818:(GDC). The GDC defines oral medicine as: " oral health care of patients with chronic recurrent and medically related disorders of the mouth and with their diagnosis and non-surgical management." Unlike many other countries, oral medicine physicians in the UK do not usually partake in the dental management of their patients. Some UK oral medicine specialists have dual qualification with both medical and dental degrees. However, in 2010 the GDC approved a new curriculum for oral medicine, and a medical degree is no longer a prerequisite for entry into specialist training. Specialist training is normally 5 years, although this may be reduced to a minimum of 3 years in recognition of previous training, such as a medical degree. In the UK, oral medicine is one of the smallest dental specialties. According to the GDC, as of December 2014 there were 69 clinicians registered as specialists in oral medicine. As of 2012, there were 16 oral medicine units across the UK, mostly based in
126:
paroxysmal neuralgias, continuous neuralgias, myofascial pain, atypical facial pain, autonomic cephalalgias, headaches and migraines. Another aspect of the field is managing the dental and oral condition of medically compromised patients such as cancer patients with related oral mucositis, bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws or oral pathology related to radiation therapy. Additionally, it is involved in the diagnosis and management of dry mouth conditions (such as Sjögren's syndrome) and non-dental chronic orofacial pain, such as burning mouth syndrome, trigeminal neuralgia and temporomandibular joint disorder.
107:
2176:
2206:
2216:
2196:
2186:
865:
792:
Indian programs are accredited by the Dental
Council of India (DCI).Oral Medicine is in conjunction with oral radiology in India and it is taught in both graduate and post graduate levels as Oral Medicine and Radiology. They are three years in length and culminate with a master's degree (MDS) in Oral
139:
It is not uncommon for an individual to experience a lump/swelling in the oral environment. The overall presentation is highly variable and the progression of these lesions can also differ, for example: development of a lesion into a bulla or a malignant neoplasm. Lumps and swellings can occur due to
710:
As described some lumps or swellings can be in close relation to anatomical structures. Commonly, Teeth are associated in a lesion which brings about the question â âare they still vital?â In order to clarify, any tooth that is associated with a lump or swelling is vitality tested, examined for any
544:
If there is any suspect or unknown reason as to why a lump has arisen in an individual's mouth it is important to establish when this first was noticed and the accompanied symptoms if any. On examination ensure that there is not an obvious cause to the swelling/lump via a thorough: medical, social,
686:
Once the surrounding tissues and the immediate management of any lumps/swellings are taken care of, an image of the full extent of the lesion is needed. This is done to establish what the lump/swelling is associated with and to ensure that any damaging probability is kept to a minimum. There are a
125:
Example conditions that oral medicine is concerned with are lichen planus, Behçet's disease and pemphigus vulgaris. Moreover, it involves the diagnosis and follow-up of pre-malignant lesions of the oral cavity, such as leukoplakias or erythroplakias and of chronic and acute pain conditions such as
423:
So as seen above the list is extensive and by no means is this a complete and comprehensive representation of all the possible lumps/swellings that can occur in the mouth as to the means of acquiring a swelling in the mouth. When considering what a lump might be caused by the site of which it has
843:
recognized speciality, and many oral medicine specialists fulfil a very important role by teaching at dental schools and graduate programs to ensure dentists and other dental specialists receive excellent training in medical topics pertinent to the dental practice. The ADA has recently started a
805:
currently offers a 5-year intercalated clinical doctorate/medical degree (DClinDent/MBChB) program. On 9 July 2013, the dental council of New
Zealand proposed that the prescribed qualifications for oral medicine be changed to include the new DClinDent in addition to a medical degree, with no
721:
Finally, a particularly vital means of diagnosis is a biopsy. These tend to be regularly done in the cases of singular, chronic lesions and are carried out in an urgent manner as lesions of this category have a significant malignant potential. The indications to carry out a biopsy include:
121:
Many systemic diseases have signs or symptoms that manifest in the orofacial region. Pathologically, the mouth may be affected by many cutaneous and gastrointestinal conditions. There is also the unique situation of hard tissues penetrating the epithelial continuity (hair and nails are
34:
doctor/dentist (or stomatologist) has received additional specialized training and experience in the diagnosis and management of oral mucosal abnormalities (growths, ulcers, infection, allergies, immune-mediated and autoimmune disorders) including oral cancer, salivary gland disorders,
89:
Oral medicine grew from a group of New York dentists (primarily periodontists), who were interested in the interactions between medicine and dentistry in the 1940s. Before becoming its own specialty in the United States, oral medicine was historically once a subset of the specialty of
783:
offer programs leading to the specialty. Most residents combine oral medicine programs with oral and maxillofacial pathology programs leading to a dual specialty. Graduates are then eligible to sit for the
Fellowship exams with the Royal College of Dentists of Canada (FRCD(C)).
