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3239:(SSA) to avoid potential threats in space or plan actions in advance. To an extent, SSA plays a role in tracking space debris. In order to build a powerful SSA system, there are two prerequisites: international cooperation and exchange of information and data. However, limitations exist in spite of the improving data quality over the past decades. Some space powers are not willing to share the information that they have collected, and those, such as the U.S., that have shared the data keep parts of it secret. Instead of joining in a coordinated way, a great deal of SSA programs and national databases run parallel to each other with some overlaps, hindering the formation of a collaborative monitoring system.
2925:β remained operational over the two-decade life of the satellites (albeit with a company name change through a corporate bankruptcy during the period) and, by December 2019, had "completed disposal of the last of its 65 working legacy satellites." However, this process left 30 satellites with a combined mass of (20,400 kg (45,000 lb), or nearly a third of the mass of this constellation) in LEO orbits at approximately 700 km (430 mi) altitude, where self-decay is quite slow. Of these satellites, 29 simply failed during their time in orbit and were thus unable to self-deorbit, while one β Iridium 33 β was involved in the 2009 satellite collision with the
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2717:; 3) "Direct retrieval: Retrieve the structure and remove it from orbit as soon as practicable after completion of mission." The standard articulated in option 1, which is the standard applicable to most satellites and derelict upper stages, has come to be known as the "25-year rule". The US updated the Orbital Debris Mitigation Standard Practices (ODMSP) in December 2019, but made no change to the 25-year rule even though "any in the space community believe that the timeframe should be less than 25 years." There is no consensus however on what any new timeframe might be.
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impediment to the cleanup of near-Earth space. There has been little commercial incentive to reduce space debris since the associated cost does not accrue to the entity producing it. Rather, the cost falls to all users of the space environment who benefit from space technology and knowledge. A number of suggestions for increasing incentives to reduce space debris have been made. These would encourage companies to see the economic benefit of reducing debris more aggressively than existing government mandates require. In 1979, NASA founded the
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2363:) cannot be protected easily. In 1989, the ISS panels were predicted to degrade approximately 0.23% in four years due to the "sandblasting" effect of impacts with small orbital debris. An avoidance maneuver is typically performed for the ISS if "there is a greater than one-in-10,000 chance of a debris strike". As of January 2014, there have been sixteen maneuvers in the fifteen years the ISS had been in orbit. By 2019, over 1,400 meteoroid and orbital debris (MMOD) impacts had been recorded on the ISS.
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3259:. SDA is a non-profit platform, aiming to avoid radio interference and space collisions through pooling data from operators independently. Researchers suggest that it is essential to establish an international center for exchanging information on space debris because SSA networks do not completely equal debris tracking systems – the former ones focus more on active and threatening objects in space. In terms of debris populations and defunct satellites, few operators have provided data.
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experience of private operators are critical to help the world achieve space sustainability. The complementary strengths of different stakeholders enable the governance network to be more adaptable to changes and reach common goals more effectively. In recent years, many private actors have seen commercial opportunities of eliminating space debris. It is estimated that by 2022 the global market for debris monitoring and removal will generate a revenue of around $ 2.9 billion. For example,
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2776:." By 2017, the standards were nearly complete. However, these standards are not binding on any party by ISO or any international jurisdiction. They are simply available for use in voluntary ways. They "can be adopted voluntarily by a spacecraft manufacturer or operator, or brought into effect through a commercial contract between a customer and supplier, or used as the basis for establishing a set of national regulations on space debris mitigation."
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2697:(COPUOS) published voluntary guidelines in 2007, using a variety of earlier national regulatory attempts at developing standards for debris mitigation. As of 2008, the committee was discussing international "rules of the road" to prevent collisions between satellites. By 2013, a number of national legal regimes existed, typically instantiated in the launch licenses that are required for a launch in all spacefaring
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2677:, provided a comprehensive analysis comparing the cost-effectiveness of over ten different actions, including shielding spacecraft, tracking smaller debris, and removing large debris. By evaluating these measures in economic terms, the study aims to inform cost-effective strategies for debris management, highlighting that methods like rapid deorbiting of defunct spacecraft can significantly reduce risks in space.
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on the debris for a few hours per day could alter its course by 200 m (660 ft) per day. One drawback is the potential for material degradation; the energy may break up the debris, adding to the problem. A similar proposal places the laser on a satellite in Sun-synchronous orbit, using a pulsed beam to push satellites into lower orbits to accelerate their reentry. A proposal to replace the laser with an
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foreseeable future (without any addition to the inventory of dead spacecraft in LEO). To date in 2019, removal costs and legal questions about ownership and the authority to remove defunct satellites have stymied national or international action. Current space law retains ownership of all satellites with their original operators, even debris or spacecraft which are defunct or threaten active missions.
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should be cascading. However, only one major satellite collision incident occurred: the 2009 satellite collision between
Iridium 33 and Cosmos 2251. The lack of obvious short-term cascading has led to speculation that the original estimates overstated the problem. According to Kessler in 2010 however, a cascade may not be obvious until it is well advanced, which might take years.
16795:
2119:, which disappeared on 24 July 1981 (a month after launch). Kosmos contained no volatile fuel, therefore, there appeared to be nothing internal to the satellite which could have caused the destructive explosion which took place. However, the case has not been proven and another hypothesis forwarded is that the battery exploded. Tracking showed it broke up, into 300 objects.
3190:, which can be plugged into the Neumann Drive, "basically converting the solid metal propellant into plasma". The Drive will be used by American space companies which already carry nets or robotic arms to capture orbital waste. The thruster enables these satellites to return to Earth with the waste they have collected, allowing it to be melted down to make more fuel.
2662:, though a number of technological solutions have been suggested. However, effects to date are limited. In the US, governmental bodies have been accused of backsliding on previous commitments to limit debris growth, "let alone tackling the more complex issues of removing orbital debris." The different methods for removal of space debris have been evaluated by the
11037:, "The Trash Nebula: Millions of man-made artifacts are circling Earth. Will one of them cause a disaster?", 28 September 2020, pp. 44β52, 54β55. "By one estimate, there are a hundred million bits of debris that are a millimetre in size, a hundred million as small as a micron. We live in a corona of trash. he problem, if ignored, could destroy all the
2409:(LEO) is high enough that collisions between objects could cause a cascade effect where each collision generates space debris that increases the likelihood of further collisions. He further theorized that one implication, if this were to occur, is that the distribution of debris in orbit could render space activities and the use of
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mission or useful life. While this does not remove the debris of the now derelict rocket stage or satellite itself, it does substantially reduce the likelihood of the spacecraft destructing and creating many smaller pieces of space debris, a phenomenon that was common in many of the early generations of US and Soviet spacecraft.
2933:. No contingency plan was laid for the removal of satellites that were unable to remove themselves. In 2019, the CEO of Iridium, Matt Desch, said that Iridium would be willing to pay an active-debris-removal company to deorbit its remaining first-generation satellites if it were possible for an unrealistically low cost, say "
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1975:
pieces 1 mm (0.04 in) or larger). The target satellite orbited between 850 km (530 mi) and 882 km (548 mi), the portion of near-Earth space most densely populated with satellites. Since atmospheric drag is low at that altitude, the debris is slow to return to Earth, and in June 2007 NASA's
1104:(nonfunctional spacecraft and abandoned launch vehicle stages), mission-related debris, and particularly-numerous in-Earth orbit, fragmentation debris from the breakup of derelict rocket bodies and spacecraft. In addition to derelict human-made objects left in orbit, space debris includes fragments from disintegration,
2630:. Gabbard diagrams of the early debris cloud prior to the effects of perturbations, if the data were available, are reconstructed. They often include data on newly observed, as yet uncatalogued fragments. Gabbard diagrams can provide insights into the features of the fragmentation, the direction and point of impact.
1875:, it malfunctioned before it could use up its propellant. Although the explosion was captured on film by astronomers, due to the orbit path the debris cloud has been difficult to measure with radar. By 21 February 2007, over 1,000 fragments were identified. A 14 February 2007 breakup was recorded by Celestrak.
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propellant – became standard and no Delta Rocket Bodies launched after 1981 experienced severe fragmentations afterward, but some of those launched prior to 1981 continued to explode. In 1991, the Delta 1975-052B fragmented, 16 years after launch, demonstrating the resilience of the propellent.
2654:, usually five and a half years later. In addition to natural atmospheric effects, corporations, academics and government agencies have proposed plans and technology to deal with space debris, but as of November 2014, most of these are theoretical, and there is no business plan for debris reduction.
1280:(ASAT) testing in the 1960s, and others were the result of rocket stages blowing up in orbit as leftover propellant expanded and ruptured their tanks. More detailed databases and tracking systems were gradually developed, including Gabbard diagrams, to improve the modeling of orbital evolution and decay.
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The limited engagement of private actors slows the process of addressing space debris. Ties between dissimilar stakeholders in the governance network offer access to diverse resources. Different competence among stakeholders can help allocate the tasks more reasonably. In that case, the expertise and
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the front of the debris, producing a rocket-like thrust that slows the object. With continued application, the debris would fall enough to be influenced by atmospheric drag. During the late 1990s, the U.S. Air Force's
Project Orion was a laser-broom design. Although a test-bed device was scheduled to
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demonstration project for matching orbit with a defunct Swiss nanosatellite, capturing it and de-orbiting together. The mission has seen several evolutions to reach a pac-man inspired capture model. In 2013, Space
Sweeper with Sling-Sat (4S), a grappling satellite which captures and ejects debris was
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A consensus of speakers at a meeting in
Brussels in October 2012, organized by the Secure World Foundation (a U.S. think tank) and the French International Relations Institute, reported that removal of the largest debris would be required to prevent the risk to spacecraft becoming unacceptable in the
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The voluntary ISO standard also adopted the "25-year rule" for the "LEO protected region" below 2,000 km (1,200 mi) altitude that has been previously (and still is, as of 2019) used by the US, ESA, and UN mitigation standards, and identifies it as "an upper limit for the amount of time that
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series, might be too high above the
Northern Hemisphere to be tracked. As of January 2019, more than 128 million pieces of debris smaller than 1 cm (0.4 in), about 900,000 pieces of debris 1β10 cm, and around 34,000 of pieces larger than 10 cm (3.9 in) were estimated to be in
9414:
Estable, StΓ©phane; Telaar, JΓΌrgen; Lange, Max; Ahrns, Ingo; Pegg, Katherine; Jacobsen, Dirk; Gerrits, Dennis; Theybers, Martijn; Dayers, Luc; Vanden
Bussche, Simon; Ilsen, Stijn; Debraekeleer, Tom; Lampariello, Roberto; Wygachiewicz, Marcin; Santos, Nuno; Canetri, Marco; Serra, Pedro; Soto Santiago,
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the first update of the guidelines since their publication in 2001, and reflect a better understanding of satellite operations and other technical issues that contribute to the growing population of orbital debris. ... did not address one of the biggest issues regarding debris mitigation: whether to
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A NASA 2005 study concluded that debris accounted for approximately half of the overall risk to the
Shuttle. Executive-level decision to proceed was required if the catastrophic impact was more likely than 1 in 200. On a normal (low-orbit) mission to the ISS, the risk was approximately 1 in 300, but
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collided, 500 mi (800 km) over northern
Siberia. The relative speed of impact was about 11.7 km/s (7.3 mi/s), or about 42,120 km/h (26,170 mph). Both satellites were destroyed, creating thousands of pieces of new smaller debris, with legal and political liability issues
2027:
The vulnerability of satellites to debris and the possibility of attacking LEO satellites to create debris clouds has triggered speculation that it is possible for countries unable to make a precision attack. An attack on a satellite of 10 t (22,000 lb) or more would heavily damage the LEO
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at the end of their life. The satellites are then either boosted into a higher, "graveyard" orbit or a lower, short-term orbit. Nonetheless, satellites that have been properly moved to a higher orbit have an eight-percent probability of puncture and coolant release over a 50-year period. The coolant
3202:
is an economic theory referring to a situation where maximizing self-interest through using a shared resource can lead to the resource degradation shared by all. Based on the theory, individuals' rational action in space will lead to an irrational collective result: orbits crowded with debris. As a
3094:
could directly impart a thrust on the debris sufficient to move small debris into new orbits out of the way of working satellites. NASA research in 2011 indicates that firing a laser beam at a piece of space junk could impart an impulse of 1 mm (0.039 in) per second, and keeping the laser
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of the spacecraft at the end of its useful life; as well as the use of upper stages that can reignite to decelerate the stage to intentionally deorbit it, often on the first or second orbit following payload release; satellites that can, if they remain healthy for years, deorbit themselves from the
1974:
China's government was condemned for the military implications and the amount of debris from the 2007 anti-satellite missile test, the largest single space debris incident in history (creating over 2,300 pieces golf-ball size or larger, over 35,000 1 cm (0.4 in) or larger, and one million
3280:
once deliberately excluded them from having a voice in discussions unless being formally invited by a member state. Ostrom said that the involvement of all relevant stakeholders in the rule-design and implementation process is one of the critical elements of successful governance. The exclusion of
2416:
The growth in the number of objects as a result of the late-1990s studies sparked debate in the space community on the nature of the problem and the earlier dire warnings. According to
Kessler's 1991 derivation and 2001 updates, the LEO environment in the 1,000 km (620 mi) altitude range
1406:
As of
January 2019 there were estimated to be over 128 million pieces of debris smaller than 1 cm (0.39 in), and approximately 900,000 pieces between 1 and 10 cm. The count of large debris (defined as 10 cm across or larger) was 34,000 in 2019, and at least 37,000 by June 2023.
1357:
warned NASA that the amount of orbiting space debris was at a critical level. According to some computer models, the amount of space debris "has reached a tipping point, with enough currently in orbit to continually collide and create even more debris, raising the risk of spacecraft failures." The
1315:
by having the booster move away from its payload and vent any propellant remaining in its tanks. This eliminated one source for pressure buildup in the tanks which had previously caused them to explode and create additional orbital debris. Other countries were slower to adopt this measure and, due
3234:
As orbital debris is a global problem affecting both spacefaring and non-spacefaring nations, it is necessary to be handled in a worldwide context. Because of the complexity and dynamics of object movements like spacecraft, debris, meteorites, etc., many countries and regions including the United
2976:
planned to use onboard self-removal as "plan A" for satellite deorbiting at the end of life, but if a satellite were unable to remove itself within one year of end of life, OneWeb would implement "plan B" and dispatch a reusable (multi-transport mission) space tug to attach to the satellite at an
2856:
upper stages in higher orbits – orbits for which low-delta-v deorbit is not possible, or not planned for – and architectures that support satellite passivation, are passivated at end of life. This removes any internal energy contained in the vehicle at the end of its
2760:
By 2006, the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) had developed a number of technical means of debris mitigation (upper stage passivation, propellant reserves for movement to graveyard orbits, etc.) for ISRO launch vehicles and satellites, and was actively contributing to inter-agency debris
2737:
and ESA signed a "European Code of Conduct" in 2006, which was a predecessor standard to the ISO international standard work that would begin the following year. In 2008, ESA further developed "its own "Requirements on Space Debris Mitigation for Agency Projects" which "came into force on 1 April
2708:
and USAF) orbital-debris mitigation in 2001. The standard envisioned disposal for final mission orbits in one of three ways: 1) atmospheric reentry where even with "conservative projections for solar activity, atmospheric drag will limit the lifetime to no longer than 25 years after completion of
2370:
on three occasions due to late debris-proximity warnings. In addition to the sixteen thruster firings and three Soyuz-capsule shelter orders, one attempted maneuver was not completed due to not having the several days' warning necessary to upload the maneuver timeline to the station's computer. A
1677:
In addition to the accidental creation of debris, some has been made intentionally through the deliberate destruction of satellites. This has been done as a test of anti-satellite or anti-ballistic missile technology, or to prevent a sensitive satellite from being examined by a foreign power. The
1571:
now requires proof a satellite can be moved out of its orbital slot at the end of its lifespan, studies suggest this is insufficient. Since GEO orbit is too distant to accurately measure objects under 1 m (3 ft 3 in), the nature of the problem is not well known. Satellites could be
1323:
A new battery of studies followed as NASA, NORAD, and others attempted to better understand the orbital environment, with each adjusting the number of pieces of debris in the critical-mass zone upward. Although in 1981 (when Schefter's article was published) the number of objects was estimated at
1286:
Time and natural gravitational/atmospheric effects help to clear space debris. A variety of technological approaches have also been proposed, though most have not been implemented. A number of scholars have observed that systemic factors, political, legal, economic, and cultural, are the greatest
3262:
In a polycentric governance network, a resource that cannot be holistically monitored is less likely to be well managed. Both insufficient transnational cooperation and information sharing bring resistance to addressing the debris problem. There is a long way to go to build a global network that
3313:
Fortunately, the current space exploration is not completely driven by competition, and there still exists a chance for dialogues and cooperation among all stakeholders in both developed and developing countries, to reach an agreement on tackling space debris and assure an equitable and orderly
2828:
As of the 2010s, several technical approaches to the mitigation of the growth of space debris are typically undertaken, yet no comprehensive legal regime or cost assignment structure is in place to reduce space debris in the way that terrestrial pollution has reduced since the mid-20th century.
