Orange S.A. - Knowledge

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Partner can opt out, with either party being able to opt out in the second year. Regardless of which party opts to exercise the out clause, Orange will pay Partner an additional €50 million to end the arrangement. Orange stated that the money paid to Partner was purely for re-branding purposes and affirmed their previous statement that their wish to leave Israel is based on desire to discontinue license agreements and maintain only subsidiaries that they control, rather than a boycott. Orange would make the relevant payments over the course of two years and charge it to their books as a mix of marketing, sales, customer services and related expenses. As part of the agreement Orange's research and development activities within Israel would transition to the Orange name, but would be restricted from entering the telecommunications services market.

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solidarity from ADMICAL. The board of directors of Orange Foundation consists of representatives of Orange, independent personalities and employee representatives. Its purpose is to support projects related to health, particularly autism; education, particularly schooling for girls in developing countries; and culture, particularly group vocal music. Projects supported by Orange Foundation are chosen by committees of experts devoted to each major theme. The Foundation has been involved in 300 to 400 projects per year since 1987. The Foundation works with international NGOs and local associations involved in long-term projects in countries in which Orange is based for better follow-up of these projects.

974:. On 11 December 2009, Egypt's regulator approved an offer from a unit of France Telecom (Orange) to buy Mobinil. In 2010, Orange's CEO, Didier Lombard, was replaced by Stéphane Richard. The company was also reorganised internally, most notably with the arrival of former Culture Minister Christine Albanel as head of communications for the group. In mid-April 2010, Orange UK announced that it would outsource the management of its broadband network to BT. This announcement was greeted positively by broadband commentators, who felt that the move was likely to improve Orange's broadband quality and customer services. 1288: 2425: 1263: 1989: 2121: 1078: 2266:). The Livebox has evolved over time. The Livebox 1.0 was replaced by version 1.1, the Mini Livebox, followed by the Livebox 2.0. The newest version was scheduled to be rolled out in 2012. The Livebox is offered on a monthly contract for €3 per month or for purchase for €59. The Number of Liveboxes rented in 2008,this statistic reflects Orange's significant market penetration and growth in the broadband internet sector. With 7.3 million Liveboxes rented out, Orange experienced a notable 12.3% increase in just one year. 1392: 1161: 2493: 2154: 1086: 1923: 1958: 1367: 868: 1725: 1675: 1213: 9707: 1494: 1469: 2088: 1188: 1855: 1750: 1238: 3248: 2020: 1804: 1544: 1444: 1700: 1648: 1569: 9717: 2055: 1417: 1342: 1315: 8420: 4013: 9696: 1519: 1596: 1623: 1135: 34: 1888: 1777: 319: 302: 285: 268: 245: 9727: 4027: 655:. It became autonomous in 1990. This was in response to a European directive, aimed at making competition mandatory in public services from 1 January 1998. The 2 July 1990 Bill changed France Télécom into an operator of public law, with Marcel Roulet as the first Chairman. Since then, the company has had a separate body corporate from the State and acquired financial autonomy. It was privatised by 3910: 2627:

in 2010. Orange employs 3,700 people in research and development per year throughout the organisation, including more than 200 doctoral candidates and post-doctorates. Orange's research and development is based on partnerships with industry, suppliers and operators, universities and schools, academic institutes and research programs such as the following:

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in response that "The Orange Group is a telecoms operator and as such its primary concern is to defend and promote the value of its brand in markets in which it is present," the statement began. "The Group does not engage in any kind of political debate under any circumstance." Later, Richard visited Israel to clarify his remarks. He met Israeli PM

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of short-term liabilities. The company obtained €15 billion of debt adjustment that needed to be borne by banks and investors, another €15 billion as a capital increase from the French State since it was still the majority shareholder, and an additional 15bn in cash from internal savings. On 25 February 2005, Thierry Breton was appointed

3467:, when the phone detects the higher speed. The Orange UK mobile broadband USB adapter works with the new network. The 3G networks for all telecommunication suppliers still struggle to get the throughput that was originally advertised when these networks were announced. The UK Telecoms Regulator has reported on the challenges for all suppliers. 2529:. In December 2014, Orange were in talks with BT Group regarding the acquisition of EE for an estimated £12.5 billion. On 5 February 2015, it was announced that BT would be acquiring EE in a £12.5 billion deal, in which Orange S.A would take a 4% stake in the BT Group. The acquisition of EE was completed on 29 January 2016. 985:, left the company. His departure was shadowed by controversy over his stock options: he was suspected of having stayed with the company longer to wait for the France Telecom share to recover and then exercise his stock option. The share was trading at around €16, whereas his stock options were at €23. On 3 February 2012, 1002:'s Orascom Telecom Media and Technology (OTMT) in an effort to double its revenue in MENA by 2015. On 28 May 2013 at the Annual Shareholders' Meeting, shareholders approved changing the name of the group to Orange S.A. This became effective on 1 July 2013. In September 2014, Orange agreed a deal to acquire 3539:

said, "I call on Jews of France and the world to disconnect from Orange unless Stéphane Richard takes back his words. The time has come for them to understand that Jews in the world and sane voices that oppose anti-Semitism and racism also have power." The statement on the company's website announced

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firm Technologia at the request of France Télécom's management. Of the 102,843 employees in the group's parent company, 80,080 responded, i.e. a response rate of 77.9%. The fact-finding report revealed a "very poor general feeling", "strained physical and mental health", and a "tense and even violent

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In 2010, Orange devoted 1.9% of its revenue, or €845 million, to research and development. Since January 2007 Orange has unified its research laboratories and technocentres in the Orange Labs network. As of 31 December 2010 Orange held a portfolio of 7,892 patents, 327 which were filed

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Orange is the sole brand used in the marketing of the company's mobile offers; the Itineris, Ola and Mobicarte brands have been combined since 2001, and Mobicarte became a special prepaid calling offer. As of 31 December 2010, Orange has 150 million mobile customers worldwide, 17.9% of whom

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announced they were in advanced talks to merge their UK operations to create the largest mobile operator with 37% of the market. Both T-Mobile and Orange brands were kept due to differences in their targeted markets. T-Mobile remained the budget-conscious offering and Orange the premium one, although

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was given the task of turning the company around after the company became crippled by debt following the drop of the company's stock price. On 30 September 2002, the company's stock price was €6.94, down from €219 on 2 March 2000. France Télécom was the second most indebted company worldwide in terms

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On 30 June 2015, Orange and Partner announced a change to their 10-year licensing agreement. Orange paid Partner €40 million to add an opt out clause to the contract, with which Partner conducted a market survey which is determine the best course of action moving forward. In the first year only

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The French chairman and CEO of the Orange telecommunications company, Stéphane Richard said in Cairo regarding his company operations in Israel, "Believe me, I would cancel the contract tomorrow if I could. We want to end this and to fix this; we don't want it." Later, Orange announced its desire to

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In November 2009, three users lodged a complaint against Orange for false advertising concerning its "Unlimited 3G Key" service. These customers criticised the operator for the misleading way in which this service is presented, since it isn't in fact unlimited. While it is true that there is no time

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The Orange group is governed by a board of directors composed of a minimum of twelve members and a maximum of twenty-two members, divided as follows: three are appointed by the French State, three are elected by the employees, one is elected by the shareholders and represents employee shareholders,

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In 1987 France Télécom established the France Télécom Foundation. On 16 January 2007, the foundation changed its name to Orange Foundation. In 1990 France Telecom Foundation received the top award for corporate philanthropy from ADMICAL. In 1995 France Telecom Foundation received the top award for

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Between January 2008 and April 2011, more than 60 France Télécom employees died by suicide, some leaving notes blaming stress and misery at work. In October 2009, the wave of suicides led former Deputy CEO Louis-Pierre Wenes to resign under trade union pressure, to be replaced by Stéphane Richard.

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In the 1970s, France attempted to make up for its delay in developing communications infrastructure, compared to other countries, by launching the programme "Delta LP" (increasing the main lines). It was at that time that the majority of the local loop was built (that is all the cables linking the

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were sent and billed multiple times. The operator agreed to reimburse the excess costs to consumers, explaining that the error came from a "third party operator" (which turned out to be Bouygues Telecom), said not to have sent acknowledgements, which caused the messages to be resent. A computer

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Governance and Corporate Social Responsibility Committee: Created in 2010, it comprises at least three members appointed by the board of directors on the recommendation of its chairman. Its remit is to examine the main risks and opportunities in relation with the environment, Orange's policies

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The NeXT scheme was the recovery plan for France Télécom which aimed at, among other things, reducing costs, especially wage costs, carrying on a converging policy for its products and services, and grouping together all the brands under a single brand, except for the activities dealing with

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The corporation has throughout the years expanded its activities to include content sales (music, cinema, downloads, etc.), e-commerce, online advertising, M2M, home automation and remote assistance solutions. In 2023, it generated over €43 billion in revenue across all its businesses.

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and Mobilcom), of which some have since been sold back. Through this process, France Télécom became the fourth-biggest global operator. The mobile telephone operations of Orange plc were merged with the majority of the mobile operations of France Télécom, forming the new group Orange S.A.

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Strategy Committee: Created in 2003, the Strategy Committee comprises at least three members appointed by the board of directors on the recommendation of its chairman. The latter chairs the committee. It examines the group's international development strategic and the strategic mid-term

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The executive committee reports to the chairman and CEO. Its purpose is to coordinate the implementation of Orange's strategic orientations and to oversee the achievement of operational, social, technical and financial resource allocation objectives. It comprises fifteen members.

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Two types of infrastructure coexist in Orange's research and development: the research laboratories and the technocentres. The latter are responsible for Orange innovations and consist of multidisciplinary teams of researchers, engineers, and marketing and sales personnel.

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working environment" for some categories of personnel. Working conditions were deemed difficult, mainly for personnel in charge of sales and customer interventions. Given heavy media coverage, these findings were the source of major contention about working conditions.

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said in response "Just yesterday Israel faced attacks from anti-Israel and anti-Semitic bodies, who have chosen to delegitimise the state of Israel, and to launch rockets at us from the Gaza Strip. We must face these challenges together, right and left," Rivlin said.

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problem at the Bouygues platform was blamed. During the night of 31 December 2010 to 1 January 2011, more than 930 million text messages were exchanged in France (for the three operators combined), setting a new record compared with the peaks of the previous years.

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and establish a new telecommunications entity. As part of this agreement, the Romanian government would own a 20% stake in the new entity, and Orange would take over fixed operations. The MCSI had first entered talks to sell Telekom Romania in September 2019, when

2398:. In 2007 Goa ceases to be a subsidiary and is merged into Orange. In 2009 Orange refocuses Goa.com on online entertainment and gradually ceases to operate massively multiplayer online games. In August 2010, goa.com disappears to become the Orange Jeux portal. 879:

From 1 June 2006, France Télécom tried to commercialise all its products under a single worldwide brand, becoming the sole brand of the France Telecom group for Internet, television and mobile services in the majority of countries in which Orange operated.

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Orange offers services for video on demand access using the Orange decoder, a computer or a mobile phone. Orange offers free programming from the catalogues of available works of France Television, M6 and TF1 for one week after their initial broadcast.

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performances, customers compared their download speed and discovered that Orange in France was capping 3G download bandwidth. Orange admitted capping to 384 kbit/s, well below the theoretical 7.2 Mbit/s provided by the iPhone. Orange uncapped

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The company is headed either by the chairman of the board of directors, whose title in that case is the chairman and chief executive officer, or by another person appointed by the board of directors and given the title of chief executive officer.

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and, in 2008, entered into a partnership with France Televisions to broadcast pre-recorded programming from the public national television and to roll out themed channels for sports, cinema and television series. Orange dubbed the strategy

3056:, a French online video platform, at a cost of €58.8 million. The group also secured an option to acquire all of the shares in the platform in 2013. This is indicative of a new strategy by Orange, which seeks to offer a full range of 2540:

is a provider of managed services for the media and broadcast industry, such as TV channel distribution via satellite and Internet, live event production, contribution and distribution services, channel content preparation and playout.

3548:. Richard told both Netanyahu and Peres that Orange has not and will not support anti-Israel boycott efforts, and insisted that its announced decision to abrogate its relationship with Partner was purely commercial and not political. 2309:

Orange Cinema Series is launched 13 November 2008, along with Orange Sport; it comprises five channels devoted to movies (Orange Ciné Max, Ciné Happy, Ciné Choc, Ciné Novo, Ciné Géant). The channels primarily show films from the

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Orange took over the landline and Internet businesses of France Telecom and Wanadoo in 2006. Since then, Orange is the sole brand of France Telecom for landline and Internet services worldwide, with a few exceptions, such as

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In 1941, a General Direction of Telecommunications was created within this ministry. Then, in 1944, the National Centre of Telecommunications Studies (CNET) was created to develop the telecommunications industry in France.

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in 2008, announcing it simultaneously with the launch of the Orange cinema series television channels and aimed to offer customers access to all content available through Orange's services, anywhere and from any device.

2416:: Created by Orange in 2008, Liveradio is a free, live, on-demand IP radio streaming service. Users gain access through this service to more than 10,000 FM and web radio stations and 11,000 podcasts from 100 countries. 613:. Telephone services were nationalised and added to the ministry in 1889. However, it was not until 1923 that the second 'T' (for 'telephones') appeared and the department of P&T (Posts and Telegraphs) became PTT. 3579:

Audit Committee: Created in 1997, the Audit Committee comprises three members appointed for indefinite terms by the board of directors on the recommendation of the Governance and Corporate Social Responsibility

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In August 2000, France Télécom bought Orange plc from Vodafone for a total estimated cost of €39.7 billion. At the time, France Télécom also bought stakes in several other international firms (GlobalOne,

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In 1997, France Telecom created Goa, an online entertainment subsidiary. The site is launched as a platform for players of massively multiplayer online games. In 2002, Goa acquires the operating license for

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is a provider of IPTV and OTT TV service platforms and security services. It is headquartered in Paris La Defense. Viaccess-orca acquired Squadeo company in 2017 and is able to supply video secured player.