545:
dental and family history, followed by an oral examination. Whilst examining the suspected lesion there are some diagnostic aids to note which can be used to formulate a provisional diagnosis. There are many factors taken into consideration in this diagnosis, such as:
35:
temporomandibular disorders (e.g.: problems with the TMJ) and facial pain (due to musculoskeletal or neurologic conditions), taste and smell disorders; and recognition of the oral manifestations of systemic and infectious diseases. It lies at the interface between
826:
has suggested that there are not enough oral medicine specialists, and that there should be one consultant per million population. Competition for the few training posts is keen, although new posts are being created and the number of trainees increased.
208:: This is an uncommon condition but is seen to be increasing in prevalence. This condition presents with facial/labial swellings commonly accompanied with angular stomatitis or cracked lips, ulcers, mucosal tags, cobblestone mucosea or gingival swellings
749:
Australian programs are accredited by the
Australian Dental Council (ADC). They are three years in length and culminate with either a master's degree (MDS) or a Doctor of Clinical Dentistry degree (DClinDent). Fellowship can then be obtained with the
214:: This is a disease affecting the bowel but commonly has oral lesions associated. Examples of some oral presentations are: raised gingival lesions, hyperplastic folds/cobble-stone mucosa, ulcers, facial swelling and/or angular cheilitis
823:
766:
Canadian programs are accredited by the
Canadian Commission on Dental Accreditation (CDAC). They are a minimum of three years in length and usually culminate with a master's (MSc) degree. Currently, only the
63:" of health, and emphasized the diagnostic and prognostic importance of the tongue. However, oral medicine as a specialization is a relatively new subject area. It used to be termed "stomatology" (-
82:
authored the first book on oral and maxillofacial pathology in 1848, entitled "A Practical
Treatise on Dental Medicine". The term "oral medicine" was not used again until 1868.
1344:
118:
Oral medicine is concerned with clinical diagnosis and non-surgical management of non-dental pathologies affecting the orofacial region (the mouth and the lower face).
711:
pathology or restorative deficiencies in order to determine the long term prognosis of this tooth and how this might affect treatment of the lump/swelling at hand.
714:
Alongside any radiographs which may be justified, Blood tests may be needed in order to obtain a definitive diagnosis if there is a suspicion of potential
1250:
687:
variety of imaging technique options which are chosen based on the lesion: size, location, growth pattern etc. Some examples of images used are: DPT,
1108:
79:
847:
424:
appeared can be of significance. Below are some examples of swellings/lumps which usually are present as specific locations in the oral cavity:
751:
755:
801:
New
Zealand has traditionally followed the UK system of dual training (dentistry and medicine) as a requisite for specialty practice; the
220:: Sarcoidosis is a multi-system condition which may lead to gingival enlargement or salivary gland swelling which may result in xerostomia
987:
1705:
1030:
Shephard, Martina K.; MacGregor, E. Anne; Zakrzewska, Joanna M. (December 2013). "Orofacial Pain: A Guide for the
Headache Physician".
122:
intra-epithelial tissues). The biofilm that covers teeth therefore causes unique pathologic entities known as plaque-induced diseases.
