each individual.
398:. Among individuals with these diseases, optimists are not more likely than pessimists to report pain alleviation due to coping strategies, despite differences in psychological well-being between the two groups. A
492:". However, criticism against positive psychology argues that it places too much importance on "upbeat thinking, while shunting challenging and difficult experiences to the side"—threatening to become
1293:
Herzberg, Philipp Yorck; Glaesmer, Heide; Hoyer, Jürgen (2006). "Separating optimism and pessimism: A robust psychometric analysis of the
Revised Life Orientation Test (LOT-R)".
2672:
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2905:
Nachtomy, Ohad (2018). "On Living
Mirrors and Mites: Leibniz's Encounter with Pascal on Infinity and Living Things Circa 1696". In Garber, Daniel; Rutherford, Donald (eds.).
628:. Rescher explained that the concept can stand on its own feet, arguing that there is no necessity to seeing optimalism realization as divinely instituted because it is a
386:
The relationship between optimism and health has also been studied with regard to physical symptoms, coping strategies, and negative effects for those suffering from
105:, meaning "best". To be optimistic, in the typical sense of the word, is to expect the best possible outcome from any given situation. This is usually referred to in
620:, philosophical optimalism holds that this universe exists because it is better than the alternatives. While this philosophy does not exclude the possibility of a
666:
Some sources also distinguish the concept from optimism since it does not focus on how things are going well but on whether things are going as well as possible.
160:
570:
Leibniz proposed that it was not God's power to create a perfect world, but he created the best among possible worlds. In one of his writings, he responded to
488:, which holds that joy is a talent that can be cultivated and can be achieved through specific actions such as challenging negative self talk or overcoming "
2408:
250:
not be used interchangeably as they are marginally correlated at best. More research is required to "bridge" or further differentiate these concepts.
205:
Some have argued that optimism is the opposite end of a single dimension with pessimism, with any distinction between them reflecting factors such as
84:
reflecting a belief or hope that the outcome of some specific endeavor, or outcomes in general, will be positive, favorable, and desirable. A common
403:
head-on, taking active and constructive steps to solve their problems; pessimists are more likely to abandon their effort to attain their goals."
434:. The study found a positive correlation between higher levels of optimism and exceptional longevity, defined as a lifespan exceeding 85 years.
368:
3184:
814:
2070:"Dispositional optimism and recovery from coronary artery bypass surgery: The beneficial effects on physical and psychological well-being"
1924:"Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): A reevaluation of the Life Orientation Test"
2664:
642:, means willingness to accept failure while remaining confident that success will follow, a positive attitude he contrasts with negative
3206:
4801:
3049:
1965:
Peterson, Christopher; Semmel, Amy; von Baeyer, Carl; Abramson, Lyn Y.; Metalsky, Gerald I.; Seligman, Martin E. P. (September 1982).
884:"The glass is half full and half empty: A population-representative twin study testing if optimism and pessimism are distinct systems"
3405:
1403:
4848:
792:
313:
level, optimism and pessimism reflect brain systems specialised for the tasks of processing and incorporating beliefs regarding
278:, including the family environment. Optimism may be indirectly inherited as a reflection of underlying heritable traits such as
2107:"Is the Glass Half Empty or Half Full? A Prospective Study of Optimism and Coronary Heart Disease in the Normative Aging Study"
93:
56:
3268:
3243:
3121:
2984:
2864:
2831:
2806:
2391:
2048:
1527:"The structure of attributional style: Cognitive styles and optimism–pessimism bias in the Attributional Style Questionnaire"
1508:
2728:
4833:
4442:
4346:
1339:"Distinguishing optimism from pessimism in older adults: Is it more important to be optimistic or not to be pessimistic?"
3332:
2711:
1864:
888:
853:
4701:
4556:
3374:
3303:
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2778:
2353:
1831:
1803:
1764:
1725:
1462:
1437:
1386:
1277:
1211:
294:, and research supports a modest role of family-environment acting to raise (or lower) optimism and lower (or raise)
2244:"Dispositional optimism and the risk of depressive symptoms during 15 years of follow-up: The Zutphen Elderly Study"
4358:
1149:
Lorant, Vincent; Croux, Christophe; Weich, Scott; Deliège, Denise; Mackenbach, Johan; Ansseau, Marc (2007-04-01).
5815:
5143:
4430:
2976:
418:
A number of studies have been done on optimism and psychological well-being. One 30-year study undertaken by Lee
222:
stronger immune systems since optimism buffers against psychological stressors. Optimists appear to live longer.
190:
4786:
4316:
3351:
1043:
993:
448:, happiness, and psychological and physical well-being, and negatively correlated with depression and anxiety.
2039:
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1756:
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233:
is distinct from dispositional theories of optimism. While related to life-orientation measures of optimism,
5800:
4623:
3398:
2930:
210:
2856:
2622:
2620:
Giltay, Erik J.; Geleijnse, Johanna M.; Zitman, Frans G.; Buijsse, Brian; Kromhout, Daan (November 2007).
2589:
2243:
1526:
5820:
4546:
2703:
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2374:
2336:
1795:
1782:
1061:
538:
42:
1500:
1487:
109:
as dispositional optimism. It reflects a belief that future conditions will work out for the best. As a
5650:
5168:
4956:
4576:
2069:
1923:
1338:
1014:
643:
462:
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Low optimism may help explain the association between caregivers' anger and reduced sense of vitality.
559:'s view that described a divinely ordered human condition. This philosophy would also later emerge in
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4353:
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1882:
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goals. This basis in reality, prevents the optimalist from being overwhelmed in the face of failure.
534:
380:
96:: an optimist is said to see the glass as half full, while a pessimist sees the glass as half empty.
46:
38:
3180:
2123:
5667:
5235:
4843:
4768:
4509:
4474:
3515:
3214:
2472:"All models are wrong, some are useful, but are they reproducible? Commentary on Lee et al. (2019)"
732:
206:
114:
17:
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4566:
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4133:
3625:
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1611:
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629:
526:
514:
431:
3146:
1856:
1336:
Robinson-Whelen, Susan; Kim, Cheongtag; MacCallum, Robert C.; Kiecolt-Glaser, Janice K. (1997).
1035:
822:
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5315:
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5006:
4724:
4494:
4437:
4301:
4231:
4083:
3822:
3418:
3320:
2970:
2118:
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845:
675:
372:
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The Pursuit of Perfect: How to Stop Chasing Perfection and Start Living a Richer, Happier Life
2623:"Lifestyle and dietary correlates of dispositional optimism in men: The Zutphen Elderly Study"
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3460:
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756:
522:
427:
275:
140:
81:
60:
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465:, and thereby perhaps alter the course of disease or likelihood for development of disease.