3456:, it was voted as the most unreliable broadband provider, and it had the highest number of dissatisfied customers. Two thirds of Orange customers experienced problems cancelling their Orange broadband. 993:

for US$ 1.7 billion. The deal closed on 3 January 2013, and the Orange brand was phased out on 19 August 2013, when its operations were merged into 3. In March 2012, France Télécom bought 93.9% of

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The company's former head office was based at 6, Place d'Alleray in the 15th arrondissement of Paris. The building was the head office from 1998 until 2012. Eight hundred employees worked at the site.

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web site known as OrangeProblems.co.uk focuses on the poor level of service provided by Orange Broadband in the UK. Initially set up as WanadooProblems.co.uk, the site focuses on the infamous Orange

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limit, the user cannot download more than 1 gigabyte per month, thus limiting browsing. Unaware of this, the three plaintiffs browsed beyond plan limits and had to pay additional fees as a result.

4218: 3030:. With this acquisition, the operator offered its subscribers a new "Deezer Premium" option: paid streaming music service with no advertising and 7 million titles. In 2016 Orange sold Deezer to 5757: 3395:, making use of the data which they have access to, France Télécom has targeted former subscribers who had switched to a competitor, in order to win them back, offering them specific deals. 3307:

The suicide rate among France Télécom's 102,000 domestic employees was 15.3 per year in that year, compared with an average of 14.7 suicides per 100,000 in the overall French population.

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services on its channels, allowing viewers to watch programmes broadcast in the previous 30 days whenever they like, as well as supplementary programmes from the previous month.

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Faced with multiple suicides of employees, the company promoted Stéphane Richard to the chief executive officer on 1 February 2010, while Didier Lombard remained as chairman.

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which went on to win best picture and four further awards at the 84th Academy Awards. This makes it the first silent film to win an award since the original ceremony in 1929.

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Orange Labs (formerly France Télécom R&D) is the research and development division of Orange. This division was derived from different previous entities, such as CNET (

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the fifteen other members are appointed by the shareholders. The board members serve for a term of four years. In 2011, the board of directors was composed of 15 members:

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was a brand by Globecast for its north-american direct-to-home satellite broadcast of international channels. In 2012, Globecast also began launching a direct-to-consumer

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Beginning in 2003, Orange's strategy has centred on the acquisition, creation and diffusion of content. This starts with the creation of MaLigne.tv in 2003, later renamed

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in Austria, Belgium, the Dominican Republic, Egypt, Jordan, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Switzerland and Orange's African markets. On 8 September 2009, Orange and

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accused Orange of tied-selling as the Orange channels were only available to its subscribers. In June 2008, the firm abandoned a €27 billion bid for Swedish operator

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in 2000. The former French public monopoly thus became internationalized following this takeover and has pursued an expansionist policy since. The group is now present in

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at faster speeds. Planned to begin operation in 2020, the fibre-based cable has a design capacity of 250 terabits per second (Tbit/s) and will span approximately 6600

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they held. According to the survey Orange was the worst ISP in the UK. 68% of Orange customers that took part in the survey said they were unsatisfied with Orange's

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that the work organisation at France Télécom "was conducive to generating suffering at work" and "health risks" for employees. An investigation was conducted by the

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fined France Télécom €27.6 million for having improperly impeded the development of new competing operators in the French overseas departments (primarily Réunion).

2278:, an ADSL television access service and a video-on-demand service. In 2004, Orange organised a television access service for mobile phones. In 2007, Orange created 10283: 10273: 5403: 4772: 10181: 6371: 753:. Hutchison renamed Microtel to Orange Personal Communications Services Ltd, and on 28 April 1994 the Orange brand was launched in the UK mobile phone market. A 7347: 5330: 730: 3495:

In August 2007 Orange was criticised for summarily deleting email accounts tied to old Freeserve and Wanadoo 'pay as you go' dial-up accounts with no warning.

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In February 2016, Orange and Partner decided to terminate their agreement. As a result, rebranding has resulted in Orange Israel becoming part of Partner.

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bullish. A second share offering occurred in 1998. France Télécom got behind in the internationalisation launched by its international competitors such as

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concerning industrial, the publication of societal and environmental information, and the main orientations of its corporate social responsibility policy.

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Cityvox is a network of websites with local content (restaurants, cultural happenings, etc.) created in 1999. Orange purchased the network site in 2008.

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are in France. Orange France is the leading mobile telecommunications operator in France, with a market share of 45.38% as of 2 November 2009.

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On 5 April 2009, Orange won an Arbitration Court case against Orascom Telecom, forcing Orascom to transfer its stake in Mobinil to Orange at a price of

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experiments aimed at mobile receivers were first carried out by France's Centre Commun d'Etudes de Telediffusion et Telecommunications (CCETT) in 1984.

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per Mobinil share. On 28 October 2009, Orange changed the name of its Luxembourgish telecommunication company VOXMobile to Orange. On 5 November 2009,

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bid for Mannesmann. Shortly thereafter, in February 2000, Vodafone acquired Mannesmann for US$ 183 billion, and decided to divest Orange because

594:, the first communication network was developed to enable the rapid transmission of information in a warring and unsafe country. That was the optical 6996: 6892: 6313: 5104: 4087: 3972: 9756: 6345: 4196: 10293: 10268: 7107: 6793: 6723: 4588: 4149: 3345:

accused Orange of not providing sufficient connectivity to its site, thus severely limiting throughput from France, an allegation Orange denied.

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fixed-line telephone which would stay under the designation 'France Télécom'. Consequently, this led to the disappearance of a number of brands.

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In response to the problems with Orange UK broadband and 3G broadband during March 2009 and April 2009 the 3G data network has been upgraded to

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created in 1972, as well as other entities. In 2007, France Télécom R&D became known as Orange Labs, a global network of R&D entities.

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but covers a wider range of Orange operations such as lost email, significantly delayed SMTP and outages, suspicions of eavesdropping, et al.

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Governance of the Orange group is centered in its board of directors, executive committee and three committees that steer Orange's strategy:

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Orange is a communications access provider offering customers access through multiple platforms. The four key platforms Orange operates are:

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This article is about the French telecommunications company. For the former British mobile network operator the company is named after, see

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France Télécom used its dominant position, resulting in particular from its former monopoly, to take unfair advantage of its competitors.

674:, continues to hold a stake of almost 27% in the company. In addition, The French government's role in naming the CEO. In September 1995, 10263: 10174: 9749: 7786: 6750: 6696: 6406: 5972: 4299: 3073: 2474: 2406: 2279: 2549:

IPTV service called MyGlobeTV in the United States using NetGem set top boxes. The MyGlobeTV service was discontinued In December 2013.

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customers in Cameroon. It serves as a bridge between the Internet access and the home network through several communication interfaces (

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acquired Orange for a price equivalent to €7,900 per customer, i.e. US$ 33 billion. Mannesmann's acquisition of Orange triggered

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and increased signal coverage. This new network can be seen in action on many mobile phones which display network for instance the

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starts the studio, which has an initial budget of 30 million Euros. For its growth, Orange negotiates exclusivity agreements with

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to launch Future4care. This all-European start-up accelerator will help develop upcoming companies focused on digital health.

3130:(22%). In March 2015, Orange acquired all remaining shares of Cloudwatt to strengthen its enterprise cloud services offering. 9668: 9658: 9638: 9440: 8117: 7664: 7208: 6942: 4372: 2762: 7608: 7063: 5610: 4750: 9840: 7171: 6428: 839:

were replaced by the Orange brand. On 21 November 2003, France Telecom withdrew the 13.7% of Orange's shares traded on the

765:, majority-owned by Hutchison (48.22%), followed by BAe (21.1%). In June 1996, it became the youngest company to enter the 8805: 7259: 6866: 5775: 2459:

France Télécom merged the different internal divisions managing each platform and now all operate under the Orange brand.

561:. Since February 2012, as a result of the company's decision to transfer its fixed-line telephony activities being to its 9730: 9663: 9509: 7984: 3946: 3942: 884:

became the brand for all its business services offerings worldwide, replacing the Equant brand. In June 2007, Orange and

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structure was adopted in 1995 with the establishment of Orange plc. In April 1996, Orange went public and floated on the

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Senior Executive Vice-President of CSR, Diversity, Partnerships and Philanthropy, Deputy Chair of the Orange Foundation

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In November 2008, Orange launched five Orange Cinema Series channels. To do so, Orange bought the exclusive rights from

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National Academey of Television Arts and Sciences, Outstanding Achievement in Technical/Engineering Development Awards

5530: 5241: 10079: 9529: 7907: 6170: 4458: 7885: 6812: 6053: 5215: 9911: 9314: 8862: 8664: 6273:"Monitoring research 11 September 97 – Analysis; What's new on the DAB front?". BBC Monitoring. 11 September 1997. 3976: 3898:

Deputy Chief Executive Officer of Orange for mobile financial services, and Chief Executive Officer of Orange Bank

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Orange Sport is launched 13 November 2008. Orange secures the broadcast rights for the Saturday evening line-up of

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is Orange's backbone network. It covers Europe, the United States, Japan, Hong Kong, and loops back to Paris.

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Orange is present in the U.S. through its Orange Business division and its venture capital historical partner

9445: 5946: 5920: 3980: 2711: 2370:). The acquisition of these rights marks the start of competition for sports programs with the Canal+ group. 6670: 5720: 4821: 3375: 9773: 9720: 9481: 9378: 8921: 8716: 8688: 3918: 3415: 2592: 526: 8077: 7732: 7004: 6320: 5654: 5292: 4940: 1829:

The Orange brand name was licensed to a number of operators which Orange S.A. did not own, these include:

9710: 9217: 8657: 785: 746: 106: 6349: 9569: 9491: 9430: 9137: 8593: 7398: 6523: 2740: 2604: 2600: 928: 7750: 5126: 4596: 9921: 9341: 9302: 9147: 9047: 8976: 8909: 8736: 8623: 8394: 8110: 7531: 3107:, ensuring a stream of films for its TV Orange Cinema Series package. In 2011, Studio 37 co-produced 951: 493: 7638:"Orange Redoes Brand Licensing Agreement With Partner Costs Up To $ 100 Million If It Leaves Israel" 6218: 9700: 8942: 8877: 8830: 8790: 8238: 6007: 4992: 4915: 4061: 3508: 3460: 1268: 881: 793: 419: 5270: 3401:

maintaining call barring services inconsistent with the prior selection of an alternative operator

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The major shareholders of Orange as of 31 December 2015 are the state of France through

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Laurent, Barbotin. France Télécom Le dinosaure se réveille. L'Expansion, January 2007, n°715, p84

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of €95 per share, with a secondary listing in London. In May 2001, Orange S.A. was listed on the

813: 178: 78: 7960:"Orange joins UEFA EURO 2016 as Global Sponsor and Official Telecommunications Service Provider" 7764: 7293: 5032: 3802:

Delegate Chief Executive Officer, Group Transformation and Chairman of Orange Business Services

3193:, a subsidiary of Orange, acquired SUMA Móvil Spain from Grupo-Ingenium for an undisclosed sum. 2424: 1064:) for 23.04%. As of mid-2013, Orange employees owned 4.81%, and the company itself owned 0.58%. 10278: 9987: 9872: 9867: 9461: 9247: 9062: 9007: 9002: 8815: 8780: 4433: 3987: 3366:

uncovered a questionable financial deal that enabled the Orange group to acquire a 3G license.

3123: 2137: 5976: 4303: 4245:"The Telegraph of Claude Chappe -an Optical Telecommunication Network for the Xviiith Century" 621:

users to the operator). Moreover, with the help of French manufacturers, digital switching --

10029: 9862: 9363: 9167: 9132: 9052: 9032: 8954: 8842: 8763: 5507:[End of the Orange Era: Partner to Part With the Orange Brand as Early as February]. 4859: 3478: 3471: 3411: 3311: 3092: 2721: 2616: 821: 758: 8696: 6137: 10248: 9916: 9277: 9237: 9207: 8964: 8899: 8721: 8364: 8272: 8103: 8019: 7642: 7504: 4056: 3429: 3298: 3122:

is a cloud services provider set up in 2012 by Orange (44%), the French government through

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matches from season 2008/2009 to season 2011/2012, and the rights to home matches of eight

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investigation for a lack of security which potentially exposed customer records to fraud.

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provider SecureData for an undisclosed sum, merging it with Orange Cyberdefense Division.

8: 9963: 9901: 9287: 9227: 8986: 8948: 8746: 8731: 8638: 8518: 7613: 3268: 2395: 1057: 920: 885: 500: 148: 8349: 5632: 4787: 3605: 982: 9977: 9791: 9514: 9471: 9402: 9272: 9202: 9177: 9112: 8959: 8680: 8603: 8588: 8343: 8231: 7706: 7683: 7586: 7028:"Orange, SFR et Bouygues Telecom condamnés à une amende record de 534 millions d'euros" 5947:"CCETT – Joint Research Center for Broadcast and Telecommunications (archived website)" 5479: 5430:"Parts de marché : opérateurs de téléphone mobiles en France | iPhone Killer" 4773:"Mid Europa Announces Agreement for The Sale of Orange Austria to Hutchison 3G Austria" 4529: 4326:"Esmertec Welcomes Michel Bon, Former CEO and Chairman of France Telecom, to its Board" 3541: 3449: 3434: 3057: 3035: 2542: 2126: 832: 605:

In 1878, after the invention of the electrical telegraph and then the invention of the

558: 496: 174: 8488: 7555:"Orange Group and Partner Communications outline new relationship framework agreement" 6671:"Orange reaches agreement to take over Deutsche Telekom's fixed operations in Romania" 5869: 3555:

In September 2015, Orange reaffirmed their commitment to Israel with an investment in

569:-branded; and on July 1, 2013, France Télécom itself was rebranded after it. In 2019, 10059: 10049: 9741: 9554: 9476: 9390: 9373: 9336: 9182: 9012: 8981: 8847: 8741: 8538: 8296: 7816: 7370:"Orange confirms it plans to cut ties with Israeli firm, but says move not political" 6166: 4545: 4274: 4143: 3680: 3108: 3031: 2584:

CCETT/France Télécom R&D contributed to various international standards, such as

2432: 2347: 2159: 1040:

in July 2020, Orange launched a satellite-based home broadband service utilising the

986: 742: 734: 664: 591: 530: 9222: 6079: 5331:"Orange partners with Eutelsat to provide broadband via satellite throughout France" 4408: 3971:

The company was the official jersey sponsor of the national basketball teams of the

2565:

is also involved in content tracking over internet, providing anti-piracy services.