150:: This is a hook-shaped structure protruding postero-laterally from the inferior boundary of the medial plate of the pterygoid process
2046:
802:
918:
2240:
1645:
156:: This is the exiting duct from the parotid gland which is commonly found adjacent to the upper second molar on the buccal mucosa
1302:
1211:
1945:
179:: Commonly due to a bacterial infection spreading to the deeper layers of the skin leading to a multitude of complications
2081:
1423:
1187:
968:
591:
Purple or red pigmentation may occur due to conditions such as: haemangioma, kaposi's sarcoma or a giant cell lesion
51:
The importance of the mouth in medicine has been recognized since the earliest known medical writings. For example,
634:
If a lesion is palpated and a crackling, âegg shellâ sound occurs this tends to be a swelling overlying a bony cyst
736:
Once a small piece of tissue is removed for the biopsy, it is then microscopically histopathologically examined.
1379:
2199:
2071:
1505:
878:
780:
359:
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1236:
623:
The lesion should be tested to determine whether it is attached to adjacent structures or the overlying mucosa
1132:
Felix, David H; Luker, Jane; Scully, Crispian (2013-10-02). "Oral medicine: 11. lumps and swellings: mouth".
43:. An oral medicine doctor is trained to diagnose and manage patients with disorders of the orofacial region.
110:
The orofacial pain region: "pain localized to the region above the neck, in front of the ears and below the
2250:
2051:
1369:
2245:
1695:
840:
836:
19:
This article is about the dental and medical specialty. For the method of administering a medicine, see
1675:
1327:
700:
379:
78:
In some institutions, it is termed "oral medicine and oral diagnosis". American physician and dentist,
845:
599:
If the lesion is warm it is thought an inflammatory cause is most likely (e.g. abscess or haemangioma)
2104:
1094:
1896:
1818:
1813:
1733:
1493:
656:
Squamous cell carcinoma is an example of a malignancy which can present with superficial ulceration
334:
205:
114:, as well as pain within the oral cavity; pain of dental origin and temporomandibular disorders".
1876:
1850:
1387:
991:
607:
If a lesion is significantly tender on palpation the origin is usually thought to be inflammatory
515:
197:: Is a relatively common, tumor-like, exuberant tissue response to localized irritation or trauma
185:: A cyst is an epithelial lined sac of tissue that has either fluid or semi-fluid content inside
1468:
1416:
815:
415:
2119:
2005:
1978:
1951:
1903:
1857:
1552:
1212:"Proposed prescribed qualification for the Dental Specialty: Oral Medicine Scope of Practice"
1081:
776:
768:
615:
Are there any secretions associated with the lesion upon palpation or spontaneously occurring
280:
1005:
958:
2139:
2099:
1966:
1780:
1775:
1755:
1690:
1542:
926:
573:
Diagrams or photographs are usually recorded alongside the actual measurement of the lesion
469:
1073:
8:
2219:
2161:
2144:
1803:
1520:
526:
478:
409:
83:
20:
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Brown and black pigmentation may occur from a variety of aetiologies s such as: tattoo,
2109:
2066:
2056:
1845:
1798:
1765:
1760:
1510:
1488:
1055:
295:
211:
194:
839:(CODA) accredited programs are a minimum of two years in length. Oral medicine, is an
552:
Midline associated lesions tend to be of a developmental origin (e.g. torus palatinus)
2205:
2179:
2061:
2031:
2010:
1973:
1956:
1871:
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1473:
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1275:
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1183:
1157:
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1047:
964:
814:
In the UK, oral medicine is one of the 13 specialties of dentistry recognized by the
772:
374:
231:
182:
147:
111:
1059:
173:: An abscess is a painful collection of pus, usually caused by a bacterial infection
106:
2189:
1881:
1866:
1743:
1618:
1574:
1333:. Medical and Dental Defence Union of Scotland. p. Soundbite; Issue 06 pp 8â9.
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2015:
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1983:
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1995:
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264:: this is an abnormal mass of ectopic thyroid tissue seen at the base of tongue
236:
170:
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1908:
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819:
494:
290:
95:
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1940:
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Oral and maxillofacial medicine : the basis of diagnosis and treatment
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91:
1988:
1933:
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achieving board certification in oral medicine as well as periodontics.