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4420:
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2197:"Dispositional Optimism Protects Older Adults From Stroke: The Health And Retirement Study"
1115:
744:
489:
444:
A meta-analysis of optimism supported findings that optimism is positively correlated with
387:
118:
2799:
Transformative Philosophy: Socrates, Wittgenstein, and the Democratic Spirit of Philosophy
270:, differences in both dispositional optimism and pessimism and in attributional style are
8:
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in 1755 and the atrocities committed by the pre-revolutionary France against its people.
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2342:
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2008:
1988:
1967:
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1318:
1200:
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910:
883:
838:
367:
between 5–10% of the variation in the likelihood of developing some health conditions (
194:=0.5. Optimistic scores on this scale predict better outcomes in relationships, higher
1102:
782:
583:
as baseless optimism of the sort exemplified by the beliefs of one of its characters,
5790:
5611:
5605:
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4311:
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3015:
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2910:
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2827:
2802:
2774:
2707:
2643:
2639:
2550:
2542:
2521:"Anger and Health in Dementia Caregivers: Exploring the Mediation Effect of Optimism"
2501:
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2349:
2313:
2264:
2220:
2174:
2136:
2132:
2090:
2044:
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1903:
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1721:
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1580:
1504:
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1382:
1359:
1310:
1273:
1250:
1207:
1180:
1172:
1131:
1082:
1039:
989:
982:
959:
915:
849:
691:
686:
445:
344:
230:
168:
125:
5534:
2148:
2106:
1992:
1592:
1322:
5371:
5265:
5118:
4818:
4791:
4781:
4687:
4641:
4447:
4415:
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4046:
3962:
3957:
3159:
2635:
2602:
2532:
2491:
2483:
2456:
2444:
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2256:
2210:
2201:
2166:
2128:
2082:
2021:
1980:
1936:
1895:
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1651:
1624:
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1539:
1351:
1302:
1242:
1162:
1123:
1074:
949:
905:
897:
762:
617:
588:
493:
481:
347:
model of optimism. Subjects read a list of six positive and negative events (e.g. "
310:
291:
136:
1151:"Depression and socio-economic risk factors: 7-year longitudinal population study"
901:
198:, and reduced loss of well-being following adversity. Health-preserving behaviors
5732:
5445:
5379:
5300:
4729:
4603:
4571:
4469:
4276:
4268:
4206:
4093:
3712:
3292:
2763:
2277:
2215:
2196:
2102:
787:
584:
2170:
2086:
1940:
1655:
1355:
5491:
4869:
4628:
4561:
4380:
4061:
4021:
3947:
3595:
2606:
2487:
1628:
1543:
1306:
735: – The importance of positive thinking as a contributing factor of success
697:
639:
560:
406:
Optimists may respond better to stress: pessimists have shown higher levels of
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5041:
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4939:
4934:
4828:
4812:
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4636:
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5076:
4996:
4796:
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4746:
4608:
4521:
4365:
3817:
3745:
3632:
3495:
2647:
2554:
2317:
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1584:
1314:
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963:
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549:, or that God created a physical universe that applies the laws of physics.
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306:
279:
271:
267:
143:, including family environment, and may be learnable. Optimism may also be
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4951:
4874:
4823:
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3852:
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5215:
5173:
5148:
5123:
5071:
5001:
4946:
4909:
4904:
4894:
4889:
4879:
4153:
4143:
4078:
3915:
3837:
3827:
3792:
3779:
3662:
3605:
3555:
3535:
2195:
Kim, Eric S.; Park, Nansook; Peterson, Christopher (October 2011).
681:
552:
518:
407:
218:
213:, however, supports a two-dimensional model and the two dimensions
31:
5763:
5625:
3383:
139:
systems to some degree. A person's optimism is also influenced by
5739:
5725:
5658:
5591:
5556:
5484:
5240:
5163:
5133:
5086:
5046:
4971:
4929:
4588:
4168:
4116:
4110:
4036:
3996:
3982:
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3878:
3738:
3637:
3600:
3570:
3565:
3530:
3510:
3500:
3485:
3427:
3414:
2587:
Alarcon, Gene M.; Bowling, Nathan A.; Khazon, Steven (May 2013).
840:
Psychology Applied to Modern Life: Adjustment in the 21st Century
625:
579:
5598:
5519:
2241:
Giltay, Erik J.; Zitman, Frans G.; Kromhout, Daan (March 2006).
1964:
124:
Theories of optimism include dispositional models and models of
5707:
5699:
5570:
5549:
5498:
5477:
5320:
5051:
4710:
4618:
3952:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3784:
3731:
3590:
3505:
1499:. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. pp.
605:
391:
376:
360:
37:"Optimist" and "Optimistic" redirect here. For other uses, see
4599:
Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems
2101:
1612:"Attributional Style and Theory: Let No One Tear Them Asunder"
1226:
1026:
Breckler, Steven J.; Olson, James; Wiggins, Elizabeth (2006).
5584:
5526:
5405:
5397:
5193:
5153:
4991:
4853:
4100:
4026:
3920:
3893:
3772:
3707:
3702:
3672:
3610:
3480:
3475:
3365:
The Optimism Bias: Why We're Wired to Look on the Bright Side
2665:"Positive thinking: Stop negative self-talk to reduce stress"
2155:
1428:
Hackfort, Dieter; Schinke, Robert J.; Strauss, Bernd (2019).
621:
455:
85:
2619:
2066:
1484:
349:
you have been looking for a job unsuccessfully for some time
343:
The Attributional Style Questionnaire (ASQ) is based on the
5755:
5747:
5205:
5128:
4966:
3903:
3864:
3847:
3750:
3677:
3657:
3465:
1847:
Breckler, Steven; Olson, James; Wiggins, Elizabeth (2005).
1755:. Bingley, U.K.: Emerald Group Publishing Limited. p.
1751:
Transformational and Charismatic Leadership: The Road Ahead
4679:
3325:
Technofix: Why Technology Won't Save Us or the Environment
3294:
Bright-Sided: How Positive Thinking Is Undermining America
2337:"Optimism, Pessimism, and Daily Life With Chronic Illness"
2280:; Sheffield, Jeannie; Sawyer, Michael G. (February 2011).
2276:
Patton, George C.; Tollit, Michelle M.; Romaniuk, Helena;
2275:
1826:. New York: Springer Science+Business Media. p. 159.