1337:
said in 2002 that he believed the cascade would begin about 2015. The National Academy of Sciences, summarizing the professional view, noted widespread agreement that two bands of LEO space – 900 to 1,000 km (620 mi) and 1,500 km (930 mi) – were
3127:
to the ISS by which JAXA scientists experimented to pull junk out of orbit using a tether. The system failed to extend a 700-meter tether from a space station resupply vehicle that was returning to Earth. On 6 February the mission was declared a failure and leading researcher Koichi Inoue told
2909:
Although the ITU requires geostationary satellites to move to a graveyard orbit at the end of their lives, the selected orbital areas do not sufficiently protect GEO lanes from debris. Rocket stages (or satellites) with enough propellant may make a direct, controlled de-orbit, or if this would
2443:
Although most debris burns up in the atmosphere, larger debris objects can reach the ground intact. According to NASA, an average of one cataloged piece of debris has fallen back to Earth each day for the past 50 years. Despite their size, there has been no significant property damage from the
1921:
At least eight Delta rockets have contributed orbital debris in the Sun-synchronous low Earth orbit environment. The variant of the Delta upper stage that was used in the 1970s was found to be prone to in-orbit explosions. Starting in 1981, depletion burns – to get rid of excess
1328:
system found new objects. By the late 1990s, it was thought that most of the 28,000 launched objects had already decayed and about 8,500 remained in orbit. By 2005 this was adjusted upward to 13,000 objects, and a 2006 study increased the number to 19,000 as a result of an ASAT and a satellite
3006:
required to de-orbit heavy objects from geosynchronous orbit. A tug-like satellite to drag debris to a safe altitude for it to burn up in the atmosphere has been researched. When debris is identified the satellite creates a difference in potential between the debris and itself, then using its
3318:
does not necessarily exclude the states from playing a role. Instead, the different functions of states might promote the governance process. To improve the polycentric governance network of space debris, researchers suggest: encourage data-sharing among different national and organizational
3275:
is planning to create a network of around 12,000 small satellites that can transmit high-speed internet to any place in the world. The proportion of commercial spacecraft has increased from 4.6% in the 1980s to 55.6% in the 2010s. Despite the high participation rate of commercial entities,
2276:(TPS) were already common by the 1990s. The Shuttle was later flown tail-first to take a greater proportion of the debris load on the engines and rear cargo bay, which are not used in orbit or during descent, and thus are less critical for post-launch operation. When flying attached to the
1535:
can gradually bring debris down to lower altitudes (where it decays), but at very high altitudes this may take centuries. Although high-altitude orbits are less commonly used than LEO and the onset of the problem is slower, the numbers progress toward the critical threshold more quickly.
2720:
In 2002, the European Space Agency (ESA) worked with an international group to promulgate a similar set of standards, also with a "25-year rule" applying to most Earth-orbit satellites and upper stages. Space agencies in Europe began to develop technical guidelines in the mid-1990s, and
1461:(which in LEO include unevenness of the Earth's gravitational field due to variations in the density of the planet), and collisions can occur from any direction. The average impact speed of collisions in Low Earth Orbit is 10 km/s with maximums reaching above 14 km/s due to
2291:
was flown at the higher orbital altitude of 560 km (350 mi) where the risk was initially calculated at a 1-in-185 (due in part to the 2009 satellite collision). A re-analysis with better debris numbers reduced the estimated risk to 1 in 221, and the mission went ahead.
2657:
A number of scholars have also observed that institutional factors – political, legal, economic, and cultural "rules of the game" – are the greatest impediment to the cleanup of near-Earth space. There is little commercial incentive to act, since
3086:
postponed the project and according to Nicholas Johnson, chief scientist and program manager for NASA's Orbital Debris Program Office, "There are lots of little gotchas in the Orion final report. There's a reason why it's been sitting on the shelf for more than a decade."
3135:, had an objective to remove debris heavier than 4,000 kilograms (8,800 lb) from LEO. Several capture techniques were studied, including a net, a harpoon, and a combination robot arm and clamping mechanism. Funding of the mission was stopped in 2018 in favor of the
2864:) achieved by releasing residual propellants reduces debris from orbital explosions; however even as late as 2011, not all upper stages implement this practice. SpaceX used the term "propulsive passivation" for the final maneuver of their six-hour demonstration mission (
2937:
per deorbit, but acknowledged that price would likely be far below what a debris-removal company could realistically offer. 'You know at what point a no-brainer, but expect the cost is really in the millions or tens of millions, at which price I know it doesn't make
7694:
Despite growing concern about the threat posed by orbital debris, and language in U.S. national space policy directing government agencies to study debris cleanup technologies, many in the space community worry that the government is not doing enough to implement that
2467:
are the main tools for tracking space debris. Although objects under 10 cm (4 in) have reduced orbital stability, debris as small as 1 cm can be tracked, however determining orbits to allow re-acquisition is difficult. Most debris remain unobserved. The
2196:
Crewed flights are particularly vulnerable to space debris conjunctions in the orbital path of the spacecraft. Occasional avoidance maneuvers or longer-term space debris wear have affected the space shuttle, the MIR space station, and the International Space Station.
1454:, meaning they cross over the polar regions. LEO satellites orbit in many planes, typically up to 15 times a day, causing frequent approaches between objects. The density of satellites – both active and derelict – is much higher in LEO.
3222:, many technical approaches have been developed. In terms of governance mechanisms, a top-down centralized one is less suitable to tackle the complex debris problem due to the increasing number of space actors. Instead, a polycentric form of governance developed by
2849:
lower orbits around Earth. Other satellites (such as many CubeSats) in low orbits below approximately 400 km (250 mi) orbital altitude depend on the energy-absorbing effects of the upper atmosphere to reliably deorbit a spacecraft within weeks or months.
1979:
maneuvered to avoid impact from the debris. Brian Weeden, U.S. Air Force officer and Secure World Foundation staff member, noted that the 2007 Chinese satellite explosion created an orbital debris of more than 3,000 separate objects that then required tracking.
1640:(MEO). As of October 2009, it, the upper stage of Vanguard 1's launch rocket and associated piece of debris, are the oldest surviving artificial space objects still in orbit and are expected to be until after the year 2250. As of May 2022, the
1952:. A 1985 test destroyed a 1-tonne (2,200 lb) satellite orbiting at 525 km (326 mi), creating thousands of debris larger than 1 cm (0.39 in). At this altitude, atmospheric drag decayed the orbit of most debris within a decade. A
1897:
launch vehicles, make up about 20% of the total mass of launch debris in Low Earth Orbit (LEO). An analysis that determined the 50 "statistically most concerning" debris objects in low Earth orbit determined that the top 20 were all Zenit-2 upper
2949:
could be attached to a spacecraft at launch; at the end of its lifetime, the tether would be rolled out to slow the spacecraft. Other proposals include a booster stage with a sail-like attachment and a large, thin, inflatable balloon envelope.
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3151:
mission plan is to test the efficacy of several ADR technologies on mock targets in low Earth orbit. In order to complete its planned experiments the platform is equipped with a net, a harpoon, a laser ranging instrument, a dragsail, and two
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1133:
reported 25,857 artificial objects in orbit above the Earth, including 5,465 operational satellites. However, these are just the objects large enough to be tracked and in an orbit that makes tracking possible. Satellite debris that is in a
15628:
1375:
By mid-1994 there had been 68 breakups or debris "anomalous events" involving satellites launched by the former Soviet Union/Russia and 18 similar events had been discovered involving rocket bodies and other propulsion-related operational
9977:
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of the orbital plane. Close approaches (within 50 meters) are estimated at one per year. The collision debris pose less short-term risk than from a LEO collision, but the satellite would likely become inoperable. Large objects, such as
2338:
solar panels degraded their performance. The damage is most noticeable on the panel on the right, which is facing the camera with a high degree of contrast. Extensive damage to the smaller panel below is due to impact with a Progress
4083:
3242:
Some private actors are also trying to establish SSA systems. For example, the Space Data Association (SDA) formed in 2009 is a non-governmental entity. It currently consists of 21 global satellite operators and 4 executive members:
3319:
databases at the political level; develop shared standards for data collection systems to improve interoperability; and enhance the participation of private actors through involving them in national and international discussions.
3289:
has contracted with European and Japanese space agencies to develop the capacity of removing orbital debris. Despite that, they are still in small quantity compared to the number of those who have placed satellites in space.
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1119:. It creates an external cost on others from the initial action to launch or use a spacecraft in near-Earth orbit, a cost that is typically not taken into account nor fully accounted for by the launcher or payload owner.
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With a "one-up, one-down" launch-license policy for Earth orbits, launchers would rendezvous with, capture, and de-orbit a derelict satellite from approximately the same orbital plane. Another possibility is the
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refueling depot and service spacecraft for communications satellites in geosynchronous orbit originally scheduled for a 2015 launch. The SIS would be able to "push dead satellites into graveyard orbits." The
3554:
3310:, announced plans in September 2021 to launch hundreds of satellites into orbit in order to study space debris. However, the company stated it is in "stealth mode" and no such satellites have been launched.
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researcher Hugh Lewis predicted that the threat from space debris would rise 50 percent in the next decade and quadruple in the next 50 years. As of 2009, more than 13,000 close calls were tracked weekly.
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Lawrence, A.; Rawls, M. L.; Jah, M.; Boley, A.; Di Vruno, F.; Garrington, S.; Kramer, M.; Lawler, S.; Lowenthal, J.; McDowell, J.; McCaughrean, M. (22 April 2022). "The Case for Space Environmentalism".
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A 2006 NASA model suggested that if no new launches took place, the environment would retain the then-known population until about 2055, when it would increase on its own. Richard Crowther of Britain's
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space monitoring capabilities to assess the shuttle's orbital path for debris. In the 1980s, this consumed a large proportion of NORAD capacity. The first collision-avoidance maneuver occurred during
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Several spacecraft, both crewed and un-crewed, have been damaged or destroyed by space debris. The measurement, mitigation, and potential removal of debris is conducted by some participants in the
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Nwankwo, Victor U. J; Denig, William; Chakrabarti, Sandip K.; Ajakaiye, Muyiwa P.; Fatokun1, Johnson; Akanni, Adeniyi W.; Raulin, Jean-Pierre; Correia, Emilia; Enoh, John E. (15 September 2020).
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As of July 2013, estimates of more than 170 million debris smaller than 1 cm (0.4 in), about 670,000 debris 1β10 cm, and approximately 29,000 larger pieces of debris were in orbit.
4676:
1941:(NORAD) only collected data for Soviet tests, and debris from U.S. tests were identified subsequently. By the time the debris problem was understood, widespread ASAT testing had ended. The U.S.
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2002:
of 250 km (155 mi) or lower. The missile was aimed to minimize the amount of debris, which (according to Pentagon Strategic Command chief Kevin Chilton) had decayed by early 2009.
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Various conventions, treaties, agreements, memorandums, charters or declarations establishing and governing intergovernmental organisations or inter-agency bodies dealing with space affairs
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to safeguard property from debris damage. The "direct retrieval" option (option no. 3 in the US "standard practices" above) has rarely been done by any spacefaring nation (exception, USAF
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3387:(1991) is a French sci-fi drama set under the backdrop of an out-of-control Indian nuclear satellite, predicted to re-enter the atmosphere, threatening vast populated areas of the Earth.
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for space-debris mitigation. By 2010, ISO had published "a comprehensive set of space system engineering standards aimed at mitigating space debris. defined in the top-level standard,
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ranges (2,000β19,700 km (1,200β12,200 mi), 20,700β35,300 km (12,900β21,900 mi), above 36,100 km (22,400 mi), or out of Earth orbit completely and into any
12621:
2795:
Holger Krag of the European Space Agency states that as of 2017 there is no binding international regulatory framework with no progress occurring at the respective UN body in Vienna.
2024:
orbiting at around 450 km, creating "more than 1,500 pieces of trackable debris and hundreds of thousands of pieces of un-trackable debris" according to the US State Department.
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occurred at a closing speed of 11.7 km/s (26,000 mph), creating over 2,000 large debris fragments. These debris cross many other orbits and increase debris collision risk.
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now require upper-stage passivation, other launchers – such as the Chinese and Russian space agencies – do not. Lower stages, like the Space Shuttle's
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of collisions that could occur, exponentially increasing the number and density of space debris in low-Earth orbit, and has been hypothesized to ensue beyond some critical density.
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To avoid excessive creation of artificial space debris, many – but not all – satellites launched to above-low-Earth-orbit are launched initially into
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12841:
2749:) or commercial actor since the earliest days of spaceflight due to the cost and complexity of achieving direct retrieval, but the ESA has scheduled a 2026 demonstration mission (
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was hit by an MMOD which caused it to lose track of the stars that it used to maintain an operational attitude. It took nearly a month for the spacecraft to return to operation.
1430:, referred to as low-Earth orbit (LEO) – there have traditionally been few "universal orbits" that keep a number of spacecraft in particular rings (in contrast to
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Between 2012 and 2018, the European Space Agency was working on the design of a mission to remove large space debris from orbit using mechanical tentacles or nets. The mission,
2921:β 95 communication satellites launched during the five-year period between 1997 and 2002 β provides a set of data points on the limits of self-removal. The satellite operator β
1283:
When the NORAD database became publicly available during the 1970s, techniques developed for the asteroid-belt were applied to the study of known artificial satellite objects.
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10380:
1499:. These longer-term effects can increase drag at lower altitudes; the 1990s expansion was a factor in reduced debris density. Another factor was fewer launches by Russia; the
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suffered a single battery cell failure anomaly and a battery heater control anomaly which were subsequently considered likely the result of an MMOD strike. On 12 March 2010,
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Despite the use of passivation, or prior to its standardization, many satellites and rocket bodies have exploded or broken apart on orbit. In February 2015, for example, the
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communications satellite was struck by an unknown object and rendered inoperable; its engineers had enough contact time with the satellite to send it into a graveyard orbit.
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and satellite operators may monitor space debris as part of maneuver planning. For example, in January 2017, the European Space Agency altered the orbit of one of its three
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With the rapid development of the computer and digitalization industries, more countries and companies have engaged in space activities since the turn of the 20th century.
2914:, reducing its atmospheric re-entry time from a projected 200 years to about 15 by lowering its altitude from 830 km (516 mi) to about 550 km (342 mi).
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1442:, which will have many universal orbits in LEO with 30 to 50 satellites per orbital plane and altitude. Traditionally, the most populated LEO orbits have been a number of
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Schildknecht, T.; Musci, R.; Flury, W.; Kuusela, J.; De Leon, J.; Dominguez Palmero, L. De Fatima (2005). "Optical observation of space debris in high-altitude orbits".
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debris. Burning up in the atmosphere contributes to air pollution. Numerous small cylindrical tanks from space objects have been found, designed to hold fuel or gasses.
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1901:
a Delta II rocket used to launch NASA's 1989 COBE spacecraft exploded on December 3, 2006. This occurred even though its residual fuel had already been vented to space.
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reduce the 25-year timeframe for deorbiting satellites after the end of their mission. Many in the space community believe that timeframe should be less than 25 years.
1543:(GEO), clustering over specific targets and sharing the same orbital path. Although velocities are low between GEO objects, when a satellite becomes derelict (such as
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a space system shall remain in orbit after its mission is completed. Ideally, the time to deorbit should be as short as possible (i.e., much shorter than 25 years)".
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and telescopes, and a space-based telescope (originally to distinguish from hostile missiles). The 2009 edition listed about 19,000 objects. Other data come from the
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moved to empty spots in GEO, requiring less maneuvering and making it easier to predict future motion. Satellites or boosters in other orbits, especially stranded in
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March 2009 event involved debris believed to be a 10 cm (3.9 in) piece of the Kosmos 1275 satellite. In 2013, the ISS operations management did not make a
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NORAD trackers who fed the database were aware of other objects in orbit, many of which were the result of in-orbit explosions. Some were deliberately caused during
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satellites, design flaws resulted in numerous break-ups – at least 68 by 1994 – following decommissioning, resulting in more debris.
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Clayton Chun, "Shooting Down a Star: America's Thor Program 437, Nuclear ASAT, and Copycat Killers", Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Air University Press, 1999.
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and avoiding long-term orbital debris from spent rocket bodies. Such missions will often complete the payload placement in a final orbit by the use of low-thrust
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Beside space debris as an issue of science-fiction stories other stories feature it as a reservoir for the story, as in stories about space junk scavengers like
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private actors largely reduces the effectiveness of the committee's role in making collective-choice arrangements that reflect the interests of all space users.
1112:; solidified liquids expelled from spacecraft; unburned particles from solid rocket motors; and even paint flecks. Space debris represents a risk to spacecraft.
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require too much propellant, a satellite may be brought to an orbit where atmospheric drag would cause it to eventually de-orbit. This was done with the French
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Lucia; Εukasik, Artur; Ratti, John; Puddephatt, Dawn; Rembala, Richard; Evans Brito, Leanne; Bondy, Michel; Biesbroek, Robin; Wolahan, Andrew (21 April 2017).
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In May 2024, a NASA report from the Office of Technology, Policy, and Strategy (OTPS) introduced new methods for addressing orbital debris. The report, titled
1932:
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4010:
Wiedemann, C.; Oswald, M.; Stabroth, S.; Klinkrad, H.; VΓΆrsmann, P. (2005). "Size distribution of NaK droplets released during RORSAT reactor core ejection".