52:
2076:
1961:
1928:
1700:
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1630:
1623:
1608:
1598:
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990:. The Maxillofacial Center for Education & Research. Archived from
704:
349:
309:
241:
176:
726:
Lesions that have neoplastic or premalignant features or are enlarging
675:
Multiple lesions might suggest an infective or developmental aetiology
71:
2149:
1891:
1886:
1750:
1728:
1603:
1567:
389:
369:
329:
60:
40:
1655:
1432:
586:
556:
399:
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285:
36:
2134:
1594:
1562:
1455:
696:
1074:"Oral Pyogenic Granuloma: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology"
1374:
539:
499:
275:
631:
Carcinoma is usually suggested by a hard/indurated consistency
491:
Most commonly salivary calculi and denture-induced hyperplasia
582:
56:
844:
dental practice parameters for world-class quality services.
648:
Papillomas are usually comparative to a wart-like appearance
562:
Consider associations with surrounding anatomical structures
140:
a variety of conditions, both benign and malignant such as:
1401:
732:
Persistent lesions that are failing to respond to treatment
1364:
1268:
1243:
258:: formation of new bone upon the surface of a present bone
1325:
86:
is also considered the father of oral medicine by some.
1396:
1345:"Facts and figures from the GDC register December 2014"
1297:
1295:
1293:
923:
483:
Developmental swellings associated with Paget's disease
1384:
1337:
1229:
645:
Malignant lesions tend to be nodular and may ulcerate
1290:
860:
667:
Benign lesions tend to have a clearly defined margin
664:
Malignant lesions tend to have an ill-defined margin
129:
1375:Oral Medicine Society of Australia and New Zealand
1182:(2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.
729:Persistent lesions that are of uncertain aetiology
1303:"Specialty Training Curriculum for Oral Medicine"
824:The British & Irish Society for Oral Medicine
2232:
1173:
1171:
1131:
919:"Odd Tongues: The Prevalence of Lingual Disease"
1109:"Dental cysts | Cambridge University Hospitals"
1326:Clare Marney; Jim Killgore (7 December 2012).
134:
1417:
1397:Indian Academy of Oral Medicine and Radiology
1365:British & Irish Society for Oral Medicine
1168:
752:Royal Australasian College of Dental Surgeons
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
756:Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia
540:Diagnosis of the cause of a lump or swelling
1032:Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain
1023:
642:Abnormal vascular changes suggests neoplasm
1706:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
1424:
1410:
982:
980:
806:requirement for a standard dental degree.
555:Bilateral lesions tend to be benign (e.g.
59:and others considered the tongue to be a "
2047:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
1177:
941:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1253:. General Dental Council. Archived from
822:, and around 40 practising consultants.
803:University of Otago Faculty of Dentistry
739:
565:Malignant lesions are usually unilateral
162:: Seen covering the dorsum of the tongue
105:
1006:"Career Paths of Oral Medicine Doctors"
977:
549:The anatomical position & symmetry
475:Invasive carcinoma from maxillary sinus
2233:
1380:International Academy of Oral Medicine
1405:
1385:European Association of Oral Medicine
1312:
2185:
1946:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
1308:. General Dental Council. July 2010.
956:
2195:
1278:. British Society for Oral Medicine
718:or any endocrinopathy involvement.
13:
2082:Medical Scientist Training Program
191:: Infection of the salivary glands
14:
2262:
1370:American Academy of Oral Medicine
1358:
1010:American Academy of Oral Medicine
809:
681:
2214:
2204:
2194:
2184:
2175:
2174:
1328:"Where dentistry meets medicine"
963:(3rd ed.). JP Medical Ltd.
863:
830:
202:Chronic granulomatous disorders
130:Lumps and swellings of the mouth
16:Medicine pertaining to the mouth
2215:
1204:
754:, FRACDS (Oral Med) and or the
2241:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
2072:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
1506:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
1125:
1101:
1066:
998:
911:
879:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
796:
781:University of British Columbia
1:
1217:. Dental Council, New Zealand
988:"Bond's Book of Oral Disease"
904:
2052:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
1819:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
1431:
744:
7:
1146:10.12968/denu.2013.40.8.683
856:
841:American Dental Association
837:American Dental Association
272:Denture-induced hyperplasia
135:Types of lumps and swelling
10:
2267:
1178:Crispian., Scully (2008).
701:Magnetic Resonance Imaging
46:
18:
2170:
2092:
2030:
1791:
1719:
1674:
1583:
1454:
1439:
1350:. General Dental Council.