678: – Practice of positive thinking and self-empowerment
5325:
3832:
3520:
2765:
The Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology and Disability
274:. Both optimism and pessimism are strongly influenced by
1670:
1668:
577:
This idea was mocked by Voltaire in his satirical novel
3344:
Learned Optimism: How to Change Your Mind and Your Life
2909:. 9780198829294: Oxford University Press. p. 176.
2409:"Optimism Stabilizes Cortisol Levels and Lowers Stress"
1822:
Christensen, Alan; Martin, René; Smyth, Joshua (2004).
1381:. New York City: McGraw Hill Professional. p. 38.
1148:
624:, it also does not require one, and is compatible with
5532:
2884:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 125.
2429:
Scheier, Michael F.; Carver, Charles S. (April 1992).
2334:
Affleck, Glenn; Tennen, Howard; Apter, Andrea (2001).
1821:
1455:
Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology, Second edition
1427:
517:
in the realm of physics is countered by views such as
5369:
5346:
1779:
1674:
1665:
1608:
1292:
3319:
Huesemann, Michael H.; Huesemann, Joyce A. (2011). "
2729:"When does a good attitude become toxic positivity?"
2586:
2469:
2371:
2240:
1920:
1846:
1025:
533:
often link the concept of optimism with the name of
338:
3078:. Piscataway, N.J.: Transaction Books. p. 80.
2907:
Oxford Studies in Early Modern Philosophy, Volume 8
2375:"Optimism, Pessimism, and Psychological Well-Being"
1718:
The SAGE Encyclopedia of Lifespan Human Development
1099:
747: – Phenomenon akin to the opposite of paranoia
500:an adult's disposition from pessimist to optimist.
3362:
3318:
3291:
3145:
3105:
3001:
2848:
2824:Plato's Socrates as Narrator: A Philosophical Muse
2762:
2756:
2695:
2621:
2588:
2430:
2379:
2373:
2341:
2335:
2333:
2242:
2068:
2007:
1966:
1922:
1881:
1848:
1787:
1781:
1748:
1742:
1637:
1610:
1558:
1525:
1492:
1486:
1457:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 137.
1337:
1228:
1199:
1101:
1060:
1027:
981:
837:
741: – Approach of psychological scientific study
723: – Study of general and fundamental questions
1873:
1268:Jeste, Dilip V.; Palmer, Barton W. (2015-04-28).
1100:House, J.; Landis, K.; Umberson, D (1988-07-29).
587:, which are the opposite of his fellow traveller
131:Variation in optimism between people is somewhat
5782:
3994:
3261:Axiogenesis: An Essay in Metaphysical Optimalism
2851:The Shorter Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1880:Scheier, Michael F.; Carver, Charles S. (1985).
705: – 19th-century American spiritual movement
659:a need to prove themselves worthy consistently.
237:theory suggests that dispositional optimism and
2702:. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Corwin Press. p.
2194:
2005:
1747:. In Avolio, Bruce; Yammarino, Francis (eds.).
1740:
844:. Belmont, Calif.: Thomson Wadsworth. pp.
551:The concept was also reflected in an aspect of
3869:
3236:Being and Value and Other Philosophical Essays
2038:
1855:. Belmont, Calif.: Thomson Wadsworth. p.
1675:Schulman, P.; Keith, D.; Seligman, M. (1993).
1609:Abramson, L.; Dykman, B.; Needles, D. (1991).
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1376:
1034:. Belmont, Calif.: Thomson Learning. pp.
975:
973:
94:a glass filled with water to the halfway point
5761:
5745:
4695:
3399:
2769:. New York: Oxford University Press. p.
2428:
2424:
2422:
1879:
1794:. San Diego, Calif.: Academic Press. p.
1783:"Dispositional Pessimism Across the Lifespan"
1524:Liu, Caimei; Bates, Timothy C. (2014-08-01).
1197:
1058:
144:
4173:
4012:
4003:
3770:
3263:. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books. p. 41.
3143:
2826:. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books. p. 28.
2801:. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books. p. 60.
2075:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
1929:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
1744:"Internal World of Transformational Leaders"
1488:"Optimism, Pessimism, and Explanatory Style"
1344:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
931:
929:
635:Psychological optimalism, as defined by the
542:
5697:
5674:
5665:
5656:
4672:indicate emotion names in foreign languages
3736:
2993:
2758:"Optimism Within the Context of Disability"
2659:
2657:
1471:
1452:
1379:MD Anderson Manual of Psychosocial Oncology
1267:
970:
877:
875:
873:
871:
869:
867:
865:
835:
555:'s early philosophy, one that was based on
422:. (2019) assessed the overall optimism and
354:
100:
4802:Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues
4702:
4688:
3406:
3392:
3286:
3103:
3099:
3097:
3095:
2419:
2367:
2365:
1786:. In Dobson, Keith; Dozois, David (eds.).
456:Translating association into modifiability
413:
3174:
3172:
3040:
2536:
2495:
2307:
2297:
2214:
2122:
1715:
1692:
1677:"Is Optimism Heritable? A Study of Twins"
1377:Duffy, James D.; Valentine, Alan (2010).
1166:
953:
926:
909:
599:. The optimistic position is also called
503:
155:
150:
3341:
3003:"Optimalism and axiological metaphysics"
2904:
2796:
2755:Rand, Kevin L.; Shea, Amanda M. (2013).
2754:
2693:
2654:
2406:
1556:
1523:
1270:Positive Psychiatry: A Clinical Handbook
1206:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
862:
371:between .20 and .30), notably including
325:
257:
159:
51:
4849:Values in Action Inventory of Strengths
3258:
3238:. Frankfurt: Ontos Verlag. p. 11.
3233:
3092:
3073:
2999:
2821:
2675:from the original on September 16, 2014
2362:
1968:"The Attributional Style Questionnaire"
1741:Popper, Micha; Mayseless, Ofra (2013).
1453:Snyder, C. R.; Lopez, Shane J. (2009).
1432:. London: Academic Press. p. 202.
1010:Ron Gutman: The hidden power of smiling
979:
836:Weiten, Wayne; Lloyd, Margaret (2005).
14:
5783:
3360:
3169:
2975:. Detroit: Visible Ink Press. p.
2595:Personality and Individual Differences
1635:
1532:Personality and Individual Differences
1401:
1198:Carver, C. S.; Scheier, M. F. (1998).
1059:Scheier, M. F.; Carver, C. S. (1987).
935:
882:Bates, Timothy C. (25 February 2015).
