336:. The inscriptions contain around 5,000 different characters and a lot of them still being used today, though the total is uncertain because some may be different versions of the same character. Specialists have agreed on the form, meanings, and sound of a little more than a quarter of them, roughly 1,200 with certainty, but several hundred more under discussion. These known characters comprise much of the core vocabulary of modern Chinese. They provide important information on the late Shang period, and scholars have reconstructed the Shang royal genealogy from the cycle of ancestral sacrifices they record. When they were discovered in the end of the nineteenth century and deciphered in the early twentieth century, these records confirmed the existence of the Shang, which had been subject to scrutiny at the time by the
1131:) sent 250 (tortoise shells)", identifying this as, perhaps, a statelet within the Shang sphere of influence. These notations were generally made on the back of the shell's bridge (called bridge notations), the lower carapace, or the xiphiplastron (tail edge). Some shells may have been from locally raised tortoises, however. Scapula notations were near the socket or a lower edge. Some of these notations were not carved after being written with a brush, proving (along with other evidence) the use of the writing brush in Shang times. Scapulae are assumed to have generally come from the Shang's own livestock, perhaps those used in ritual sacrifice, although there are records of cattle sent as tribute as well, including some recorded via marginal notations.
1157:
470:, the first person to scientifically excavate, study, and decipher them. He was the first to conclude that the bones were records of divination from the Shang dynasty, and was the first to come up with a method of dating them (in order to avoid being fooled by fakes). In 1917 he published the first scientific study of the bones, including 2,369 drawings and inscriptions and thousands of ink rubbings. Through the donation of local people and his own archaeological excavations, he acquired the largest private collection in the world, over 35,000 pieces. He insisted that his collection remain in China, though some were sent to Canada by colleagues who were worried that they would be either destroyed or stolen during the
1224:
divination was raised multiple times, and often in different ways, such as in the negative, or by changing the date being divined about. One oracle bone might be used for one session or for many, and one session could be recorded on a number of bones. The divined answer was sometimes then marked either "auspicious" or "inauspicious", and the king occasionally added a "prognostication", his reading on the nature of the omen. On very rare occasions, the actual outcome was later added to the bone in what is known as a "verification". A complete record of all the above elements is rare; most bones contain just the date, diviner and topic of divination, and many remained uninscribed after the divination.
1140:
1348:, the last Shang king, and others to date from the early Western Zhou. The inscriptions are distinguished from those of Anyang in the way the bones and shells were prepared and used, the smallness of the characters, some unique vocabulary and the use of the phases of the moon as a dating device. Four pieces (HB 1, 12, 13 and 15) have been particularly puzzling, because they refer to sacrifices in the temples of Shang ancestors, and also differ from the other bones in calligraphy and syntax. Scholars disagree on whether they were produced at Anyang or the Zhouyuan, and whether the diviners and scribes were Shang or Zhou.
1148:
preparation. There is also speculation that only female tortoise shells were used, as these are significantly less concave. Pits or hollows were then drilled or chiseled partway through the bone or shell in an orderly series. At least one such drill has been unearthed at
Erligang, exactly matching the pits in size and shape. The shape of these pits evolved over time, and is an important indicator for dating the oracle bones within various sub-periods in the Shang dynasty. The shape and depth also helped determine the nature of the crack that would appear. The number of pits per bone or shell varied widely.
1325:), which also appears in late Shang inscriptions. HB 310, which contained two brief divinations, has been lost, but is recorded in a rubbing and two photographs. HB 311 and 312 each contain a pair of characters that are similar to the late Shang script. HB 312 was found in an upper layer of the Erligang culture. The others were found accidentally in river management earthworks, and so lack archaeological context. Pei Mingxiang argued that they predated the Anyang site. Takashima, referring to character forms and syntax, argues that they were contemporaneous with the reign of Wu Ding.
1088:
432:, Wang reluctantly accepted a defense command, and killed himself in 1900 when allied troops entered Beijing. His son later sold the bones to Liu, who published the first book of rubbings of the oracle bone inscriptions in 1903. News of the discovery of the oracle bones spread quickly throughout China and among foreign collectors and scholars, and the market for oracle bones exploded, though many collectors sought to keep the location of the bones' source a secret. Although scholars tried to find their source, antique dealers falsely claimed that the bones came from
792:
484:
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of which extends back to the 4th millennium BCE, with archaeological finds from
Liaoning, but these were not inscribed. In neolithic China at a variety of sites, the scapulae of cattle, sheep, pigs, and deer used in pyromancy have been found, and the practice appears to have become quite common by the end of the third millennium BCE. Scapulae were unearthed along with smaller numbers of pitless plastrons in the Nánguānwài (
1104:
than for actual divination; in one case, inscribed deer antlers were reported, but
Keightley (1978) reports that they are fake. Interestingly, tortoises are not native to the areas oracle bones were discovered and thus it is theorized they were presented to the region as tribute. Neolithic diviners in China had long been heating the bones of deer, sheep, pigs, and cattle for similar purposes; evidence for this in
44:
355:
1117:). By the end of the Erligang, the plastrons were numerous, and at Anyang, scapulae and plastrons were used in roughly equal numbers. Due to the use of these shells in addition to bones, early references to the oracle bone script often used the term "shell and bone script", but since tortoise shells are actually a bony material, the more concise term "oracle bones" is applied to them as well.
1547:. Both terms are translated into English as 'chief editor' or 'editor-in-chief'. The project of a creating comprehensive catalog of oracle bone inscriptions was proposed in the early 1950s by Guo, who served as the first president of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) from 1949 to 1978. Hu was transferred from Fudan University to the CAS in 1956 for the purpose of editing the
1447:, but they do not generally occur in strings of signs resembling writing; rather, they generally occur singly and whether or not these constitute writing or are ancestral to the Shang writing system is currently a matter of great academic controversy. They are also insignificant in number compared to the massive amounts of oracle bones found so far.
1186:), the highest god in the Shang society. A wide variety of topics were asked, essentially anything of concern to the royal house of Shang, from illness, birth and death, to weather, warfare, agriculture, tribute and so on. One of the most common topics was whether performing rituals in a certain manner would be satisfactory.
1257:
While the use of bones in divination has been practiced almost globally, such divination involving fire or heat has generally been found only in Asia and the Asian-derived North
American cultures. The use of heat to crack scapulae (pyro-scapulimancy) originated in ancient China, the earliest evidence
1248:
Keightley explains that this divination is unique in being addressed to the sun, but typical in that 10 cattle are being offered, with 100 more to follow if the harvest is good. Later divinations were more likely to be perfunctory, optimistic, made by the king himself, addressed to his ancestors, on
1176:, and the diviner name was noted. Next, the topic of divination (called the "charge") was posed, such as whether a particular ancestor was causing a king's toothache. The divination charges were often directed at ancestors, whom the ancient Chinese revered and worshiped, as well as natural powers and
443:
Decades of uncontrolled digs followed to fuel the antiques trade, and many of these pieces eventually entered collections in Europe, the United States, Canada, and Japan. The first
Western collector was the American missionary Frank H. Chalfant (1862–1914). Chalfant also first coined the term "oracle
2695:
David N. Keightley "Late Shang
Divination: The Magico-Religious Legacy" in Keightley, David N. These Bones Shall Rise Again: Selected Writings on Early China.. Albany, NY: State Univ of New York Pr, 2014 p.108, David N. Keightley "The Shang: China’s First Historical Dynasty" in Loewe, Michael, and
1227:
The uninscribed divination is thought to have been brush-written with ink or cinnabar on the oracle bones or accompanying documents, as a few of the oracle bones found still bear their brush-written divinations without carving, while some have been found partially carved. After use, shells and bones
1223:
for the cracking. A number of cracks were typically made in one session, sometimes on more than one bone, and these were typically numbered. The diviner in charge of the ceremony read the cracks to learn the answer to the divination. How exactly the cracks were interpreted is not known. The topic of
1120:
The bones or shells were first sourced and then prepared for use. Their sourcing is significant because some of them (especially many of the shells) are believed to have been presented as tribute to the Shang, which is valuable information about diplomatic relations of the time. We know this because
1103:
of tortoises, and a few are ox rib bones, scapulae of sheep, boars, horses, and deer, and some other animal bones. The skulls of deer, oxen, and humans have also been found with inscriptions on them, although these are very rare and appear to have been inscribed for record keeping or practice rather
525:
When deciphered, the inscriptions on the oracle bones turned out to be the records of the divinations performed for or by the royal household. These, together with royal-sized tombs, proved beyond a doubt for the first time the existence of the Shang dynasty, which had recently been doubted, and the
1442:
A tiny number of isolated mid to late Shang pottery, bone and bronze inscriptions may predate the oracle bones. However, the oracle bones are considered the earliest significant body of writing, due to the length of the inscriptions, the vast amount of vocabulary (very roughly 4000 graphs), and the
1054:
Period V inscriptions often identify numbered ritual cycles, making it easier to estimate the reign lengths of the last two kings. The start of this period is dated 1100–1090 BCE by
Keightley and 1101 BCE by the Xia–Shang–Zhou project. Most scholars now agree that the Zhou conquest of the
1030:
recorded in inscriptions by the Bīn group, who worked during the reign of Wu Ding, possibly extending into the reign of Zu Geng. Assuming that the 60-day cycle continued uninterrupted into the securely dated period, scholars have sought to match the recorded dates with calculated dates of eclipses.