1239:. General Dental Council.
960:Textbook of oral medicine
820:dental teaching hospitals
761:
509:Tongue and buccal mucosa
144:Normal variation lesions
2006:Transplantation medicine
1897:Clinical neurophysiology
1814:Obstetric anesthesiology
1734:Interventional radiology
1494:Digestive system surgery
1276:"What is Oral Medicine?"
793:Medicine and Radiology.
787:
446:Drug-induced hyperplasia
335:Calcium channel blockers
308:Oral contraceptive pill
206:Orofacial granulomatosis
101:
1877:Intensive care medicine
1851:Mass gathering medicine
1696:Maternalâfetal medicine
1251:"Look for a specialist"
523:Vesiculobullous lesions
516:Congenital macroglossia
1469:Cardiothoracic surgery
1089:Cite journal requires
816:General Dental Council
512:Congenital haemangioma
431:Congenital hyperplasia
416:salivary gland tumours
115:
2120:Personalized medicine
1979:Reproductive medicine
1904:Occupational medicine
1858:Evolutionary medicine
957:John, Pramod (2014).
777:University of Alberta
769:University of Toronto
740:Training and practice
281:Fibroepithelial polyp
109:
2140:Traditional medicine
2100:Alternative medicine
1967:Addiction psychiatry
1781:Transfusion medicine
1776:Medical microbiology
1691:Gynecologic oncology
1543:Reproductive surgery
470:Pleomorphic adenomas
2251:Dentistry education
2162:History of medicine
2145:Veterinary medicine
1952:Preventive medicine
1804:Adolescent medicine
1646:Infectious diseases
697:Computed Tomography
472:/salivary neoplasms
410:Odontogenic tumours
84:Jonathan Hutchinson
21:Oral administration
2246:Dentistry branches
2110:Molecular oncology
2067:Doctor of Medicine
2057:Master of Medicine
1974:Radiation oncology
1846:Emergency medicine
1799:Addiction medicine
1766:Clinical chemistry
1761:Clinical pathology
1553:Transplant surgery
1511:Orthopedic surgery
1489:Colorectal surgery
1390:2018-11-01 at the
1237:"Specialist lists"
1044:10.1111/head.12272
929:on 11 October 2013
850:2014-05-07 at the
672:Number of lesions
437:Pyogenic granuloma
296:Surgical emphysema
195:Pyogenic granuloma
116:
2228:
2227:
2062:Master of Surgery
2026:
2025:
2011:Tropical medicine
1957:Prison healthcare
1872:Hospital medicine
1836:Disaster medicine
1826:Aviation medicine
1641:Hospital medicine
1548:Surgical oncology
1533:Pediatric surgery
1527:
1474:Endocrine surgery
773:McGill University
375:Fibrous dysplasia
305:Pregenancy epulis
232:Odontogenic cysts
148:Pterygoid hamulus
112:orbitomeatal line
2258:
2218:
2217:
2208:
2198:
2197:
2188:
2187:
2178:
2177:
1882:Medical genetics
1867:General practice
1744:Nuclear medicine
1619:Gastroenterology
1575:Vascular surgery
1525:
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1021:
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1018:
1016:
1002:
996:
995:
984:
975:
974:
954:
939:
938:
936:
934:
925:. Archived from
915:
873:
868:
867:
866:
716:blood dyscrasias
639:Surface texture
559:, diabetes etc.)