686:

In 1997, the capital of the new public company was successfully floated whereas the

10201: 10116: 9889: 9884: 9857: 9559: 9519: 9499: 9466: 9395: 9353: 9267: 9122: 9107: 9082: 9057: 9017: 8867: 8726: 8711: 8513: 8302: 8210: 7119: 6724:"Orange, Generali, Sanofi and Capgemini launch Future4care, a start-up accelerator" 4866: 4244: 4135: 4032: 3482: 3453: 3272: 3211: 3078: 2651: 2522: 2304: 2284: 1760: 1077: 1041: 955: 801: 707: 703: 311: 8215: 7863: 7447:"Netanyahu calls on French govt to publicly denounce Orange's pullout from Israel" 6931: 6452:"Warner Music's Parent Company Now In Control of Deezer Following French Approval" 5672: 4962: 4552: 4502: 4379: 3190: 2455:, though currently only in France, Spain, Poland and Slovakia, known as Orange TV. 1787: 859:, who had been head of the firm's new technologies division, replaced him as CEO. 393: 10243: 9187: 9042: 8810: 8785: 8773: 8608: 8332: 8072: 8067: 7499: 7100: 5315: 4618: 4566: 3525: 3231: 3206: 2468: 2379: 2319: 1096:

France, Moldova, Romania, Slovakia and Poland: leading mobile telephone business.

754: 668: 636: 480: 356: 10159: 10121: 7175: 5502: 10044: 9955: 9950: 9385: 9257: 9232: 9192: 9162: 9037: 8872: 8825: 8800: 8758: 8278: 8243: 8220: 8205: 8189: 8144: 7203: 5192: 4867:"Football – MAXIFOOT : Droits TV : Orange remporte la seconde manche" 4267:"France says farewell to the Minitel – the little box that connected a country" 3965: 3961: 3917:

Orange's head office, since 2012, is based at 78, Rue Olivier de Serres in the

3599: 3489: 3474: 3330: 3214:

announced that it was prepared to sell its stake in Telekom Romania to Orange.

2701: 2492: 2339: 2231: 2219: 2208: 2030: 1928: 1898: 1814: 1658: 1579: 1171: 999: 990: 978: 967: 889: 856: 847: 840: 809: 766: 750: 711: 691: 687: 538: 388: 371: 87: 69: 52: 8090: 6751:"Future4Care: Four Corporates Team To Make Europe A Global Leader In E-Health" 6081:

Des élaborations collectives – Le pôle de compétitivité – Images & Réseaux

5549:"Equatorial Guinea makes final payment to remove Orange from Getesa ownership" 911:), as well as all films in its catalogue and rights to the film catalogues of 820:, the benchmark stock market index of the top 40 French companies in terms of 10237: 9930: 9906: 9845: 9818: 9534: 9307: 9297: 9212: 9102: 9097: 9087: 9072: 8894: 8753: 8618: 8558: 8458: 8358: 8290: 8283: 8250: 8197: 6110: 4278: 4018: 3998: 3528: 3158: 3084: 2641: 2615:

developed a digital audio two-channel compression system known as Musicam or

2482: 2428: 2367: 2343: 2200: 1963: 1906: 1606: 1427: 1372: 1085: 1026: 908: 723: 656: 599: 382: 361: 60: 10064: 8533: 8373: 7131: 7112: 6162:

Digital audio broadcasting: principles and applications of DAB, DAB+ and DMB

5843:"Bienvenue au CNET – centre de R&D de France Télécom (archived website)" 9968: 9852: 9828: 9412: 9252: 9197: 9127: 9092: 9027: 8926: 8916: 8768: 8613: 8578: 8317: 8163: 7236: 4397: 3545: 3391:

as operators of the quasi-totality of the telecommunication infrastructure

3369: 3127: 3096: 2497: 2411: 2311: 1730: 1680: 1325: 1218: 900: 893: 867: 514: 377: 210: 8062: 5149:"Didier Lombard quitte définitivement France Telecom – TÉLÉCOMMUNICATIONS" 4941:"Orange brings iPhone to customers in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East" 4503:"Mannesmann to buy UK cellular firm; Vodafone, Hutchinson likely to react" 3810:

Deputy Chief Executive Officer, Chief Executive Director of Orange France

3333:

and Orange were found guilty of moral harassment towards their employees.

749:, which by then had acquired a licence to develop a mobile network in the 10206: 10106: 9813: 9612: 9262: 9172: 9157: 9117: 9077: 8936: 8468: 8443: 8340: 7108:« Comment les opérateurs expliquent le «bégaiement» de textos » 6057: 4881: 3950: 3315: 3174: 3088: 3053: 3047: 2239: 2235: 1994: 1397: 936: 699: 660: 366: 7422:"Benjamin Netanyahu to France: Renounce the miserable actions of Orange" 6501: 6390: 3826:

Deputy Chief Executive Officer, Chief Executive Officer of Orange Spain

3818:

Deputy Chief Executive Officer, Chief Technology and Innovation Officer

3267:

Please help rewrite or integrate negative information to other sections

828: 714:

without letting the French know; even if this project ended up failing.

10074: 10039: 9997: 9617: 9324: 9022: 8931: 8887: 8857: 8835: 8598: 8158: 8136: 8082: 6054:"CCETT – Welcome to the CCETT's MPEG Audio Web Site (archived website)" 5581: 5075: 3556: 3536: 3422: 3392: 3342: 3026:

In late August 2010 Orange acquired an 11% share in the streaming site

2620: 2355: 2223: 1871: 1499: 1474: 1298: 1034: 943: 932: 773: 675: 595: 542: 348: 277: 82: 7086:"Bug des SMS du Nouvel An : Orange met Bouygues Telecom en cause" 4136:"ORANGE SA company : Shareholders, managers and business summary" 3405: 2691: 2525:

merged their UK businesses in 2010 to form a joint venture branded as

2211:. As of 31 December 2010, Orange has 13.7 million broadband 1628: 862: 10101: 9982: 9602: 9067: 8882: 8649: 8483: 8478: 7582:"Orange, Partner pave way for cutting ties following BDS controversy" 5633:"MyTF1 arrive chez Orange le 7 Juin (ADSL et Sat) | Orange Info" 5171:"Polémique autour du placard doré de Didier Lombard – LExpansion.com" 4663:"Video [Introduction Orange en bourse] notice archives video" 4641:"TELECOMS: France Télécom boucle le rachat d'Orange - LExpansion.com" 4252:

Mathematics, Computer Science, Statistics - College of the Holy Cross

4046: 3464: 3446: 3227: 3119: 2537: 2275: 2255: 2093: 1933: 923:. Orange also secured exclusive rights to broadcast Saturday evening 836: 797: 738: 606: 573:

employed nearly 148,000 people worldwide, including 88,000 in France.

534: 399: 215: 20: 8523: 6516: 6474: 6472: 5898: 3909: 3514: 10141: 10069: 10054: 9823: 9597: 9587: 9504: 9329: 9152: 8633: 8563: 8548: 8473: 8266: 7878: 7757: 7474:"Orange CEO sows confusion on Israel trip aimed to resolve dispute" 7321: 7127:« Plus de 930 millions de SMS envoyés pour le Nouvel An » 6969: 6897: 6291: 5451: 3986:

Orange was the kit sponsor of the French association football club

3442: 2516: 2259: 2196: 1860: 1755: 1243: 1193: 904: 781: 777: 695: 522: 518: 225: 205: 188: 7858: 7856: 6498:"Vivendi raises its stake in Dailymotion « Dailymotion Press" 6288:"CCETT – DAB : Digital Audio Broadcasting (archived website)" 5950: 5924: 5921:"Expanding the offer of France Telecom and TDF (archived website)" 5573: 5163: 3794:

Delegate Chief Executive Officer, Finance, Performance and Europe

3520:

discontinue use of its popular brand name by its Israeli operator

10146: 10136: 10131: 10091: 10086: 10034: 10009: 9896: 9879: 9803: 9592: 9577: 8795: 8568: 8503: 8308: 7998:"Orange devient le partenaire majeur de l'Olympique de Marseille" 6620:"Orange acquires SecureLink in European enterprise security push" 6469: 6421: 5060: 4066: 4051: 3994: 3318: 3061: 2612: 2363: 2351: 2335: 2331: 2247: 2189: 2025: 1809: 1705: 1653: 1574: 1549: 1449: 1166: 1007: 995: 971: 924: 633: 622: 404: 7348:"Orange Exec Pleads for BDS Pity, Hopes to Cut Ties with Israel" 6193:"STERNE: the CCETT proposal for digital television broadcasting" 6158: 5871:

R&D management, TDF Customer- and product-oriented expertise

5097: 4751:"France Telecom Names Lombard Chief Executive, Replacing Breton" 4724:"Orange: l'ADAM gagne un sursis jusqu'à l'examen de ses recours" 4655: 3842:

Chief Executive Officer of Wholesale and International Networks

888:

acquired Austrian mobile network company One, re-branding it as

706:

based on a reciprocal capital contribution of 2% broke off when

9808: 9796: 9622: 9582: 8904: 8628: 8583: 8573: 8528: 8493: 8453: 8448: 8424: 8419: 7853: 5358:(in French). Agence des participations de l'État. 30 April 2015 5141: 4836: 4813: 4685:"OPA sur Orange et Wanadoo: les petits porteurs sont en colère" 3223: 3027: 3021: 2478: 2227: 2060: 1601: 1422: 1381: 1356: 1347: 1140: 1030: 1014: 947: 817: 762: 554: 550: 93: 8095: 6840:"France Telecom Names Richard CEO; Lombard to Remain Chairman" 5718: 5687: 4699: 3052:

On 25 January 2011 Orange announced the acquisition of 49% of

728: 33: 10096: 9607: 9544: 8852: 8508: 7317:"3G+ Orange : l'opérateur débride totalement les débits" 7032: 6548:(Press release). Paris: Orange. 20 March 2015. Archived from 6399: 5422: 5293:"Orange strikes 3.4 billion euro deal to buy Spain's Jazztel" 5242:"Hutchison keeps rock-bottom tariff after Orange Austria buy" 4088:"France's Orange Hunts for New Leader After CEO's Conviction" 3348: 3322: 3178: 2263: 2251: 2243: 1893: 1782: 1320: 1003: 504: 294: 7609:"Telecom giant Orange to end Israel presence within 2 years" 6776:"Selbstmordserie: France Telecom Mitarbeiter verbrennt sich" 5452:"Salt Mobile - We used to be Orange. We are now called Salt" 3850:

Executive Director of Strategy and Cybersecurity activities

2419: 427: 10126: 10024: 10019: 9940: 9833: 9549: 8543: 3913:

Orange's former head office in Paris at 6, Place d'Alleray.

3498:

In August 2008, after well publicised problems with iPhone

3138:

In January 2019 Orange acquired a minority shareholding in

2452: 2212: 2143: 2104: 2077: 2038: 1524: 1458: 1106: 1099: 1092: 249: 230: 220: 8049: 7725: 7527:"Israeli affiliate to stop using Orange name in 24 months" 7393: 7391: 6407:"France TĂŠlĂŠcom s'offre Cityvox - Le Nouvel Observateur" 4916:"TeliaSonera: France Télécom hangs up on Swedish operator" 4041:

Centre commun d'études de télévision et télécommunications

3201:

In early August 2020 Orange reached an agreement with the

2500:, Orange operates phone booths in Wellington, New Zealand. 1202: 717: 629:

standard—were invented by engineers and CNET researchers.

529:(IPTV) services since 2006. It traces its origins back to 10216: 9945: 9935: 8463: 7129:

paru le 3 January 2011 sur le site Internet du quotidien

7110:

paru le 3 January 2011 sur le site Internet du quotidien

6697:"Orange poised to acquire Telekom Romania stake from OTE" 5973:"EBU Technical Review – Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB)" 5749:"BT returns to mobile phones with £12.5bn takeover of EE" 5721:"BT in talks to buy mobile phone operator EE for £12.5bn" 5504:תום העידן הכתום: פרטנר תיפרד מהמותג אורנג' - כבר בפברואר 3882:

Chief Executive Officer of Orange Middle East and Africa

3438: 3100: 2315: 916: 642: 626: 7707:"Israel's Partner Rebrands, Cuts Final Ties With Orange" 7679:"French telecom firm Orange invests in Israeli start-up" 6429:"Orange prend 11% du capital de Deezer – LExpansion.com" 5895:"CNET – a half century of innovation (archived website)" 5867: 5603: 5311:"Google and Orange building cable between US and France" 5216:"Hutchison Whampoa closes acquisition of Orange Austria" 3370:

Anticompetitive practices in French overseas departments

1558: 702:

rate of the dot-com bubble. Moreover, its alliance with

9782:

Companies with an annual revenue of over US$ 10 billion

7388: 6965:"Orange visé par une plainte pour publicité mensongère" 6572:"Orange invests in Aire, an innovative fintech company" 5647: 5193:"Hutchison to buy Orange Austria as it seeks expansion" 3858:

Secretary General, Secretary of the Board of Directors

3757:

Director representing the public sector (French State)

3749:

Director representing the public sector (French State)

3741:

Director representing the public sector (French State)

3504: 3499: 3155: 3143: 2174: 1912: 1820: 1793: 1766: 1739: 1714: 1689: 1664: 1637: 1612: 1585: 1533: 1508: 1483: 1433: 1406: 1331: 1304: 1277: 1252: 1227: 1177: 1150: 1103:

Belgium and Luxembourg: ranked 2nd in mobile telephony.

9771: 7056:"les SMS ou MMS envoyés la nuit de la Saint-Sylvestre" 6893:"France Télécom: la souffrance au travail est établie" 6867:"Why are France Télécom employees committing suicide?" 5846: 5589:"Orange : programmes de France Television en VOD" 4891:(in French). Capital.fr. 25 April 2013. Archived from 1978: 1947: 1877: 710:

announced that they were planning to do business with

698:, thus, it started looking for targets at the highest 7665:"Orange strikes new deal with Partner Communications" 6131: 6104: 2044: 2009: 448: 7500:"Israeli Co. to Be Paid Millions After Orange Snafu" 6645:"Orange España acquires Spanish unit of SUMA Mobile" 6372:"Une étroite collaboration avec le monde académique" 5772:"GlobeCast Announces Commercial Launch of MyGlobeTV" 5625: 5566: 5054:

Sharp, Alastair; El Dahan, Maha (10 December 2009).