474:
in 1937. The
Chinese still acknowledge the pioneering contribution of Menzies as "the foremost western scholar of Yin-Shang culture and oracle bone inscriptions". His former residence in Anyang was declared a "Protected Treasure" in 2004, and the James Mellon Menzies Memorial Museum for Oracle Bone
1108:
has been found dating to the late fourth millennium BCE. However, over time, the use of ox bones increased, and use of tortoise shells does not appear until early Shang culture. The earliest tortoise shells found that had been prepared for divinatory use (i.e., with chiseled pits) date to the
1147:
The bones or shells were cleaned of meat, and then prepared by sawing, scraping, smoothing, and even polishing, to create convenient, flat surfaces. The predominance of scapulae, and later of plastrons, is also thought to be related to their convenience as large, flat surfaces that needed minimal
1045:
argued that the "Against
Luxurious Ease" chapter should not be treated as a historical text, because it was composed much later, presents reign lengths as moral judgements, and gives other reign lengths that are contradicted by oracle bone evidence. Estimating an average reign length of 20 years
1006:
The kings were involved in divination in all periods, but in later periods most divinations were done personally by the king. The extant inscriptions are not evenly distributed across these periods, with 55% coming from period I and 31% from periods III and IV. A few oracle bones date to the
783:, with its supplement (1999) edited by Peng Bangjiong, is the most comprehensive catalogue of oracle bone fragments. The 20 volumes contain reproductions of over 55,000 fragments. A separate work published in 1999 contains transcriptions of the inscriptions into standard characters.
1168:
Divinations were typically carried out for the Shang kings in the presence of a diviner. Very few oracle bones were used in divination by other members of the royal family or nobles close to the king. By the latest periods, the Shang kings took over the role of diviner personally.
511:, the father of Chinese archaeology, between 1928 and 1937 discovered 20,000 oracle bone pieces, which now form the bulk of the Academia Sinica's collection in Taiwan and constitute about 1/5 of the total discovered. The major archaeologically excavated pits of bones have been:
1050:
dates the earliest oracle bone inscriptions to 1230 BCE. 26 oracle bones throughout Wu Ding's reign have been radiocarbon dated to 1254–1197 BCE (±10 years) with an estimated 80-90% probability of containing the true individual ages.
1332:
in
Shandong on the floor of a semi-subterranean house dating from the Late Shang period. The style of characters is close to that used by particular diviner groups active at Anyang during the reign of Wu Ding, but with some variations.
1249:
a regular cycle, and unlikely to ask the ancestors to do anything. Keightley suggests that this reflects a change in ideas about what the powers and ancestors could do, and the extent to which the living could influence them.
1228:
used ritually were buried in separate pits (some for shells only; others for scapulae only), in groups of up to hundreds or even thousands (one pit unearthed in 1936 contained over 17,000 pieces along with a human skeleton).
1359:, about 18 km (11 mi) west of Qijia. They mention the Duke of Zhou and other figures of the early Western Zhou. A handful of oracle bones have been found at other Western Zhou sites, including some from Beijing.
1643:, p. 34 shows a large, clear photograph of a piece of inscribed human skull in the collection of the Institute of History and Philology at the Academia Sinica, Taiwan, presumably belonging to an enemy of the Shang.
2685:
David N. Keightley "The Making of the Ancestors: Late Shang Religion and its Legacy" in Keightley, David N. These Bones Shall Rise Again: Selected Writings on Early China.. Albany, NY: State Univ of New York Pr, 2014.
811:
The vast majority of the inscribed oracle bones were found at the Yinxu site in modern Anyang, and date to the reigns of the last nine Shang kings. The diviners named on the bones have been assigned to five periods by
308:
Diviners would submit questions to deities regarding weather, crop planting, the fortunes of members of the royal family, military endeavors, and similar topics. These questions were carved onto the bone or shell in
377:, but local inhabitants did not realize what the bones were and generally reburied them. During the 19th century, villagers in the area who were digging in the fields discovered a number of bones, and used them as
1367:
After the founding of Zhou, the Shang practices of bronze casting, pyromancy, and writing continued. Oracle bones that were found in the 1970s have been dated to the Zhou dynasty, with some of them dating to the
412:
in Beijing. Wang was a knowledgeable collector of Chinese bronzes, and is believed to be the first person in modern times to recognize the oracle bones' markings as ancient Chinese writing similar to that on
305:
if turtle plastrons were used. A recent count estimated that there were about 13,000 bones with a total of a little over 130,000 inscriptions in collections in China and some fourteen other countries.
425:, recognized as ancient writing. Xu Yahui states that, "o one can know how many oracle bones, prior to 1899, were ground up by traditional Chinese pharmacies and disappeared into people's stomachs."
1518:
Eleven royal-sized tombs were found. This exactly matches the number of kings who should have been buried at Yin (the 12th king died in the Zhou conquest and would not have received a royal burial).
3388:
1240:, diviners were likely to ask the powers or ancestors about things like the weather, success in battle, or building settlements. Offerings were promised if they would help with earthly affairs.
1265:
Significant use of tortoise plastrons does not appear until the Shang culture sites. Ox scapulae and plastrons, both prepared for divination, were found at the Shang culture sites of Táixīcūn (
1989:, p. 1, citing Wei Juxian 1939, "Qín-Hàn shi fāxiàn jiǎgǔwén shuō", in Shuōwén Yuè Kān, vol. 1, no.4; and He Tianxing 1940, "Jiǎgǔwén yi xianyu gǔdài shuō", in Xueshu (Shànghǎi), no. 1
1160:
In this Shang-era oracle bone (which is incomplete), a diviner asks the Shang king if there would be misfortune over the next ten days; the king replied that he had consulted the ancestor
1576:. However, few or perhaps no inscriptions can be reliably assigned to pre-Wu Ding reigns. Many scholars assume that earlier oracle bones from Anyang exist but have not yet been found.
1706:
There is scholarly debate about whether the topic was posed as a question or not; Keightley prefers the term "charge", since grammatical questions were often not involved.
769:
Observing that the citation of these different works was becoming unwieldy, an effort was made to comprehensively publish all bones hitherto discovered. The result, the
421:
was visiting him and helped examine his medicine. They discovered, before it was ground into powder, that it bore strange glyphs, which they, having studied the ancient
1652:
There appears to be some confusion in published reports between inscribed bones in general, and bones that have actually been heated and cracked for use in divination.
1121:
notations were often made on them recording their provenance (e.g., tribute of how many shells from where and on what date). For example, one notation records that "
3995:
1031:
There is general agreement on four of these, spanning dates from 1198 to 1180 BCE. A fifth is assigned by some scholars to 1201 BCE. From this data, the
3323:
Illustrated guide to the Special Exhibition of Oracle Bone Inscriptions from the Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica. Govt. Publ. No. 1009100250.
3218:
Takashima, Ken-ichi (2012). "Literacy to the South and the East of Anyang in Shang China: Zhengzhou and Daxinzhuang". In Li, Feng; Branner, David Prager (eds.).
317:. The diviner would then interpret the pattern of cracks and write the prognostication upon the piece as well. Pyromancy with bones continued in China into the
2696:
Edward L. Shaughnessy. The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. p.243-5
242:
236:
1697:, p. 12 notes that evidence of sawing is present on some oracle bones, and that the saws were likely made of bronze, although none have ever been found.
428:
It is not known how Wang and Liu actually came across these specimens, but Wang is credited with being the first to recognize their significance. During the
1172:
During a divination session, the shell or bone was anointed with blood, and in an inscription section called the "preface", the date was recorded using the
1372:. However, very few of those were inscribed. It is thought that other methods of divination supplanted pyromancy, such as numerological divination using
1244:
Crack-making on jiazi (day 1) Zheng divined "In praying for harvest to the sun, (we) will cleave ten dappled cows, and pledge one hundred dappled cows."