1438:). There is currently 85% pollution in LEO (Low Earth Orbit). This was beginning to change in 2019, and several companies began to deploy the early phases of
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16427:
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11182:
9978:"Global Space Debris Monitoring and Removal Market 2018-2022 with Airbus, ASTROSCALE, Boeing, Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman & RSC Energia Dominating"
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1272:
Gabbard diagram of almost 300 pieces of debris from the disintegration of the five-month-old third stage of the Chinese Long March 4 booster on 11 March 2000
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4965:"Atmospheric drag effects on modelled LEO satellites during the July 2000 Bastille Day event in contrast to an interval of geomagnetically quiet conditions"
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Flight 13 (DMSP-F13) exploded on orbit, creating at least 149 debris objects, which were expected to remain in orbit for decades. Later that same year,
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increases about 0.8Β° and its speed increases about 160 km/h (99 mph) per year. Impact velocity peaks at about 1.5 km/s (0.93 mi/s).
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The issue of space debris has been raised as a mitigation challenge for missions around the Moon with the danger of increasing space debris around it.
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which had been decommissioned after an anomaly in June 2014, broke apart on orbit into at least 275 pieces. For older programs, such as the Soviet-era
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3408:(2019), episode 11, "Helping Hand", revolves around an astronaut being struck by a screw from space debris which knocks her off a satellite in orbit.
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Returned space hardware is a valuable source of information on the directional distribution and composition of the (sub-millimetre) debris flux. The
10962:"A Methodology for Estimating the Uncertainty in the Predicted Annual Risk to Orbiting Spacecraft from Current or Predicted Space Debris Population"
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5271:
3123:(JAXA) launched a test "space net" satellite. The launch was an operational test only. In December 2016 the country sent a space junk collector via
2479:. FM Radio waves can detect debris, after reflecting off them onto a receiver. Optical tracking may be a useful early-warning system on spacecraft.
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4116:"Did speeding American manhole cover beat Sputnik into space? Top boffin speaks to El Reg β How a nuke blast lid may have beaten Soviets by months"
1143:
orbit around the Earth. When the smallest objects of artificial space debris (paint flecks, solid rocket exhaust particles, etc.) are grouped with
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2957:, which could be used by mitigation measures and is part of ESA's Zero Debris Initiative. Around one year earlier, China also tested a drag sail.
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s backshell was found on the surface of Jezero Crater, and a piece of a thermal blanket which may have come from the descent stage of the rover.
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is littered with about seven tons of human-made debris. Most of it consists of crashed and inactive spacecraft as well as discarded components.
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Delta upper stage: There were several events for Delta second stages due to residual propellants until depletion burns were introduced in 1981.
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An average of about one tracked object per day has been dropping out of orbit for the past 50 years, averaging almost three objects per day at
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launch on a Space Shuttle in 2003, international agreements banning powerful laser testing in orbit limited its use to measurements. The 2003
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However, since the risk to spacecraft increases with exposure to high debris densities, it is more accurate to say that LEO would be rendered
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A variety of approaches have been proposed, studied, or had ground subsystems built to use other spacecraft to remove existing space debris.
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1230:, into orbit in October, 1957. But even before this event, humans might have produced ejecta that became space debris, as in the August 1957
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10553:
Hoots, Felix; Schumacher, Paul Jr.; Glover, Robert A. (2004). "History of Analytical Orbit Modeling in the U.S. Space Surveillance System".
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studied. In 2022, a Chinese satellite, SJ-21, grabbed an unused satellite and "threw" it into an orbit with a lower risk for it to collide.
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satellite from orbit. A "chaser" will grab the junk with four robotic arms and drag it down to Earth's atmosphere where both will burn up.
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It is theorized that a sufficiently large collision of spacecraft could potentially lead to a cascade effect, or even make some particular
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10791:"Critical Number of Spacecraft in Low Earth Orbit: Using Fragmentation Data to Evaluate the Stability of the Orbital Debris Environment"
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4804:
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Spatial density of space debris by altitude according to ESA MASTER-2001, without debris from the Chinese ASAT and 2009 collision events
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Satellites are believed to have been destroyed by micrometeorites and (small) orbital debris (MMOD). The earliest suspected loss was of
1914:
In December 2020, scientists confirmed that a previously detected near-Earth object, 2020 SO, was rocket booster space junk launched in
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Crewed space missions are mostly at 400 km (250 mi) altitude and below, where air drag helps clear zones of fragments. The
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With the commercialization of satellites and space, the private sector is getting more interested in space activities. For example,
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radar, to be used in debris-environment models like the ESA Meteoroid and Space Debris Terrestrial Environment Reference (MASTER).
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may work in space. In the process of promoting the polycentric network, there are some existing barriers needed to be dealt with.
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to circularize the orbit. The kick stage itself may be designed with the excess-propellant capability to be able to self-deorbit.
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of satellites. Experiments have been flown by NASA, and SpaceX is developing large-scale on-orbit propellant transfer technology.
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In December 2019, the European Space Agency awarded the first contract to clean up space debris. The β¬120 million mission dubbed
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Multiple companies made plans in the late 2010s to conduct external removal on their satellites in mid-LEO orbits. For example,
2009:
announced that India shot down one of its own LEO satellites with a ground-based missile. He stated that the operation, part of
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As of October 2019, nearly 20,000 artificial objects were in orbit above the Earth, including 2,218 operational satellites.
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3026:, which would carry over 40 SUL (satellite on umbilical line) de-orbit satellites and propellant sufficient for their removal.
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and drag the debris with a tether to the desired location. The "mothership" would then tow the debris-smallsat combination for
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7389:
Englert, Christoph R.; Bays, J. Timothy; Marr, Kenneth D.; Brown, Charles M.; Nicholas, Andrew C.; Finne, Theodore T. (2014).
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Another approach to debris mitigation is to explicitly design the mission architecture to leave the rocket second-stage in an
1937:
A former source of debris was anti-satellite weapons (ASATs) testing by the U.S. and Soviet Union during the 1960s and 1970s.
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upper stage exploded. Even boosters that don't break apart can be a problem. A major known impact event involved an (intact)
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During the 1980s, NASA and other U.S. groups attempted to limit the growth of debris. One trial solution was implemented by
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that orbit near the Earth β a loss that would be more acutely felt as humanity increasingly relied on space." (p. 47.)
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Occasionally satellites are left in orbit when they're no longer useful. Many countries require that satellites go through
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to rendezvous with, capture, and return debris to a central station. One such system is Space Infrastructure Servicing, a
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2259:'s second flight, STS-7. A fleck of paint struck its front window, creating a pit over 1 mm (0.04 in) wide. On
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As of July 2016, nearly 18,000 artificial objects were orbiting above Earth, including 1,419 operational satellites.
364:
284:
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family of upper stages is being designed with a high leftover-propellant margin (for derelict capture and de-orbit) and
1249:) of all known rocket launches and objects reaching orbit, including satellites, protective shields and upper-stages of
1184:(ISS) orbits in the 300β400 kilometres (190β250 mi) range, while the two most recent large debris events, the 2007
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representing space debris in low earth orbit at the current rate of growth compared to mitigation measures being taken.
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lost power from one-half of one of its 11 solar panels and this was also attributed to an MMOD strike. On 22 May 2013,
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314:
10173:"As Chinese Rocket Strikes Moon This Week We Need To Act Now To Prevent New Space Junk Around The Moon Say Scientists"
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Smirnov, V.M.; et al. (2000). "Study of Micrometeoroid and Orbital Debris Effects on the Solar Panelson 'MIR'".
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3168:. Their system uses electromagnetic heating to melt metal and shape it into metal wire, sheet metal, and metal fuel.
2945:
Passive methods of increasing the orbital decay rate of spacecraft debris have been proposed. Instead of rockets, an
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As another method to reduce the risk to humans on board, ISS operational management asked the crew to shelter in the
814:
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Metal processing technologies to melt space debris and transform it into other useful form factors are developed by
2108:, solar panels, which are exposed to the Sun, wear from low-mass impacts. Even small impacts can produce a cloud of
2017:
announced they were tracking 270 new pieces of debris but expected the number to grow as data collection continues.
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booster stage exploded in orbit over South Australia on 19 February 2007. Launched on 28 February 2006 carrying an
1439:
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9538:
Taylor, Jared B. (2011). "Tragedy of the space commons: a market mechanism solution to the space debris problem".
8476:
3744:"Regulating the Space Commons: Treating Space Debris as Abandoned Property in Violation of the Outer Space Treaty"
2953:
In late December 2022, ESA successfully carried out a demonstration of a breaking sail-based satellite deorbiter,
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already built-in capture target via a grappling fixture, to be towed to a lower orbit and released for re-entry.
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listed 5,465 operational satellites from a known population of 27,000 pieces of orbital debris tracked by NORAD.
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104:
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SOCRATES: A free daily service predicting close encounters on orbit between satellites and debris orbiting Earth
9417:"Definition of an Automated Vehicle with Autonomous Fail-Safe Reaction Behavior to Capture and De-orbit Envisat"
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2868:) of the Falcon 9 second stage for the US Air Force in 2019, but did not define what all that term encompassed.
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1163:
17:
5783:
5448:"That brings the total so far for the NOAA 16 debris event to 275 pieces, with none having decayed from orbit"
4438:
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9061:
6639:
4672:
4084:"The fastest object ever launched was a manhole cover β here's the story from the guy who shot it into space"
3880:
3042:
2995:
2185:
1641:
1199:
to resist damage from small MMOD. However, known debris with a collision chance over 1/10,000 are avoided by
994:
444:
11053:
9595:"Application of Ostrom's Principles for Sustainable Governance of Common-Pool Resources to Near-Earth Orbit"
6661:"STS-48 Space Shuttle Mission Report | PDF | Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster | Space Shuttle Main Engine"
6255:
Akahoshi, Y.; et al. (2008). "Influence of space debris impact on solar array under power generation".
5971:
4190:
3801:
1176:. Most are dust from solid rocket motors, surface erosion debris like paint flakes, and frozen coolant from
16276:
16049:
15703:
15143:
14817:
14768:
14692:
14638:
14351:
14202:
12355:
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11836:
11361:
10896:
Limiting Future Collision Risk to Spacecraft: An Assessment of NASA's Meteoroid and Orbital Debris Programs
10777:
8924:
8856:
8717:
6920:. Presented at the 1989 Spring Meeting of the Materials Research Society, 24β29 April 1989, NASA TR-102287.
4304:
3457:
3452:
2558:
1782:
1573:
532:
384:
359:
154:
18030:
8768:
Schaub, H.; Sternovsky, Z. (2013). "Active Space Debris Charging for Contactless Electrostatic Disposal".
8683:
8323:
8181:"Implementation of debris mitigation using International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards"
8166:
7997:. 7th European Conference on Space Debris, Darmstadt, Germany, 18β21 April 2017. ESA Space Debris Office.
7951:
7806:
7598:
7554:
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inside Earth's atmosphere so the orbit will quickly decay and the satellites then will be destroyed upon
2453:
2277:
1750:
1181:
643:
394:
31:
10919:
10835:
10733:
10531:
10004:"As Commercial Space Travel Becomes Reality, Debris and Space Traffic Management Becomes More Important"
9738:
Lambach, Daniel; Wesel, Luca (2021). "Tackling the Space Debris Problem: A Global Commons Perspective".
9198:
8404:
6389:
6316:
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15698:
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12119:
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1984:
1042:
399:
249:
7205:
5378:
3327:
2602:
studied by the ESA to validate its models. Materials returned from Mir were also studied, notably the
2137:
communications satellite was struck by an unknown object and rendered inoperable. On 13 October 2009,
1994:
to destroy a defective U.S. spy satellite thought to be carrying 450 kg (1,000 lb) of toxic
17571:
16811:
16750:
16412:
16169:
15979:
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14947:
13700:
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13468:
13314:
12591:
12549:
12511:
12076:
11870:
11240:
10633:"Estimate of Particle Densities and Collision Danger for Spacecraft Moving Through the Asteroid Belt"
6911:"Effect of Micrometeoroid and Space Debris Impacts on the Space Station Freedom Solar Array Surfaces"
5817:
5421:
4115:
2873:
1450:, making Earth observation easier with consistent sun angle and lighting. Sun-synchronous orbits are
1447:
1346:
1154:
Collisions with debris have become a hazard to spacecraft. The smallest objects cause damage akin to
774:
739:
699:
352:
319:
169:
46:
7299:
4048:
3931:
1410:
As of 2020, there were 8,000 metric tons of debris in orbit, a figure that is expected to increase.
18532:
18512:
18226:
17905:
16712:
16365:
15955:
15805:
15738:
15405:
15378:
15005:
14907:
14763:
14667:
13557:
13428:
13150:
12941:
12586:
12109:
12050:
11961:
8265:
5331:
5293:
2986:
2845:
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2473:
2254:
2153:
2051:
1872:
1820:
1746:
1648:
1552:
1466:
1458:
1192:
769:
389:
324:
261:
10892:
9105:
7530:
6727:
6197:"Russia may have just shot down its own satellite, creating a huge debris cloud [Updated]"
5114:"Colocation Strategy and Collision Avoidance for the Geostationary Satellites at 19 Degrees West."
4887:
4580:
2779:
1998:
propellant. The event occurred at about 250 km (155 mi), and the resulting debris has a
18207:
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15773:
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15598:
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4389:
In the time between the writing of Klinkrad (2006) Chapter 1 (earlier) and the Prolog (later) of
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2215:
2014:
1839:
1561:
799:
754:
374:
16259:
15681:
14728:
10967:
10033:"Steve Wozniak's startup Privateer plans to launch hundreds of satellites to study space debris"
9272:
6863:"Orbital Debris FAQ: How did the Mir space station fare during its 15-year stay in Earth orbit?"
6315:
Kelley, Angelita (17 August 2014). Butler, James J; Xiong, Xiaoxiong (Jack); Gu, Xingfa (eds.).
5129:
van der Ha, J. C.; Hechler, M. (1981). "The Collision Probability of Geostationary Satellites".
3053:(a spinoff from the EPFL project) is slated to launch in 2026. It aims to remove the 94 kg
2650:(due to the heating and expansion of the Earth's atmosphere), but one about every three days at
1667:
1231:
18497:
18492:
17917:
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15383:
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15353:
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14707:
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14087:
14038:
13761:
13608:
13517:
13255:
12757:
12147:
11565:
11113:
9887:
8970:
4743:"Space junk is causing clutter around the Earth, but a small cube could help cut back on trash"
3512:
3417:
tells a story about a crew of Space Debris station that collects and disposes of space debris.
3341:
It is thought that on 4 March 2022, for the first time, human space debrisβmost likely a spent
3199:
3023:
3010:
A variation of this approach is for the remotely controlled vehicle to rendezvous with debris,
2922:
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2553:
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2123:
1908:
1894:
1890:
1832:
937:
424:
9574:
9388:
7141:
2084:
LEO to reach a higher orbit would be much lower owing to the short time span of the crossing.
2036:
1358:
report called for international regulations limiting debris and research of disposal methods.
18487:
17980:
17833:
17778:
17711:
17556:
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13569:
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2097:
1988:
1711:
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1312:
1277:
1262:
907:
749:
615:
527:
224:
10943:
Threats to U.S. National Security Interests in Space: Orbital Debris Mitigation and Removal.
8906:"Chinese 'space cleaner' spotted grabbing and throwing away old satellite | DW | 09.02.2022"
7840:
7507:
6530:
6444:
5726:
1519:
At higher altitudes, where air drag is less significant, orbital decay takes longer. Slight
1418:
18502:
18453:
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10595:
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10070:
9924:
9777:
9743:
9697:
9431:
8777:
8708:
Erika Carlson et al, "Final design of a space debris removal system", NASA/CR-189976, 1990.
8301:, AIAA SPACE 2010 Conference & Exposition, 30 Augustβ2 September 2010, AIAA 2010β8638.
8150:
7402:
7319:
7076:
6698:
6331:
6264:
5451:
5408:"Effects of the RORSAT NaK Drops on the Long Term Evolution of the Space Debris Population"
5168:
5138:
5096:
4939:
4747:
4461:
4019:
3998:"Effects of the RORSAT NaK Drops on the Long Term Evolution of the Space Debris Population"
3979:
3583:
3577:
3517:
3462:
3362:
3219:
3204:
2844:
into the atmosphere. Other methods are used for spacecraft in higher orbits. These include
2722:
2659:
2503:
2394:
2269:'s front window was pitted about half its depth. Minor debris impacts increased from 1998.
2069:
Space junk can be a hazard to active satellites and spacecraft. It has been suggested that
1843:
1816:
1742:
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1462:
1431:
1258:
1246:
1223:
1116:
449:
182:
10407:
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7012:
2709:
mission;" 2) maneuver to a "storage orbit:" move the spacecraft to one of four very broad
2224:. The entry hole is about 5.5 mm (0.22 in), and the exit hole is twice as large.