4889:"Orange suspend la commercialisation d'Orange Sport" 4795:"Le torchon brûle entre Orange et Canal+ Orange FAI" 4008: 3890:

Chief Executive Officer of Orange Business Services

3423:

Controversies in UK regarding the quality of service

2110: 903:

for first runs of all new films, previously held by

585: 458: 7839:"France Télécom : un legs de l'administration" 7342: 7340: 6794:"France Telecom talks with unions on suicide spate" 3406:

SMS and MMS propagation of 1 January 2011 in France

2207:broadband Internet offers are supplied through the 863:

NeXT scheme and rebranding to Orange (2006–present)

808:On 13 February 2001, Orange S.A. was listed on the 16:

French multinational telecommunications corporation

5821:"GlobeCast to pull plug on MyGlobeTV IPTV service" 5747: 5695: 5083:"Le président de France Télécom tire sa révérence" 3203:Ministry of Communications and Information Society 2442:fixed line telephone, mainly in France and Poland. 2215:customers worldwide, 67% of whom are in France40. 10189: 8020:"Team Vitality nab major sponsorship from Orange" 6997:"Ben Ali: les compromissions d'Orange en Tunisie" 6939:"Orange dément brider l'accès au site Megaupload" 5799:"MyGlobeTV 'closed OTT' service launches in U.S." 4405:"Vodafonews est un site non officiel de Vodafone" 3515:Accusations of antisemitism and calls for boycott 3384:The practices identified by the Authority were: 3341:In 2011, following complaints by Internet users, 681: 565:brand, all offers marketed by France Télécom are 541:. Microtel Communications became a subsidiary of 10259:Telecommunications companies established in 1988 10235: 7934:"Orange becomes UEFA EURO 2012 Official Sponsor" 7337: 6159:Wolfgang Hoeg, Thomas Lauterbach (3 June 2009), 5056:"Egypt regulator OKs France Tel bid for Mobinil" 4459:"Hutchison Whampoa Releases Annual Results 1996" 4378:. na.baesystems.com. p. 107. Archived from 4193:"France Telecom to become Orange on 1 July 2013" 3866:Executive Director in charge of Human Resources 2732:École Normale Supérieure - chaire de cryptologie 2226:supplied to Orange's ADSL and FTTH customers in 788:would not allow it to hold two mobile licences. 10284:Multinational companies headquartered in France 10274:Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange 7399:"Netanyahu: French Govt. Partially Owns Orange" 7232:"Orange mounts sneaky Freeserve accounts purge" 6574:(Press release). Paris: Orange. 8 February 2019 6030: 5531:"Téléphonie: Orange Maurice devient MyT Mobile" 4434:"BAe's record-breaking sterling Eurobond issue" 4121:"Orange S.A. Consolidated financial statements" 3336: 2575:Centre national d'études des télécommunications 939:after the two companies failed to agree terms. 827:In June 2001, the France Telecom Mobile brands 7908:"Orange end sponsorship agreement with Arrows" 7260:"Orange admits to capping 3G speeds in France" 6524:"Cinéma : L'appétit d'Orange – L'EXPRESS" 6346:"La force de la recherche et du développement" 5380:. Orange S.A. 16 February 2016. Archived from 1013:As of October 2018, Orange has teamed up with 10175: 9757: 8665: 8402: 8378: 8111: 5697:"Mobile giants promise Everything Everywhere" 5053: 4187: 4185: 896:and the Orange Austria brand was terminated. 7841:(in French). Le Journal du Net. 27 June 2007 7765:"Corporate Website of France Telecom-Orange" 6107:"Riding the Media Bits – MPEG's third steps" 6033:"France Telecom R&D devient Orange Labs" 6000:SVC – a highly-scalable version of H.264/AVC 5370: 4845:"VoD : Orange et MGM signent un accord" 3874:Executive Director Communications and Brand 3651:Director representing employee shareholders 959:there was some overlap as of February 2011. 871:Logo of France Télécom from 2006 until 2013. 647:Until 1988, France Télécom was known as the 9680:Global telecommunications regulation bodies 6546:"Orange acquires the totality of Cloudwatt" 5127:"Orange's successful broadband outsourcing" 4428: 4426: 4148:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3611: 3488:Orange Mobile has been criticised during a 3398:margin squeeze on broadband Internet offers 3083:co-produces and acquires films, unlike the 678:was appointed to run France Télécom Group. 663:government starting on 1 January 1998. The 10182: 10168: 9764: 9750: 9716: 8672: 8658: 8409: 8395: 8118: 8104: 7751:"Orange to replace CEO Richard by Jan. 31" 6813:"Wave of staff suicides at France Telecom" 6105:Leonardo Chiariglione (6 September 2009). 5173:. Lexpansion.lexpress.fr. 24 February 2011 5105:"Christine Albanel rejoint France Télécom" 4748: 4219:"FY 2023 Consolidated Financial Statement" 4182: 4156: 3349:Accusations of false advertising in France 3177:-based cybersecurity company, in 2019 for 942:In 2008, Orange was given permission from 513:has been the corporation's main brand for 32: 8017: 7026:Guillemin, Christophe (1 December 2005). 7025: 6811:Chrisafis, Angelique (9 September 2009). 6810: 5611:"M6 Replay accessible sur la TV d'Orange" 5500: 5494: 4264: 4085: 3754:Bpifrance Participations (representative) 3570: 3445:protection, published the results from a 2420:Subsidiaries, joint ventures and holdings 772:In October 1999, the German conglomerate 649:direction générale des Télécommunications 7635: 7315:Champeau, Guillaume (3 September 2008). 7314: 7230:Williams, Christopher (30 August 2007). 7229: 6837: 6748: 6449: 6431:. Lexpansion.lexpress.fr. 27 August 2010 5887: 5774:. GlobeCast. 1 July 2012. Archived from 5378:"2015 Consolidated financial statements" 4643:. Lexpansion.lexpress.fr. 22 August 2000 4589:"France Telecom buys Orange for $ 37 bn" 4581: 4517: 4495: 4481:"Telecommunications - Hutchison Whampoa" 4473: 4451: 4423: 4365: 4349:. licensing.ofcom.org.uk. Archived from 4339: 3949:, Orange was a major sponsor of British 3908: 3357: 2491: 2423: 2183: 1084: 1076: 866: 653:Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications 7985:2015 FIBA Africa Championship - Senegal 7283: 6721: 6480:"Orange prend 49 % de Dailymotion" 6409:. Tempsreel.nouvelobs.com. 23 June 2008 6132:Leonardo Chiariglione (17 March 2005). 5745: 5239: 5213: 3362:In March 2011, the information website 2388: 2318:catalogues. Orange installs additional 1010:for a fee of around €3.4 billion. 970:launched telecommunication services in 718:Acquisition of Orange and privatisation 10294:Telecommunications companies of France 10269:Companies listed on the Borsa Italiana 10236: 8679: 8018:Mitrevski, Lydia (13 September 2018). 7497: 7419: 7257: 7196: 6749:Schenker, Jennifer L. (11 June 2021). 5796: 4822:"Les futures séries de HBO sur Orange" 4086:Berthelot, Benoit (24 November 2021). 3763: 2772:Beijing University of Post and Telecom 1110:Spain: ranked 3rd in mobile telephony. 643:Creation of France Télécom (1988–1997) 10163: 9745: 8653: 8390: 8377: 8099: 7401:. Israelnationalnews.com. 4 June 2015 6838:Campbell, Matthew (1 February 2010). 6450:Flanagan, Andrew (8 September 2016). 6215:"DVB Project – List of Members – TDF" 5693: 5472: 5269:. Nuqudy. 29 May 2012. Archived from 5267:"France Telecom Buys Egypt's Mobinil" 4819: 4749:Ruitenberg, Rudy (27 February 2005). 4619:"France Telecom clinches Orange deal" 4265:Chrisafis, Angelique (28 June 2012). 4195:. Orange. 28 May 2013. Archived from 4133: 3990:for the 2017/18 and 2018/19 seasons. 3786:Chairman and chief executive officer 3643:Chairman and chief executive officer 3620: 2763:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 479: 10299:Internet service providers of France 10289:Government-owned companies of France 9841:China Telecommunications Corporation 9726: 7888:. Generation-nt.com. 17 January 2007 7579: 6864: 6314:"Document de Référence 2010 - p.286" 5719:Simon Goodley and Juliette Garside. 5501:Libeskind, Kalman (2 January 2016). 5240:Prodhan, Georgina (19 August 2013). 4525:"Mannesman to buy Orange for $ 33bn" 4115: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4105: 3927: 3675:Director representing the employees 3667:Director representing the employees 3659:Director representing the employees 3257:"criticism" or "controversy" section 3241: 2477:as well as two R&D labs: one in 998:, an Egyptian mobile operator, from 7864:"Carrefour du Mécénat d'entreprise" 6977:from the original on 18 August 2020 6617: 6374:(in French). Orange. Archived from 6348:(in French). Orange. Archived from 6031:Olivier Corredo (19 January 2007). 5991: 5861: 5673:"Wanadoo is to make way for Orange" 5299:(Press release). 15 September 2014. 5214:Shields, Michael (3 January 2013). 4913: 3222:In June 2021, Orange partners with 1089:Mobile network locations in Europe. 1054:Agence des participations de l'État 13: 10264:Companies listed on Euronext Paris 7987:, FIBA.com, Retrieved 11 May 2016. 7886:"Naissance de la Fondation Orange" 7471: 7197:Reuben, Emily (22 November 2006). 6722:Tazrout, Zacharie (11 June 2021). 6500:. 5 September 2015. Archived from 6290:. 11 February 2001. Archived from 5746:Neville, Simon (5 February 2015). 5475:"Orange to pay Partner up to €90m" 4963:"T-Mobile and Orange in UK merger" 4842: 4567:"Vodafone seals Mannesmann merger" 4242: 3196: 2724:- Chaire Media & Entertainment 2462: 2373: 1062:Fonds stratégique d'investissement 981:, who remained special advisor to 745:, acquired a controlling stake in 14: 10310: 8041: 7284:Nichols, Shaun (26 August 2008). 6594:"Orange acquires UK's SecureData" 5868:C. Schwartz, D. Frossard (1997), 5760:from the original on 24 May 2022. 5708:from the original on 24 May 2022. 5029:"Orange Armenia Official Website" 4102: 3410:On 1 January 2011, Orange users' 3292: 3154:In February 2019 Orange acquired 2754:- chaire Innovation et Régulation 1841:Rebranding/ License cancellation 586:Nationalised service (1878–1980s) 545:in 1999 and then was acquired by 533:acquiring a controlling stake in 9725: 9715: 9706: 9705: 9694: 9315:Free-space optical communication 8418: 8159:Democratic Republic of the Congo 8011: 7990: 7978: 7952: 7926: 7900: 7831: 7815:. France Télécom. Archived from 7805: 7779: 7743: 7699: 7671: 7657: 7629: 7601: 7573: 7547: 7519: 7491: 7465: 7439: 7413: 7362: 7308: 7286:"Orange admits to 3G speed caps" 7277: 7251: 7223: 7190: 7164: 7138: 7078: 7048: 7019: 6989: 6957: 6913: 6885: 6865:Sage, Adam (23 September 2009). 6858: 6831: 6804: 6786: 6768: 6742: 6715: 6689: 6663: 6637: 6611: 6586: 6564: 6538: 6490: 6319:. France Télécom. Archived from 4407:. Vodafonews.com. Archived from 4302:. France Telecom. Archived from 4043:(CCETT), now part of Orange Labs 4025: 4011: 3993:The company became a sponsor of 3559:, a video distribution network. 3329:On 20 December 2019, former CEO 3310:Following an investigation, the 3246: 3237: 3142:, a credit data platform in the 2791:Agence Nationale de la Recherche 2662:Bibliothèque nationale de France 2552: 2152: 2119: 2086: 2053: 2018: 1987: 1956: 1921: 1886: 1853: 1802: 1775: 1748: 1723: 1698: 1673: 1646: 1621: 1594: 1567: 1542: 1517: 1492: 1467: 1442: 1415: 1390: 1365: 1340: 1313: 1294:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1286: 1261: 1236: 1211: 1186: 1159: 1133: 1105: 1098: 1091: 1058:Banque publique d'investissement 853:Minister of Finance and Industry 667:, both directly and through its 611:Ministry of Posts and Telegraphs 318: 317: 301: 300: 284: 283: 267: 266: 244: 243: 8434:Last updated: 30 September 2023 8125: 8058:Business data for Orange S.A.: 7636:Goldberg, Niva (30 June 2015). 7350:. The Jewish Press. 3 June 2015 7292:. San Francisco. Archived from 7146:"BBC Watchdog Broadband Survey" 6973:(in French). 22 December 2009. 6842:. Business Week. Archived from 6443: 6364: 6338: 6306: 6280: 6266: 6233: 6207: 6185: 6152: 6125: 6098: 6072: 6046: 6024: 5965: 5939: 5923:. 20 April 2001. Archived from 5913: 5835: 5813: 5790: 5764: 5739: 5712: 5665: 5541: 5523: 5466: 5444: 5406:. NYSE Euronext. Archived from 5396: 5348: 5323: 5303: 5285: 5259: 5233: 5207: 5185: 5129:. Choose.co.uk. 21 October 2011 5119: 5107:. Lefigaro.fr. 19 February 2010 5047: 5021: 5007: 4981: 4955: 4933: 4907: 4765: 4742: 4716: 4677: 4633: 4611: 4559: 4318: 2487:South San Francisco, California 2325: 2269: 1047: 10112:Trilogy International Partners 7258:Oliver, Sam (26 August 2008). 7199:"Concern over mobile security" 5797:Hunter, Philip (9 July 2012). 5473:Koren, Hillel (30 June 2015). 