1262:) stage at Zhengzhou; scapulae as well as smaller numbers of plastrons with chiseled pits were also discovered in the lower and upper Erligang stages.
1685:, p. 12 mentions reports of Xiǎotún villagers finding hundreds of shells of all sizes, implying live tending or breeding of the turtles onsite.
1189:
An intense heat source was then inserted in a pit until it cracked. Due to the shape of the pit, the front side of the bone cracked in a rough
466:
Only a small number of dealers and collectors knew the location of the source of the oracle bones until they were found by Canadian missionary
3988:
393:. The turtle shell fragments were prescribed for malaria, while the other animal bones were used in powdered form to treat knife wounds.
3328:
1032:
1443:
sheer quantity of pieces found – at least 160,000 pieces bearing millions of characters. There are also inscribed or brush-written
3981:
4537:
2723:
1715:
For a fuller overview of the topics of divination and what can be gleaned from them about the Shang and their environment, see
1531:
was published between 1978 and 1982 by the Zhonghua Publishing House. Somewhat unusually, the work was credited to Guo Moruo (
3370:
1589:, p. 5, citing Yang Junshi 1963, the term plastromancy (from plastron + Greek μαντεία, "divination") was coined by Li Ji.
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1382:, leading to the decline in inscribed oracle bones. However, evidence for the continued use of plastromancy exists for the
1344:, part of the Zhou ritual centre known as the Zhōuyuán. Some of these are believed to be contemporaneous with the reign of
440:
discovered the source of the bones near Anyang and realized that the area was the site of the last Shang dynasty capital.
1737:
Most full (non-fragmentary) oracle bones bear multiple inscriptions, the longest of which are around 90 characters long.
1943:
1500:
Rev. Chalfant acquired 803 oracle bone pieces between 1903 and 1908, and hand-traced over 2500 pieces including these.
4112:
3188:
3053:
3001:
2979:
2957:
2938:
1336:
Nearly 300 inscribed oracle bones (HB 1–290) were found in 1977 in two pits dug into a building foundation at Qijia,
1156:
1601:, p. 9 – the female shells are smoother, flatter and of more uniform thickness, facilitating pyromantic use.
3342:
Zhang, Peiyu (2002). "Determining Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology through Astronomical Records in Historical Texts".
1026:, though sometimes the month was also given. Attempts to determine an absolute chronology focus on a number of
193:
1046:
based on dated Zhou reigns, Keightley proposed that Wu Ding's reign started around 1200 BCE or earlier.
542:. Subsequently, many collections of inscriptions were also published. The following are the main collections.
365:
Shang-era oracle bones are thought to have been unearthed periodically by local farmers since as early as the
4517:
4512:
228:
1014:
The earliest oracle bones (corresponding to the reigns of Wu Ding and Zu Geng) record dates using only the
382:
17:
1664:, p. 35 does show an inscribed deer skull, thought to have been killed by a Shang king during a hunt.
313:
using a sharp tool. Intense heat was then applied with a metal rod until the bone or shell cracked due to
4522:
3394:
1491:, p. 6 cites eight waves of illegal digs over three decades, with tens of thousands of pieces taken.
1555:
when the project officially began in 1961, with Guo playing an advisory role. Guo passed away in 1978.
526:
location of its last capital, Yin. Today, Xiaotun at Anyang is thus also known as the Ruins of Yin, or
471:
149:
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3180:
1749:, p. 60 mentions that some were written with a brush and either ink or cinnabar, but not carved.
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337:
170:
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1369:
1015:
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4184:
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3904:
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3662:
1423:
1055:
Shang took place close to 1046 or 1045 BCE, over a century later than the traditional date.
361:, Chinese politician and scholar, was the first to recognize the oracle bones as ancient writing.
3126:
Liu, Kexin; Wu, Xiaohong; Guo, Zhiyu; Yuan, Sixun; Ding, Xingfang; Fu, Dongpo; Pan, Yan (2021).
3105:——— (2002). "The Xia-Shang-Zhou Chronology Project: Methodology and Results".
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1317:
Four inscribed bones have been found at Zhengzhou: three with numbers 310, 311, and 312 in the
1219:; 'to divine') may be a pictogram of such a crack; the reading of the character may also be an
3436:
Archaeological database documenting the origins of Oracle Bone divination in Ancient East Asia
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3373:, United College Library, Chinese University of Hong Kong. Includes 45 inscribed fragments.
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The ancestral landscape: time, space, and community in late Shang China, ca. 1200–1045 B.C
1351:
In 2003, around 600 inscribed bones were found at Zhougongmiao, a temple dedicated to the
417:
bronzes. A legendary tale relates that Wang was sick with malaria, and his scholar friend
8:
3448:
3376:
422:
3145:
2133:
Wang Haiping (2006). "Menzies and Yin-Shang Culture Scholarship – An Unbreakable Bond".
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Since divination was by heat or fire and most often on plastrons or scapulae, the terms
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in the area acquired a number of oracle bones from locals, several of which he sold to
333:
310:
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1957:
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By the time of the establishment of the Institute of History and Philology headed by
314:
133:
125:
2732:, p. 8, note 25, citing KKHP 1973.1, pp. 70, 79, 88, 91, plates 3.1, 4.2, 13.8.
321:, but the questions and prognostications were increasingly written with brushes and
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Writing and Literacy in Early China: Studies from the Columbia Early China Seminar
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49:
3201:(1985–1987). "Zhouyuan Oracle-Bone Inscriptions: Entering the Research Stage?".
2994:
Sources of Shang history : the oracle-bone inscriptions of Bronze Age China
1041:
that the reign of Wu Ding lasted 59 years, dated it from 1250 to 1192 BCE.
499:
in 1928, the source of the oracle bones had been traced back to modern Xiaotun (
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4190:
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3311:. Translated by Caltonhill, Mark; Moser, Jeff. Taipei: National Palace Museum.
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109:
3128:"Radiocarbon Dating of Oracle Bones of the Late Shang Period in Ancient China"
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The targets and purposes of divination changed over time. During the reign of
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1961:
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is the discipline for the study of oracle bones and the oracle bone script.
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Those that were for practice or records were buried in common rubbish pits.
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dynasty periods, and Keightley mentions its use in Taiwan as late as 1972.
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2974:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
1937:
1035:, relying on the statement in the "Against Luxurious Ease" chapter of the
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2903:, p. 9, n.30, citing Hu Xu 1782–1787, ch. 4, p.3b on use in Jiangsu
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1305:. Plastrons do not become more numerous than scapulae until the Rénmín (
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Ancient Chinese Writing, Oracle Bone Inscriptions from the Ruins of Yin
3239:
A Little Primer of Chinese Oracle-bone Inscriptions with Some Exercises
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328:
The oracle bones bear the earliest known significant corpus of ancient
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Pit YH127 in Xiaotun North (1936), with over 17,000 inscribed pieces.
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273:
186:
3764:
3028:
2221:
538:
Oracle bone inscriptions were published as they were discovered, in
4402:
4307:
4222:
4205:
4069:
4049:
4024:
3941:
3914:
3892:
3802:
3776:
3507:
1905:
1569:
1565:
1418:
1161:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1096:
483:
397:
390:
322:
269:
207:
3853:
3522:
3088:(1985–1987). "Are they Shang inscriptions or Zhou inscriptions?".
2383:
2347:
2148:
Cross Culture and Faith: the Life and Work of James Mellon Menzies
1328:
A turtle plastron bearing several short inscriptions was found at
301:
is the specific term if ox scapulae were used for the divination,
4234:
4121:
4034:
3931:
3672:
3593:
3570:
3545:
1624:
1408:
1403:
1378:
1341:
1286:
1278:
1237:
952:
836:
805:
433:
265:
2870:
2834:
2711:
2455:
1551:, and was in charge of the day-to-day editorial activity of the
43:
4455:
4431:
4265:
3936:
3859:
3713:
3677:
3502:
3282:(6th ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center.
3263:(4th ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center.
2209:
1345:
996:
887:
504:
449:
3848:
2931:
The origin and early development of the Chinese writing system
1459:, p. 12 cites two such scapulae, citing his own "商殷帝王本紀"
354:
4397:
4229:
4146:
4054:
3692:
2858:
2795:
2747:
2407:
2335:
2269:
2257:
2013:
1788:
1786:
1302:
1270:
992:
527:
233:
2882:
2771:
2431:
2286:
2284:
2197:
2046:
1832:
1830:
4460:
4392:
4079:
4019:
4004:
3926:
2846:
2590:
2371:
2075:
2073:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1728:
The nature of this heat source is still a matter of debate.