795:from the original on November 15, 2017
428:Veterans Affairs Normative Aging Study
262:Optimistic personality (modified from)
4683:
3387:
3178:
3144:Parker, W. D.; Adkins, K. K. (1994),
2943:
2879:
2846:
2792:
2790:
2750:
2748:
2727:Smith, Jen Rose (17 September 2020).
2726:
2567:
1960:
1958:
1817:
1815:
881:
759: – English metaphor for optimism
3112:. McGraw-Hill Professional. p.
3076:Issues in the Philosophy of Religion
2968:
2948:. New York: Routledge. p. 169.
2407:Bergland, Christopher (2013-07-24).
363:are correlated moderately. Optimism
225:
4834:Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers
3413:
2882:The Cambridge Companion to Voltaire
2413:Psychology Today: The Athlete's Way
1404:"Optimists live longer. Here's why"
1402:Abbott, Eileen (14 November 2019).
815:"Definition of optimism in English"
88:used to illustrate optimism versus
24:
3280:
3187:from the original on June 14, 2011
2822:Schultz, Anne-Marie (2013-06-07).
2787:
2745:
2476:Computational Brain & Behavior
1955:
1812:
1202:On the self-regulation of behavior
1079:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1987.tb00434.x
889:The Journal of Positive Psychology
188:these two scores correlate around
25:
5832:
3207:"Perfectionism: Impossible Dream"
3104:Ben-Shahar, Tal (11 March 2009).
3055:from the original on 10 July 2011
2761:. In Wehmeyer, Michael L. (ed.).
2628:Journal of Psychosomatic Research
1824:Encyclopedia of Health Psychology
1716:Bornstein, Marc H. (2018-01-15).
1155:The British Journal of Psychiatry
1103:"Social relationships and health"
339:Attributional Style Questionnaire
4115:
4109:
3181:"Positive Psychology News Daily"
2972:The Handy Philosophy Answer Book
2640:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2007.07.014
2570:"How Optimism Affects Happiness"
2133:10.1097/00006842-200111000-00009
717: – Negative mental attitude
544:le meilleur des mondes possibles
99:The term derives from the Latin
59:, illustration of two different
3252:
3227:
3199:
3137:
3067:
3034:
3000:Rescher, Nicholas (June 2000).
2962:
2937:
2898:
2873:
2840:
2815:
2720:
2687:
2613:
2580:
2561:
2512:
2463:
2400:
2327:
2231:
2188:
2057:
2032:
1999:
1914:
1840:
1773:
1734:
1709:
1599:
1550:
1517:
1446:
1421:
1395:
1370:
1329:
1286:
1261:
1220:
1191:
1142:
1093:
765: – Construct in psychology
537:, who held that we live in the
4787:Catalogue of Vices and Virtues
3147:"Perfectionism and the gifted"
2437:Cognitive Therapy and Research
2249:Journal of Affective Disorders
2159:Archives of General Psychiatry
1973:Cognitive Therapy and Research
1681:Behaviour Research and Therapy
1052:
1019:
1002:
936:Sharot, Tali (December 2011).
829:
807:
775:
711: – Type of cognitive bias
13:
1:
1491:. In Chang, Edward C. (ed.).
902:10.1080/17439760.2015.1015155
769:
611:
480:There is also the notion of "
320:
5436:
5427:
5404:
4624:Social emotional development
3179:Horne, Amanda (2009-09-03).
2216:10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.613448
1694:10.1016/0005-7967(93)90108-7
1272:. American Psychiatric Pub.
729: – Philosophical theory
472:argues that steps to change
7:
5533:
5370:
5347:
4709:
3870:
2855:. Oxon: Routledge. p.
2568:Singh, Sarbjit (May 2019).
2171:10.1001/archpsyc.61.11.1126
2087:10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1024
1941:10.1037/0022-3514.67.6.1063
1656:10.1207/s15327965pli0201_13
1356:10.1037/0022-3514.73.6.1345
669:
539:best of all possible worlds
463:psychological interventions
426:of cohorts of men from the
165:An optimist and a pessimist
43:Optimistic (disambiguation)
10:
5837:
3259:Rescher, Nicholas (2010).
3234:Rescher, Nicholas (2013).
3213:, May 1995, archived from
3074:Rescher, Nicholas (2013).
2607:10.1016/j.paid.2012.12.004
2488:10.1007/s42113-019-00054-x
1790:Risk Factors in Depression
1629:10.1207/s15327965pli0201_2
1544:10.1016/j.paid.2014.03.022
1307:10.1037/1040-3590.18.4.433
980:Vaughan, Susan C. (2000).
753: – Psychology concept
253:
215:predict different outcomes
36:
29:
5717:
5635:
5462:
5389:
5339:
4862:
4760:
4717:
4667:
4186:
4124:
4107:
3426:
3342:Seligman, M.E.P. (2006).
3323:and Belief in Progress".
3164:10.1080/02783199509553653
3008:The Review of Metaphysics
2797:Wallgren, Thomas (2006).
2694:Rockwell, Sylvia (2006).
2261:10.1016/j.jad.2005.12.027
1900:10.1037/0278-6133.4.3.219
1577:10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.44
1247:10.1037/0882-7974.7.3.367
1168:10.1192/bjp.bp.105.020040
955:10.1016/j.cub.2011.10.030
535:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
47:Optimism (disambiguation)
39:Optimist (disambiguation)
4557:in virtual communication
3298:. Picador. p. 256.
3041:Steinhart, Eric (2010).
2929:: CS1 maint: location (
2880:Cronk, Nicholas (2009).
1560:"The Future of Optimism"
1295:Psychological Assessment
733:Positive mental attitude
369:correlation coefficients
355:Associations with health
315:good and bad information
30:Not to be confused with
27:Positive mental attitude
2944:Olick, Jeffrey (2013).
1851:Social Psychology Alive
1128:10.1126/science.3399889
1030:Social Psychology Alive
727:Philosophy of happiness
527:philosophical pessimism
414:Optimism and well-being
5816:Philosophical theories
5762:
5746:
5698:
5675:
5666:
5657:
4174:
4013:
4004:
3995:
3771:
3737:
3321:Technological Optimism
2847:Craig, Edward (2005).
2378:. In Chang, E. (ed.).
2340:. In Chang, E. (ed.).
2299:10.1542/peds.2010-0748
2111:Psychosomatic Medicine
1067:Journal of Personality
988:. New York: Harcourt.
676:Affirmations (New Age)
543:
504:Philosophical optimism
373:cardiovascular disease
263:
211:Confirmatory modelling
172:
156:Dispositional optimism
151:Psychological optimism
101:
74:
5251:Righteous indignation
3361:Sharot, Tali (2012).