5356:"Les participations publiques" 5085:. Lefigaro.fr. 20 January 2011 4797:. Echos du Net. Archived from 4687:. Silicon.fr. 24 February 2004 4347:"History of Cellular services" 4292: 4258: 4236: 4211: 4127: 4079: 3936: 3904: 3522:Partner Communications Company 3217: 3041: 2568: 682:'Roaring Nineties' (1997–2000) 1: 10254:1988 establishments in France 10191:French mobile phone companies 8314:Telecom Vanuatu Limited (50%) 7498:Dvorin, Tova (30 June 2015). 6901:(in French). 10 December 2009 5537:(in French). 9 November 2017. 4595:. 30 May 2000. Archived from 4166:. Orange Jobs. Archived from 4072: 3981:2015 FIBA Africa Championship 3565: 3314:(Labour Inspection) told the 3260:may compromise the article's 3184: 3164: 3149: 3064:acquired 90% of Dailymotion. 1067: 609:, the French State created a 499:corporation headquartered in 9774:telecommunications companies 9701:Telecommunication portal 9482:Telecommunications equipment 7733:"Document de Référence 2010" 7420:Keinon, Herb (5 June 2015). 6134:"VADIS FINAL PROJECT REPORT" 5655:"Document de Référence 2010" 4730:(in French). 2 December 2003 3919:15th arrondissement of Paris 3815:Mari-Noëlle Jégo-Laveissière 3337:Access to some sites limited 3114: 3067: 3060:to its subscribers. In 2015 2532: 1025:, to share data between the 989:announced that it would buy 846:On 2 October 2002, the CEO, 632:In 1982, Telecom introduced 527:Internet Protocol television 7: 9218:Alexander Stepanovich Popov 7767:. Orange.com. 24 April 2013 7713:. Reuters. 17 February 2016 7088:. 01net.com. 1 January 2012 5694:Clark, Nick (12 May 2010). 5635:. Orangeinfo.fr. 3 May 2010 5613:. 01net.com. 1 January 2012 4004: 3960:Orange was the sponsor for 3592: 2743:- chaire pluridisciplinaire 2510: 747:Microtel Communications Ltd 10: 10315: 8922:Telecommunications history 6526:. Lexpress.fr. 22 May 2008 5015:"De Tijd, 20 October 2009" 4914:Gow, David (1 July 2008). 4869:. Maxifoot.fr. 16 May 2009 3296: 3045: 3019: 3007: 2741:Paris Descartes University 2514: 2466: 2377: 2302: 2187: 1042:Eutelsat Konnect satellite 929:French Football Federation 927:football matches from the 892:. In 2012, it was sold to 769:, valued at £2.4 billion. 721: 580: 18: 10197: 9787: 9780: 9689: 9631: 9568: 9530:Public Switched Telephone 9490: 9454: 9411: 9352: 9342:telecommunication circuit 9303:Fiber-optic communication 9286: 9048:Francis Blake (telephone) 8995: 8843:Optical telecommunication 8687: 8624:Unibail-Rodamco-Westfield 8439: 8432: 8384: 8379:Links to related articles 8357: 8339: 8327: 8259: 8135: 7580:Elis, Niv (1 July 2015). 7532:Jewish Telegraphic Agency 6165:, John Wiley & Sons, 5591:. Clubic.com. 2 July 2007 5151:. FRANCE 24. 2 March 2011 3535:Israeli culture minister 3015: 1072: 737:, a UK subsidiary of the 440: 436: 418: 414: 347: 337: 326: 309: 292: 275: 258: 239: 198: 165: 155: 144: 112: 102: 58: 48: 40: 31: 9441:Orbital angular-momentum 8878:Satellite communications 8717:Communications satellite 8239:Orange Business Services 8155:Central African Republic 7789:. Orange. Archived from 5675:. BBC News. 29 June 2005 5503: 5195:. BBC News. 2 March 2012 4707:"Orange IPO on Euronext" 4300:"Shareholding structure" 4062:List of French companies 4057:The Orange S.A. suicides 3973:Central African Republic 3612:Chief executive officers 2712:École Normale Supérieure 2401: 1269:Central African Republic 1081:Orange world activities. 882:Orange Business Services 724:Orange UK § History 9320:Molecular communication 9143:Gardiner Greene Hubbard 8972:Undersea telegraph line 8707:Cable protection system 6898:Le Nouvelle Observateur 4569:. BBC. 11 February 2000 4555:. CNN. 21 October 1999. 4553:"$ 36B Orange consumed" 4373:"The Facts : 2004" 4164:"Get to know us better" 3524:. The president of the 3511:by mid-September 2008. 3133: 2781:Imperial College London 2577:) created in 1944, the 2448:mobile phone telephony. 814:initial public offering 812:stock exchange with an 535:Microtel Communications 9873:Hutchison Asia Telecom 9462:Communication protocol 9248:Charles Sumner Tainter 9063:Walter Houser Brattain 9008:Edwin Howard Armstrong 8816:Information revolution 6056:. 1997. Archived from 6006:, 2008, archived from 5975:. 2001. Archived from 5949:. 1997. Archived from 5897:. 2008. Archived from 5845:. 1996. Archived from 4505:. CNN. 21 October 1999 3988:Olympique de Marseille 3914: 3571:Overview of governance 3544:and former president, 2656:Supplier and operator 2646:Supplier and operator 2623:in Engineering 2000). 2501: 2435: 2298: 1735:Orange (Group Sonatel) 1710:Orange (Group Sonatel) 1529:Orange (Group Sonatel) 1352:Orange (Group Sonatel) 1111: 1082: 1017:in order to install a 872: 305:€109.65 billion (2023) 131:; 11 years ago 118:; 36 years ago 9863:CK Hutchison Holdings 9436:Polarization-division 9168:Narinder Singh Kapany 9133:Erna Schneider Hoover 9053:Jagadish Chandra Bose 9033:Alexander Graham Bell 8764:online video platform 8328:Products and services 6921:"Orange Found Guilty" 6701:www.capacitymedia.com 6649:www.capacitymedia.com 5801:Broadcast Engineering 4943:. Orange. 16 May 2008 4593:The Financial Express 3912: 3725:Independent director 3717:Independent director 3709:Independent director 3701:Independent director 3698:Charles-Henri Filippi 3693:Independent director 3685:Independent director 3479:local loop unbundling 3472:consumer organisation 3388:excessive rate levels 3376:Competition Authority 3374:On 28 July 2011, the 3358:Corruption in Tunisia 3312:Inspection du travail 3103:, Fidélité Films and 2495: 2427: 2184:Landline and Internet 1088: 1080: 907:(a subsidiary of the 870: 822:market capitalisation 759:London Stock Exchange 477:French pronunciation: 322:€34.96 billion (2023) 9278:Vladimir K. Zworykin 9238:Almon Brown Strowger 9208:Charles Grafton Page 8863:Prepaid mobile phone 8791:Electrical telegraph 8365:Orange S.A. suicides 8273:Jordan Telecom Group 7643:Jewish Business News 7505:Israel National News 4199:on 24 September 2015 3863:Valérie Le Boulanger 3730:Jean-Michel Severino 3714:Helle Kristoffersen 3706:Bernard Ramanantsoa 3299:Orange S.A. suicides 2389:Online entertainment 2203:in Poland. Orange's 841:Paris stock exchange 796:, Internet Telecom, 741:-based conglomerate 690:phenomenon made the 651:, a division of the 288:€2.62 billion (2023) 271:€4.80 billion (2023) 206:Fixed line telephone 185:Jacques Aschenbroich 9228:Johann Philipp Reis 8987:Wireless revolution 8949:The Telephone Cases 8806:Hydraulic telegraph 8519:Eurofins Scientific 8427:companies of France 8091:Company information 7793:on 9 September 2013 7687:. 25 September 2015 7614:The Times of Israel 7478:The Times of Israel 7007:on 8 September 2019 6927:. 20 December 2019. 6703:. 26 September 2019 6504:on 5 September 2015 6326:on 17 February 2012 6294:on 11 February 2001 5849:on 22 December 1996 5574:"Parc Livebox 2008" 5273:on 14 November 2013 4895:on 10 December 2014 4665:(in French). Ina.fr 4170:on 23 December 2016 4123:. 16 February 2023. 3764:Executive committee 3733:Independent member 3205:(MCSI) to purchase 2921:Issy les Moulineaux 2752:École polytechnique 2686:Academic institute 2676:Academic institute 2666:Academic institute 2617:MPEG Audio Layer II 2396:Dark Age of Camelot 886:Mid Europa Partners 639:for its customers. 590:In 1792, under the 501:Issy-les-Moulineaux 486:France Télécom S.A. 339:Number of employees 149:Issy-les-Moulineaux 127:(as France Télécom) 116:1 January 1988 44:France Télécom S.A. 28: 9978:Lumen Technologies 9426:Frequency-division 9403:Telephone exchange 9273:Charles Wheatstone 9203:Jun-ichi Nishizawa 9178:Innocenzo Manzetti 9113:Reginald Fessenden 8848:Optical telegraphy 8681:Telecommunications 8604:STMicroelectronics 8589:Schneider Electric 8352:(Chairman and CEO) 7684:The Jerusalem Post 7587:The Jerusalem Post 7211:on 15 October 2007 6846:on 5 February 2010 6651:. 21 November 2019 6618:Osborne, Charlie. 6598:ComputerWeekly.com 6486:. 25 January 2011. 6113:on 22 January 2011 6013:on 20 January 2012 5979:on 20 January 2012 5319:. 15 October 2018. 4969:. 8 September 2009 4621:. BBC. 30 May 2000 4530:The New York Times 4385:on 25 January 2007 4353:on 5 February 2013 4306:on 1 February 2013 4223:gallery.orange.com 3915: 3823:Laurent Paillassot 3799:Gervais Pellissier 3690:Christel Heydemann 3656:Sébastien Crozier 3640:Christel Heydemann 3621:Board of directors 3542:Benyamin Netanyahu 3269:through discussion 3058:multi-screen video 3036:Warner Music Group 2785:University/School 2775:University/School 2767:University/School 2757:University/School 2746:University/School 2735:University/School 2727:University/School 2716:University/School 2706:University/School 2696:University/School 2607:standards. CCETT, 2543:GlobeCast World TV 2502: 2436: 2433:cable-laying ships 2292:Content Everywhere 2127:Dominican Republic 1112: 1083: 873: 559:French West Indies 497:telecommunications 175:Christel Heydemann 107:Telecommunications 26: 10231: 10230: 10225: 10224: 10157: 10156: 10060:Tata Teleservices 9739: 9738: 9477:Store and forward 9472:Data transmission 9386:Network switching 9337:Transmission line 9183:Guglielmo Marconi 9148:Internet pioneers 9013:Mohamed M. Atalla 8982:Whistled language 8647: 8646: 8499:Dassault Systèmes 8371: 8370: 8297:Mauritius Telecom 7966:. 28 October 2015 7940:. 19 January 2011 7914:. 11 October 2002 7296:on 30 August 2008 7066:on 6 January 2011 6800:. 7 October 2009. 5553:Telegeography.com 5432:. 2 November 2009 4775:. 3 February 2012 4533:. 21 October 1999 3928:Orange Foundation 3902: 3901: 3831:Christine Albanel 3761: 3760: 3681:Alexandre Bompard 3435:television series 3427:On 21 March 2007 3290: 3289: 3189:In November 2019 3124:Caisse des Dépôts 3032:Access Industries 3005: 3004: 2799: 2798: 2795:Research program 2485:and the other in 2445:broadband access. 2181: 2180: 2160:Equatorial Guinea 1844:Present operator 1827: 1826: 1382:orange-bissau.com 1357:orange-guinee.com 987:Hutchison Whampoa 977:On 2 March 2012, 743:Hutchison Whampoa 735:Hutchison Telecom 665:French government 592:French Revolution 531:Hutchison Whampoa 470: 469: 10306: 10202:Bouygues Telecom 10184: 10177: 10170: 10161: 10160: 9885:Deutsche Telekom 9858:Chunghwa Telecom 9766: 9759: 9752: 9743: 9742: 9729: 9728: 9719: 9718: 9709: 9708: 9699: 9698: 9697: 9570:Notable networks 9560:Wireless network 9500:Cellular network 9492:Types of network 9467:Computer network 9354:Network topology 9268:Thomas A. Watson 9123:Oliver Heaviside 9108:Philo Farnsworth 9083:Daniel Davis Jr. 9058:Charles Bourseul 9018:John Logie Baird 8727:Data compression 8722:Computer network 8674: 8667: 8660: 8651: 8650: 8594:Société Générale 8514:EssilorLuxottica 8423: 8422: 8411: 8404: 8397: 8388: 8387: 8375: 8374: 8350:Stéphane Richard 8129: 8120: 8113: 8106: 8097: 8096: 8053: 8052: 8050:Official website 8035: 8034: 8032: 8030: 8015: 8009: 8008: 8006: 8004: 7994: 7988: 7982: 7976: 7975: 7973: 7971: 7956: 7950: 7949: 7947: 7945: 7930: 7924: 7923: 7921: 7919: 7904: 7898: 7897: 7895: 7893: 7882: 7876: 7875: 7873: 7871: 7860: 7851: 7850: 7848: 7846: 7835: 7829: 7828: 7826: 7824: 7809: 7803: 7802: 7800: 7798: 7783: 7777: 7776: 7774: 7772: 7761: 7755: 7754: 7747: 7741: 7739: 7737: 7729: 7723: 7722: 7720: 7718: 7703: 7697: 7696: 7694: 7692: 7675: 7669: 7668: 7661: 7655: 7654: 7652: 7650: 7633: 7627: 7626: 7624: 7622: 7605: 7599: 7598: 7596: 7594: 7577: 7571: 7570: 7568: 7566: 7551: 7545: 7544: 7542: 7540: 7523: 7517: 7516: 7514: 7512: 7495: 7489: 7488: 7486: 7484: 7469: 7463: 7462: 7460: 7458: 7443: 7437: 7436: 7434: 7432: 7417: 7411: 7410: 7408: 7406: 7395: 7386: 7385: 7383: 7381: 7366: 7360: 7359: 7357: 7355: 7344: 7335: 7334: 7332: 7330: 7312: 7306: 7305: 7303: 7301: 7281: 7275: 7274: 7272: 7270: 7255: 7249: 7248: 7246: 7244: 7227: 7221: 7220: 7218: 7216: 7207:. Archived from 7194: 7188: 7187: 7185: 7183: 7178:on 27 March 2010 7174:. Archived from 7168: 7162: 7161: 7159: 7157: 7152:on 27 March 2007 7148:. Archived from 7142: 7136: 7123: 7117: 7104: 7098: 7097: 7095: 7093: 7082: 7076: 7075: 7073: 7071: 7062:. Archived from 7052: 7046: 7045: 7043: 7041: 7023: 7017: 7016: 7014: 7012: 7003:. Archived from 6993: 6987: 6986: 6984: 6982: 6961: 6955: 6954: 6952: 6950: 6941:. Archived from 6935: 6929: 6928: 6917: 6911: 6910: 6908: 6906: 6889: 6883: 6882: 6880: 6878: 6862: 6856: 6855: 6853: 6851: 6835: 6829: 6828: 6826: 6824: 6808: 6802: 6801: 6790: 6784: 6783: 6782:. 