1391:
2541:
2539:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2497:
2495:
1798:
1783:
4272:
2822:
2395:
2281:
1893:
1827:
1214:
1099:, probably female and ox scapulae, although some are the
212:
198:
2602:
2578:
2524:
2359:
2308:
2245:
2173:
2070:
1992:
1771:
154:
2536:
2507:
2492:
2443:
1285:) in Henan, while unpitted scapulae have been found at
518:
Xiaotun South (1977–1979), with 4,612 inscribed pieces.
1231:
521:
Huayuangzhuang East (1991), with 561 inscribed pieces.
2812:
2810:
2783:
2419:
1281:. One or more pitted scapulae were found at Lùsìcūn (
507:
in Henan. Official archaeological excavations led by
453:
130:
114:
100:
27:
Shells and bones used for divination in ancient China
3413:
by Hayashi Taisuke – another collection of rubbings.
3404:– a collection of rubbings or oracle bone fragments.
3222:. University of Washington Press. pp. 141–172.
2768:, p. 8, note 25 cites Zhèngzhoū Èrlĭgāng, p.38.
2637:
2635:
2325:
2323:
2296:
2090:
2088:
1939:
Jia gu xue dao lun = History of China historiography
1917:
1479:
and includes a photo of the relevant page and entry.
2669:
2667:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2568:
2566:
2117:
2115:
2100:
1847:
1845:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1252:
175:
4003:
3379:, Institute of History and Philology, Taipei City.
3183:. Berkeley: Society for the Study of Early China.
2807:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
695:Kyōto daigaku jimbunkagaku kenkyūshozō kōkotsumoji
2632:
2478:(Illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press.
2320:
2085:
1968:
1614:, p. 7, only four rib bones have been found.
1376:(yarrow) in connection with the hexagrams of the
4504:
4120:
3197:
2876:
2840:
2664:
2647:
2563:
2551:
2185:
2112:
2058:
1869:
1842:
1810:
487:Reconstruction of oracle bone pit YH127 at Yinxu
373:dynasties, and perhaps starting as early as the
2966:
2161:
2025:
2019:
1881:
3383:High-resolution digital images of oracle bones
3329:"The Unsung Canadian Some Knew as 'Old Bones'"
1857:
1151:
4106:
3989:
3456:
1321:corpus, and one that has a single character (
1091:Tortoise plastron with divination inscription
458:
62:
3125:
2996:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
2950:Oracle Bone Collections in the United States
2933:. New Haven, CT: American Oriental Society.
2377:
1509:over 100,000 pieces have been found in all.
4113:
4099:
3996:
3982:
3463:
3449:
3389:Couling-Chalfant oracle bone collection 甲骨
3303:Now issued by Joint Publishing, Hong Kong.
3068:Early China: a social and cultural history
3010:
2988:
2912:
2900:
2888:
2765:
2753:
2744:, p. 8, note 25 cites KK 1973.2 p.74.
2741:
2729:
2717:
2705:
2608:
2596:
2584:
2545:
2530:
2518:
2501:
2476:The Oxford Illustrated History of the Book
2461:
2449:
2413:
2401:
2389:
2353:
2341:
2290:
2275:
2263:
2251:
2239:
2227:
2215:
1911:
1836:
1804:
1792:
1682:
1598:
1586:
42:
3470:
3299:Chinese Writing: Its Origin and Evolution
3277:
3255:
3236:
3217:
3153:
3043:
2864:
2828:
2801:
2777:
2437:
2365:
2203:
2179:
2079:
2052:
2007:
1899:
1777:
1716:
3070:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
2150:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press,
1155:
1138:
1086:
790:
482:
353:
3167:. Shanghai: Kelly & Walsh, Limited.
3162:
3084:
2852:
1935:
1923:
1673:Some cattle scapulae were also tribute.
478:
14:
4505:
3048:. Berkeley: University of California.
2915:, p. 9 cites Zhāng Guangyuan 1972
132:
4094:
3977:
3444:
3391:(Or 7694/1506–2125), British Library.
3341:
2928:
2473:
2314:
2302:
1875:
48:A Shang dynasty oracle bone from the
3326:
3296:
3165:Oracle Records from the Waste of Yin
3011:——— (1978b). "The
2947:
2121:
2106:
2094:
1986:
1887:
1694:
1611:
1456:
795:Ox scapula recording divinations by
3327:York, Geoffrey (January 19, 2008).
3179:. Transl. by Gilbert L. Mattos and
3171:
2789:
2641:
1974:
1863:
1851:
1821:
1746:
1232:Changes in the nature of divination
1174:Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches
1095:The oracle bones are mostly turtle
1058:
24:
3306:
3104:
3062:
3017:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
2952:. University of California Press.
2816:
2673:
2658:
2620:
2572:
2557:
2425:
2329:
2191:
2167:
2064:
2040:
1944:Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
1929:
1661:
1640:
1488:
1472:
1362:
596:Ji Yin xu wen zi ying tie hui bian
25:
4564:
3364:
3344:Journal of East Asian Archaeology
3301:. Macau: University of East Asia.
3177:Chinese writing (Wenzixue gaiyao)
3107:Journal of East Asian Archaeology
1143:Holes drilled into an oracle bone
1079:are often used for this process.
1033:Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project
396:In 1899, an antiques dealer from
2906:
2894:
1477:The Compendium of Materia Medica
1253:Evidence of pre-Anyang pyromancy
2689:
2679:
2614:
2467:
2242:, pp. 97–98, 139–140, 203.
2140:
2127:
1980:
1752:
1740:
1731:
1722:
1709:
1700:
1688:
1676:
1667:
1655:
1646:
1634:
1617:
1604:
1592:
1579:
1558:
1521:
1512:
1503:
1494:
1482:
1466:
1450:
1436:
325:ink, which degraded over time.
234:
213:
199:
176:
155:
3278:——— (2022).
3237:——— (2015).
3044:——— (2000).
2948:Chou, Hung-hsiang 周鴻翔 (1976).
2921:
2708:, pp. 3, 4, n. 11 and 12.
1312:
1205:
1199:
1178:
1134:
1123:
962:
938:
929:
920:
911:
902:
893:
869:
860:
851:
842:
797:
761:
750:
739:Zhanhou Jingjin xinhuo jiaguji
738:
727:
716:
705:
694:
683:
672:
661:
650:
639:
628:
617:
606:
595:
584:
573:
562:
551:
533:
131:
115:
101:
63:
13:
1:
4538:Religion in the Shang dynasty
3280:Chinese History: A New Manual
3261:Chinese History: A New Manual
1765:
762:Zhanhou Ninghu xinhuo jiaguji
285:
280: – during the
3422:Winds of the Four Directions
3385:, Cambridge Digital Library.
3015:and Shang-Chou Chronology".
1215:
1082:
1007:beginning of the subsequent
383:traditional Chinese medicine
349:
276: – a form of
7:
4528:Objects used for divination
3297:Woon Wee Lee (雲惟利) (1987).
2020:Fairbank & Goldman 2006
1397:
1152:Cracking and interpretation
454:
436:in Henan. In 1908, scholar
10:
4569:
3356:10.1163/156852302322454602
3163:Menzies, James M. (1917).
3119:10.1163/156852302322454585
2929:Boltz, William G. (2003).
2230:, pp. 31, 92–93, 203.
1297:) in Liaoning, and Qijia (
1109:earliest Shang stratum at
472:Japanese invasion of China
4469:
4385:
4359:
4250:
4139:
4132:
4015:
3836:
3785:
3745:
3638:
3607:
3569:
3531:
3485:
3481:
3430:National Library of China
2970:; Goldman, Merle (2006).
2623:, p. 28, citing the
1942:. Jianzhen Wei. Beijing:
1936:Wang, Yuxin; 王宇信 (2010).
1914:, pp. xiii, 185–187.
1564:Dong also included kings
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1322:
1306:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1282:
1274:
1266:
1259:
1194:
1190:
1183:
1128:
966:
942:
933:
924:
915:
906:
897:
873:
864:
855:
846:
804:during the reign of king
801:
786:
756:
745:
733:
722:
711:
700:
689:
678:
667:
656:
645:
634:
623:
612:
601:
590:
579:
568:
557:
546:
500:
475:Studies was established.
459:
338:Doubting Antiquity School
332:, using an early form of
255:
227:
220:
206:
192:
185:
169:
162:
148:
141:
124:
108:
94:
87:
82:
78:
70:
56:
41:
37:
32:
2392:, pp. 116, 174–175.
2356:, pp. 174–175, 228.