1720:. SAGE Publications.
1644:Psychological Inquiry
1617:Psychological Inquiry
1565:American Psychologist
1557:Peterson, C. (2000).
757:Silver lining (idiom)
637:positive psychologist
326:Life Orientation Test
276:environmental factors
261:
163:
141:environmental factors
57:Half a glass of water
55:
5796:Literary terminology
4769:Bodhipakkhiyā dhammā
4594:Group affective tone
2969:Zack, Naomi (2009).
1235:Psychology and Aging
745:Pronoia (psychology)
515:Hamilton's principle
490:learned helplessness
432:Nurses' Health Study
388:rheumatoid arthritis
268:psychological traits
5801:New Thought beliefs
4839:Theological virtues
4742:Positive psychology
4647:constructed emotion
4317:functional accounts
3288:Ehrenreich, Barbara
2103:Kubzansky, Laura D.
1636:Zullow, H. (1991).
1120:1988Sci...241..540H
938:"The optimism bias"
819:Oxford Dictionaries
739:Positive psychology
652:clinical depression
630:naturalistic theory
486:positive psychology
430:and women from the
309:suggests that at a
235:attributional style
207:social desirability
200:are associated with
5821:Philosophy of life
5271:Self-transcendence
4863:Individual virtues
4807:Nine Noble Virtues
4736:Nicomachean Ethics
4547:in decision-making
3788:(sense of purpose)
3043:"Platonic Atheism"
2497:20.500.11937/77774
2449:10.1007/BF01173489
1985:10.1007/BF01173577
264:
173:
75:
5778:
5777:
5774:
5773:
4925:Conscientiousness
4792:Epistemic virtues
4677:
4676:
4264:Appeal to emotion
4042:Social connection
3270:978-0-7391-4932-4
3245:978-3-938793-88-6
3123:978-0-07-160882-4
2986:978-1-57859-277-7
2866:978-1-134-34409-3
2833:978-0-7391-8330-4
2808:978-0-7391-1361-5
2671:. March 4, 2014.
2525:Stress and Health
2393:978-1-55798-691-7
2209:(10): 2855–2859.
2050:978-1-55798-691-7
2026:10.2217/ahe.11.81
1888:Health Psychology
1510:978-1-55798-691-7
1114:(4865): 540–545.
948:(23): R941–R945.
692:Mood (psychology)
687:Explanatory style
650:can even lead to
446:life satisfaction
345:explanatory style
231:Explanatory style
226:Explanatory style
169:Vladimir Makovsky
145:related to health
126:explanatory style
16:(Redirected from
5828:
5767:
5751:
5703:
5680:
5671:
5662:
5538:
5441:
5432:
5409:
5375:
5352:
5337:
5336:
5266:Self-cultivation
4819:Prussian virtues
4782:Cardinal virtues
4704:
4697:
4690:
4681:
4680:
4652:discrete emotion
4552:in the workplace
4448:Empathy quotient
4179:
4119:
4113:
4018:
4009:
4000:
3875:
3776:
3742:
3408:
3401:
3394:
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3211:Psychology Today
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2617:
2611:
2610:
2592:
2584:
2578:
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2559:
2558:
2540:
2538:10.1002/smi.2539
2516:
2510:
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2377:
2369:
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2347:
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2331:
2325:
2321:
2311:
2301:
2278:Spence, Susan H.
2272:
2246:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2218:
2192:
2186:
2182:
2152:
2126:
2098:
2081:(6): 1024–1040.
2072:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2011:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1970:
1962:
1953:
1952:
1935:(6): 1063–1078.
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1911:
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1603:
1597:
1596:
1562:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1529:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1498:
1490:
1482:
1469:
1468:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1408:Changing America
1399:
1393:
1392:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1350:(6): 1345–1353.
1341:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1232:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1205:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1170:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1105:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1064:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1033:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1006:
1000:
999:
987:
977:
968:
967:
957:
933:
924:
923:
913:
879:
860:
859:
843:
833:
827:
826:
821:. Archived from
811:
805:
804:
802:
800:
779:
763:Toxic positivity
618:Nicholas Rescher
595:and emphasis on
550:
546:
494:toxic positivity
482:learned optimism
311:biological trait
236:
216:
201:
187:
137:biological trait
104:
67:(half full) and
61:mental attitudes
21:
5836:
5835:
5831:
5830:
5829:
5827:
5826:
5825:
5781:
5780:
5779:
5770:
5713:
5631:
5458:
5385:
5335:
4858:
4844:Three Treasures
4761:Virtue families
4756:
4730:Moral character
4713:
4708:
4678:
4673:
4663:
4604:Jealousy in art
4347:in conversation
4269:Amygdala hijack
4182:
4120:
4114:
4105:
4094:sense of wonder
3422:
3412:
3377:
3354:
3335:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3283:
3281:Further reading
3278:
3271:
3257:
3253:
3246:
3232:
3228:
3220:
3218:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3190:
3188:
3177:
3170:
3142:
3138:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3102:
3093:
3086:
3072:
3068:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3045:
3039:
3035:
2998:
2994:
2987:
2967:
2963:
2956:
2942:
2938:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2903:
2899:
2892:
2878:
2874:
2867:
2845:
2841:
2834:
2820:
2816:
2809:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2753:
2746:
2737:
2735:
2725:
2721:
2714:
2692:
2688:
2678:
2676:
2663:
2662:
2655:
2618:
2614:
2585:
2581:
2566:
2562:
2517:
2513:
2468:
2464:
2427:
2420:
2405:
2401:
2394:
2370:
2363:
2356:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2236:
2232:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2165:(11): 1126–35.
2124:10.1.1.492.6714
2062:
2058:
2051:
2037:
2033:
2004:
2000:
1963:
1956:
1919:
1915:
1878:
1874:
1867:
1845:
1841:
1834:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1778:
1774:
1767:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1714:
1710:
1673:
1666:
1662:
1604:
1600:
1555:
1551:
1522:
1518:
1511:
1483:
1472:
1465:
1451:
1447:
1440:
1426:
1422:
1412:
1410:
1400:
1396:
1389:
1375:
1371:
1334:
1330:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1266:
1262:
1225:
1221:
1214:
1196:
1192:
1147:
1143:
1098:
1094:
1057:
1053:
1046:
1024:
1020:
1009:
1007:
1003:
996:
978:
971:
942:Current Biology
934:
927:
880:
863:
856:
834:
830:
813:
812:
808:
798:
796:
788:Merriam-Webster
781:
780:
776:
772:
672:
614:
548:
506:
458:
416:
357:
341:
328:
323:
301:Work utilising
298:and pessimism.