1215:
8:
17929:
17603:
17448:
17410:
17194:
17149:
17077:
16345:
15943:
15871:
15861:
15834:
14877:
14697:
14474:
14452:
14383:
14240:
14116:
13976:
13909:
13856:
13756:
13492:
12601:
12539:
12506:
12445:
12377:
12242:
12237:
12215:
11789:
11547:
11388:
11162:
11073:
10999:
10356:"Mars is littered with 15,694 pounds of human trash from 50 years of robotic exploration"
10276:
8351:
7338:
6422:
5252:"Notification for Express-AM11 satellite users in connection with the spacecraft failure"
5089:
Proceedings of the 4th European Conference on Space Debris (ESA SP-587). 18β20 April 2005
4969:
4917:
3932:"The Threat of Orbital Debris and Protecting NASA Space Assets from Satellite Collisions"
3619:
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3391:
3212:
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2734:
2667:
2581:
1915:
1824:
1596:
1548:
1540:
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1476:
effectively unusable for long term use by orbiting satellites, a phenomenon known as the
1185:
1101:
784:
729:
694:
620:
547:
497:
492:
477:
134:
10765:
10721:
10677:
10648:
10599:
10566:
10198:
10074:
9928:
9781:
9747:
9701:
9435:
9221:
9100:
C. Bombardelli and J. PelΓ‘ez, "Ion Beam Shepherd for Contactless Space Debris Removal".
8781:
8496:
8154:
7406:
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6993:
6702:
6335:
6268:
5868:
5677:
5172:
5142:
5100:
4023:
3983:
3587:
3547:"'We've left junk everywhere': why space pollution could be humanity's next big problem"
2813:
Spatial density of LEO space debris by altitude, according to 2011 a NASA report to the
2133:
H-10 upper-stage booster which exploded in November 1986. On 29 March 2006, the Russian
1426:
In the orbits nearest to Earth – less than 2,000 km (1,200 mi)
50:
Infographic showing the space debris situation in different kinds of orbits around Earth
18517:
18137:
17754:
17429:
17189:
16360:
16253:
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15693:
15640:
15604:
15166:
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14531:
14016:
13083:
12914:
12875:
12808:
12783:
12778:
12596:
12473:
12267:
12139:
11903:
11774:
11701:
11638:
11620:
11560:
11499:
11383:
11305:
10611:
10355:
10153:
10094:
9861:
9661:
8204:
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7066:
7032:
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6355:
6046:
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5184:
5026:
4050:
The Threat of Orbital Debris and Protecting NASA Space Assets from Satellite Collisions
3684:
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2181:
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1671:
1637:
1532:
1018:
779:
655:
417:
199:
139:
109:
58:
11017:
Active Debris Removal in Space: How to Clean the Earth's Environment from Space Debris
10607:
9594:
8879:
7208:, 2010 Beijing Orbital Debris Mitigation Workshop, 18β19 October 2010, see graph p. 4
6114:
5357:
3872:
16145:
16037:
15851:
15149:
14345:
14151:
14011:
13939:
13537:
13213:
13165:
13053:
13028:
12803:
12663:
12483:
12392:
12360:
12277:
12230:
12157:
12129:
11898:
11893:
11691:
11587:
11486:
11435:
11410:
11366:
11348:
11292:
11220:
11106:
11021:
11003:
10980:
10904:
10815:
10773:
10538:
10417:
10157:
10145:
10098:
10086:
9940:
9865:
9851:
9793:
9713:
9665:
9653:
9614:
9610:
9570:
8949:
8650:
7251:
7096:
6849:
5951:
5592:
5552:
5188:
5159:
Anselmo, L.; Pardini, C. (2000). "Collision Risk Mitigation in Geostationary Orbit".
5032:
4834:
4707:
4489:
3911:
3722:
3688:
3599:
3497:
3492:
3482:
3096:
3019:
2911:
2898:
2476:
2402:
2347:, since it remained in space for long periods with its original solar module panels.
2166:
2138:
1976:
1308:
1196:
667:
590:
583:
537:
404:
194:
189:
99:
10632:
10058:
9912:
9766:"Orbital debris: What are the best near-term actions to take? A view from the field"
9685:
9126:
9000:
8646:
8180:
8162:
7415:
7390:
6359:
4544:
3396:
2375:
to avoid any debris, after making a record four debris maneuvers the previous year.
2280:, a shuttle was flipped around so the better-armoured station shielded the orbiter.
1491:
is not a fixed density at any particular orbital altitude; it varies as a result of
17029:
16484:
16474:
16003:
15856:
15610:
15196:
15178:
15131:
14586:
14430:
13825:
13598:
13588:
13532:
13339:
12995:
12980:
12747:
12648:
12606:
12574:
12468:
12422:
12382:
12289:
12257:
12225:
12210:
12194:
12169:
11954:
11908:
11526:
11477:
11330:
11210:
11177:
10769:
10725:
10681:
10603:
10570:
10499:
10412:
10135:
10125:
10082:
10078:
9936:
9932:
9843:
9785:
9709:
9705:
9645:
9606:
9562:
8785:
8642:
8158:
7410:
7084:
6939:"Space Station Required No Evasive Maneuvers in 2013 Despite Growing Debris Threat"
6837:
6706:
6347:
6339:
6276:
6272:
5176:
5065:
4974:
4027:
3668:
3591:
3207:, the Earth's orbits, especially LEO and GEO that accommodate most satellites, are
3029:
On 7 January 2010 Star, Incorporated reported that it received a contract from the
2999:
2886:
2833:
2384:
2372:
2367:
2359:
to protect its interior from minor debris. However, exterior portions (notably its
2142:
2109:
2070:
1726:
1492:
1477:
1427:
1200:
1097:
927:
824:
764:
650:
603:
552:
512:
487:
472:
454:
429:
369:
254:
204:
11373:
10894:
7892:"Compliance of Rocket Upper Stages in GTO with Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines"
5447:
2169:(a Russian laser-ranging satellite) was struck by debris suspected to be from the
18180:
16355:
16157:
15888:
15876:
15687:
15190:
15118:
14952:
14494:
14464:
14323:
14288:
13945:
13658:
13260:
13203:
13188:
13038:
12990:
12985:
12611:
12521:
12487:
12372:
12326:
12252:
12179:
12099:
12002:
11944:
11799:
11592:
11552:
11542:
11514:
11457:
11393:
11262:
10865:
10304:"'Unexpected': NASA Mars Rover Finds Piece of Its Landing System Stuck on a Rock"
9478:"Eliminating space junk could take step toward reality with station cargo launch"
9463:
9176:
9157:
9112:
9065:
8959:, Occasional Paper No. 20, Air University, Maxwell Air Force Base, December 2000.
8956:
8809:
8724:
8718:"Intelsat Picks MacDonald, Dettwiler and Associates Ltd. for Satellite Servicing"
8578:"Show Me Your Wings: Successful In-flight Demonstration of the ADEO Braking Sail"
8503:
8483:
8430:
8411:
8306:
8266:"SpaceX's Falcon Heavy flies a complex mission for the Air Force in launch video"
8187:
7847:
7786:
7766:
7625:
7605:
7586:
7537:
7514:
7495:
7345:
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7306:
7232:
7213:
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7019:
7000:
6917:
6893:
6869:
6815:
6796:
Proceedings of the 50th Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference
6791:
6767:
6734:
6643:
6537:
6471:
6451:
6140:"India conducts successful anti-satellite missile operation, Prime Minister says"
6121:
6101:
6053:
5978:
5706:
5684:
5664:
5641:
5619:
5586:
5236:
4946:
4775:
4608:
4468:
4445:
4425:
4249:"Companies Have Technologies, but Not Business Plans, for Orbital Debris Cleanup"
4225:
3350:
3183:
3108:
2726:
2675:
Cost and Benefit Analysis of Mitigating, Tracking, and Remediating Orbital Debris
2406:
2156:
occurred on 10 February 2009. The 950 kg (2,090 lb) derelict satellite
2122:
Many impacts have been confirmed since. For example, on 24 July 1996, the French
1766:
1592:
1515:
Illustration of a satellite breaking up into multiple pieces at higher altitudes.
1473:
712:
672:
542:
507:
439:
379:
307:
244:
144:
10974:
9765:
8379:"Rocket Lab to capitalize on test flight success with first operational mission"
8242:
7650:
6862:
6290:
5699:
4768:
3037:
spacecraft for space-debris removal. In February 2012 the Swiss Space Center at
2188:, to lower the risk of collision from Cosmos-375, a derelict Russian satellite.
1365:
Objects in Earth orbit including fragmentation debris, November 2020, NASA: ODPO
17968:
17630:
16500:
16389:
16271:
16152:
15812:
15781:
15123:
14990:
14591:
14504:
14499:
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13807:
13505:
13275:
13243:
13208:
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13000:
12924:
12658:
12544:
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12495:
12491:
12336:
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12272:
12262:
12174:
12028:
11784:
11755:
11467:
11430:
11194:
11167:
11077:
10961:
10703:"Sources of Orbital Debris and the Projected Environment for Future Spacecraft"
9789:
7088:
6785:"Investigation of Shuttle Radiator Micro-Meteoroid & Orbital Debris Damage"
6579:"Swarm Satellite Trio Launched To Study Earth's Magnetic Field - SpaceNews.com"
5869:"Confirmed breakup of Atlas 5 Centaur R/B (2018-079B, #43652) on April 6, 2019"
3422:
2883:
2742:
2627:
2599:
2356:
2105:
2041:
1889:, called the SL-16 by western governments, along with the second stages of the
1847:
1520:
1511:
1481:
1250:
1195:, occurred at 800 to 900 kilometres (500 to 560 mi) altitude. The ISS has
1166:
1144:
1123:
1030:
834:
734:
689:
682:
677:
434:
129:
9079:
8789:
8450:"Iridium would pay to deorbit its 30 defunct satellites β for the right price"
7225:
6841:
6710:
5180:
4979:
4964:
4031:
3595:
2704:
The U.S. issued a set of standard practices for civilian (NASA) and military (
18481:
16375:
16300:
16283:
16205:
16164:
15846:
15824:
14957:
14887:
13971:
13962:
13767:
13299:
13198:
13193:
13061:
12909:
12678:
12579:
12365:
12294:
12066:
11814:
11678:
11504:
11462:
11452:
11325:
11320:
11300:
10659:"Collision Frequency of Artificial Satellites: The Creation of a Debris Belt"
10421:
10149:
10090:
9944:
9797:
9717:
9657:
9633:
9618:
9041:
8950:"Using Lasers in Space: Laser Orbital Debris Removal and Asteroid Deflection"
8654:
8634:
6291:"The Space Review: Regulating the void: In-orbit collisions and space debris"
3346:
3307:
3295:
3256:
3223:
3208:
3186:, and first sent into space in June 2023. Metal space junk is converted into
2890:
2710:
2651:
2647:
2525:
2495:
2300:
2249:
2210:
2134:
2046:
2006:
1828:
1731:
1679:
1652:
freezes into droplets of solid sodium-potassium alloy, creating more debris.
1496:
1222:
Space debris began to accumulate in Earth orbit with the launch of the first
1135:
1013:
849:
339:
334:
329:
87:
38:
13099:
10941:
10685:
9649:
8517:"Safe And Efficient De-Orbit of Space Junk Without Making The Problem Worse"
7739:"NASA Study Provides New Look at Orbital Debris, Potential Solutions - NASA"
7224:
Brown, M. (2012). Orbital Debris Frequently Asked Questions. Retrieved from
6351:
5612:
5479:"History of anti-satellite weapons: US tested 1st ASAT missile 60 years ago"
2642:
Space debris identified as WT1190F, burning up in a fireball over Sri Lanka.
2638:
2533:(LDEF) is an important source of information on small-particle space debris.
18309:
16422:
16417:
16350:
16313:
15560:
14653:
14311:
13423:
13138:
13020:
13010:
12699:
12673:
12653:
12477:
12440:
12040:
11987:
11863:
11819:
11804:
11733:
11597:
11521:
11447:
11405:
11378:
11252:
11189:
10747:"Collisional Cascading: The Limits of Population Growth in Low Earth Orbit"
10493:
9558:
9001:
Project Orion: Orbital Debris Removal Using Ground-Based Sensors and Lasers
8635:"Theoretical Basis of International Legal Aspect of "Space Debris" Removal"
8110:
6963:
Hyde, James L.; Christiansen, Eric L.; Lear, Dana M. (9β12 December 2019).
5811:"Major fragmentation of Atlas 5 Centaur upper stage 2014-055B (SSN #40209)"
3649:
3443:
3156:(miniature research satellites). The mission was launched on 2 April 2018.
3148:
3136:
3050:
2750:
2698:
2615:
2514:
2327:
1949:
1687:
1576:, are an additional concern due to their typically high crossing velocity.
1524:
1317:
1261:, and beginning in the early 1980s, they were republished in the CelesTrak
1159:
1155:
882:
844:
829:
660:
625:
289:
149:
13376:
11215:
11063:
9888:"Engaging All Stakeholders in Space Sustainability Governance Initiatives"
9634:"Astro-Environmentalism: Towards a Polycentric Governance of Space Debris"
9169:
7206:"Debris-debris collision avoidance using medium power ground-based lasers"
5941:
Note that the list Schefter was presented only identified USSR ASAT tests.
4769:"Orbital Debris FAQ: How much orbital debris is currently in Earth orbit?"
4393:, Klinkrad changed the number from 8,500 to 13,000 β compare pp. 6 and ix.
3263:
covers complete data and has strong interconnection and interoperability.
2413:
in specific orbital ranges economically impractical for many generations.
1777:
EVA to reinforce a torn solar panel, a pair of pliers was lost, and in an
1757:, a thermal blanket lost during STS-88, garbage bags jettisoned by Soviet
1361:
1096:) are defunct human-made objects in space – principally in
18459:
18433:
17539:
16080:
16068:
16056:
15919:
15866:
15646:
15172:
14778:
14672:
14469:
14294:
14146:
13951:
13798:
13355:
13304:
13265:
12964:
12636:
12631:
12316:
12311:
12282:
12247:
12220:
11750:
11425:
11398:
11315:
11267:
9839:
The Space Economy in Figures: How Space Contributes to the Global Economy
9566:
8802:
3342:
3124:
3066:
2930:
2393:
Growth of tracked objects in orbit and related events; efforts to manage
2360:
2157:
2116:
2073:
could even become impassable if the risk of collision becomes too great.
2021:
1967:-1C debris one month after the weather satellite's disintegration by the
1942:
1799:
1707:
1579:
Despite efforts to reduce risk, spacecraft collisions have occurred. The
1544:
1451:
1379:
As of 2009, 19,000 debris over 5 cm (2 in) were tracked by the
1100: – which no longer serve a useful function. These include
804:
502:
482:
119:
10615:
10251:"Rocket Impact Site on Moon Seen by NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter"
9847:
4133:
2310:
s cargo bay. On STS-118 in 2007, debris blew a bullet-like hole through
1815:
A significant portion of debris is due to rocket upper stages (e.g. the
1303:
NASA computer-generated image of debris objects in Earth orbit, c. 2005.
16370:
14198:
European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites
13881:
13500:
13473:
13324:
13270:
12813:
12430:
11745:
11738:
11721:
11706:
11509:
11415:
10893:
Committee for the Assessment of NASA's Orbital Debris Programs (2011).
10583:
8742:
8612:
8548:"ESA successfully deploys braking sail for deorbiting small satellites"
6582:
6343:
5788:
4152:
3303:
3299:
3286:
3033:
for a feasibility study of the ElectroDynamic Debris Eliminator (EDDE)
2809:
2693:
There is no international treaty minimizing space debris. However, the
2511:
2247:
One of the earliest events to publicize the debris problem occurred on
2241:
2205:
2161:
1869:
1758:
1633:
1556:
1528:
854:
610:
114:
11015:
10444:"'Gravity' gets lift at Comic-Con as director Cuaron leaps into space"
10140:
7247:"SpaceX Starlink: how it could kickstart an 'uncontrolled experiment'"
6636:
4278:
3680:
2853:
2757:) at a projected cost of β¬120 million not including the launch costs.
2689:
After reentry, Delta 2 second stage pieces were found in South Africa.
2405:
in 1978, is a theoretical scenario in which the density of objects in
1329:
collision. In 2011, NASA said that 22,000 objects were being tracked.
1172:
Below 2,000 km (1,200 mi), pieces of debris are denser than
18113:
18101:
18065:
17766:
17331:
16957:
16945:
15926:
15590:
15453:
15314:
15228:
14551:
14139:
13522:
13360:
13250:
13078:
13043:
12742:
12694:
12668:
12616:
12450:
12412:
12162:
12152:
11824:
11686:
11661:
11420:
11038:
10869:. Vol. 221, no. 1. pp. 48β51 – via Google Books.
8454:
8080:
7923:
5750:"An Update on LEO Environment Remediation with Active Debris Removal"
3399:, is about a disaster on a space mission caused by Kessler syndrome.
3132:
2753:) to do this with a single small 94 kg (207 lb) satellite (
2410:
1995:
1851:
1754:
1588:
1584:
1227:
1173:
1109:
922:
877:
839:
789:
724:
630:
94:
66:
14181:
European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations
10729:
10130:
10113:
9813:"SpaceX is manufacturing 120 Starlink internet satellites per month"
9127:"A Cosmic Question: How to Get Rid Of All That Orbiting Space Junk?"