479:Kaposi's sarcoma
443:Pregnancy epulis
160:Lingual papillae
154:Parotid papillae
2266:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2166:
2155:Chief physician
2088:
2033:
2022:
2016:Travel medicine
2001:Sports medicine
1984:Sexual medicine
1924:Palliative care
1919:Pain management
1863:Family medicine
1841:Diving medicine
1787:
1715:
1677:
1670:
1586:
1579:
1538:Plastic surgery
1484:General surgery
1464:Cardiac surgery
1445:
1443:
1435:
1430:
1392:Wayback Machine
1361:
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986:
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978:
971:
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942:
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930:
917:
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912:
907:
894:Tooth pathology
871:Medicine portal
869:
864:
862:
859:
852:Wayback Machine
833:
812:
799:
790:
764:
747:
742:
684:
570:Size and shape
542:
504:Mandibular tori
466:Unerupted teeth
460:Torus palatinus
452:Papilloma/warts
380:Paget's disease
262:Lingual thyroid
256:mandibular tori
228:Unerupted teeth
212:Crohn's disease
137:
132:
104:
49:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2093:Related topics
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2042:Medical school
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2020:
2019:
2018:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1996:Sleep medicine
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80:Thomas E Bond
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28:oral medicine
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2130:Rural health
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1666:Rheumatology
1597: /
1516:Hand surgery
1501:Neurosurgery
1339:
1280:. Retrieved
1270:
1259:. Retrieved
1255:the original
1245:
1231:
1219:. Retrieved
1206:
1179:
1137:
1133:
1127:
1116:. Retrieved
1112:
1103:
1082:cite journal
1068:
1038:(1): 22â39.
1035:
1031:
1025:
1013:. Retrieved
1009:
1000:
992:the original
959:
933:11 September
931:. Retrieved
927:the original
922:
913:
884:Oral surgery
834:
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689:Scintigraphy
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628:Consistency
596:Temperature
543:
422:
252:Palatal tori
247:Lymphangioma
189:Sialadenitis
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94:, with many
92:periodontics
88:
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31:
27:
25:
2200:Wikiproject
1989:Venereology
1934:Neonatology
1831:Dermatology
1686:Gynaecology
1678:gynaecology
1661:Pulmonology
1479:Eye surgery
1441:Specialties
797:New Zealand
693:Sialography
653:Ulceration
604:Tenderness
532:Hyperplasia
340:Ciclosporin
320:Amyloidosis
242:Haemangioma
218:Sarcoidosis
53:Hippocrates
32:stomatology
2235:Categories
1962:Psychiatry
1948:(PM&R)
1941:Phlebology
1929:Pediatrics
1756:Anatomical
1721:Diagnostic
1701:Obstetrics
1651:Nephrology
1636:Hematology
1631:Geriatrics
1624:Hepatology
1609:Cardiology
1599:Immunology
1282:7 December
1261:2014-12-07
1118:2019-02-12
1015:2 February
905:References
779:, and the
705:Ultrasound
612:Discharge
449:Angioedema
440:Neoplastic
386:Neoplasms
356:Infective
350:Angioedema
316:Metabolic
310:gingivitis
269:Traumatic
177:Cellulitis
2150:Physician
2034:education
1892:Neurology
1887:Narcology
1751:Pathology
1729:Radiology
1604:Angiology
1568:Andrology
1198:123962943
1154:0305-5000
745:Australia
620:Movement
463:Abscesses
434:Abscesses
395:Leukeamia
390:Carcinoma
370:Cherubism
330:Phenytoin
302:Hormonal
286:Haematoma
61:barometer
41:dentistry
2180:Category
1656:Oncology
1587:medicine
1585:Internal
1433:Medicine
1388:Archived
1221:2 August
1162:24279221
1060:44571343
1052:24261452
857:See also
848:Archived
758:, RCPA.
587:melanoma
557:sialosis
520:Mucocele
495:Mucocele
428:Gingiva
400:Lymphoma
346:Allergy
291:Mucocele
66:stomato-
37:medicine
2220:Outline
2190:Commons
2135:Therapy
2032:Medical
1595:Allergy
1563:Urology
1456:Surgery
661:Margin
583:naeuvus
578:Colour
457:Palate
405:Myeloma
171:Abscess
47:History
2210:Portal
2077:MDâPhD
1196:
1186:
1160:
1152:
1058:
1050:
967:
775:, the
762:Canada
527:Ulcers
500:Ranula
414:Minor
326:Drugs
276:Epulis
72:-ology
1792:Other
1348:(PDF)
1331:(PDF)
1306:(PDF)
1215:(PDF)
1056:S2CID
788:India
183:Cysts
102:Scope
57:Galen
1284:2014
1223:2013
1194:OCLC
1184:ISBN
1158:PMID
1150:ISSN
1095:help
1048:PMID
1017:2018
965:ISBN
935:2013
835:The
703:and
488:FOM
254:and
39:and
1526:ENT
1444:and
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360:HPV
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