256:
234:
228:
214:
199:
185:
158:
153:
117:in the face of
50:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5834:
5824:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5776:
5775:
5772:
5771:
5769:
5768:
5759:
5752:
5743:
5736:
5729:
5721:
5719:
5715:
5714:
5712:
5711:
5704:
5695:
5688:
5681:
5672:
5663:
5654:
5647:
5639:
5637:
5633:
5632:
5630:
5629:
5622:
5615:
5602:
5595:
5588:
5581:
5574:
5567:
5560:
5553:
5546:
5539:
5530:
5523:
5516:
5509:
5502:
5495:
5488:
5481:
5474:
5466:
5464:
5460:
5459:
5457:
5456:
5449:
5442:
5433:
5424:
5417:
5410:
5401:
5393:
5391:
5387:
5386:
5384:
5383:
5376:
5367:
5360:
5353:
5343:
5341:
5334:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5202:
5201:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5110:
5109:
5104:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4943:
4942:
4937:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4870:Accountability
4866:
4864:
4860:
4859:
4857:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4772:
4764:
4762:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4732:
4727:
4721:
4719:
4715:
4714:
4707:
4706:
4699:
4692:
4684:
4675:
4674:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4661:
4660:
4659:
4657:somatic marker
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4631:
4629:Stoic passions
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4585:
4584:
4579:
4577:social sharing
4574:
4569:
4567:self-conscious
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4531:
4530:
4529:
4519:
4518:
4517:
4512:
4510:thought method
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4475:lateralization
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4451:
4450:
4445:
4435:
4434:
4433:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4370:
4369:
4368:
4363:
4362:
4361:
4351:
4350:
4349:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4302:classification
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4260:
4259:
4254:
4246:
4245:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4216:
4215:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4190:
4188:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4130:
4128:
4122:
4121:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4097:
4096:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4065:
4064:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4022:Sentimentality
4019:
4010:
4001:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3944:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3918:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3867:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3858:at first sight
3855:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3782:
3777:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3734:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3596:Disappointment
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3432:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3411:
3410:
3403:
3396:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3375:
3358:
3352:
3339:
3334:978-0865717046
3333:
3316:
3304:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3269:
3251:
3244:
3226:
3198:
3168:
3158:(3): 173–176,
3136:
3122:
3091:
3084:
3066:
3033:
2992:
2985:
2961:
2954:
2936:
2915:
2897:
2890:
2872:
2865:
2839:
2832:
2814:
2807:
2786:
2779:
2744:
2719:
2713:978-1412916615
2712:
2686:
2653:
2634:(5): 483–490.
2612:
2601:(7): 821–827.
2579:
2560:
2531:(2): 158–165.
2511:
2482:(3): 239–241.
2462:
2443:(2): 201–228.
2418:
2399:
2392:
2361:
2354:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2273:
2237:
2230:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2153:
2117:(6): 910–916.
2099:
2063:
2056:
2049:
2031:
1998:
1979:(3): 287–299.
1954:
1913:
1894:(3): 219–247.
1872:
1866:978-0534578343
1865:
1839:
1832:
1811:
1804:
1772:
1765:
1733:
1726:
1708:
1687:(6): 569–574.
1664:
1661:
1660:
1633:
1605:
1598:
1549:
1516:
1509:
1470:
1463:
1445:
1438:
1420:
1394:
1387:
1369:
1328:
1301:(4): 433–438.
1285:
1278:
1260:
1241:(3): 367–375.
1219:
1212:
1190:
1161:(4): 293–298.
1141:
1092:
1073:(2): 169–210.
1051:
1044:
1018:
1001:
994:
969:
925:
896:(6): 533–542.
861:
855:978-0534608590
854:
828:
825:on 2014-06-06.
806:
773:
771:
768:
767:
766:
760:
754:
748:
742:
736:
730:
724:
718:
712:
706:
700:
698:Moral idealism
695:
689:
684:
679:
671:
668:
640:Tal Ben-Shahar
632:in principle.
616:As defined by
613:
610:
601:Panglossianism
561:Alexander Pope
505:
502:
468:An article by
457:
454:
415:
412:
356:
353:
340:
337:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:respectively.
255:
252:
227:
224:
186:Behaviourally,
177:operationalize
157:
154:
152:
149:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5833:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5788:
5786:
5766:
5765:
5760:
5758:
5757:
5753:
5750:
5749:
5744:
5742:
5741:
5737:
5735:
5734:
5730:
5728:
5727:
5723:
5722:
5720:
5716:
5710:
5709:
5705:
5702:
5701:
5696:
5694:
5693:
5689:
5687:
5686:
5682:
5679:
5678:
5673:
5670:
5669:
5664:
5661:
5660:
5655:
5653:
5652:
5648:
5646:
5645:
5641:
5640:
5638:
5634:
5628:
5627:
5623:
5621:
5620:
5616:
5614:
5613:
5608:
5607:
5603:
5601:
5600:
5596:
5594:
5593:
5589:
5587:
5586:
5582:
5580:
5579:
5575:
5573:
5572:
5568:
5566:
5565:
5561:
5559:
5558:
5554:
5552:
5551:
5547:
5545:
5544:
5540:
5537:
5536:
5531:
5529:
5528:
5524:
5522:
5521:
5517:
5515:
5514:
5510:
5508:
5507:
5503:
5501:
5500:
5496:
5494:
5493:
5489:
5487:
5486:
5482:
5480:
5479:
5475:
5473:
5472:
5468:
5467:
5465:
5461:
5455:
5454:
5450:
5448:
5447:
5443:
5440:
5439:
5434:
5431:
5430:
5425:
5423:
5422:
5418:
5416:
5415:
5411:
5408:
5407:
5402:
5400:
5399:
5395:
5394:
5392:
5388:
5382:
5381:
5377:
5374:
5373:
5368:
5366:
5365:
5361:
5359:
5358:
5354:
5351:
5350:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5338:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5291:Sportsmanship
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5256:Righteousness
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5200:
5197:
5196:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5169:Nonattachment
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5099:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4932:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4861:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4829:Seven virtues
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4814:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4777:
4776:Brahmavihārās
4773:
4771:
4770:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4759:
4753:
4752:Virtue ethics
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4737:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4718:About virtues
4716:
4712:
4705:
4700:
4698:
4693:
4691:
4686:
4685:
4682:
4671:
4666:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4523:
4520:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4439:
4436:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4411:dysregulation
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4367:
4364:
4360:
4359:interpersonal
4357:
4356:
4355:
4352:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4213:
4212:in psychology
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4197:consciousness
4195:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4185:
4178:
4177:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4123:
4118:
4112:
4102:
4099:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4063:
4060:
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4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4006:Schadenfreude
4002:
3999:
3998:
3993:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3872:Mono no aware
3868:
3866:
3863:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
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3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
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3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3726:
3725:
3724:Joie de vivre
3721:
3720:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3693:Gratification
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
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3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3621:Embarrassment
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
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3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3526:Belongingness
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
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3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
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3467:
3464:
3462:
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3447:
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3429:
3425:
3420:
3416:
3409:
3404:
3402:
3397:
3395:
3390:
3389:
3386:
3378:
3376:9780307473516
3372:
3367:
3366:
3359:
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3349:
3345:
3340:
3336:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3317:
3307:
3305:9780312658854
3301:
3296:
3295:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3272:
3266:
3262:
3255:
3247:
3241:
3237:
3230:
3217:on 2013-01-04
3216:
3212:
3208:
3202:
3186:
3182:
3175:
3173:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3152:Roeper Review
3148:
3140:
3125:
3119:
3115:
3110:
3109:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3087:
3085:9783938793701
3081:
3077:
3070:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3014:(4): 807–35.