6686:
6171:"Russia acknowledges anti-satellite test, but says it's no big deal"
2820:
2397:
have so far not reduced the debris or the growth of objects in orbit
1959:
1948:
The U.S. restarted their ASAT programs in the 1980s with the Vought
1211:
16128:
16092:
15974:
15322:
14107:
European Network of Civil Aviation Safety Investigation Authorities
13896:
13820:
13632:
13180:
12387:
12331:
11992:
11841:
11809:
11085:
11058:
10574:
7071:
5996:"China's Anti-Satellite Test: Worrisome Debris Cloud Circles Earth"
5896:"New Data Confirm 2020 SO to be 1960s Upper Centaur Rocket Booster"
3672:
3413:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3187:
3179:
3178:
A propulsion system dubbed the Neumann Drive has been developed in
3074:
3015:
2542:
2130:
1879:
1878:
Another Briz-M broke up on 16 October 2012 after a failed 6 August
1804:
1702:
has performed at least one. The most recent ASATs were the Chinese
294:
10494:
Foxe, Steve; Edgar, Sean; The Paste Comics Crew (6 January 2017).
10381:"Humans have already dumped 7 tonnes of junk on Mars, map reveals"
9058:
7164:
7162:
6552:"Russian Satellite Hit by Debris from Chinese Anti-Satellite Test"
1480:. The theoretical effect is projected to be a theoretical runaway
1407:
The technical measurement cut-off is c. 3 mm (0.12 in).
1268:
17596:
17225:
16188:
15998:
15327:
14395:
13830:
13749:
12348:
11851:
11829:
11716:
11711:
11068:
10447:
7360:"Australian Scientists Track Space Junk by Listening to FM Radio"
5667:, Spaceweather.com, 22 February 2007. Retrieved 21 February 2007.
5463:
3153:
3100:
3054:
3022:
or move it to a graveyard orbit. One such system is the proposed
3003:
2837:
2754:
2685:
2619:
2592:
2296:
2288:
2221:
2146:
2092:
1964:
1905:
1886:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1663:
1495:
and expands or contracts over longer time periods as a result of
1299:
1291:
to research mitigation measures for space debris in Earth orbit.
1105:
74:
10470:"Conservation of Momentum in Netflix's Love, Death & Robots"
10225:"New double crater seen on the moon after mystery rocket impact"
9151:"Company floats giant balloon concept as solution to space mess"
8106:"European Space Agency to launch space debris collector in 2025"
2013:, would defend the country's interests in space. Afterwards, US
16212:
16140:
16104:
16032:
15986:
15950:
15938:
15800:
14566:
13991:
12972:
12933:
12752:
12732:
12626:
12301:
11794:
11245:
11098:
9106:
http://sdg.aero.upm.es/PUBLICATIONS/PDF/2011/AIAA-51832-628.pdf
8848:
8823:
Cleaning up Earth's orbit: A Swiss satellite tackles space junk
7488:
7159:
5843:"Rocket break up provides rare chance to test debris formation"
4962:
4009:
3272:
3266:
3128:
reporters that they "believe the tether did not get released".
3091:
2973:
2623:
2585:
2571:
2562:
2549:
2507:
2260:
2233:
1865:
1808:
1735:
1691:
1235:
1177:
1147:, they are together sometimes referred to by space agencies as
932:
912:
819:
809:
517:
10330:"Nasa rover sighting reignites fears about human space debris"
9359:"A Japanese Space Junk Removal Experiment Has Failed in Orbit"
8205:"USA Space Debris Environment, Operations, and Policy Updates"
8028:"U.S. government updates orbital debris mitigation guidelines"
7952:"U.S. Government Orbital Debris Mitigation Standard Practices"
7919:"U.S. government updates orbital debris mitigation guidelines"
7807:"U.S. Government Orbital Debris Mitigation Standard Practices"
7273:
7174:
6317:"Terra mission operations: Launch to the present (and beyond)"
4805:"Orbiting space junk heightens risk of satellite catastrophes"
3360:
In 2022, several elements of space debris were found on Mars:
37:"Cosmic debris" redirects here. For the Frank Zappa song, see
18326:
18212:
16236:
16224:
16116:
16044:
15962:
15788:
15443:
15184:
14283:
Creation of the British National Committee for Space Research
13981:
13718:
European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications
13291:
12762:
12704:
12045:
11977:
11875:
11767:
9018:"A clean sweep: NASA plans to carry out a spot of housework."
8609:"Experts: Active Removal Key To Countering Space Junk Threat"
8299:"Evolving to a Depot-Based Space Transportation Architecture"
7674:"Industry Worries Government 'Backsliding' on Orbital Debris"
5086:
3070:
2865:
2614:
A debris cloud resulting from a single event is studied with
2487:
2486:
keeps a catalog of known orbital objects, using ground-based
2464:
2295:
Debris incidents continued on later Shuttle missions. During
2244:. Similar maneuvers were executed on missions 53, 72 and 82.
2229:
2057:
1999:
1699:
1695:
1624:
942:
887:
279:
11630:
10798:
Proceedings of the Third European Conference on Space Debris
8347:"SpaceX reveals ITS Mars game changer via colonization plan"
6071:"Space Week: Is Space Junk Cluttering Up The Final Frontier"
3717:
Heyne, Paul; Boettke, Peter J.; Prychitko, David L. (2014).
2695:
United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space
2020:
On 15 November 2021, the Russian Defense Ministry destroyed
17790:
17532:
17058:
16695:
16248:
16010:
15551:
International Space Station Multilateral Coordination Board
14185:
12737:
11858:
11846:
11762:
10836:"Risks from Orbital Debris and Space Situational Awareness"
10112:
Carlsson, Lars Gunnar; SandstrΓΆm, Annica Charlotte (2007).
9248:"Japan launches net into space to help with orbital debris"
6685:
Christiansen, E. L.; Hyden, J. L.; Bernhard, R. P. (2004).
6465:"Satellite collision 'more powerful than China's ASAT test"
6047:"NASA's Terra Satellite Moved to Avoid Chinese ASAT Debris"
5972:"Debris in Brief: Space Debris from Anti-Satellite Weapons"
5921:"50-Year Old Rocket Stage Involved in Orbital Debris Event"
5678:"Rocket Explodes Over Australia, Showers Space with Debris"
4724:
4635:
4419:"Space Junk Threat Will Grow for Astronauts and Satellites"
3840:
3371:
3334:
s backshell sitting upright on the surface of Jezero Crater
2954:
2746:
2730:
2538:
1656:
1254:
1158:, especially to solar panels and optics like telescopes or
917:
164:
159:
124:
9509:"From Junk to Fuel: Addressing the Space Debris Challenge"
9329:"Space cargo ship experiment to clean up debris hits snag"
8192:
Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers: G,
6898:
Proceedings of the 4th European Conference on Space Debris
6604:"Space junk could take out a European satellite this week"
6540:, space.com, 11 February 2009. Retrieved 11 February 2009.
4577:"Space Debris Incidents Involving Soviet/Russian Launches"
3972:
Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Space Debris
3007:
thrusters to move itself and the debris to a safer orbit.
15213:
14097:
Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications
10970:, National Science and Technology Council, November 1995.
9686:"Legal and policy aspects of space situational awareness"
9427:
7991:
Status of the ISO Space Debris Mitigation Standards(2017)
6684:
6415:"Product Outage/Anomaly: GOES-13 (GOES-East) Data Outage"
6143:
5491:
Russia: 20 co-orbital tests, 7 ground/air launched tests.
4355:
4353:
4351:
2761:
coordination and the efforts of the UN COPUOS committee.
1823:
fuel. The first such instance involved the launch of the
1762:
1139:
9222:"Space junk could be tackled by housekeeping spacecraft"
9080:
Space debris removalusing a high-power ground-basedlaser
8477:"The Terminator Tether Aims to Clean Up Low Earth Orbit"
6887:"New Protection Concepts for Meteoroid / Debris Shields"
4829:
Wertz, James; Everett, David; Puschell, Jeffrey (2011).
3294:, a Hawaiian-based startup company by American engineer
2680:
2096:
View of an orbital debris hole made in the panel of the
1628:
Vanguard 1 is expected to remain in orbit for 240 years.
15665:
International Space Station Intergovernmental Agreement
15556:
International Telecommunications Satellite Organization
14176:
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
10199:"Space: The Final Frontier of Environmental Disasters?"
9632:
Morin, Jean-FrΓ©dΓ©ric; Richard, Benjamin (5 June 2021).
9593:
Johnson-Freese, Joan; Weeden, Brian (27 January 2012).
9413:
7449:"Monitoring Space β Efforts Made by European Countries"
6761:"Improved odds ease NASA's concerns about space debris"
5207:
4854:
4833:. Hawthorne, California: Microcosm Press. p. 139.
4602:"How many space debris objects are currently in orbit?"
4475:, Volume 311 Number 5759 (20 January 2006), pp. 340β341
3235:
States, Europe, Russia, and China have developed their
3099:
has been made, and other proposals use a foamy ball of
1555:
cause longitude drift of the inoperable spacecraft and
14135:
AeroSpace and Defence Industries Association of Europe
11054:
Sorting Through Our Space Junk: Space Junk Infographic
10408:"This 30-Year-Old Sci-Fi Epic Is a Saga for Our Times"
8727:, CNW Newswire, 15 March 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2011.
5784:"Upper stages top list of most dangerous space debris"
5195:
4348:
1882:
launch. The amount and size of the debris was unknown.
16428:
Students for the Exploration and Development of Space
15571:
Regional African Satellite Communication Organization
10552:
9160:, Global Aerospace Corp press release, 4 August 2010.
7988:
Stokes; et al. Flohrer, T.; Schmitz, F. (eds.).
7186:
7055:
5551:, Cheshire, Connecticut: Graphics Press, p. 48,
5524:
5445:
5312:
5001:
4499:
4139:
3716:
1369:
1257:
later published modified versions of the database in
14225:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
9975:
9592:
8925:"A Chinese space tug just grappled a dead satellite"
8100:
8098:
7388:
7266:
6962:
6115:"US satellite shootdown debris said gone from space"
4886:. NASA Orbital Debris Program Office. Archived from
4828:
4075:
3433:
3426:(2021), or as a result or environment of the story.
2606:(which also tested materials intended for the ISS).
2557:
spent 68 months in orbit to gather debris data. The
2343:
Impact wear was notable on the Soviet space station
1503:
made most of their launches in the 1970s and 1980s.
1326:
Ground-based Electro-Optical Deep Space Surveillance
27:
Pollution around Earth by defunct artificial objects
10920:"Space junk reaching 'tipping point,' report warns"
10789:Kessler, Donald; Anz-Meador, Phillip (March 2001).
8676:
8670:"The big business of being a space janitor - Axios"
8136:
7111:"Scientist: Space weapons pose debris threat β CNN"
6095:"Pentagon: Missile Scored Direct Hit on Satellite."
5630:
5628:
5219:
4153:"CelesTrak: Historical NORAD Two-Line Element Sets"
4081:
3968:"Size distribution of NaK droplets for MASTER-2009"
3796:
3794:
3792:
2985:A well-studied solution uses a remotely controlled
1446:that keep a constant angle between the Sun and the
16435:Arthur C. Clarke Institute for Modern Technologies
15546:International Space Exploration Coordination Group
14215:European Telecommunications Satellite Organization
14193:European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment
10657:Kessler, Donald; Cour-Palais, Burton (June 1978).
10656:
8137:Adimurthya, V.; Ganeshanb, A. S. (February 2006).
7168:
6750:, Volume 169 Number 10 (15 September 2008), p. 18.
6515:"2 big satellites collide 500 miles over Siberia."
6226:"Problem Weltraumschrott: Die kosmische MΓΌllkippe"
5544:
3541:
3539:
3229:
3193:
2472:tracked space debris with a 3 m (10 ft)
2303:bored a small hole through the radiator panels in
1827:satellite in 1961. Two hours after insertion, the
15676:International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'
15536:International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'
10996:, Volume 36, Issue 6 (June 2008), pp. 40β43.
10990:Richard Talcott, "How We Junked Up Outer Space",
10886:, Center for Orbital and Reentry Debris Studies,
10788:
10111:
10057:Newman, Christopher J.; Williamson, Mark (2018).
9913:"Assuring the sustainability of space activities"
9273:"Japan launching 'space junk' collector (Update)"
9191:"A Sticky Solution for Grabbing Objects in Space"
8405:"Spot-1 Earth Observation Satellite Deorbitation"
8095:
8076:"Major changes approved for ClearSpace-1 mission"
8054:"Experts Urge Removal of Space Debris From Orbit"
7841:"Orbital Debris β Important Reference Documents."
7836:
7834:
7599:"STS-76 Mir Environmental Effects Payload (MEEP)"
7555:"STS-76 Mir Environmental Effects Payload (MEEP)"
7180:
6972:. First International Orbital Debris Conference.
6138:Chavez, Nicole; Pokharel, Sugam (28 March 2019).
5635:"Spate of rocket breakups creates new space junk"
5128:
4107:
2401:The Kessler syndrome, proposed by NASA scientist
2165:unresolved even years later. On 22 January 2013,
30:"Space Junk" redirects here. For other uses, see
18479:
16530:
15531:Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee
11081:episode No. 82 (2008?), includes full transcript
10496:"Required Reading: 50 of the Best Sci-Fi Comics"
10056:
8971:"Space Junk Crisis: Time to Bring in the Lasers"
8767:
8293:
8291:
8194:Volume 221, Number 8 (1 June 2007), pp. 987β996.
6390:Mission Status at Aura Science Team MOWG Meeting
5625:
4940:"NASA Considers Shooting Space Junk with Lasers"
4784:
4691:
4189:Kaushal, Sourabh; Arora, Nishant (August 2010).
3961:
3959:
3789:
3735:
2160:and the operational 560 kg (1,230 lb)
1741:Space debris includes a glove lost by astronaut
15659:International Cospas-Sarsat Programme Agreement
14186:European Telecommunications Standards Institute
14060:European GNSS Supervisory Authority (2004β2010)
11013:
10001:
9051:
8069:
8067:
7983:
7981:
7979:
7860:
7858:
7856:
7780:"COPUOS Wades into the Next Great Space Debate"
7636:
7634:
7440:
7274:"History of Space and Launch Debris Recoveries"
6520:, 11 February 2009. Retrieved 11 February 2009.
6490:"Iridium 33 and Cosmos 2251, Three Years Later"
6308:
5690:, 21 February 2007. Retrieved 21 February 2007.
5247:
5245:
5020:
5018:
5016:
4736:
4734:
4439:"Space Junk Cleanup Needed, NASA Experts Warn."
3536:
3139:mission, which is currently under development.
2980:
2626:of fragments are plotted with respect to their
2104:Although spacecraft are typically protected by
1632:In 1958, the United States of America launched
14943:Re-establishment of the National Space Council
13728:Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility
13684:European Cooperation for Space Standardization
10976:Space Debris: Hazard Evaluation and Mitigation
10353:
8962:
8661:
8443:
8441:
8439:
7831:
7801:
7799:
7619:"History of On-Orbit Satellite Fragmentations"
7300:"Detecting, Tracking and Imaging Space Debris"
6932:
6930:
6928:
6926:
6631:
6629:
6137:
5439:
5422:"DMSP-F13 Debris To Stay on Orbit for Decades"
5158:
4762:
4723:from the original on 24 July 2009 – via
3867:
3865:
2350:
2184:mission spacecraft, based on data from the US
18448:Timeline of first orbital launches by country
16516:
15494:Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems
15466:Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space
14301:Creation of the British National Space Centre
13689:European Space Research and Technology Centre
13599:
13589:
13392:
13129:
13115:
12949:
11646:
11114:
10843:IAA Conference on Space Situational Awareness
10026:
10024:
9740:Proc. 8th European Conference on Space Debris
9389:"Japan's troubled 'space junk' mission fails"
9104:, Vol. 34, No. 3, MayβJune 2011, pp 916β920.
9010:
8739:"MDA Designing In-orbit Servicing Spacecraft"
8288:
7013:"International Space Station in debris scare"
6966:Observations of MMOD Impact Damage to the ISS
6531:"U.S. Satellite Destroyed in Space Collision"
6445:"U.S. Satellite Destroyed in Space Collision"
4932:
4595:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4234:
4113:
4003:
3956:
3824:
3822:
3741:
2815:United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs
2173:, changing both its orbit and rotation rate.
1933:Intentionally destroyed artificial satellites
1765:'s 15-year life, a wrench, and a toothbrush.
1050:
13740:European Space Security and Education Centre
10968:"Interagency Report on Orbital Debris, 1995"
10584:"Monitoring and Controlling Debris in Space"
10164:
10059:"Space Sustainability: Reframing the Debate"
9737:
9631:
9469:
9182:
9179:, Star-tech-inc.com. Retrieved 18 July 2011.
8812:, Star Incorporated. Retrieved 18 July 2011.
8711:
8702:
8338:
8257:
8064:
7976:
7884:
7853:
7631:
7589:, NASA, 4 April 2002. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
6687:"Space Shuttle debris and meteoroid impacts"
6543:
6481:
5913:
5512:, Carnegie Endowment for International Space
5501:
5499:
5402:
5400:
5242:
5064:Brown, Gary; Harris, William (19 May 2000).
5013:
4731:
4271:
4188:
3924:
3721:(13th ed.). Pearson. pp. 227β228.
3322:
3267:Insufficient participation of private actors
2240:to avoid debris from the derelict satellite
1591:on 11 August 1993 and eventually moved to a
15581:Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization
15541:International Mobile Satellite Organization
15421:Politics of the International Space Station
14056:EU Commission DG Defence Industry and Space
13406:
10354:Kilicpublished, Cagri (28 September 2022).
10002:Moore, Adrian; van Burken, Rebecca (2021).