27 April 2011. 6772: 6766: 6765: 6763: 6761: 6746: 6740: 6739: 6737: 6735: 6719: 6713: 6712: 6710: 6708: 6693: 6687: 6686: 6684: 6682: 6677:. 17 August 2020 6667: 6661: 6660: 6658: 6656: 6641: 6635: 6634: 6632: 6630: 6615: 6609: 6608: 6606: 6604: 6590: 6584: 6583: 6581: 6579: 6568: 6562: 6561: 6559: 6557: 6552:on 26 March 2015 6542: 6536: 6535: 6533: 6531: 6520: 6514: 6513: 6511: 6509: 6494: 6488: 6487: 6476: 6467: 6466: 6464: 6462: 6447: 6441: 6440: 6438: 6436: 6425: 6419: 6418: 6416: 6414: 6403: 6397: 6394: 6388: 6387: 6385: 6383: 6378:on 28 March 2012 6368: 6362: 6361: 6359: 6357: 6352:on 28 March 2012 6342: 6336: 6335: 6333: 6331: 6325: 6318: 6310: 6304: 6303: 6301: 6299: 6284: 6278: 6277: 6270: 6264: 6263: 6262: 6260: 6255:on 14 April 2010 6254: 6248:, archived from 6247: 6237: 6231: 6230: 6228: 6226: 6217:. 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Archived from 6102: 6096: 6095: 6094: 6092: 6086: 6076: 6070: 6069: 6067: 6065: 6060:on 14 April 1997 6050: 6044: 6043: 6041: 6039: 6028: 6022: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6012: 6005: 5995: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5984: 5969: 5963: 5962: 5960: 5958: 5943: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5932: 5927:on 20 April 2001 5917: 5911: 5910: 5908: 5906: 5891: 5885: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5876: 5865: 5859: 5858: 5856: 5854: 5839: 5833: 5832: 5830: 5828: 5817: 5811: 5810: 5808: 5806: 5794: 5788: 5787: 5785: 5783: 5778:on 11 March 2013 5768: 5762: 5761: 5751: 5743: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5716: 5710: 5709: 5699: 5691: 5685: 5684: 5682: 5680: 5669: 5663: 5661: 5659: 5651: 5645: 5644: 5642: 5640: 5629: 5623: 5622: 5620: 5618: 5607: 5601: 5600: 5598: 5596: 5585: 5579: 5577: 5570: 5564: 5563: 5561: 5559: 5545: 5539: 5538: 5527: 5521: 5520: 5518: 5516: 5498: 5492: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5470: 5464: 5463: 5461: 5459: 5448: 5442: 5441: 5439: 5437: 5426: 5420: 5419: 5417: 5415: 5400: 5394: 5393: 5391: 5389: 5374: 5368: 5367: 5365: 5363: 5352: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5341: 5327: 5321: 5320: 5307: 5301: 5300: 5289: 5283: 5282: 5280: 5278: 5263: 5257: 5256: 5254: 5252: 5237: 5231: 5230: 5228: 5226: 5211: 5205: 5204: 5202: 5200: 5189: 5183: 5182: 5180: 5178: 5167: 5161: 5160: 5158: 5156: 5145: 5139: 5138: 5136: 5134: 5123: 5117: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5101: 5095: 5094: 5092: 5090: 5079: 5073: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5051: 5045: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5031:. Archived from 5025: 5019: 5018: 5011: 5005: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4991:. Archived from 4985: 4979: 4978: 4976: 4974: 4959: 4953: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4937: 4931: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4911: 4905: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4885: 4879: 4878: 4876: 4874: 4863: 4857: 4856: 4854: 4852: 4840: 4834: 4833: 4831: 4829: 4817: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4791: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4769: 4763: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4746: 4740: 4739: 4737: 4735: 4720: 4714: 4713: 4711: 4703: 4697: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4681: 4675: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4659: 4653: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4637: 4631: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4615: 4609: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4585: 4579: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4563: 4557: 4556: 4549: 4543: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4521: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4510: 4499: 4493: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4477: 4471: 4470: 4468: 4466: 4455: 4449: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4438: 4430: 4421: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4401: 4395: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4384: 4377: 4369: 4363: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4343: 4337: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4322: 4316: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4296: 4290: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4262: 4256: 4255: 4249: 4240: 4234: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4215: 4209: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4189: 4180: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4160: 4154: 4153: 4147: 4139: 4131: 4125: 4124: 4117: 4100: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4083: 4035: 4033:Companies portal 4030: 4029: 4028: 4021: 4016: 4015: 4014: 3887:Helmut Reisinger 3871:Béatrice Mandine 3783:Stéphane Richard 3772: 3771: 3629: 3628: 3606:Stéphane Richard 3483:customer service 3454:customer service 3285: 3282: 3276: 3250: 3249: 3242: 3212:Deutsche Telekom 3169:Orange acquired 3093:Frédérique Dumas 3082: 3072:Created in 2007 3034:, the parent of 2976:Sophia Antipolis 2805: 2804: 2652:Deutsche Telekom 2630: 2629: 2523:Deutsche Telekom 2415: 2305:OCS (TV channel) 2288: 2177: 2158: 2156: 2155: 2146: 2125: 2123: 2122: 2113: 2092: 2090: 2089: 2080: 2059: 2057: 2056: 2047: 2024: 2022: 2021: 2012: 1993: 1991: 1990: 1981: 1962: 1960: 1959: 1950: 1927: 1925: 1924: 1915: 1892: 1890: 1889: 1880: 1859: 1857: 1856: 1838:Former operator 1832: 1831: 1823: 1808: 1806: 1805: 1796: 1781: 1779: 1778: 1769: 1754: 1752: 1751: 1742: 1729: 1727: 1726: 1717: 1704: 1702: 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10158: 10153: 10045:SoftBank Mobile 9783: 9776: 9770: 9740: 9735: 9695: 9693: 9685: 9627: 9564: 9486: 9450: 9407: 9356: 9348: 9289: 9282: 9188:Robert Metcalfe 9043:Tim Berners-Lee 8991: 8811:Information Age 8683: 8678: 8648: 8643: 8609:Teleperformance 8489:Crédit Agricole 8435: 8428: 8417: 8415: 8380: 8372: 8367: 8353: 8335: 8323: 8255: 8131: 8127: 8124: 8087: 8048: 8047: 8044: 8039: 8038: 8028: 8026: 8024:Esports Insider 8016: 8012: 8002: 8000: 7996: 7995: 7991: 7983: 7979: 7969: 7967: 7958: 7957: 7953: 7943: 7941: 7932: 7931: 7927: 7917: 7915: 7906: 7905: 7901: 7891: 7889: 7884: 7883: 7879: 7869: 7867: 7862: 7861: 7854: 7844: 7842: 7837: 7836: 7832: 7822: 7820: 7813:"Legal matters" 7811: 7810: 7806: 7796: 7794: 7787:"Legal matters" 7785: 7784: 7780: 7770: 7768: 7763: 7762: 7758: 7749: 7748: 7744: 7735: 7731: 7730: 7726: 7716: 7714: 7705: 7704: 7700: 7690: 7688: 7677: 7676: 7672: 7663: 7662: 7658: 7648: 7646: 7634: 7630: 7620: 7618: 7607: 7606: 7602: 7592: 7590: 7578: 7574: 7564: 7562: 7553: 7552: 7548: 7538: 7536: 7525: 7524: 7520: 7510: 7508: 7496: 7492: 7482: 7480: 7470: 7466: 7456: 7454: 7445: 7444: 7440: 7430: 7428: 7418: 7414: 7404: 7402: 7397: 7396: 7389: 7379: 7377: 7368: 7367: 7363: 7353: 7351: 7346: 7345: 7338: 7328: 7326: 7313: 7309: 7299: 7297: 7282: 7278: 7268: 7266: 7256: 7252: 7242: 7240: 7228: 7224: 7214: 7212: 7195: 7191: 7181: 7179: 7170: 7169: 7165: 7155: 7153: 7144: 7143: 7139: 7124: 7120: 7105: 7101: 7091: 7089: 7084: 7083: 7079: 7069: 7067: 7054: 7053: 7049: 7039: 7037: 7024: 7020: 7010: 7008: 6995: 6994: 6990: 6980: 6978: 6963: 6962: 6958: 6948: 6946: 6945:on 22 July 2015 6937: 6936: 6932: 6919: 6918: 6914: 6904: 6902: 6891: 6890: 6886: 6876: 6874: 6863: 6859: 6849: 6847: 6836: 6832: 6822: 6820: 6809: 6805: 6792: 6791: 6787: 6774: 6773: 6769: 6759: 6757: 6747: 6743: 6733: 6731: 6720: 6716: 6706: 6704: 6695: 6694: 6690: 6680: 6678: 6675:Romania Insider 6669: 6668: 6664: 6654: 6652: 6643: 6642: 6638: 6628: 6626: 6616: 6612: 6602: 6600: 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Rapid TV News 5819: 5818: 5814: 5804: 5802: 5795: 5791: 5781: 5779: 5770: 5769: 5765: 5754:The Independent 5744: 5740: 5730: 5728: 5717: 5713: 5702:The Independent 5692: 5688: 5678: 5676: 5671: 5670: 5666: 5657: 5653: 5652: 5648: 5638: 5636: 5631: 5630: 5626: 5616: 5614: 5609: 5608: 5604: 5594: 5592: 5587: 5586: 5582: 5572: 5571: 5567: 5557: 5555: 5547: 5546: 5542: 5529: 5528: 5524: 5514: 5512: 5505: 5499: 5495: 5485: 5483: 5471: 5467: 5457: 5455: 5450: 5449: 5445: 5435: 5433: 5428: 5427: 5423: 5413: 5411: 5410:on 15 June 2013 5402: 5401: 5397: 5387: 5385: 5384:on 20 July 2020 5376: 5375: 5371: 5361: 5359: 5354: 5353: 5349: 5339: 5337: 5329: 5328: 5324: 5316:TheGuardian.com 5309: 5308: 5304: 5291: 5290: 5286: 5276: 5274: 5265: 5264: 5260: 5250: 5248: 5238: 5234: 5224: 5222: 5212: 5208: 5198: 5196: 5191: 5190: 5186: 5176: 5174: 5169: 5168: 5164: 5154: 5152: 5147: 5146: 5142: 5132: 5130: 5125: 5124: 5120: 5110: 5108: 5103: 5102: 5098: 5088: 5086: 5081: 5080: 5076: 5066: 5064: 5052: 5048: 5038: 5036: 5035:on 4 March 2016 5027: 5026: 5022: 5013: 5012: 5008: 4998: 4996: 4995:on 10 July 2017 4987: 4986: 4982: 4972: 4970: 4961: 4960: 4956: 4946: 4944: 4939: 4938: 4934: 4924: 4922: 4912: 4908: 4898: 4896: 4887: 4886: 4882: 4872: 4870: 4865: 4864: 4860: 4850: 4848: 4841: 4837: 4827: 4825: 4818: 4814: 4804: 4802: 4793: 4792: 4788: 4778: 4776: 4771: 4770: 4766: 4756: 4754: 4747: 4743: 4733: 4731: 4722: 4721: 4717: 4709: 4705: 4704: 4700: 4690: 4688: 4683: 4682: 4678: 4668: 4666: 4661: 4660: 4656: 4646: 4644: 4639: 4638: 4634: 4624: 4622: 4617: 4616: 4612: 4602: 4600: 4587: 4586: 4582: 4572: 4570: 4565: 4564: 4560: 4551: 4550: 4546: 4536: 4534: 4523: 4522: 4518: 4508: 4506: 4501: 4500: 4496: 4486: 4484: 4479: 4478: 4474: 4464: 4462: 4461:. 26 March 1996 4457: 4456: 4452: 4442: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4431: 4424: 4414: 4412: 4403: 4402: 4398: 4388: 4386: 4382: 4375: 4371: 4370: 4366: 4356: 4354: 4345: 4344: 4340: 4330: 4328: 4324: 4323: 4319: 4309: 4307: 4298: 4297: 4293: 4283: 4281: 4263: 4259: 4247: 4241: 4237: 4227: 4225: 4217: 4216: 4212: 4202: 4200: 4191: 4190: 4183: 4173: 4171: 4162: 4161: 4157: 4141: 4140: 4132: 4128: 4119: 4118: 4103: 4093: 4091: 4084: 4080: 4075: 4031: 4026: 4024: 4017: 4012: 4010: 4007: 3939: 3930: 3907: 3791:Ramon Fernandez 3766: 3623: 3614: 3595: 3573: 3568: 3526:State of Israel 3517: 3425: 3408: 3372: 3360: 3351: 3339: 3301: 3295: 3286: 3280: 3277: 3266: 3255:This article's 3251: 3247: 3240: 3220: 3207:Telekom Romania 3199: 3197:Telekom Romania 3187: 3167: 3152: 3136: 3117: 3091:. The producer 3076: 3070: 3050: 3044: 3024: 3018: 3010: 2836:United Kingdom 2571: 2555: 2535: 2519: 2513: 2496:As a result of 2471: 2469:Orange Business 2465: 2463:Orange Business 2451:most recently, 2422: 2409: 2404: 2391: 2382: 2380:Video on demand 2376: 2374:Video on demand 2328: 2307: 2301: 2282: 2272: 2199:in Belgium and 2192: 2186: 2173: 2153: 2151: 2142: 2120: 2118: 2109: 2087: 2085: 2076: 2054: 2052: 2043: 2019: 2017: 2008: 1988: 1986: 1977: 1957: 1955: 1946: 1922: 1920: 1911: 1887: 1885: 1876: 1854: 1852: 1819: 1803: 1801: 1792: 1776: 1774: 1765: 1749: 1747: 1738: 1724: 1722: 1713: 1699: 1697: 1688: 1674: 1672: 1663: 1647: 1645: 1636: 1622: 1620: 1611: 1595: 1593: 1584: 1568: 1566: 1557: 1543: 1541: 1532: 1518: 1516: 1507: 1493: 1491: 1482: 1468: 1466: 1457: 1443: 1441: 1432: 1416: 1414: 1405: 1391: 1389: 1380: 1366: 1364: 1355: 1341: 1339: 1330: 1314: 1312: 1303: 1287: 1285: 1276: 1262: 1260: 1251: 1237: 1235: 1226: 1212: 1210: 1201: 1187: 1185: 1176: 1160: 1158: 1149: 1134: 1132: 1104: 1097: 1090: 1075: 1070: 1050: 963: 865: 755:holding company 731: 729: 726: 720: 692:stock exchanges 684: 669:holding company 645: 637:online ordering 588: 583: 537:in 1994 in the 481:[ɔʁɑ̃ʒ] 476: 466: 457: 447: 432: 410: 357:Orange Business 340: 310: 293: 280: 263: 248: 235: 194: 168: 158: 135: 133: 130: 128: 122: 120: 117: 98: 63: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10312: 10302: 10301: 10296: 10291: 10286: 10281: 10276: 10271: 10266: 10261: 10256: 10251: 10246: 10229: 10228: 10223: 10222: 10220: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10204: 10198: 10195: 10194: 10187: 10186: 10179: 10172: 10164: 10155: 10154: 10152: 10151: 10150: 10149: 10139: 10134: 10129: 10124: 10119: 10114: 10109: 10104: 10099: 10094: 10089: 10084: 10083: 10082: 10077: 10072: 10062: 10057: 10052: 10047: 10042: 10037: 10032: 10027: 10022: 10017: 10012: 10007: 10002: 10001: 