1445:Neolithic signs in China
1429:
1370:Spring and Autumn period
408:, the chancellor of the
385:practice of grinding up
4487:List of writing systems
4198:Broussonetia papyrifera
4185:Folding-book manuscript
4168:Bamboo and wooden slips
3663:Cowrie-shell divination
3307:Xu Yahui (許雅惠) (2002).
2146:See Linfu Dong (2005).
1424:Bamboo and wooden slips
1293:) in Hebei, Níngchéng (
585:Yin xu shu qi qian bian
444:bone" in his 1906 book
389:fossils into tonics or
4009:religion and mythology
3377:Oracle Bone Collection
3199:Shaughnessy, Edward L.
2720:, pp. 3, 6, n.16.
2137:, August 12, 2006, p.1
1461:Shāng–Yīn dìwáng bĕnjì
1165:
1164:in a worship ceremony.
1144:
1092:
808:
775:(1978–1982) edited by
488:
400:who was searching for
381:, in reference to the
362:
4211:Corypha umbraculifera
3426:World Digital Library
2877:Shaughnessy 1985–1987
2841:Shaughnessy 1985–1987
2474:Raven, James (2020).
2464:, p. 7, note 21.
2218:, pp. xiii, 139.
1475:, pp. 4–5 cites
1159:
1142:
1090:
794:
651:yīn xū shū qì xù biān
486:
446:Early Chinese Writing
357:
295:) in ancient China.
4518:Chinese inscriptions
4513:Archaeology of China
2972:China: a new history
1193:shape. The character
728:Tieyun canggui shiyi
574:Yinxu wenzi bingbian
479:Official excavations
468:James Mellon Menzies
293: 1250 BCE
3409:Guījiǎ shòugǔ wénzì
3257:Wilkinson, Endymion
3155:10.1017/RDC.2020.90
3146:2021Radcb..63..155L
2990:Keightley, David N.
2968:Fairbank, John King
2867:, pp. 158–165.
2855:, pp. 173–174.
2804:, pp. 160–171.
2780:, pp. 143–160.
2440:, pp. 142–143.
2428:, pp. 328–330.
2416:, pp. 226–228.
2344:, pp. 428–429.
2317:, pp. 352–354.
2278:, pp. 113–116.
2266:, pp. 139–140.
2206:, pp. 685–686.
2055:, pp. 681–682.
751:Yinxu wenzi cunzhen
552:Yinxu wenzi jiabian
423:bronze inscriptions
272:which were used in
4523:Chinese inventions
4482:History of writing
3732:Tarot card reading
3334:The Globe and Mail
3205:. 11/12: 146–163.
3092:. 11/12: 173–176.
2756:, p. 6, n.16.
1289:in Henan, Cixian (
1166:
1145:
1093:
1048:Ken-ichi Takashima
809:
563:Yinxu wenzi yibian
489:
363:
334:Chinese characters
311:oracle bone script
4500:
4499:
4355:
4354:
4298:Photographic film
4088:
4087:
4075:Wheel of the Year
3971:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3770:Spirit possession
3318:978-957-562-420-0
3289:978-0-674-26018-4
3270:978-0-674-06715-8
3248:978-3-447-19355-9
3229:978-0-295-80450-7
3077:978-0-521-71981-0
2792:, pp. 41–42.
2599:, pp. 13–14.
2485:978-0-19-870298-6
2156:978-0-8020-3869-2
1953:978-7-5004-8878-1
1807:, pp. 40–42.
1795:, pp. 33–35.
1038:Book of Documents
1004:
1003:
673:Yinqizhiyi xubian
448:, which was then
315:thermal expansion
264:are pieces of ox
259:
258:
251:
250:
194:Yale Romanization
89:Standard Mandarin
16:(Redirected from
4560:
4492:Written language
4410:Electronic media
4367:Electronic paper
4340:Textile printing
4137:
4136:
4126:writing material
4115:
4108:
4101:
4092:
4091:
3998:
3991:
3984:
3975:
3974:
3726:Sortes Sanctorum
3483:
3482:
3465:
3458:
3451:
3442:
3441:
3359:
3338:
3337:. pp. F4–5.
3322:
3302:
3293:
3274:
3252:
3241:. Harrassowitz.
3233:
3214:
3194:
3168:
3159:
3157:
3122:
3101:
3081:
3059:
3040:
3007:
2985:
2963:
2944:
2916:
2910:
2904:
2898:
2892:
2891:, p. 4 n.4.
2886:
2880:
2874:
2868:
2862:
2856:
2850:
2844:
2838:
2832:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2805:
2799:
2793:
2787:
2781:
2775:
2769:
2763:
2757:
2751:
2745:
2739:
2733:
2727:
2721:
2715:
2709:
2703:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2683:
2677:
2671:
2662:
2656:
2645:
2639:
2630:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2588:
2582:
2576:
2570:
2561:
2555:
2549:
2543:
2534:
2528:
2522:
2516:
2505:
2499:
2490:
2489:
2471:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2447:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2423:
2417:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2357:
2351:
2345:
2339:
2333:
2327:
2318:
2312:
2306:
2300:
2294:
2288:
2279:
2273:
2267:
2261:
2255:
2249:
2243:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2144:
2138:
2131:
2125:
2119:
2110:
2104:
2098:
2092:
2083:
2077:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2023:
2017:
2011:
2005:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1915:
1909:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1873:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1840:
1834:
1825:
1819:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1781:
1775:
1759:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1729:
1726:
1720:
1713:
1707:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1621:
1615:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1583:
1577:
1562:
1556:
1546:
1542:
1539:and Hu Houxuan (
1538:
1534:
1525:
1519:
1516:
1510:
1507:
1501:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1470:
1464:
1454:
1448:
1440:
1324:
1308:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1284:
1276:
1268:
1261:
1218:
1207:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1185:
1180:
1130:
1125:
1059:Shang divination
968:
964:
944:
940:
935:
931:
926:
922:
917:
913:
908:
904:
899:
895:
875:
871:
866:
862:
857:
853:
848:
844:
828:Common diviners
819:
818:
803:
799:
763:
758:
752:
747:
740:
735:
729:
724:
718:
717:Jiagu zhuihebian
713:
707:
702:
696:
691:
690:京都大學人文科学研究所蔵甲骨文字
685:
680:
674:
669:
663:
658:
652:
647:
641:
636:
630:
625:
619:
614:
608:
603:
597:
592:
586:
581:
575:
570:
564:
559:
553:
548:
502:
462:
461:
457:
452:into Chinese as
410:Imperial Academy
294:
290:
287:
247:
246:
216:
215:
202:
201:
181:
180:
179:
158:
157:
137:
136:
135:
120:
119:
118:
104:
103:
80:
79:
66:
65:
46:
30:
29:
21:
4568:
4567:
4563:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4558:
4557:
4503:
4502:
4501:
4496:
4477:Writing systems
4465:
4386:Carrier objects
4381:
4351:
4251:Other materials
4246:
4240:Cyperus papyrus
4153:Trema micrantha
4128:
4119:
4089:
4084:
4011:
4002:
3972:
3963:
3888:Fortune-telling
3832:
3781:
3741:
3634:
3603:
3565:
3527:
3477:
3469:
3367:
3362:
3319:
3290:
3271:
3249:
3230:
3191:
3078:
3056:
3029:10.2307/2718906
3004:
2982:
2960:
2941:
2924:
2919:
2913:Keightley 1978a
2911:
2907:
2901:Keightley 1978a
2899:
2895:
2889:Keightley 1978a
2887:
2883:
2875:
2871:
2863:
2859:
2851:
2847:
2839:
2835:
2827:
2823:
2815:
2808:
2800:
2796:
2788:
2784:
2776:
2772:
2766:Keightley 1978a
2764:
2760:
2754:Keightley 1978a
2752:
2748:
2742:Keightley 1978a
2740:
2736:
2730:Keightley 1978a
2728:
2724:
2718:Keightley 1978a
2716:
2712:
2706:Keightley 1978a
2704:
2700:
2694:
2690:
2684:
2680:
2672:
2665:
2657:
2648:
2640:
2633:
2619:
2615:
2609:Keightley 1978a
2607:
2603:
2597:Keightley 1978a
2595:
2591:
2585:Keightley 1978a
2583:
2579:
2571:
2564:
2556:
2552:
2546:Keightley 1978a
2544:
2537:
2531:Keightley 1978a
2529:
2525:
2519:Keightley 1978a
2517:
2508:
2502:Keightley 1978a
2500:
2493:
2486:
2472:
2468:
2462:Keightley 1978a
2460:
2456:
2450:Keightley 1978a
2448:
2444:
2436:
2432:
2424:
2420:
2414:Keightley 1978a
2412:
2408:
2402:Keightley 1978a
2400:
2396:
2390:Keightley 1978a
2388:
2384:
2378:Liu et al. 2021
2376:
2372:
2364:
2360:
2354:Keightley 1978a
2352:
2348:
2342:Keightley 1978b
2340:
2336:
2328:
2321:
2313:
2309:
2301:
2297:
2291:Keightley 1978a
2289:
2282:
2276:Keightley 1978a
2274:
2270:
2264:Keightley 1978a
2262:
2258:
2252:Keightley 1978a
2250:
2246:
2240:Keightley 1978a
2238:
2234:
2228:Keightley 1978a
2226:
2222:
2216:Keightley 1978a
2214:
2210:
2202:
2198:
2190:
2186:
2178:
2174:
2166:
2162:
2145:
2141:
2132:
2128:
2120:
2113:
2109:, pp. 1–2.