9077:
9059:"Orbital Debris-Debris Collision Avoidance"
8730:
8509:
8436:
8226:
8139:"Space debris mitigation measures in India"
7944:
7910:
7796:
7665:
7608:, NASA, March 1996. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
7226:https://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/faq.html
7033:"ISS spared space junk avoidance manoeuvre"
6923:
6626:
6570:
6381:
6257:International Journal of Impact Engineering
5648:, 17 January 2007. Retrieved 16 March 2007.
5063:
4993:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
4847:
4657:
4617:
4328:"SMA Valves to Prevent In-Orbit Explosions"
3862:
2458:
2447:
2228:From the early shuttle missions, NASA used
2112:which is an electrical risk to the panels.
1861:Two Japanese H-2A rockets broke up in 2006.
1564:, are especially vulnerable to collisions.
16523:
16509:
15576:Arab Satellite Communications Organization
15566:Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group
14913:Development of the Commercial Crew Program
14330:Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015
13653:European Launcher Development Organisation
13399:
13385:
13122:
13108:
12956:
12942:
11653:
11639:
11121:
11107:
11059:Sativew β Tracking Space Junk in real time
10555:Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics
10222:
10190:
10021:
9910:
9885:
9407:
9102:Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics
9005:Second European Conference on Space Debris
8736:
8632:
8606:
7769:, UN Office for Outer Space Affairs, 2010.
7706:
6936:
6722:
6720:
6576:
6523:
5578:
5413:
5154:
5152:
4881:"Orbital Debris Quarterly News, July 2011"
4873:
4545:"Space junk at tipping point, says report"
4231:
4213:
4211:
3908:The Elgar Companion to Development Studies
3819:
3488:Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group
3103:or a spray of water, inflatable balloons,
2220:had a major impact on its radiator during
1983:On 20 February 2008, the U.S. launched an
1716:interception of an unstated live satellite
1320:, the problem grew throughout the decade.
1316:especially to a number of launches by the
1057:
1043:
73:
15653:Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space
15499:Committee on Earth Observation Satellites
15439:International Civil Aviation Organization
14981:International Traffic in Arms Regulations
14878:Launch of the Space Launch System program
14873:Cancellation of the Constellation program
10441:
10139:
10129:
9540:The Columbia Journal of Transnational Law
9500:
7709:"Women of Nasa: past, present and future"
7498:haystack.mit.edu. Retrieved 8 March 2006.
7414:
7070:
6577:de Selding, Peter B. (22 November 2013).
5496:
5397:
5294:"Vanguard I celebrates 50 years in space"
5131:32nd International Astronautical Congress
4978:
4796:
4570:
4568:
4566:
3990:
3965:
3766:
3667:. The University of Chicago Press: 1β44.
3159:
3041:announced the Clean Space One project, a
2577:in 1993, was also used for debris study.
2200:
1547:) it assumes a geosynchronous orbit; its
15033:Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society
11000:"Technical report on space debris, 1999"
10858:
10537:(Report). National Academy of Sciences.
10529:
9886:Chow, Tiffany; Weeden, Brian C. (2013).
9124:
8607:de Selding, Peter B. (31 October 2012).
7868:. European Space Agency. 19 April 2013.
7547:
7542:Proceedings of the Space Debris Congress
7357:
7192:
6937:de Selding, Peter B. (16 January 2014).
6254:
5966:
5964:
5935:
5725:. Zarya. 21 October 2012. Archived from
5712:, 16 March 2007. Retrieved 14 July 2001.
5509:India's ASAT Test: An Incomplete Success
5446:T.S. Kelso, CelesTrak (26 March 2016).
5255:Russian Satellite Communications Company
5213:
5201:
5024:
4781:, March 2012. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
4740:
4520:"Space debris threat to future launches"
4505:
4359:
4043:
4041:
3910:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 668.
3642:
3357:, creating an unexpected double crater.
3326:
3111:, and dedicated anti-satellite weapons.
3039:Γcole Polytechnique FΓ©dΓ©rale de Lausanne
2889:with a low-perigee, thus ensuring rapid
2819:
2808:
2778:
2684:
2637:
2524:
2430:
2388:
2326:
2204:
2171:2007 Chinese anti-satellite missile test
2091:
2035:
2005:On 27 March 2019, Indian Prime Minister
1958:
1939:North American Aerospace Defense Command
1798:
1725:
1660:Defense Meteorological Satellite Program
1623:
1510:
1434:, a single orbit that is widely used by
1417:
1381:United States Space Surveillance Network
1360:
1298:
1267:
1245:(NORAD) began compiling a database (the
1243:North American Aerospace Defense Command
1210:
45:
15682:Cape Town Treaty, Space Assets protocol
14804:2002 National missile defense directive
14157:Council of European Aerospace Societies
14039:Western European Union Satellite Centre
12794:Pollutant release and transfer register
10940:Steven A. Hildreth and Allison Arnold.
10813:
10744:
10700:
10630:
10581:
10274:
9763:
9556:
9424:7th European Conference on Space Debris
9299:"Japan launches 'space junk' collector"
9245:
8232:
7760:"UN Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines"
7640:
6900:(ESA SP-587), 18β20 April 2005, p. 445.
6827:
6717:
6492:. Space Safety Magazine. Archived from
6487:
6223:
6219:
6217:
5893:
5588:Orbital Debris from Upper-stage Breakup
5530:
5318:
5149:
5007:
4911:
4831:Space mission engineering: the new SMAD
4614:, July 2013. Retrieved 6 February 2016.
4325:
4208:
4082:Harrington, Rebecca (5 February 2016).
3710:
3171:
3031:Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command
2520:
2080:by orbiting craft. The threat to craft
1773:lost a camera during an EVA. During an
1218:were widely used to study space debris.
14:
18480:
16455:International Astronautical Federation
15236:
14764:Launch of the Mars Exploration Program
14172:European Committee for Standardization
13784:Future Launchers Preparatory Programme
11183:Psychological and sociological effects
10935:News item summarizing the above report
10532:Orbital Debris: A Technical Assessment
10530:Gleghorn, George; et al. (1995).
10327:
10277:"New Photos of Martian Space Wreckage"
10248:
10170:
9956:
9954:
9906:
9904:
9810:
9759:
9757:
9733:
9731:
9729:
9727:
9683:
9679:
9677:
9675:
9588:
9586:
9584:
9537:
9533:
9531:
9219:
9082:(Report). Sandia National Laboratories
8667:
8359:from the original on 28 September 2016
8344:
8073:
8051:
8021:
8019:
7531:"Space Debris Mitigation Technologies"
7339:"Orbital debris: Optical Measurements"
7198:
6387:
6314:
6194:
6168:
5584:
5505:
5476:
5028:Space Debris: Models and Risk Analysis
4563:
4431:
4175:
4173:
3772:
3575:
2783:A computer-generated animation by the
2633:
2087:
1819:) breaking up due to decomposition of
1539:Many communications satellites are in
1335:Defence Evaluation and Research Agency
1151:(Micrometeoroid and Orbital Debris).
16504:
16450:International Academy of Astronautics
15671:International Docking System Standard
15516:International Cospas-Sarsat Programme
15509:International Planetary Data Alliance
15416:International Space Station programme
15138:Fractional Orbital Bombardment System
15048:Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society
14340:UK Global Navigation Satellite System
14102:European Union Aviation Safety Agency
13779:Space Situational Awareness Programme
13380:
13103:
12937:
11634:
11102:
11089:
10917:
10467:
10405:
9960:
9475:
9395:from the original on 12 February 2017
9246:Roppolo, Michael (28 February 2014).
9188:
8880:"Project aims to remove space debris"
8690:from the original on 13 December 2019
8588:from the original on 13 February 2023
8545:
8447:
8263:
8233:Johnson, Nicholas (5 December 2011).
8025:
8004:from the original on 13 December 2019
7916:
7850:, NASA Orbital Debris Program Office.
7819:from the original on 16 February 2013
7791:The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
7671:
7641:Johnson, Nicholas (5 December 2011).
7348:, NASA Orbital Debris Program Office.
7244:
7139:
6647:Visual Satellite Observer's Home Page
6549:
6488:Listner, Michael (10 February 2012).
6437:
5993:
5961:
5781:
5542:
5477:George, Justin Paul (27 March 2019).
5419:
4669:Nuclear Weapons & Global Security
4517:
4462:"Risks in Space from Orbiting Debris"
4246:
4063:from the original on 23 December 2015
4038:
3944:from the original on 23 December 2015
3905:
3899:
3887:from the original on 20 December 2019
3877:Nuclear Weapons & Global Security
3850:from the original on 24 December 2019
3754:from the original on 13 December 2019
3648:
3473:List of space debris producing events
3468:List of large reentering space debris
3377:
3314:exploration. Besides private actors,
2681:National and international regulation
2618:known as Gabbard diagrams, where the
1854:launch vehicles, do not reach orbit.
1162:that cannot easily be protected by a
16445:Coalition for Deep Space Exploration
14460:Cancellation of Man in Space Soonest
13667:European Space Research Organisation
12884:
12125:Electromagnetic radiation and health
11090:
10964:. National Defense University, 1997.
10953:David Leonard, "The Clutter Above",
10833:
10506:from the original on 25 January 2022
10196:
10118:International Journal of the Commons
10030:
9506:
9369:from the original on 1 February 2017
9339:from the original on 31 January 2017
9309:from the original on 8 February 2017
9279:from the original on 2 February 2017
8981:from the original on 29 October 2011
8968:
8859:from the original on 2 December 2017
8558:from the original on 9 February 2023
8527:from the original on 14 October 2013
8486:, space.com. Retrieved 8 March 2006.
8118:from the original on 9 December 2019
7957:. United States Federal Government.
7866:"Mitigating space debris generation"
7812:. United States Federal Government.
7719:from the original on 21 January 2019
7707:Northfield, Rebecca (20 June 2018).
7446:
7370:from the original on 4 December 2013
6748:Aviation Week & Space Technology
6728:"Debris is Shuttle's Biggest Threat"
6614:from the original on 25 January 2017
6369:from the original on 2 December 2017
6224:Seidler, Christoph (22 April 2017).
6214:
6022:"Fengyun 1C - Satellite Information"
5747:
5571:Photo of tool bag floating near ISS
4802:
4790:
4645:from the original on 11 October 2016
4488:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002,
4285:from the original on 3 November 2016
3750:. University of Chicago Law School.
3748:Chicago Journal of International Law
3557:from the original on 8 November 2019
3024:Busek ORbital DEbris Remover (ORDER)
2798:
2584:of Hubble were returned by missions
2463:Radar and optical detectors such as
2272:Window chipping and minor damage to
2236:, in September,1991, a seven-second
2191:
1795:Spacecraft that broke apart in space
1620:Spacecraft that broke apart in space
15304:United Rocket and Space Corporation
14958:Launch of the Lunar Gateway project
14838:Launch of the Constellation program
14562:Launch of the Space Shuttle Program
12900:
12892:
11983:Radium and radon in the environment
10979:. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2002,
10861:"The Growing Peril of Space Debris"
10114:"Network Governance of the Commons"
9951:
9901:
9770:Journal of Space Safety Engineering
9754:
9724:
9672:
9581:
9528:
8886:from the original on 5 October 2013
8877:
8668:Kramer, Miriam (19 December 2019).
8639:Moscow Journal of International Law
8345:Bergin, Chris (27 September 2016).
8276:from the original on 25 August 2019
8052:Howell, Elizabeth (28 April 2013).
8016:
6994:"Junk alert for space station crew"
6230:Der Spiegel β Wissenschaft (Online)
5894:Talbert, Tricia (2 December 2020).
5506:Tellis, Ashley J. (15 April 2019),
5379:"Space Debris and Human Spacecraft"
5274:from the original on 15 August 2019
4912:Kessler, Donald J. (8 March 2009).
4905:
4741:Alderson, Bethanie (13 June 2023).
4486:Sky Static: The Space Debris Crisis
4170:
4140:Hoots, Schumacher & Glover 2004
3630:from the original on 26 August 2018
3395:, a 2013 survival film directed by
2960:
2660:costs are not assigned to polluters
2609:
2427:List of space debris fall incidents
2378:
2044:left this crater on the surface of
1506:
1401:
1396:
1345:European Air and Space Conference,
285:Radium and radon in the environment
24:
16398:Air & Space Forces Association
15038:Antennas & Propagation Society
14246:Indian Human Spaceflight Programme
14167:European Civil Aviation Conference
11064:NASA Orbital Debris Program Office
10876:
10301:
10171:Carter, Jamie (27 February 2022).
9875:– via www.oecd-ilibrary.org.
9811:Sheetz, Michael (10 August 2020).
9466:. e.deorbit symposium. 6 May 2014.
9125:Michaels, Daniel (11 March 2009).
9068:, arXiv:1103.1690v2, 9 March 2011.
8825:(Report). EPFL. 15 February 2012.
8737:de Selding, Peter (3 March 2010).
8633:Oreshenkov, A. M. (25 July 2024).
8497:"How satellites could 'sail' home"
7987:
7872:from the original on 26 April 2013
7628:, NASA Johnson Space Center, 2004.
7561:from the original on 18 April 2011
7358:Pantaleo, Rick (2 December 2013).
7309:, ESA bulletin 109, February 2002.
7142:"The Danger of Space Junk β 98.07"
6558:from the original on 11 March 2013
6236:from the original on 23 April 2017
6150:from the original on 28 March 2019
5994:David, Leonard (2 February 2007).
5723:"Proton Launch Failure 2012 Aug 6"
4365:
3218:To address the tragedy and ensure
3121:Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
2666:, including French astrophysicist
2435:Saudi officials inspect a crashed
1614:Derelict satellites orbiting Earth
1607:
1413:
1370:Debris history in particular years
25:
18544:
15471:General Assembly Fourth Committee
15459:Space Generation Advisory Council
14893:Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
14067:EU Agency for the Space Programme
13816:Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
13789:Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle
13616:Chinese Lunar Exploration Program
13558:Two Bombs, One Satellite doctrine
11046:
10955:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
10918:Klotz, Irene (1 September 2011).
10745:Kessler, Donald (December 1991).
10637:Physical Studies of Minor Planets
10608:10.1038/scientificamerican0898-62
10223:Strickland, Ashley; Hunt, Katie.
9488:from the original on 8 April 2018
8922:
8448:Henry, Caleb (30 December 2019).
8385:from the original on 7 March 2018
8297:Frank Zegler and Bernard Kutter,
7964:from the original on 5 April 2004
7431:"The Space-Based Visible Program"
6195:Berger, Eric (15 November 2021).
6169:Berger, Eric (16 November 2021).
5611:Some return to Earth intact, see
4574:
4217:David Portree and Joseph Loftus.
4191:"Space Debris and Its Mitigation"
3698:from the original on 17 June 2012
2860:Upper stage passivation (e.g. of
2664:Space Generation Advisory Council
2604:Mir Environmental Effects Payload
1785:lost a briefcase-sized tool bag.
1721:
1527:, Earth's gravity perturbations,
1440:satellite internet constellations
1422:Debris density in low Earth orbit
1241:After the launch of Sputnik, the
1178:Soviet nuclear-powered satellites
18427:
18415:
18403:
18391:
18379:
18367:
18344:
18332:
18320:
18220:
18201:
18174:
18162:
18143:
18131:
18107:
18095:
18083:
18071:
18059:
18036:
18024:
18012:
17998:
17986:
17974:
17962:
17923:
17911:
17899:
17887:
17875:
17863:
17851:
17839:
17827:
17815:
17796:
17784:
17772:
17760:
17748:
17736:
17717:
17705:
17693:
17681:
17669:
17655:
17643:
17550:
17480:
17461:
17442:
17423:
17404:
17385:
17373:
17361:
17349:
17337:
17325:
17302:
17290:
17278:
17266:
17254:
17242:
17219:
17207:
17178:
17166:
17143:
17131:
17107:
17095:
17083:
17071:
17052:
16998:
16975:
16951:
16939:
16882:
16870:
16841:
16829:
16817:
16805:
16793:
16768:
16756:
16744:
16732:
16720:
16701:
16689:
16677:
16643:
16631:
16619:
16607:
16588:
16576:
16460:International Astronomical Union
16282:
16270:
16258:
16247:
16235:
16223:
16211:
16187:
16163:
16151:
16139:
16127:
16115:
16103:
16091:
16079:
16067:
16055:
16043:
16031:
16009:
15997:
15985:
15973:
15961:
15949:
15937:
15925:
15823:
15811:
15799:
15787:
15283:Medvedev modernisation programme
14986:Full-spectrum dominance doctrine
14654:1985 anti-satellite missile test
14318:Space Innovation and Growth Team
14063:European GNSS Agency (2010β2021)
13745:European Space Operations Centre
13706:ESA Centre for Earth Observation
12963:
12918:
12908:
12899:
12891:
12883:
12871:
12870:
11614:
11282:
11128:
10814:Kessler, Donald (8 March 2009).
10487:
10461:
10442:Sinha-Roy, Piya (21 July 2013).
10435:
10399:
10373:
10347:
10321:
10295:
10275:Lenberg, Tatum (29 April 2022).
10268:
10242:
10216:
10105:
10050:
9995:
9969:
9965:. Hoboken: Taylor & Francis.