10000: 9990: 9985: 9980: 9975: 9974: 9973: 9972: 9971: 9966: 9956:Liberty Global 9953: 9951:KT Corporation 9948: 9943: 9938: 9933: 9928: 9927: 9926: 9925: 9924: 9919: 9909: 9899: 9894: 9893: 9892: 9882: 9877: 9876: 9875: 9870: 9860: 9855: 9850: 9849: 9848: 9838: 9837: 9836: 9826: 9821: 9816: 9811: 9806: 9801: 9800: 9799: 9788: 9785: 9784: 9781: 9778: 9777: 9769: 9768: 9761: 9754: 9746: 9737: 9736: 9734: 9733: 9723: 9713: 9703: 9690: 9687: 9686: 9684: 9683: 9676: 9671: 9666: 9661: 9656: 9655: 9654: 9649: 9641: 9635: 9633: 9629: 9628: 9626: 9625: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9600: 9595: 9590: 9585: 9580: 9574: 9572: 9566: 9565: 9563: 9562: 9557: 9552: 9547: 9542: 9537: 9532: 9527: 9522: 9517: 9512: 9507: 9502: 9496: 9494: 9488: 9487: 9485: 9484: 9479: 9474: 9469: 9464: 9458: 9456: 9452: 9451: 9449: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9421:Space-division 9417: 9415: 9409: 9408: 9406: 9405: 9400: 9399: 9398: 9393: 9383: 9382: 9381: 9371: 9366: 9360: 9358: 9350: 9349: 9347: 9346: 9345: 9344: 9334: 9333: 9332: 9322: 9317: 9312: 9311: 9310: 9300: 9294: 9292: 9284: 9283: 9281: 9280: 9275: 9270: 9265: 9260: 9258:Camille Tissot 9255: 9250: 9245: 9240: 9235: 9233:Claude Shannon 9230: 9225: 9223:Tivadar Puskás 9220: 9215: 9210: 9205: 9200: 9195: 9193:Antonio Meucci 9190: 9185: 9180: 9175: 9170: 9165: 9163:Charles K. Kao 9160: 9155: 9150: 9145: 9140: 9138:Harold Hopkins 9135: 9130: 9125: 9120: 9115: 9110: 9105: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9080: 9075: 9070: 9065: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9045: 9040: 9038:Emile Berliner 9035: 9030: 9025: 9020: 9015: 9010: 9005: 8999: 8997: 8993: 8992: 8990: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8977:Videotelephony 8974: 8969: 8968: 8967: 8962: 8952: 8945: 8940: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8913: 8912: 8907: 8902: 8892: 8891: 8890: 8880: 8875: 8873:Radiotelephone 8870: 8865: 8860: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8839: 8838: 8828: 8823: 8818: 8813: 8808: 8803: 8798: 8793: 8788: 8783: 8778: 8777: 8776: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8759:Internet video 8751: 8750: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8693: 8691: 8685: 8684: 8677: 8676: 8669: 8662: 8654: 8645: 8644: 8642: 8641: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8551: 8546: 8541: 8536: 8531: 8526: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8466: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8440: 8437: 8436: 8433: 8430: 8429: 8414: 8413: 8406: 8399: 8391: 8385: 8382: 8381: 8369: 8368: 8363: 8361: 8355: 8354: 8348: 8346: 8337: 8336: 8331: 8329: 8325: 8324: 8322: 8321: 8315: 8312: 8306: 8300: 8294: 8288: 8287: 8286: 8281: 8279:Jordan Telecom 8270: 8263: 8261: 8257: 8256: 8254: 8253: 8248: 8247: 8246: 8236: 8235: 8234: 8226: 8223: 8218: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8200: 8195: 8192: 8187: 8184: 8181: 8178: 8175: 8172: 8169: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8153: 8150: 8147: 8141: 8139: 8133: 8132: 8123: 8122: 8115: 8108: 8100: 8094: 8093: 8088: 8086: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8043: 8042:External links 8040: 8037: 8036: 8010: 7989: 7977: 7951: 7925: 7899: 7877: 7852: 7830: 7819:on 29 May 2012 7804: 7778: 7756: 7742: 7724: 7698: 7670: 7656: 7628: 7617:. 30 June 2015 7600: 7572: 7561:. 30 June 2015 7546: 7535:. 30 June 2015 7518: 7490: 7464: 7438: 7426:Jerusalem Post 7412: 7387: 7374:Jerusalem Post 7361: 7336: 7307: 7276: 7250: 7222: 7204:Channel 4 News 7189: 7163: 7137: 7118: 7099: 7077: 7047: 7018: 6988: 6956: 6930: 6912: 6884: 6857: 6830: 6803: 6785: 6767: 6741: 6714: 6688: 6662: 6636: 6610: 6585: 6563: 6537: 6515: 6489: 6468: 6442: 6420: 6398: 6389: 6363: 6337: 6305: 6279: 6265: 6232: 6206: 6184: 6171: 6151: 6124: 6097: 6071: 6045: 6023: 5990: 5964: 5953:on 3 July 1997 5938: 5912: 5886: 5860: 5834: 5812: 5789: 5763: 5738: 5711: 5686: 5664: 5646: 5624: 5602: 5580: 5565: 5540: 5522: 5493: 5465: 5443: 5421: 5395: 5369: 5347: 5322: 5302: 5284: 5258: 5232: 5206: 5184: 5162: 5140: 5118: 5096: 5074: 5046: 5020: 5006: 4980: 4954: 4932: 4906: 4880: 4858: 4835: 4812: 4801:on 28 May 2013 4786: 4764: 4741: 4715: 4698: 4676: 4654: 4632: 4610: 4599:on 22 May 2013 4580: 4558: 4544: 4516: 4494: 4472: 4450: 4439:. 22 June 1999 4422: 4411:on 24 May 2013 4396: 4364: 4338: 4317: 4291: 4257: 4235: 4210: 4181: 4155: 4126: 4101: 4077: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4070: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4037: 4036: 4022: 4006: 4003: 3966:UEFA Euro 2016 3962:UEFA Euro 2012 3938: 3935: 3929: 3926: 3906: 3903: 3900: 3899: 3896: 3895:Paul de Leusse 3892: 3891: 3888: 3884: 3883: 3880: 3879:Alioune Ndiaye 3876: 3875: 3872: 3868: 3867: 3864: 3860: 3859: 3856: 3855:Nicolas Guérin 3852: 3851: 3848: 3844: 3843: 3840: 3836: 3835: 3832: 3828: 3827: 3824: 3820: 3819: 3816: 3812: 3811: 3808: 3807:Fabienne Dulac 3804: 3803: 3800: 3796: 3795: 3792: 3788: 3787: 3784: 3780: 3779: 3776: 3765: 3762: 3759: 3758: 3755: 3751: 3750: 3747: 3743: 3742: 3739: 3735: 3734: 3731: 3727: 3726: 3723: 3722:Mouna Sepehri 3719: 3718: 3715: 3711: 3710: 3707: 3703: 3702: 3699: 3695: 3694: 3691: 3687: 3686: 3683: 3677: 3676: 3673: 3669: 3668: 3665: 3664:Fabrice Jolys 3661: 3660: 3657: 3653: 3652: 3649: 3645: 3644: 3641: 3637: 3636: 3633: 3622: 3619: 3613: 3610: 3609: 3608: 3602: 3600:Didier Lombard 3594: 3591: 3590: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3516: 3513: 3490:Channel 4 News 3424: 3421: 3407: 3404: 3403: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3389: 3371: 3368: 3359: 3356: 3350: 3347: 3338: 3335: 3331:Didier Lombard 3294: 3293:Staff suicides 3291: 3288: 3287: 3254: 3252: 3245: 3239: 3236: 3219: 3216: 3198: 3195: 3186: 3183: 3166: 3163: 3151: 3148: 3135: 3132: 3116: 3113: 3069: 3066: 3046:Main article: 3043: 3040: 3020:Main article: 3017: 3014: 3009: 3006: 3003: 3002: 2999: 2996: 2992: 2991: 2988: 2985: 2981: 2980: 2977: 2974: 2970: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2959: 2958: 2955: 2952: 2948: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2937: 2936: 2933: 2930: 2926: 2925: 2922: 2919: 2915: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2904: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2893: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2882: 2881: 2880:United States 2878: 2875: 2871: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2860: 2859: 2856: 2853: 2849: 2848: 2845: 2842: 2838: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2827: 2826: 2823: 2820: 2816: 2815: 2812: 2809: 2797: 2796: 2793: 2787: 2786: 2783: 2777: 2776: 2773: 2769: 2768: 2765: 2759: 2758: 2755: 2748: 2747: 2744: 2737: 2736: 2733: 2729: 2728: 2725: 2718: 2717: 2714: 2708: 2707: 2704: 2702:IMT Atlantique 2698: 2697: 2694: 2688: 2687: 2684: 2678: 2677: 2674: 2668: 2667: 2664: 2658: 2657: 2654: 2648: 2647: 2644: 2638: 2637: 2634: 2570: 2567: 2554: 2551: 2534: 2531: 2515:Main article: 2512: 2509: 2467:Main article: 2464: 2461: 2457: 2456: 2449: 2446: 2443: 2421: 2418: 2403: 2400: 2390: 2387: 2378:Main article: 2375: 2372: 2327: 2324: 2303:Main article: 2300: 2297: 2271: 2268: 2232:United Kingdom 2185: 2182: 2179: 2178: 2171: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2148: 2147: 2140: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2115: 2114: 2107: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2082: 2081: 2074: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2049: 2048: 2041: 2036: 2033: 2028: 2014: 2013: 2006: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1983: 1982: 1975: 1972: 1969: 1966: 1952: 1951: 1944: 1939: 1936: 1931: 1929:United Kingdom 1917: 1916: 1909: 1904: 1901: 1896: 1882: 1881: 1874: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1849: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1825: 1824: 1817: 1812: 1798: 1797: 1790: 1785: 1771: 1770: 1763: 1758: 1744: 1743: 1736: 1733: 1719: 1718: 1711: 1708: 1694: 1693: 1686: 1683: 1669: 1668: 1661: 1656: 1642: 1641: 1634: 1631: 1617: 1616: 1609: 1604: 1590: 1589: 1582: 1577: 1563: 1562: 1555: 1552: 1538: 1537: 1530: 1527: 1513: 1512: 1505: 1502: 1488: 1487: 1480: 1477: 1463: 1462: 1455: 1452: 1438: 1437: 1430: 1425: 1411: 1410: 1403: 1400: 1386: 1385: 1378: 1375: 1361: 1360: 1353: 1350: 1336: 1335: 1328: 1323: 1309: 1308: 1301: 1296: 1282: 1281: 1274: 1271: 1257: 1256: 1249: 1246: 1232: 1231: 1224: 1221: 1207: 1206: 1199: 1196: 1182: 1181: 1174: 1169: 1155: 1154: 1147: 1144: 1143:(headquarters) 1129: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1049: 1046: 1000:Naguib Sawiris 991:Orange Austria 979:Didier Lombard 968:Orange Armenia 890:Orange Austria 864: 861: 857:Didier Lombard 848:Thierry Breton 810:Euronext Paris 786:EU regulations 751:United Kingdom 733:In July 1991, 727: 719: 716: 712:Telecom Italia 688:dot-com bubble 683: 680: 644: 641: 587: 584: 582: 579: 547:France Télécom 539:United Kingdom 492:) is a French 490:france telecom 488:, stylised as 468: 467: 465: 464: 455: 444: 442: 438: 437: 434: 433: 431: 430: 424: 422: 416: 415: 412: 411: 409: 408: 402: 397: 391: 389:Orange Romania 386: 380: 375: 372:Orange Belgium 369: 364: 359: 353: 351: 345: 344: 343:132,002 (2021) 341: 338: 335: 334: 328: 324: 323: 315: 307: 306: 298: 290: 289: 281: 276: 273: 272: 264: 259: 256: 255: 241: 237: 236: 234: 233: 228: 223: 218: 213: 208: 202: 200: 196: 195: 193: 192: 182: 171: 169: 166: 163: 162: 159: 156: 153: 152: 146: 142: 141: 114: 110: 109: 104: 100: 99: 97: 96: 91: 85: 76: 70:Euronext Paris 66: 64: 59: 56: 55: 50: 46: 45: 42: 38: 37: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10311: 10300: 10297: 10295: 10292: 10290: 10287: 10285: 10282: 10280: 10279:French brands 10277: 10275: 10272: 10270: 10267: 10265: 10262: 10260: 10257: 10255: 10252: 10250: 10247: 10245: 10242: 10241: 10239: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10203: 10200: 10199: 10196: 10192: 10185: 10180: 10178: 10173: 10171: 10166: 10165: 10162: 10148: 10145: 10144: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10135: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10125: 10123: 10120: 10118: 10115: 10113: 10110: 10108: 10105: 10103: 10100: 10098: 10095: 10093: 10090: 10088: 10085: 10081: 10078: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10067: 10066: 10063: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 9999: 9996: 9995: 9994: 9991: 9989: 9986: 9984: 9981: 9979: 9976: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9961: 9959: 9958: 9957: 9954: 9952: 9949: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9939: 9937: 9934: 9932: 9929: 9923: 9920: 9918: 9915: 9914: 9913: 9910: 9908: 9907:Vodafone Idea 9905: 9904: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9891: 9888: 9887: 9886: 9883: 9881: 9878: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9865: 9864: 9861: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9847: 9846:China Telecom 9844: 9843: 9842: 9839: 9835: 9832: 9831: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9822: 9820: 9819:Bharti Airtel 9817: 9815: 9812: 9810: 9807: 9805: 9802: 9798: 9795: 9794: 9793: 9792:América Móvil 9790: 9789: 9786: 9779: 9775: 9767: 9762: 9760: 9755: 9753: 9748: 9747: 9744: 9732: 9724: 9722: 9714: 9712: 9704: 9702: 9692: 9691: 9688: 9681: 9677: 9675: 9672: 9670: 9667: 9665: 9662: 9660: 9657: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9644: 9642: 9640: 9637: 9636: 9634: 9630: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9579: 9576: 9575: 9573: 9571: 9567: 9561: 9558: 9556: 9553: 9551: 9548: 9546: 9543: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9497: 9495: 9493: 9489: 9483: 9480: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9459: 9457: 9453: 9447: 9446:Code-division 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9431:Time-division 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9418: 9416: 9414: 9410: 9404: 9401: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9388: 9387: 9384: 9380: 9377: 9376: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9361: 9359: 9357:and switching 9355: 9351: 9343: 9340: 9339: 9338: 9335: 9331: 9328: 9327: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9309: 9308:optical fiber 