2105:
2101:
2093:
2086:
2078:
2071:
2063:
2059:
2051:
2047:
2039:
2026:
2018:
2014:
2006:
1993:
1985:
1981:
1973:
1969:
1954:
1934:
1930:
1922:
1918:
1912:Keightley 1978a
1910:
1906:
1902:, p. 1278.
1898:
1894:
1886:
1882:
1874:
1870:
1862:
1858:
1850:
1843:
1839:, p. xiii.
1837:Keightley 1978a
1835:
1828:
1820:
1811:
1805:Keightley 1978a
1803:
1799:
1793:Keightley 1978a
1791:
1784:
1780:, p. 1277.
1776:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1693:
1689:
1683:Keightley 1978a
1681:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1639:
1635:
1622:
1618:
1609:
1605:
1599:Keightley 1978a
1597:
1593:
1587:Keightley 1978a
1584:
1580:
1563:
1559:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1487:
1483:
1471:
1467:
1455:
1451:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1400:
1365:
1363:After the Shang
1315:
1255:
1234:
1154:
1137:
1085:
1061:
1043:David Keightley
789:
536:
497:Academia Sinica
481:
430:Boxer Rebellion
402:Chinese bronzes
352:
330:Chinese writing
292:
288:
240:
177:
116:
71:Literal meaning
52:
50:Shanghai Museum
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4566:
4556:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4498:
4497:
4495:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4473:
4471:
4470:Related topics
4467:
4466:
4464:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4447:
4446:
4436:
4435:
4434:
4424:
4412:
4407:
4406:
4405:
4400:
4389:
4387:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4363:
4361:
4357:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4337:
4336:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4310:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4283:
4275:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4263:
4254:
4252:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4232:
4227:
4215:
4203:
4202:
4201:
4194:
4191:Streblus asper
4182:
4170:
4165:
4164:
4163:
4156:
4143:
4141:
4134:
4130:
4129:
4118:
4117:
4110:
4103:
4095:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4001:
4000:
3993:
3986:
3978:
3969:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3959:
3954:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3923:
3922:
3917:
3907:
3902:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3856:
3851:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3798:Cephalonomancy
3795:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3774:
3773:
3772:
3767:
3757:
3751:
3749:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3722:
3717:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3688:Obi divination
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3648:Astragalomancy
3644:
3642:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3589:Crystal gazing
3586:
3581:
3575:
3573:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3537:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3489:
3487:
3479:
3478:
3468:
3467:
3460:
3453:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3433:
3414:
3405:
3392:
3386:
3380:
3374:
3366:
3365:External links
3363:
3361:
3360:
3339:
3324:
3317:
3304:
3294:
3288:
3275:
3269:
3253:
3247:
3234:
3228:
3215:
3195:
3189:
3169:
3160:
3140:(1): 155–175.
3123:
3102:
3082:
3076:
3060:
3054:
3041:
3023:(2): 423–438.
3008:
3002:
2986:
2980:
2964:
2958:
2945:
2939:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2905:
2893:
2881:
2879:, p. 147.
2869:
2865:Takashima 2015
2857:
2845:
2843:, p. 155.
2833:
2831:, p. 141.
2829:Takashima 2012
2821:
2819:, p. 118.
2806:
2802:Takashima 2012
2794:
2782:
2778:Takashima 2012
2770:
2758:
2746:
2734:
2722:
2710:
2698:
2688:
2678:
2663:
2646:
2631:
2613:
2601:
2589:
2577:
2562:
2550:
2535:
2523:
2506:
2491:
2484:
2466:
2454:
2442:
2438:Takashima 2012
2430:
2418:
2406:
2404:, p. 228.
2394:
2382:
2380:, p. 165.
2370:
2368:, p. 142.
2366:Takashima 2012
2358:
2346:
2334:
2332:, p. 331.
2319:
2307:
2305:, p. 353.
2295:
2293:, p. 174.
2280:
2268:
2256:
2244:
2232:
2220:
2208:
2204:Wilkinson 2013
2196:
2184:
2182:, p. 684.
2180:Wilkinson 2013
2172:
2160:
2139:
2126:
2111:
2099:
2084:
2082:, p. 682.
2080:Wilkinson 2013
2069:
2057:
2053:Wilkinson 2013
2045:
2024:
2012:
2010:, p. 681.
2008:Wilkinson 2013
1991:
1979:
1967:
1952:
1928:
1916:
1904:
1900:Wilkinson 2022
1892:
1880:
1868:
1856:
1841:
1826:
1809:
1797:
1782:
1778:Wilkinson 2022
1769:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1751:
1739:
1730:
1721:
1717:Keightley 2000
1708:
1699:
1687:
1675:
1666:
1654:
1645:
1633:
1616:
1603:
1591:
1578:
1557:
1520:
1511:
1502:
1493:
1481:
1465:
1449:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1399:
1396:
1364:
1361:
1314:
1311:
1309:) Park phase.
1254:
1251:
1233:
1230:
1153:
1150:
1136:
1133:
1084:
1081:
1060:
1057:
1028:lunar eclipses
1002:
1001:
999:
990:
986:
985:
983:
974:
970:
969:
959:
950:
946:
945:
890:
881:
877:
876:
839:
834:
830:
829:
826:
823:
788:
785:
767:
766:
754:
743:
731:
720:
709:
698:
687:
676:
665:
654:
643:
632:
621:
610:
599:
588:
577:
566:
555:
535:
532:
523:
522:
519:
516:
480:
477:
463:in the 1930s.
351:
348:
257:
256:
253:
252:
249:
248:
241:Kap-kut (
235:Kah-kut (
231:
225:
224:
218:
217:
210:
204:
203:
196:
190:
189:
187:Yue: Cantonese
183:
182:
173:
167:
166:
160:
159:
152:
146:
145:
139:
138:
128:
122:
121:
112:
106:
105:
98:
92:
91:
85:
84:
83:Transcriptions
76:
75:
74:Shell and bone
72:
68:
67:
60:
54:
53:
47:
39:
38:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4565:
4554:
4553:Bone carvings
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4543:Writing media
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4533:Shang dynasty
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4468:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4440:
4437:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4384:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4358:
4346:
4343:
4342:
4341:
4338:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4242:
4241:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4219:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4207:
4204:
4200:
4199:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4162:
4161:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4150:
4149:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4138:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4116:
4111:
4109:
4104:
4102:
4097:
4096:
4093:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4014:
4010:
4006:
3999:
3994:
3992:
3987:
3985:
3980:
3979:
3976:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3862:
3861:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3835:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3793:Anthropomancy
3791:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3778:
3775:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3744:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3606:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3584:Catoptromancy
3582:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3556:Rhapsodomancy
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3530:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3498:Alectryomancy
3496:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3473:
3466:
3461:
3459:
3454:
3452:
3447:
3446:
3443:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3340:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3314:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3291:
3285:
3281:
3276:
3272:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3244:
3240:
3235:
3231:
3225:
3221:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3190:1-55729-071-7
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3055:1-55729-070-9
3051:
3047:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3013:Bamboo Annals
3009:
3005:
3003:0-520-02969-0
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2981:0-674-01828-1
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2959:0-520-09534-0
2955:
2951:
2946:
2942:
2940:0-940490-18-8
2936:
2932:
2927:
2926:
2914:
2909:
2902:
2897:
2890:
2885:
2878:
2873:
2866:
2861:
2854:
2849:
2842:
2837:
2830:
2825:
2818:
2813:
2811:
2803:
2798:
2791:
2786:
2779:
2774:
2767:
2762:
2755:
2750:
2743:
2738:
2731:
2726:
2719:
2714:
2707:
2702:
2692:
2682:
2676:, p. 32.
2675:
2670:
2668:
2661:, p. 30.