9879:
9830:
9804:
9625:
9611:10.1111/j.1758-5899.2011.00109.x
9550:
9449:
9381:
9351:
9321:
9291:
9265:
9239:
9213:
9163:
9144:
9118:
9094:
9071:
9027:
8993:
8942:
8916:
8898:
8871:
8841:
8829:from the original on 28 May 2013
8815:
8796:
8761:
8626:
8600:
8570:
8546:Young, Chris (9 February 2023).
8539:
8489:
8469:
8417:
8397:
8371:
8312:
8241:. The Space Show. Archived from
8197:
8173:
8130:
8056:. Universe Today. Archived from
8045:
8026:Foust, Jeff (10 December 2019).
7772:
7753:
7731:
7700:
7672:Foust, Jeff (24 November 2014).
7649:. The Space Show. Archived from
7611:
7592:
7573:
7523:
7501:
7482:
7423:
7391:"Optical orbital debris spotter"
7382:
7351:
7332:
7320:"Laser Tracking of Space Debris"
7312:
7292:
7238:
7218:
7133:
7103:
7049:
7025:
7006:
6987:
6956:
6903:
6879:
6856:
6821:
6809:"STS-118 Radiator Impact Damage"
6801:
6777:
6753:
6740:
6678:
6658:
6652:
6596:
6508:
6457:
6443:Becky Iannotta and Tariq Malik,
6407:
6388:Fisher, Dominic (13 June 2017).
6283:
6248:
6188:
6162:
6131:
6107:
6088:
6063:
5849:from the original on 16 May 2019
5338:from the original on 5 June 2013
5300:from the original on 5 June 2013
5117:CNES Symposium on Space Dynamics
5045:from the original on 12 May 2011
4700:Technical report on space debris
4679:from the original on 3 June 2010
4404:"It's getting crowded up there."
4247:Foust, Jeff (15 November 2014).
3436:
3060:
2064:
1595:. On 29 March 2006, the Russian
1294:
1024:
1012:
15709:Astronomical naming conventions
14634:Strategy of Technology doctrine
14406:Establishment of Cape Canaveral
14324:Creation of the UK Space Agency
13774:European Space Policy Institute
13734:European Space Astronomy Centre
11697:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
10834:Liou, J.-C. (14 January 2020).
10666:Journal of Geophysical Research
10522:
10328:Devlin, Hannah (16 June 2022).
10031:Wall, Mike (18 November 2021).
9561:(Report). Rochester, New York.
9559:A Tragedy of the Space Commons?
9476:Clark, Stephen (1 April 2018).
9220:Palmer, Jason (9 August 2011).
8647:10.24833/0869-0049-2024-2-46-64
8163:10.1016/j.actaastro.2005.09.002
8074:Werner, Debra (24 April 2024).
7917:Foust, Jeff (9 December 2019).
7416:10.1016/j.actaastro.2014.07.031
6798:, 4β7 May 2009, AIAA 2009β2361.
6550:David, Leonard (8 March 2013).
6039:
6014:
5987:
5944:
5887:
5875:from the original on 2 May 2019
5861:
5835:
5803:
5782:Foust, Jeff (13 October 2020).
5775:
5741:
5715:
5693:
5670:
5651:
5605:
5565:
5536:
5470:
5371:
5350:
5324:
5286:
5260:
5122:
5107:
5080:
5057:
4956:
4822:
4803:Ford, Matt (27 February 2009).
4537:
4518:Marks, Paul (27 October 2009).
4511:
4478:
4454:
4412:
4396:
4383:
4374:
4319:
4297:
4182:
4145:
3773:Werner, Debra (30 March 2018).
3742:MuΓ±oz-Patchen, Chelsea (2019).
3478:Long Duration Exposure Facility
3230:Incomplete data of space debris
3194:Barriers to dealing with debris
3090:The momentum of the laser-beam
2904:
2741:Germany and France have posted
2531:Long Duration Exposure Facility
2470:NASA Orbital Debris Observatory
2274:thermal protection system tiles
2154:first major satellite collision
1338:already past critical density.
105:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
16440:British Interplanetary Society
16403:Alliance for Space Development
15526:Global Standards Collaboration
15449:Office for Outer Space Affairs
14976:China exclusion policy of NASA
14644:Space Station Freedom proposal
14557:Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law
13627:Planetary Exploration of China
13451:Planetary protection principle
10948:Congressional Research Service
10083:10.1016/j.spacepol.2018.03.001
9937:10.1016/j.spacepol.2012.06.010
9710:10.1016/j.spacepol.2014.11.002
9507:Jasi, Amanda (28 April 2022).
9189:Foust, Jeff (5 October 2011).
8969:Mann, Adam (26 October 2011).
8878:Jan, McHarg (10 August 2012).
8684:"OneWeb adopts 100% grappling"
8179:E. A. Taylor and J. R. Davey,
7479:. |date-accessed=8 March 2006.
7169:Kessler & Cour-Palais 1978
6277:10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2008.07.048
4219:"Orbital Debris: A Chronology"
4195:ISEC Space Elevator Conference
4114:Thomson, Iain (16 July 2015).
3966:Wiedemann, C. (2 April 2009).
3612:
3569:
2541:satellite deployed by mission
1977:Terra environmental spacecraft
1956:moratorium followed the test.
1904:In 2018β2019, three different
1355:U.S. National Research Council
1238:from Earth has entered orbit.
1234:. Going back further, natural
1129:As of November 2022, the
974:Least polluted cities by PM2.5
13:
1:
15623:US-USSR Cooperation Agreement
14953:Launch of the Artemis program
14883:Redesign of the Orion program
14799:Aerospace Industry Commission
14495:Launch of the Mariner program
14220:European Southern Observatory
13920:Horizon 2000 Plus (1995β2015)
12185:Electrical resistance heating
11660:
10582:Johnson, Nicholas L. (1998).
10406:Adams, Eric (21 April 2020).
9976:Research and Markets (2018).
8264:Ralph, Eric (19 April 2019).
7181:Kessler & Anz-Meador 2001
6454:, space.com, 11 February 2009
5982:Union of Concerned Scientists
5757:Orbital Debris Quarterly News
4673:Union of Concerned Scientists
4632:Orbital Debris Quarterly News
4460:J.-C Liou and N. L. Johnson,
4279:"NASA Orbital Debris Program"
3881:Union of Concerned Scientists
3843:. November 2022. p. 14.
3837:Orbital Debris Quarterly News
3802:"Space debris by the numbers"
3524:
2996:Advanced Common Evolved Stage
2186:Joint Space Operations Center
2178:Collision Avoidance Maneuvers
2176:Satellites sometimes perform
1642:Union of Concerned Scientists
1131:US Space Surveillance Network
445:Electrical resistance heating
16532:Public-sector space agencies
15704:Extraterrestrial real estate
15244:GoreβChernomyrdin Commission
15144:Soviet crewed lunar programs
15053:Vehicular Technology Society
15043:Broadcast Technology Society
14818:Vision for Space Exploration
14735:GoreβChernomyrdin Commission
14693:Space Exploration Initiative
14639:Strategic Defense Initiative
14592:Launch of the Viking program
14505:Launch of the Apollo program
14500:Launch of the Gemini project
14352:Defence in a Competitive Age
14289:Start of the Ariel programme
14203:European Patent Organisation
11837:Persistent organic pollutant
10774:10.1016/0273-1177(91)90543-S
10249:Garner, Rob (23 June 2022).
8239:audio file, @1:03:05β1:06:20
7647:audio file, @0:05:50β0:07:40
7329:, Electro Optic Systems Pty.
7117:. 3 May 2002. Archived from
6104:, npr.org, 21 February 2008.
4634:. Vol. 20, no. 3.
3839:. Vol. 26, no. 4.
3775:"Preventing space pollution"
3719:The Economic Way of Thinking
3661:Journal of Law and Economics
3654:"The Problem of Social Cost"
3529:
3458:Interplanetary contamination
3453:Category:Derelict satellites
2981:Remotely controlled vehicles
1807:rocket, photographed by the
1783:Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper
1734:photographed in 1998 during
1684:anti-satellite weapons tests
1574:geostationary transfer orbit
1324:5,000, new detectors in the
1115:Space debris is typically a
155:Persistent organic pollutant
79:Air pollution from a factory
7:
15521:Group on Earth Observations
15504:Committee on Space Research
14948:Creation of the Space Force
14868:Kennedy Space Center speech
14511:We choose to go to the Moon
14442:Introduction to Outer Space
14162:European Broadcasting Union
12847:Least polluted cities by PM
10859:Schefter, Jim (July 1982).
10820:. Western University Canada
10468:Brady, Matt (3 July 2019).
10197:Mann, Adam (15 July 2013).
9911:Williamson, Ray A. (2012).
9457:"Introduction to e.Deorbit"
9007:, 1997, ESA-SP 393, p. 699.
8910:Deutsche Welle (www.dw.com)
8320:"Robotic refueling Mission"
7245:Brown, Mike (27 May 2021).
6324:Earth Observing Systems XIX
5410:, University of Pisa, 1997.
4000:, University of Pisa, 1997.
3429:
3237:space situational awareness
3014:it temporarily to attach a
2929:Russian military satellite
2897:or with the use of a small
2454:Geodetic satellite tracking
2420:
2351:International Space Station
2129:was hit by fragments of an
1918:orbiting Earth and the Sun.
1788:
1694:has performed at least 27,
1459:gravitational perturbations
1182:International Space Station
32:Space Junk (disambiguation)
10:
18549:
16470:Space Exploration Alliance
15699:Common heritage of mankind
15617:Space Liability Convention
15389:North Korean space program
15315:2015 Creation of Roscosmos
14779:Launch of the X-37 program
14629:Citizens' Advisory Council
13723:European Data Relay System
13694:Concurrent Design Facility
13439:Space Debris Working Group
12789:Pollution haven hypothesis
12712:Brain health and pollution
11950:Ecological light pollution
11780:Internal combustion engine
10754:Advances in Space Research
9790:10.1016/j.jsse.2017.02.002
9684:Kaiser, Stefan A. (2015).
8770:Advances in Space Research
8552:interestingengineering.com
7489:"MIT Haystack Observatory"
7140:Olsen, Steve (July 1998).
7089:10.1038/s41550-022-01655-6
7003:, BBC News, 12 March 2009.
6737:, space.com, 5 March 2005.
6691:Advances in Space Research
5585:Loftus, Joseph P. (1989).
5543:Tufte, Edward R. (2013) ,
5420:Gruss, Mike (6 May 2015).
4371:See charts, Hoffman, p. 7.
4091:β www.businessinsider.com
4012:Advances in Space Research
3384:Until the End of the World
3370:As of February 2024,
3349:third stage from the 2014
3200:The tragedy of the commons
3142:
3016:smaller de-orbit satellite
2802:
2492:ESA Space Debris Telescope
2451:
2424:
2395:outer space global commons
2382:
2031:
1930:
1926:
1792:
1617:
1611:
1602:
1444:Sun-synchronous satellites
1206:
36:
29:
18442:
18359:
18235:
18193:
18051:
17629:
17511:
17504:
17317:
17234:
17158:
16990:
16931:
16915:
16908:
16783:
16669:
16662:
16568:
16545:
16538:
16413:Space Frontier Foundation
16388:
16299:
15908:
15899:
15840:Launch market competition
15772:
15589:
15479:
15431:
15411:Ugandan space initiatives
15346:
15296:
15275:
15227:
15206:
15159:
15111:
15087:
15074:
15067:
14971:
14931:
14851:
14787:
14716:
14681:
14617:
14600:
14575:
14540:
14520:
14483:
14465:Launch of Project Mercury
14414:
14372:
14363:
14271:
14233:
14125:
14029:
13961:
13919:
13843:
13762:Ariane launcher programme
13701:European Astronaut Centre
13659:Europa launcher programme
13643:
13600:
13590:
13546:
13491:
13479:The Spaceguard Foundation
13414:
13348:
13290:
13227:
13179:
13146:
13137:
13131:Small Solar System bodies
13071:
13052:
13019:
12971:
12868:
12822:
12771:
12720:
12687:
12592:Nonpoint source pollution
12520:
12512:War and environmental law
12459:
12421:
12403:
12203:
12138:
12075:
12001:
11970:
11935:
11919:
11884:
11871:Volatile organic compound
11677:
11668:
11610:
11535:
11485:
11476:
11341:
11291:
11280:
11203:
11143:
11136:
11096:
10901:National Research Council
10884:"What is Orbital Debris?"
9764:Skinner, Mark A. (2017).
9462:17 September 2014 at the
9156:27 September 2011 at the
8929:Universe Today / phys.org
8790:10.1016/j.asr.2013.10.003
8429:30 September 2011 at the
7520:. Retrieved 8 March 2006.
7437:. Retrieved 8 March 2006.
7022:, BBC News, 28 June 2011.
6711:10.1016/j.asr.2003.12.008
6002:(updated (last) ed.)
5235:11 September 2007 at the
5025:Klinkrad, Heiner (2006).
4980:10.5194/angeo-2020-33-rc2
4428:, Fox News, 6 April 2011.
4056:, Space Reference, 2009,
4032:10.1016/j.asr.2005.05.056
3937:. Space Reference. 2009.
3596:10.1007/978-3-319-51016-3
3582:. Astronomers' Universe.
3576:Powell, Jonathan (2017).
3323:On other celestial bodies
3298:, space environmentalist
2570:in 1992 and retrieved by
1347:University of Southampton
1189:antisatellite weapon test
700:War and environmental law
320:Health effects from noise
170:Volatile organic compound
18528:Space traffic management
16366:Reconnaissance satellite
15739:International Designator
15406:Philippine space program
15354:Australian space program
15006:Office of Space Commerce
14996:House Committee on Space
14908:Space Shuttle retirement
14863:2009 Augustine Committee
14698:1990 Augustine Committee
13844:Horizon 2000 (1985β1995)
13429:Space traffic management
12051:Marine mammals and sonar
11962:Radio spectrum pollution
11014:Robin Biesbroek (2015).
11002:, United Nations, 2006.
10701:Kessler, Donald (1981).
10643:. NASA SP-267: 595β605.
10631:Kessler, Donald (1971).
9963:Environmental Governance
9046:Air & Space Magazine
8482:26 November 2009 at the
7785:26 December 2008 at the
7508:"AN/FPS-108 COBRA DANE."
7494:29 November 2004 at the
7344:15 February 2012 at the
6470:15 February 2009 at the
6060:. Retrieved 6 July 2007.
5977:9 September 2009 at the
5748:Liou, J-C (April 2011).
5358:"UCS Satellite Database"
4945:22 February 2014 at the
4706:. United Nations. 1999.
4665:"UCS Satellite Database"
4638:. July 2016. p. 8.
4449:National Geographic News
4444:7 September 2009 at the
4380:See chart, Hoffman p. 4.
4326:Jessica (21 July 2017).
4224:1 September 2000 at the
3873:"UCS Satellite Database"
3405:Love, Death & Robots
3353:missionβunintentionally
3002:capability for the high
2805:Space traffic management
2459:Tracking from the ground
2448:Tracking and measurement
1885:The second stage of the
1873:communications satellite
1749:(EVA), a camera lost by
1706:, Russian trials of its
1467:2009 satellite collision
1193:2009 satellite collision
325:Marine mammals and sonar
16480:Space Force Association
16465:Lunar Explorers Society
15635:Registration Convention
15599:Partial Test Ban Treaty
15480:Other intergovernmental
15394:Pakistani space program
15359:Brazilian space program
14729:Faster, better, cheaper
14532:1967 Outer Space Treaty
14335:Space Industry Act 2018
14112:European Defence Agency
13768:Vega launcher programme
13711:Living Planet Programme
13434:Space debris management
13408:Politics of outer space
12897:WikiProject Environment
12855:Most polluted countries
12799:Polluter pays principle
12530:Agricultural wastewater
10686:10.1029/JA083iA06p02637
9650:10.1111/1758-5899.12950
9557:Chaddha, Shane (2010).
9064:9 November 2018 at the
8955:7 December 2010 at the
8506:, BBC News, 3 May 2009.
8410:16 January 2011 at the
7536:19 October 2012 at the
7513:5 February 2016 at the
7018:31 October 2018 at the
6842:10.1023/A:1015607813420
5663:30 January 2008 at the
5618:28 October 2009 at the
5547:Envisioning Information
5181:10.1023/A:1021255523174
4855:"European Space Agency"
3620:"Guide to Space Debris"
3114:
2561:satellite, deployed by
2439:module in January 2001.
2299:in 2006, a fragment of
2015:Air Force Space Command
1945:was shut down in 1975.
1911:second stages broke up.