9306: 9305: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9298:Coaxial cable 9296: 9295: 9293: 9291: 9285: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9213:Radia Perlman 9211: 9209: 9206: 9204: 9201: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9103:Lee de Forest 9101: 9099: 9098:Thomas Edison 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9088:Donald Davies 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9073:Claude Chappe 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 9000: 8998: 8994: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8957: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8950: 8946: 8944: 8941: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8917:Smoke signals 8915: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8897: 8896: 8895:Semiconductor 8893: 8889: 8886: 8885: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8837: 8834: 8833: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8756: 8755: 8754:Digital media 8752: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8729: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8694: 8692: 8690: 8686: 8682: 8675: 8670: 8668: 8663: 8661: 8656: 8655: 8652: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8619:TotalEnergies 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8559:Pernod Ricard 8557: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8459:ArcelorMittal 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8441: 8438: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8412: 8407: 8405: 8400: 8398: 8393: 8392: 8389: 8383: 8376: 8366: 8362: 8360: 8359:Controversies 8356: 8351: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8338: 8334: 8330: 8326: 8319: 8316: 8313: 8310: 8307: 8304: 8301: 8298: 8295: 8292: 8291:Korek Telecom 8289: 8285: 8284:Orange Jordan 8282: 8280: 8277: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8268: 8265: 8264: 8262: 8260:Shareholdings 8258: 8252: 8251:Orange Marine 8249: 8245: 8242: 8241: 8240: 8237: 8233: 8230: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8185: 8182: 8179: 8176: 8174:Guinea-Bissau 8173: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8154: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8142: 8140: 8138: 8134: 8130: 8121: 8116: 8114: 8109: 8107: 8102: 8101: 8098: 8092: 8089: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8051: 8046: 8045: 8025: 8021: 8014: 7999: 7993: 7986: 7981: 7965: 7961: 7955: 7939: 7935: 7929: 7913: 7909: 7903: 7887: 7881: 7865: 7859: 7857: 7840: 7834: 7818: 7814: 7808: 7792: 7788: 7782: 7766: 7760: 7752: 7746: 7740:pp.307 et 308 7734: 7728: 7712: 7708: 7702: 7686: 7685: 7680: 7674: 7666: 7660: 7645: 7644: 7639: 7632: 7616: 7615: 7610: 7604: 7589: 7588: 7583: 7576: 7560: 7559:TeleGeography 7556: 7550: 7534: 7533: 7528: 7522: 7507: 7506: 7501: 7494: 7479: 7475: 7472:Surkes, Sue. 7468: 7453:. 4 June 2015 7452: 7448: 7442: 7427: 7423: 7416: 7400: 7394: 7392: 7376:. 4 June 2015 7375: 7371: 7365: 7349: 7343: 7341: 7324: 7323: 7318: 7311: 7295: 7291: 7287: 7280: 7265: 7261: 7254: 7239: 7238: 7233: 7226: 7210: 7206: 7205: 7200: 7193: 7177: 7173: 7167: 7151: 7147: 7141: 7134: 7133: 7128: 7122: 7115: 7114: 7109: 7103: 7087: 7081: 7065: 7061: 7057: 7051: 7035: 7034: 7029: 7022: 7006: 7002: 6998: 6992: 6976: 6972: 6971: 6966: 6960: 6944: 6940: 6934: 6926: 6922: 6916: 6900: 6899: 6894: 6888: 6872: 6868: 6861: 6845: 6841: 6834: 6818: 6814: 6807: 6799: 6795: 6789: 6781: 6777: 6771: 6756: 6755:The Innovator 6752: 6745: 6729: 6725: 6718: 6702: 6698: 6692: 6676: 6672: 6666: 6650: 6646: 6640: 6625: 6621: 6614: 6599: 6595: 6589: 6573: 6567: 6551: 6547: 6541: 6525: 6519: 6503: 6499: 6493: 6485: 6481: 6475: 6473: 6457: 6453: 6446: 6430: 6424: 6408: 6402: 6393: 6377: 6373: 6367: 6351: 6347: 6341: 6322: 6315: 6309: 6293: 6289: 6283: 6276: 6269: 6251: 6244: 6243: 6236: 6220: 6216: 6210: 6194: 6188: 6174: 6172:9780470746196 6168: 6164: 6163: 6155: 6139: 6135: 6128: 6112: 6108: 6101: 6083: 6082: 6075: 6059: 6055: 6049: 6034: 6027: 6009: 6002: 6001: 5994: 5978: 5974: 5968: 5952: 5948: 5942: 5926: 5922: 5916: 5900: 5896: 5890: 5873: 5872: 5864: 5848: 5844: 5838: 5822: 5816: 5800: 5793: 5777: 5773: 5767: 5759: 5755: 5750: 5742: 5726: 5722: 5715: 5707: 5703: 5698: 5690: 5674: 5668: 5656: 5650: 5634: 5628: 5612: 5606: 5590: 5584: 5575: 5569: 5554: 5550: 5544: 5536: 5532: 5526: 5510: 5506: 5497: 5482: 5481: 5476: 5469: 5453: 5447: 5431: 5425: 5409: 5405: 5399: 5383: 5379: 5373: 5357: 5351: 5336: 5332: 5326: 5318: 5317: 5312: 5306: 5298: 5294: 5288: 5272: 5268: 5262: 5247: 5243: 5236: 5221: 5217: 5210: 5194: 5188: 5172: 5166: 5150: 5144: 5128: 5122: 5106: 5100: 5084: 5078: 5063: 5062: 5057: 5050: 5034: 5030: 5024: 5016: 5010: 4994: 4990: 4984: 4968: 4964: 4958: 4942: 4936: 4921: 4917: 4910: 4894: 4890: 4884: 4868: 4862: 4846: 4839: 4823: 4816: 4800: 4796: 4790: 4774: 4768: 4752: 4745: 4729: 4725: 4719: 4708: 4702: 4686: 4680: 4664: 4658: 4642: 4636: 4620: 4614: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4584: 4568: 4562: 4554: 4548: 4532: 4531: 4526: 4520: 4504: 4498: 4482: 4476: 4460: 4454: 4435: 4429: 4427: 4410: 4406: 4400: 4381: 4374: 4368: 4352: 4348: 4342: 4327: 4321: 4305: 4301: 4295: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4261: 4253: 4246: 4243:Dilhac, J-M. 4239: 4224: 4220: 4214: 4198: 4194: 4188: 4186: 4169: 4165: 4159: 4151: 4145: 4137: 4130: 4122: 4116: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4089: 4082: 4078: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4042: 4039: 4038: 4034: 4023: 4020: 4019:France portal 4009: 4002: 4000: 3999:Team Vitality 3997:organisation 3996: 3991: 3989: 3984: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3969: 3967: 3963: 3958: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3934: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3911: 3897: 3894: 3893: 3889: 3886: 3885: 3881: 3878: 3877: 3873: 3870: 3869: 3865: 3862: 3861: 3857: 3854: 3853: 3849: 3847:Hugues Foulon 3846: 3845: 3841: 3838: 3837: 3833: 3830: 3829: 3825: 3822: 3821: 3817: 3814: 3813: 3809: 3806: 3805: 3801: 3798: 3797: 3793: 3790: 3789: 3785: 3782: 3781: 3777: 3774: 3773: 3770: 3756: 3753: 3752: 3748: 3745: 3744: 3740: 3738:Lucie Muniesa 3737: 3736: 3732: 3729: 3728: 3724: 3721: 3720: 3716: 3713: 3712: 3708: 3705: 3704: 3700: 3697: 3696: 3692: 3689: 3688: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3678: 3674: 3671: 3670: 3666: 3663: 3662: 3658: 3655: 3654: 3650: 3647: 3646: 3642: 3639: 3638: 3634: 3631: 3630: 3627: 3618: 3607: 3603: 3601: 3597: 3596: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3577: 3576: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3553: 3549: 3547: 3543: 3538: 3533: 3530: 3529:Reuven Rivlin 3527: 3523: 3512: 3510: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3486: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3473: 3468: 3466: 3462: 3457: 3455: 3451: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3431: 3420: 3417: 3413: 3400: 3397: 3394: 3390: 3387: 3386: 3385: 3382: 3379: 3377: 3367: 3365: 3355: 3346: 3344: 3334: 3332: 3327: 3324: 3320: 3317: 3313: 3308: 3305: 3300: 3284: 3274: 3270: 3264: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3244: 3243: 3238:Controversies 3235: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3215: 3213: 3208: 3204: 3194: 3192: 3191:Orange España 3182: 3181:515 million. 3180: 3176: 3172: 3162: 3160: 3159:cybersecurity 3157: 3147: 3145: 3141: 3131: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3112: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3080: 3075: 3065: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3049: 3039: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3023: 3013: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2993: 2989: 2986: 2983: 2982: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2971: 2967: 2964: 2961: 2960: 2956: 2953: 2950: 2949: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2938: 2934: 2931: 2928: 2927: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2916: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2905: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2894: 2890: 2887: 2884: 2883: 2879: 2877:San Francisco 2876: 2873: 2872: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2861: 2857: 2854: 2851: 2850: 2846: 2843: 2840: 2839: 2835: 2832: 2829: 2828: 2824: 2821: 2818: 2817: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2806: 2803: 2794: 2792: 2789: 2788: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2778: 2774: 2771: 2770: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2760: 2756: 2753: 2750: 2749: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2738: 2734: 2731: 2730: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2719: 2715: 2713: 2710: 2709: 2705: 2703: 2700: 2699: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2689: 2685: 2683: 2680: 2679: 2675: 2673: 2670: 2669: 2665: 2663: 2660: 2659: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2649: 2645: 2643: 2642:China Telecom 2640: 2639: 2635: 2632: 2631: 2628: 2624: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2599:standards or 2598: 2594: 2591: 2587: 2582: 2580: 2576: 2566: 2564: 2563:Viaccess Orca 2559: 2558:Viaccess Orca 2553:Viaccess Orca 2550: 2548: 2544: 2539: 2530: 2528: 2524: 2518: 2508: 2506: 2499: 2494: 2490: 2488: 2484: 2483:Massachusetts 2480: 2476: 2470: 2460: 2454: 2450: 2447: 2444: 2441: 2440: 2439: 2434: 2430: 2429:Orange Marine 2426: 2417: 2413: 2408: 2399: 2397: 2386: 2381: 2371: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2323: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2306: 2296: 2293: 2286: 2281: 2277: 2267: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2216: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2191: 2176: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2161: 2150: 2149: 2145: 2144:altice.com.do 2141: 2139: 2136: 2134:November 2017 2133: 2130: 2128: 2117: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2106: 2103: 2101:November 2017 2100: 2097: 2095: 2084: 2083: 2079: 2078:partner.co.il 2075: 2073: 2070: 2068:February 2016 2067: 2064: 2062: 2051: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2035:December 2015 2034: 2032: 2029: 2027: 2016: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2004: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1985: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1964:Liechtenstein 1954: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1938:February 2015 1937: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1919: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1908: 1907:Vodafone Idea 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1884: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1851: 1850: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1833: 1830: 1822: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1800: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1773: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1746: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1734: 1732: 1721: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1696: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1671: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1644: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1619: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1592: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1565: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1540: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1515: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1490: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1465: 1464: 1460: 1459:orange.com.lr 1456: 1453: 1451: 1440: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1413: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1388: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1373:Guinea-Bissau 1363: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1338: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1311: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1284: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1259: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1247: 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