2660:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2644:, p. 62.
2643:
2638:
2636:
2628:
2627:
2626:Rites of Zhou
2622:
2617:
2611:, p. 18.
2610:
2605:
2598:
2593:
2587:, p. 11.
2586:
2581:
2575:, p. 24.
2574:
2569:
2567:
2560:, p. 22.
2559:
2554:
2547:
2542:
2540:
2533:, p. 10.
2532:
2527:
2520:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2503:
2498:
2496:
2487:
2481:
2477:
2470:
2463:
2458:
2451:
2446:
2439:
2434:
2427:
2422:
2415:
2410:
2403:
2398:
2391:
2386:
2379:
2374:
2367:
2362:
2355:
2350:
2343:
2338:
2331:
2326:
2324:
2316:
2311:
2304:
2299:
2292:
2287:
2285:
2277:
2272:
2265:
2260:
2254:, p. 31.
2253:
2248:
2241:
2236:
2229:
2224:
2217:
2212:
2205:
2200:
2194:, p. 10.
2193:
2188:
2181:
2176:
2169:
2164:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2143:
2136:
2130:
2123:
2118:
2116:
2108:
2103:
2096:
2091:
2089:
2081:
2076:
2074:
2067:, p. 16.
2066:
2061:
2054:
2049:
2042:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2022:, p. 33.
2021:
2016:
2009:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1988:
1983:
1977:, p. 60.
1976:
1971:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1932:
1925:
1920:
1913:
1908:
1901:
1896:
1889:
1884:
1877:
1872:
1865:
1860:
1854:, p. 49.
1853:
1848:
1846:
1838:
1833:
1831:
1824:, p. 61.
1823:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1806:
1801:
1794:
1789:
1787:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1755:
1748:
1743:
1734:
1725:
1718:
1712:
1703:
1696:
1691:
1684:
1679:
1670:
1663:
1658:
1649:
1642:
1637:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1613:
1610:According to
1607:
1600:
1595:
1588:
1585:According to
1582:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1561:
1554:
1550:
1530:
1524:
1515:
1506:
1497:
1490:
1485:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1446:
1439:
1435:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1338:Fufeng County
1334:
1331:
1326:
1320:
1310:
1304:
1288:
1280:
1272:
1263:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1239:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1170:
1163:
1158:
1149:
1141:
1132:
1126:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1089:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1010:
1000:
998:
994:
991:
988:
987:
984:
982:
978:
975:
972:
971:
965:
960:
958:
954:
951:
948:
947:
941:
932:
923:
914:
905:
896:
891:
889:
885:
882:
879:
878:
872:
863:
854:
845:
840:
838:
835:
832:
831:
827:
824:
821:
820:
817:
815:
807:
800:
793:
784:
782:
778:
774:
773:
772:Jiaguwen Heji
764:
755:
753:
744:
741:
732:
730:
721:
719:
710:
708:
699:
697:
688:
686:
677:
675:
666:
664:
655:
653:
644:
642:
633:
631:
622:
620:
611:
609:
607:Yinxu cuibian
600:
598:
589:
587:
578:
576:
567:
565:
556:
554:
545:
544:
543:
541:
531:
529:
520:
517:
514:
513:
512:
510:
506:
503:) village at
498:
494:
485:
476:
473:
469:
464:
456:
451:
447:
441:
439:
435:
431:
426:
424:
420:
416:
411:
407:
403:
399:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
360:
356:
347:
345:
341:
339:
335:
331:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
306:
304:
300:
299:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
254:
244:
238:
232:
230:
226:
223:
219:
211:
209:
205:
197:
195:
191:
188:
184:
174:
172:
168:
165:
161:
153:
151:
147:
144:
140:
134:
129:
127:
123:
113:
111:
107:
99:
97:
93:
90:
86:
81:
77:
73:
69:
61:
59:
55:
51:
45:
40:
36:
31:
19:
4419:
4415:
4292:
4257:Animal skin
4238:
4221:
4209:
4196:
4189:
4177:
4158:
4151:
3905:Mesopotamian
3898:
3883:Cledonomancy
3858:
3828:Scapulimancy
3812:
3808:Omphalomancy
3737:Tasseography
3724:
3712:
3683:Molybdomancy
3518:Ornithomancy
3421:
3417:
3408:
3395:
3371:Oracle bones
3347:
3343:
3332:
3308:
3298:
3279:
3260:
3238:
3219:
3202:
3181:Jerry Norman
3176:
3164:
3137:
3131:
3110:
3106:
3089:
3067:
3045:
3020:
3016:
3012:
2993:
2971:
2949:
2930:
2908:
2896:
2884:
2872:
2860:
2853:Li 1985–1987
2848:
2836:
2824:
2797:
2785:
2773:
2761:
2749:
2737:
2725:
2713:
2701:
2691:
2681:
2624:
2616:
2604:
2592:
2580:
2553:
2548:, p. 9.
2526:
2521:, p. 8.
2504:, p. 3.
2475:
2469:
2457:
2452:, p. 7.
2445:
2433:
2421:
2409:
2397:
2385:
2373:
2361:
2349:
2337:
2310:
2298:
2271:
2259:
2247:
2235:
2223:
2211:
2199:
2187:
2175:
2170:, p. 9.
2163:
2147:
2142:
2135:Anyang Ribao
2134:
2129:
2102:
2097:, p. 1.
2060:
2048:
2043:, p. 4.
2015:
1982:
1970:
1938:
1931:
1926:, p. 2.
1924:Menzies 1917
1919:
1907:
1895:
1883:
1871:
1859:
1800:
1773:
1754:
1742:
1733:
1724:
1711:
1702:
1690:
1678:
1669:
1657:
1648:
1636:
1619:
1606:
1594:
1581:
1560:
1552:
1548:
1528:
1523:
1514:
1505:
1496:
1484:
1476:
1468:
1463:, pp. 18–21.
1460:
1452:
1438:
1384:Eastern Zhou
1377:
1366:
1357:Tang dynasty
1353:Duke of Zhou
1350:
1335:
1327:
1318:
1316:
1273:and Qiūwān (
1264:
1256:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1235:
1226:
1221:onomatopoeia
1204:
1198:
1188:
1177:
1171:
1167:
1146:
1122:
1119:
1094:
1076:scapulimancy
1074:
1071:plastromancy
1070:
1064:
1062:
1053:
1036:
1016:60-day cycle
1013:
1009:Zhou dynasty
1005:
961:
937:
928:
919:
910:
901:
892:
868:
859:
850:
841:
810:
796:
770:
768:
760:
749:
737:
726:
715:
704:
693:
682:
671:
660:
649:
638:
627:
616:
605:
594:
583:
572:
561:
550:
537:
524:
490:
465:
445:
442:
427:
415:Zhou dynasty
395:
379:dragon bones
364:
342:
327:
319:Zhou dynasty
307:
303:plastromancy
302:
298:Scapulimancy
296:
262:Oracle bones
261:
260:
222:Southern Min
171:Romanization
150:Romanization
96:Hanyu Pinyin
18:Oracle bones
4548:Oraculology
4427:Inscription
4360:Impermanent
4323:Clay tablet
4293:Oracle bone
4160:Ficus aurea
4140:Plant-based
4045:Eschatology
3813:Oracle bone
3786:Somatomancy
3755:Gastromancy
3708:Runic magic
3703:Rhabdomancy
3579:Aspidomancy
3533:Bibliomancy
3493:Ailuromancy
3486:Theriomancy
3396:Yīnxū shūqì
3350:: 335–357.
3203:Early China
3133:Radiocarbon
3113:: 321–333.
3090:Early China
2922:Works cited
1623:such as ox
1355:during the
1330:Daxinzhuang
1313:Other sites
1211:Old Chinese
1135:Preparation
981:Wen Wu Ding
814:Dong Zuobin
684:Yinqi yizhu
534:Publication
406:Wang Yirong
387:Pleistocene
375:Han dynasty
359:Wang Yirong
344:Oraculology
289: 1050
268:and turtle
214:Gaap3 gwat1
33:Oracle bone
4507:Categories
4444:Palimpsest
4439:Manuscript
4432:Bas-relief
4377:Skywriting
4333:Wax tablet
4313:Petroglyph
4173:Birch bark
4065:Golden Age
4060:Heortology
4055:Eviternity
4040:Divination
3947:Revelation
3910:Numerology
3873:Apparition
3760:Mediumship
3747:Necromancy
3658:Cartomancy
3640:Cleromancy
3630:Hydromancy
3620:Capnomancy
3599:Oculomancy
3513:Myrmomancy
3475:divination
3472:Methods of
3402:Luo Zhenyu
3173:Qiu, Xigui
3086:Li, Xueqin
2315:Zhang 2002
2303:Zhang 2002
1876:Boltz 2003
1766:References
1629:talus bone
1414:Tung Shing
777:Hu Houxuan
706:Yiqi yicun
438:Luo Zhenyu
291: – c.