3013:
3009:
3004:
2996:
2988:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2973:
2965:
2957:
2955:9780415956833
2951:
2947:
2940:
2932:
2926:
2918:
2916:9780198829294
2912:
2908:
2901:
2893:
2891:9780521849739
2887:
2883:
2876:
2868:
2862:
2858:
2853:
2852:
2843:
2835:
2829:
2825:
2818:
2810:
2804:
2800:
2793:
2791:
2782:
2780:9780195398786
2776:
2772:
2767:
2766:
2759:
2751:
2749:
2734:
2730:
2723:
2715:
2709:
2705:
2700:
2699:
2690:
2679:September 18,
2674:
2670:
2666:
2660:
2658:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2624:
2616:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2591:
2583:
2575:
2571:
2564:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2515:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2466:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2433:
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2423:
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2403:
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2384:
2383:
2376:
2368:
2366:
2357:
2355:9781557986917
2351:
2346:
2345:
2338:
2330:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2292:(2): 308–16.
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2191:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2052:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2002:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1961:
1959:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1917:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1876:
1868:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1852:
1843:
1835:
1833:9780306483363
1829:
1825:
1818:
1816:
1807:
1805:9780080450780
1801:
1797:
1792:
1791:
1784:
1776:
1768:
1766:9781781905999
1762:
1758:
1753:
1752:
1745:
1737:
1729:
1727:9781506353326
1723:
1719:
1712:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1669:
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1481:
1479:
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1475:
1466:
1464:9780195187243
1460:
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1449:
1441:
1439:9780128131503
1435:
1431:
1424:
1409:
1405:
1398:
1390:
1388:9780071624381
1384:
1380:
1373:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
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1340:
1332:
1324:
1320:
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1279:9781585625192
1275:
1271:
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1248:
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1240:
1236:
1231:
1223:
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1213:9780521572040
1209:
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1182:
1178:
1174:
1169:
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1104:
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1088:
1084:
1080:
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1068:
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1012:
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876:
874:
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870:
868:
866:
857:
851:
847:
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841:
832:
824:
820:
816:
810:
794:
790:
789:
784:
778:
774:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
751:Self-efficacy
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
710:
709:Optimism bias
707:
704:
701:
699:
696:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
677:
674:
673:
667:
664:
660:
656:
653:
649:
645:
644:perfectionism
641:
638:
633:
631:
627:
623:
619:
609:
607:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
581:
575:
573:
572:Blaise Pascal
568:
566:
562:
558:
554:
545:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
510:
501:
497:
495:
491:
487:
483:
478:
475:
471:
466:
464:
453:
449:
447:
442:
439:
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
411:
409:
404:
401:
400:meta-analysis
397:
393:
389:
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
359:Optimism and
352:
350:
346:
336:
332:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
303:brain imaging
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
260:
251:
247:
243:
240:
232:
223:
220:
212:
208:
203:
197:
196:social status
193:
192:
181:
178:
170:
166:
162:
148:
146:
142:
138:
135:and reflects
134:
129:
127:
122:
120:
116:
113:, it fosters
112:
108:
103:
97:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
72:
71:
66:
62:
58:
54:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
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5683:
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5597:
5590:
5583:
5576:
5569:
5562:
5555:
5548:
5541:
5525:
5518:
5513:Brahmacharya
5511:
5504:
5497:
5490:
5483:
5476:
5469:
5451:
5444:
5419:
5412:
5396:
5378:
5362:
5355:
5311:Tranquillity
5261:Self-control
5231:Renunciation
5189:Philanthropy
5184:Perspicacity
5144:Magnificence
5097:Intelligence
5077:Impartiality
4997:Faithfulness
4885:Authenticity
4811:
4797:Five virtues
4774:
4767:
4747:Trait theory
4734:
4669:
4609:Meta-emotion
4522:Emotionality
4495:responsivity
4443:and bullying
4438:intelligence
4248:Affectivity
4232:neuroscience
4202:in education
4158:
3785:
3746:Homesickness
3722:
3648:Enthrallment
3633:Emotion work
3496:Anticipation
3364:
3343:
3324:
3309:. Retrieved
3293:
3260:
3254:
3235:
3229:
3219:, retrieved
3215:the original
3210:
3201:
3189:. Retrieved
3155:
3151:
3139:
3127:. Retrieved
3107:
3075:
3069:
3057:. Retrieved
3036:
3011:
3007:
2995:
2971:
2964:
2945:
2939:
2906:
2900:
2881:
2875:
2850:
2842:
2823:
2817:
2798:
2764:
2736:. Retrieved
2732:
2722:
2697:
2689:
2677:. Retrieved
2631:
2627:
2615:
2598:
2594:
2582:
2573:
2563:
2528:
2524:
2514:
2479:
2475:
2465:
2440:
2436:
2412:
2402:
2381:
2343:
2329:
2289:
2285:
2255:(1): 45–52.
2252:
2248:
2233:
2206:
2200:
2190:
2162:
2158:
2114:
2110:
2078:
2074:
2059:
2040:
2034:
2017:
2014:Aging Health
2013:
2001:
1976:
1972:
1932:
1928:
1916:
1891:
1887:
1875:
1850:
1842:
1823:
1789:
1775:
1750:
1736:
1717:
1711:
1684:
1680:
1650:(1): 45–49.