282:Late Shang
278:divination
156:Chiaʔ-kueʔ
110:Wade–Giles
4451:Microform
4345:Silk text
4261:Parchment
4218:Palm leaf
3920:Isopsephy
3878:Astrology
3868:Apophenia
3823:Podomancy
3818:Palmistry
3668:Favomancy
3653:Belomancy
3625:Aeromancy
3615:Pyromancy
3608:Elemental
2992:(1978a).
2122:York 2008
2107:Chou 1976
2095:Chou 1976
1987:Chou 1976
1962:690131145
1888:Woon 1987
1695:Chou 1976
1612:Chou 1976
1457:Chou 1976
1115:Zhengzhou
1097:plastrons
1083:Materials
1066:pyromancy
957:Kang Ding
781:Guo Moruo
757:戰後寧滬新獲甲骨集
734:戰後京津新獲甲骨集
591:集殷虛文字楹帖彙編
540:fascicles
493:Fu Sinian
391:poultices
350:Discovery
274:pyromancy
200:Gaap-gwāt
4403:Notebook
4319:Tablets
4308:Geoglyph
4286:Stamping
4281:Intaglio
4223:Borassus
4206:Ola leaf
4133:Enduring
4070:Prophecy
4050:Eternity
4025:Calendar
3942:Prophecy
3915:Gematria
3893:Geomancy
3803:Haruspex
3777:Taghairm
3698:Opon Ifá
3508:Myomancy
3259:(2013).
3211:23351457
3175:(2000).
3098:23351461
3066:(2013).
3064:Li, Feng
2790:Qiu 2000
2642:Qiu 2000
1975:Qiu 2000
1864:Qiu 2000
1852:Qiu 2000
1822:Qiu 2000
1747:Qiu 2000
1570:Xiao Xin
1566:Pan Geng
1419:Futomani
1398:See also
1162:Xiao Jia
1113:(modern
1111:Erligang
1106:Liaoning
1101:carapace
1024:branches
618:Houshang
398:Shandong
323:cinnabar
284:period (
270:plastron
208:Jyutping
4422:(baton)
4277:Metals
4235:Papyrus
4122:Writing
4035:Destiny
4030:Deities
3952:Ecstasy
3932:Onmyodo
3899:I Ching
3844:African
3673:Kumalak
3594:Dowsing
3571:Scrying
3546:Falnama
3142:Bibcode
3037:2718906
2817:Li 2013
2674:Xu 2002
2659:Xu 2002
2621:Xu 2002
2573:Xu 2002
2558:Xu 2002
2426:Li 2002
2330:Li 2002
2192:Xu 2002
2168:Xu 2002
2065:Xu 2002
2041:Xu 2002
1662:Xu 2002
1641:Xu 2002
1625:humerus
1574:Xiao Yi
1489:Xu 2002
1473:Xu 2002
1409:Jiaobei
1404:Kau Cim
1386:, Han,
1379:I Ching
1374:milfoil
1342:Shaanxi
1287:Erlitou
1279:Jiangsu
1238:Wu Ding
953:Lin Xin
884:Zu Geng
837:Wu Ding
806:Wu Ding
640:Cuibian
495:at the
450:calqued
434:Tangyin
266:scapula
178:Gap-gut
117:Chia-ku
58:Chinese
4456:Scroll
4372:Screen
4266:Vellum
4178:Betula
3957:Vision
3937:Oracle
3860:Sikidy
3765:Séance
3720:Sortes
3714:Sikidy
3678:Mengdu
3561:Virgil
3503:Augury
3411:龜甲獸骨文字
3315:
3286:
3267:
3245:
3226:
3209:
3187:
3096:
3074:
3052:
3035:
3000:
2978:
2956:
2937:
2482:
2154:
1960:
1950:
1390:, and
1346:Di Xin
997:Di Xin
888:Zu Jia
822:Period
787:Dating
765:(1951)
746:殷墟文字存真
742:(1954)
723:鐵雲藏龜拾遺
668:殷契摭佚續編
646:殷虛書契續編
629:Houxia
580:殷虛書契前編
569:殷墟文字丙編
558:殷墟文字乙編
547:殷墟文字甲編
505:Anyang
229:Tâi-lô
4420:Shaku
4398:Codex
4328:Slate
4303:Stone
4230:Paper
4147:Amate
3854:Nggàm
3837:Other
3693:Opele
3551:Homer
3541:Bible
3523:Nggàm
3207:JSTOR
3094:JSTOR
3033:JSTOR
2686:p.161
1543:) as
1535:) as
1430:Notes
1303:Gansu
1301:) in
1277:) in
1271:Hebei
1269:) in
1020:stems
993:Di Yi
977:Wu Yi
861:Zhēng
825:Kings
798:Zhēng
712:甲骨綴合編
662:Kikkō
528:Yinxu
509:Li Ji
455:jiǎgǔ
419:Liu E
164:Hakka
102:Jiǎgǔ
4461:Sign
4393:Book
4124:and
4080:Yuga
4020:Aeon
4005:Time
3927:Omen
3398:殷虛書契
3313:ISBN
3284:ISBN
3265:ISBN
3243:ISBN
3224:ISBN
3185:ISBN
3072:ISBN
3050:ISBN
2998:ISBN
2976:ISBN
2954:ISBN
2935:ISBN
2480:ISBN
2152:ISBN
1958:OCLC
1948:ISBN
1572:and
1553:Heji
1549:Heji
1529:Heji
1527:The
1392:Qing
1388:Tang
1319:Hebu
1216:*puk
1073:and
1022:and
912:Xíng
870:Xuān
779:and
701:殷契佚存
679:殷契遺珠
602:殷墟萃編
371:Tang
369:and
243:lit.
237:col.
4273:Ink
4007:in
3849:Ifá
3420:or
3418:四方风
3400:by
3352:doi
3150:doi
3115:doi
3025:doi
1627:or
1545:总编辑
1541:胡厚宣
1533:郭沫若
1283:鹿寺村
1267:台西村
1260:南關外
1203:or
1124:Què
1018:of
949:III
939:Chū
930:Yǐn
852:Bīn
843:Què
501:小屯村
367:Sui
126:IPA
4509::
4416:Hu
3428:.
3346:.
3331:.
3148:.
3138:63
3136:.
3130:.
3109:.
3031:.
3021:38
3019:.
2809:^
2666:^
2649:^
2634:^
2565:^
2538:^
2509:^
2494:^
2322:^
2283:^
2114:^
2087:^
2072:^
2027:^
1994:^
1956:.
1946:.
1844:^
1829:^
1812:^
1785:^
1568:,
1537:主編
1340:,
1307:人民
1299:齊家
1295:寧城
1291:磁縣
1275:丘灣
1213::
1209:;
1206:pǔ
1200:bǔ
1179:Dì
1069:,
1011:.
995:,
979:,
973:IV
963:Hé
955:,
936:,
927:,
921:Jí
918:,
909:,
903:Lǚ
900:,
894:Dà
886:,
880:II
867:,
858:,
849:,
816::
759:;
748:;
736:;
725:;
714:;
703:;
692:;
681:;
670:;
659:;
657:亀甲
648:;
637:;
635:粹編
626:;
624:后下
615:;
613:后上
604:;
593:;
582:;
571:;
560:;
549:;
530:.
460:甲骨
340:.
286:c.
143:Wu
64:甲骨
4418:/
4243:)
4237:(
4226:)
4220:(
4214:)
4208:(
4181:)
4175:(
4114:e
4107:t
4100:v
3997:e
3990:t
3983:v
3464:e
3457:t
3450:v
3432:.
3358:.
3354::
3348:4
3321:.
3292:.
3273:.
3251:.
3232:.
3213:.
3193:.
3158:.
3152::
3144::
3121:.
3117::
3111:4
3100:.
3080:.
3058:.
3039:.
3027::
3006:.
2984:.
2962:.
2943:.
2629:.
2488:.
2158:.
2124:.
1964:.
1890:.
1878:.
1866:.
1719:.
1631:.
1323:ㄓ
1197:(
1195:卜
1191:卜
1184:帝
1182:(
1129:雀
1127:(
989:V
967:何
943:出
934:尹
925:即
916:行
907:旅
898:大
874:宣
865:爭
856:賓
847:㱿
833:I
802:爭
245:)
239:)
20:)
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