1647:
1643:
1623:(1): 11–13.
1620:
1616:
1601:
1571:(1): 44–55.
1568:
1564:
1552:
1535:
1531:
1519:
1494:
1454:
1448:
1429:
1423:
1411:. Retrieved
1407:
1397:
1378:
1372:
1347:
1343:
1331:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1269:
1263:
1238:
1234:
1222:
1201:
1193:
1158:
1154:
1144:
1111:
1107:
1095:
1070:
1066:
1054:
1029:
1021:
1004:
983:
945:
941:
893:
887:
839:
831:
823:the original
818:
809:
799:November 14,
797:. Retrieved
786:
777:
665:
661:
657:
634:
615:
585:Dr. Pangloss
578:
576:
569:
565:Essay on Man
564:
557:Isaac Newton
531:Philosophers
511:
507:
498:
479:
467:
459:
450:
443:
440:
436:
419:
417:
405:
396:fibromyalgia
385:
358:
348:
342:
333:
329:
307:biochemistry
300:
280:intelligence
266:As with all
265:
248:
244:
229:
204:
189:
182:
175:Researchers
174:
164:
130:
123:
98:
77:
76:
73:(half empty)
68:
64:
5811:Personality
5331:Workmanship
5221:Punctuality
5139:Magnanimity
5062:Hospitality
5012:Forgiveness
4957:Discernment
4915:Cleanliness
4537:and culture
4342:recognition
4327:homeostatic
4227:forecasting
4176:Weltschmerz
4149:Misanthropy
3926:grandiosity
3808:Inspiration
3798:Infatuation
3766:Humiliation
3688:Frustration
3561:Contentment
3369:. Vintage.
3346:. Vintage.
2669:Mayo Clinic
2574:Love Equals
2309:10072/44257
703:New Thought
648:neuroticism
477:lifestyle.
470:Mayo Clinic
296:neuroticism
284:temperament
5806:Motivation
5785:Categories
5644:Auctoritas
5492:Aparigraha
5471:Adhiṭṭhāna
5453:Sophrosyne
5421:Eutrapelia
5306:Temperance
5286:Solidarity
5276:Simplicity
5236:Resilience
5211:Politeness
5179:Patriotism
5159:Moderation
5032:Good faith
5022:Generosity
4982:Equanimity
4962:Discipline
4920:Compassion
4614:Pathognomy
4515:well-being
4431:and gender
4426:expression
4421:exhaustion
4406:detachment
4391:competence
4372:Emotional
4354:regulation
4337:perception
4332:in animals
4282:and memory
4218:Affective
4126:Worldviews
3988:melancholy
3973:Resentment
3843:Loneliness
3818:Irritation
3803:Insecurity
3793:Indulgence
3668:Excitement
3653:Enthusiasm
3586:Depression
3546:Confidence
3541:Compassion
3516:Attraction
3441:Admiration
3436:Acceptance
3353:1400078393
3311:2013-07-29
3221:2011-07-26
2738:2020-11-29
2286:Pediatrics
2020:(1): 5–8.
1413:30 January
1045:0534578349
995:0151004013
783:"optimism"
770:References
721:Philosophy
612:Optimalism
381:depression
321:Assessment
288:alcoholism
115:resilience
107:psychology
5692:Humanitas
5438:Phronesis
5429:Philotimo
5281:Sincerity
5246:Reverence
5114:Judgement
5102:Emotional
5092:Integrity
5082:Innocence
5037:Gratitude
5017:Frugality
5007:Foresight
4987:Etiquette
4977:Endurance
4952:Diligence
4875:Alertness
4824:Scout Law
4725:Endowment
4642:appraisal
4582:sociology
4533:Emotions
4505:symbiosis
4490:reasoning
4460:isolation
4401:contagion
4386:blackmail
4312:expressed
4307:evolution
4297:and sleep
4287:and music
4222:computing
4169:Reclusion
4164:Pessimism
4139:Defeatism
4069:Suffering
4015:Sehnsucht
3958:Rejection
3909:self-pity
3884:Nostalgia
3853:limerence
3823:Isolation
3761:Hostility
3718:Happiness
3698:Gratitude
3643:Emptiness
3626:vicarious
3576:Curiosity
3551:Confusion
3491:Annoyance
3471:Amusement
3461:Agitation
3456:Affection
3451:Aesthetic
3446:Adoration
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2119:CiteSeerX
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1177:0007-1250
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597:free will
593:pessimism
474:self-talk
424:longevity
272:heritable
239:pessimism
133:heritable
90:pessimism
70:pessimism
5791:Optimism
5685:Gravitas
5668:Dignitas
5414:Ataraxia
5296:Sympathy
5226:Religion
5216:Prudence
5174:Patience
5149:Meekness
5124:Kindness
5072:Humility
5067:Humanity
5002:Fidelity
4947:Courtesy
4910:Chivalry
4905:Chastity
4895:Charisma
4890:Calmness
4880:Altruism
4500:security
4480:literacy
4465:lability
4455:intimacy
4396:conflict
4376:aperture
4273:Emotion
4257:negative
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4242:spectrum
4207:measures
4159:Optimism
4154:Nihilism
4144:Fatalism
4134:Cynicism
4079:Sympathy
4074:Surprise
3916:Pleasure
3838:Kindness
3828:Jealousy
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3606:Distrust
3556:Contempt
3536:Calmness
3428:Emotions
3415:Emotions
3290:(2010).
3191:July 24,
3185:Archived
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365:explains
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5726:Ganbaru
5659:Decorum
5651:Caritas
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5592:Shaucha
5557:Kshanti
5485:Akrodha
5340:Chinese
5241:Respect
5164:Modesty
5134:Loyalty
5119:Justice
5087:Insight
5047:Honesty
5042:Heroism
4972:Empathy
4930:Courage
4900:Charity
4813:Pāramīs
4711:Virtues
4670:Italics
4633:Theory
4589:Feeling
4542:history
4527:bounded
4485:prosody
4292:and sex
4277:and art
4237:science
4193:Affect
4187:Related
4062:chronic
4037:Shyness
3997:Saudade
3983:Sadness
3978:Revenge
3968:Remorse
3899:Passion
3889:Outrage
3879:Neglect
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1108:Science
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1015:YouTube
911:4637169
626:atheism
580:Candide
523:realism
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254:Origins
219:Genetic
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5708:Virtus
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5499:Ārjava
5478:Ahimsa
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