1840:United States Air Force
1803:Spent upper stage of a
1712:interception of USA-193
1457:Orbits are affected by
800:Freshwater salinization
720:Agricultural wastewater
16408:National Space Society
16309:Space domain awareness
15482:or inter-agency bodies
15384:Lebanese space program
15369:Japanese space program
15310:2014 Military doctrine
15288:2010 Military doctrine
14708:National Space Council
14703:Hubble Space Telescope
14475:Launch of X-15 program
14396:Aerobee rocket program
14346:2021 Integrated Review
14208:European Patent Office
14128:initiatives and bodies
13518:Billionaire space race
13444:Space Debris Committee
13256:Trans-Neptunian object
12915:Environment portal
12148:Agricultural pollution
11621:Outer space portal
9333:The Japan Times Online
9175:16 August 2010 at the
9170:"Space Debris Removal"
8849:"Space Debris Removal"
7765:6 October 2011 at the
7624:3 January 2006 at the
7435:MIT Lincoln Laboratory
7038:10 August 2017 at the
6868:25 August 2009 at the
6814:13 August 2011 at the
6642:6 October 2010 at the
6637:"Satellite Encounters"
6295:www.thespacereview.com
6100:6 January 2018 at the
5700:"Recent Debris Events"
5640:14 August 2014 at the
4914:"The Kessler Syndrome"
4774:25 August 2009 at the
4625:"Satellite Box ScoreS"
3513:Space domain awareness
3335:
3160:Recycling space debris
3105:electrodynamic tethers
2991:commercially developed
2923:Iridium Communications
2825:
2817:
2788:
2770:international standard
2690:
2643:
2534:
2484:U.S. Strategic Command
2440:
2398:
2340:
2320:
2225:
2201:Space Shuttle missions
2101:
2061:
1971:
1963:Known orbit planes of
1838:Although NASA and the
1812:
1745:on the first American
1738:
1682:has conducted over 30
1629:
1562:solar-power satellites
1516:
1423:
1366:
1304:
1289:Orbital Debris Program
1273:
1219:
1180:. For comparison, the
1019:Environment portal
51:
16490:The Planetary Society
16319:Anti-satellite weapon
15714:ITU Radio Regulations
15364:Emirati space program
15095:Operation Osoaviakhim
14963:Executive Order 13959
14843:Operation Burnt Frost
14774:Decadal Planning Team
14256:Indian ASAT programme
14251:Space Activities Bill
13673:European Space Agency
13645:ESA Science Programme
13456:Post-detection policy
12570:Industrial wastewater
12436:Clutter (advertising)
12344:Municipal solid waste
12190:Soil guideline values
12034:Sustainable transport
11927:Information pollution
11727:Open burning of waste
11253:Extraterrestrial life
11035:Khatchadourian, Raffi
10888:Aerospace Corporation
10710:Journal of Spacecraft
9961:Evans, J. P. (2011).
9514:The Chemical Engineer
9195:MIT Technology Review
8808:27 March 2010 at the
8235:"Space debris issues"
7896:Space Safety Magazine
7846:20 March 2009 at the
7643:"Space debris issues"
7325:18 March 2009 at the
7231:28 March 2019 at the
6999:18 March 2009 at the
6026:www.heavens-above.com
5705:20 March 2007 at the
5591:. AIAA. p. 227.
5226:"The Olympus failure"
5119:, 6β10 November 1989.
5066:"How Satellites Work"
4332:European Space Agency
3906:Clark, David (2006).
3830:"Satellite Box Score"
3503:Solar Maximum Mission
3355:hit the lunar surface
3330:
3119:On 28 February 2014,
2947:electrodynamic tether
2919:Iridium constellation
2823:
2812:
2785:European Space Agency
2782:
2688:
2641:
2528:
2434:
2392:
2330:
2208:
2095:
2039:
1962:
1844:solid rocket boosters
1802:
1729:
1704:interception of FY-1C
1698:has performed 10 and
1627:
1581:European Space Agency
1553:Orbital perturbations
1514:
1421:
1364:
1353:A 2011 report by the
1302:
1278:anti-satellite weapon
1271:
1263:bulletin board system
1259:two-line element sets
1214:
1138:, such as the Kosmos
760:Industrial wastewater
528:Municipal solid waste
450:Soil guideline values
49:
18454:Soviet space program
15912:units and formations
15882:Project Harvest Moon
15629:Satellite Convention
15489:African Space Agency
15399:Space programme 2040
15379:Kenyan space program
15374:Kazakh space program
14307:Outer Space Act 1986
14295:Black Arrow launcher
14078:Copernicus programme
14051:EU/ESA Space Council
13679:EU/ESA Space Council
13570:Chinese ASAT program
13229:Distant minor planet
13089:Circumplanetary disc
12842:Most polluted cities
12535:Biological pollution
12446:Overhead power lines
10899:. Washington, D.C.:
10817:The Kessler Syndrome
9567:10.2139/ssrn.1586643
9111:9 March 2012 at the
9035:"Satellite Smashers"
8686:. 12 December 2019.
8424:"Spacecraft: Spot 3"
8186:9 March 2012 at the
8169:on 13 December 2019.
7604:29 June 2011 at the
7557:. NASA. March 1996.
7429:Grant Stokes et al,
7305:10 July 2009 at the
7212:9 March 2012 at the
7121:on 30 September 2012
6892:9 April 2008 at the
6790:9 March 2012 at the
6766:19 June 2009 at the
6120:14 July 2009 at the
5683:24 July 2008 at the
4748:ABC News (Australia)
4424:9 April 2011 at the
4228:, NASA, 1999, p. 13.
3518:Space sustainability
3463:Liability Convention
3220:space sustainability
3205:common-pool resource
3172:Reusing space debris
3069:uses a ground-based
2521:Measurement in space
1817:Inertial Upper Stage
1541:geostationary orbits
1463:orbital eccentricity
1313:Delta launch vehicle
1247:Space Object Catalog
1224:artificial satellite
1117:negative externality
969:Most polluted cities
621:Overhead power lines
17604:Guiana Space Centre
16346:Kinetic bombardment
15872:Space manufacturing
15862:Space-based economy
15835:Private spaceflight
15255:ShuttleβMir program
14823:Aldridge Commission
14745:ShuttleβMir program
14453:Space Act Agreement
14384:Operation Paperclip
14241:Department of Space
14234:Indian space policy
14117:Europe by Satellite
14045:EU Satellite Centre
13757:Guiana Space Centre
13501:Cold War space race
13419:Spacefaring nations
13011:Rings of exoplanets
12905:WikiProject Ecology
12602:Ocean acidification
12507:Unexploded ordnance
12378:Post-consumer waste
12238:Foam food container
12216:Biodegradable waste
11790:Global distillation
10957:, July/August 2005.
10800:. Darmstadt Germany
10766:1991AdSpR..11l..63K
10722:1981JSpRo..18..357K
10678:1978JGR....83.2637K
10649:1971NASSP.267..595K
10600:1998SciAm.279b..62J
10588:Scientific American
10567:2004JGCD...27..174H
10075:2018SpPol..46...30N
9929:2012SpPol..28..154W
9848:10.1787/c5996201-en
9782:2017JSSE....4..105S
9748:2021spde.confE.165L
9702:2015SpPol..31....5K
9436:2017spde.confE.101E
9335:. 31 January 2017.
9131:Wall Street Journal
9057:James Mason et al,
8948:Jonathan Campbell,
8782:2014AdSpR..53..110S
8723:12 May 2011 at the
8502:1 July 2009 at the
8352:NASASpaceFlight.com
8305:10 May 2013 at the
8155:2006AcAau..58..168A
8114:. 9 December 2019.
7585:5 June 2011 at the
7407:2014AcAau.104...99E
7081:2022NatAs...6..428L
6916:6 June 2011 at the
6733:23 May 2009 at the
6703:2004AdSpR..34.1097C
6536:17 May 2012 at the
6478:, 13 February 2009.
6450:17 May 2012 at the
6336:2014SPIE.9218E..0MK
6269:2008IJIE...35.1678A
6128:, 27 February 2009.
6052:13 May 2008 at the
5332:"Vanguard 50 years"
5173:2000SpDeb...2...67A
5143:1981rome.iafcR....V
5101:2005ESASP.587..113S
5068:. HowStuffWorks.com
5031:. Springer-Praxis.
4970:Annales Geophysicae
4607:18 May 2016 at the
4467:1 June 2008 at the
4307:. NASA. 1 July 2019
4142:, pp. 174β185.
4120:www.theregister.com
4024:2005AdSpR..35.1290W
3984:2009ESASP.672E..17W
3777:. Aerospace America
3624:spaceacademy.net.au
3588:2017cdwi.book.....P
3508:Spacecraft cemetery
3166:CisLunar Industries
2895:electric propulsion
2768:began preparing an
2634:Dealing with debris
2088:Uncrewed spacecraft
2056:'s front window on
1549:orbital inclination
1525:lunar perturbations
1436:over 500 satellites
1102:derelict spacecraft
785:Ocean acidification
695:Unexploded ordnance
616:Advertising clutter
548:Post-consumer waste
493:Foam food container
478:Biodegradable waste
135:Global distillation
18523:Technology hazards
18508:Near-Earth objects
16361:Military satellite
16199:Ranks and insignia
15694:Space jurisdiction
15641:Bogota Declaration
15605:Outer Space Treaty
15101:list of scientists
14389:list of scientists
14031:EU Space Programme
13084:Circumstellar disc
12925:Ecology portal
12809:Waste minimisation
12784:Industrial ecology
12779:Cleaner production
12597:Nutrient pollution
12474:Herbicidal warfare
12268:Construction waste
11904:Introduced species
11775:Indoor air quality
11702:Chlorofluorocarbon
11536:Other technologies
10973:Nickolay Smirnov,
10960:Patrick McDaniel,
10946:Washington, D.C.:
9982:www.prnewswire.com
9303:The Times of India
9201:on 4 February 2013
8475:Bill Christensen,
8245:on 27 January 2012
7778:Theresa Hitchens,
7684:on 8 December 2014
7653:on 27 January 2012
7529:Darius Nikanpour,
7298:D. Mehrholz et al;
6344:10.1117/12.2061253
5729:on 10 October 2012
5658:"Rocket Explosion"
5573:Image on Knowledge
5296:. Eurekalert.org.
5231:, 26 August 1993.
4893:on 20 October 2011
4861:. 19 February 2009
4675:. 11 August 2016.
4583:on 25 October 2021
4551:. 2 September 2011
4451:, 19 January 2006.
4259:on 6 December 2014
3378:In popular culture
3336:
3316:network governance
3000:in-space refueling
2826:
2818:
2789:
2715:heliocentric orbit
2691:
2644:
2535:
2441:
2399:
2355:The ISS also uses
2341:
2331:Debris impacts on
2317:s radiator panel.
2226:
2102:
2062:
1972:
1813:
1739:
1638:medium Earth orbit
1630:
1583:telecom satellite
1533:radiation pressure
1517:
1424:
1367:
1305:
1274:
1220:
1216:Baker-Nunn cameras
1031:Ecology portal
656:Herbicidal warfare
200:Introduced species
140:Indoor air quality
110:Chlorofluorocarbon
52:
18475:
18474:
18469:
18468:
18189:
18188:
17500:
17499:
16904:
16903:
16786:and the Caribbean
16658:
16657:
16498:
16497:
16384:
16383:
16376:Satellite jamming
15852:Space advertising
15342:
15341:
15338:
15337:
15223:
15222:
15063:
15062:
14683:George H. W. Bush
14152:Council of Europe
14073:Galileo programme
14025:
14024:
14012:Comet Interceptor
13538:Space competition
13374:
13373:
13286:
13285:
13171:Meanings of names
13097:
13096:
13029:Rings of Chariklo
12931:
12930:
12804:Pollution control
12484:Nuclear holocaust
12393:Thermal treatment
12361:Plastic pollution
12278:Mercury poisoning
12231:Battery recycling
12130:Radioactive waste
11899:Genetic pollution
11894:Biological hazard
11692:Air quality index
11628:
11627:
11606:
11605:
11515:Carbonated drinks
11487:Human spaceflight
11367:of items in space
11278:
11277:
11027:978-1-5085-2918-7
10950:, 8 January 2014.
10910:978-0-309-21974-7
10845:. Washington, D.C
10387:. 2 February 2024
10008:Reason Foundation
9365:. February 2017.
9078:David K. Monroe.
9033:Tony Reichhardt,
9024:, 16 August 2000.
8749:on 5 January 2013
8523:. 3 August 2010.
8326:on 10 August 2011
8143:Acta Astronautica
7395:Acta Astronautica
7204:Jan Stupl et al,
6759:William Harwood,
6746:"Debris Danger".
6263:(12): 1678β1682.
5823:on 19 August 2019
5598:978-1-60086-376-9
5558:978-0-9613921-1-6
5229:ESA press release
4713:978-92-1-100813-5
4402:Michael Hoffman,
3917:978-1-84376-475-5
3728:978-0-13-299129-2
3605:978-3-319-51015-6
3553:. 26 March 2016.
3498:Satellite warfare
3493:Project West Ford
3483:Near-Earth object
3097:Ion Beam Shepherd
3020:atmospheric entry
2834:elliptical orbits
2799:Growth mitigation
2548:and retrieved by
2477:transit telescope
2403:Donald J. Kessler
2357:Whipple shielding
2192:Crewed spacecraft
1493:atmospheric tides
1309:McDonnell Douglas
1197:Whipple shielding
1067:
1066:
1002:
1001:
668:Nuclear holocaust
591:Urban heat island
405:Radioactive waste
190:Biological hazard
100:Air quality index
16:(Redirected from
18540:
18452:Preceded by the
18432:
18431:
18430:
18420:
18419:
18418:
18408:
18407:
18406:
18396:
18395:
18394:
18384:
18383:
18382:
18372:
18371:
18370:
18349:
18348:
18347:
18337:
18336:
18335:
18325:
18324:
18323:
18225:
18224:
18223:
18206:
18205:
18204:
18179:
18178:
18177:
18167:
18166:
18165:
18148:
18147:
18146:
18136:
18135:
18134:
18112:
18111:
18110:
18100:
18099:
18098:
18088:
18087:
18086:
18076:
18075:
18074:
18064:
18063:
18062:
18041:
18040:
18039:
18029:
18028:
18027:
18017:
18016:
18015:
18003:
18002:
18001:
17991:
17990:
17989:
17979:
17978:
17977:
17967:
17966:
17965:
17928:
17927:
17926:
17916:
17915:
17914:
17904:
17903:
17902:
17892:
17891:
17890:
17880:
17879:
17878:
17868:
17867:
17866:
17856:
17855:
17854:
17844:
17843:
17842:
17832:
17831:
17830:
17820:
17819:
17818:
17801:
17800:
17799:
17789:
17788:
17787:
17777:
17776:
17775:
17765:
17764:
17763:
17753:
17752:
17751:
17741:
17740:
17739:
17722:
17721:
17720:
17710:
17709:
17708:
17698:
17697:
17696:
17686:
17685:
17684:
17674:
17673:
17672:
17660:
17659:
17658:
17648:
17647:
17646:
17555:
17554:
17553:
17509:
17508:
17485:
17484:
17483:
17466:
17465:
17464:
17447:
17446:
17445:
17428:
17427:
17426:
17409:
17408:
17407:
17390:
17389:
17388:
17378:
17377:
17376:
17366:
17365:
17364:
17354:
17353:
17352:
17342:
17341:
17340:
17330:
17329:
17328:
17307:
17306:
17305:
17295:
17294:
17293:
17283:
17282:
17281:
17271:
17270:
17269:
17259:
17258:
17257:
17247:
17246:
17245:
17224:
17223:
17222:
17212:
17211:
17210:
17183:
17182:
17181:
17171:
17170:
17169:
17148:
17147:
17146:
17136:
17135:
17134:
17112:
17111:
17110:
17100:
17099:
17098:
17088:
17087:
17086:
17076:
17075:
17074:
17057:
17056:
17055:
17003:
17002:
17001:
16980:
16979:
16978:
16956:
16955:
16954:
16944:
16943:
16942:
16913:
16912:
16887:
16886:
16885:
16875:
16874:
16873:
16846:
16845:
16844:
16834:
16833:
16832:
16822:
16821:
16820:
16810:
16809:
16808:
16798:
16797:
16796:
16773:
16772:
16771:
16761:
16760:
16759:
16749:
16748:
16747:
16737:
16736:
16735:
16725:
16724:
16723:
16706:
16705:
16704:
16694:
16693:
16692:
16682:
16681:
16680:
16667:
16666:
16648:
16647:
16646:
16636:
16635:
16634:
16624:
16623:
16622:
16612:
16611:
16610:
16593:
16592:
16591:
16581:
16580:
16579:
16543:
16542:
16525:
16518:
16511:
16502:
16501:
16485:Space Foundation
16475:Space Fellowship
16287:
16286:
16275:
16274:
16262:
16252:
16251:
16240:
16239:
16228:
16227:
16216:
16215:
16192:
16191:
16168:
16167:
16156:
16155:
16144:
16143:
16132:
16131:
16120:
16119:
16108:
16107:
16096:
16095:
16084:
16083:
16072:
16071:
16060:
16059:
16048:
16047:
16036:
16035:
16014:
16013:
16002:
16001:
15990:
15989:
15978:
15977:
15966:
15965:
15954:
15953:
15942:
15941:
15930:
15929:
15906:
15905:
15857:Space technology
15828:
15827:
15816:
15815:
15804:
15803:
15792:
15791:
15734:COSPAR standards
15611:Rescue Agreement
15234:
15233:
15085:
15084:
15072:
15071:
14431:Project Vanguard
14370:
14369:
13841:
13840:
13826:Aurora programme
13812:Mars and beyond
13603:
13602:
13593:
13592:
13564:Shuguang program
13533:Space propaganda
13460:Asteroid impact
13401:
13394:
13387:
13378:
13377:
13144:
13143:
13124:
13117:
13110:
13101:
13100:
12996:Rings of Neptune
12981:Rings of Jupiter
12958:
12951:
12944:
12935:
12934:
12923:
12922:
12921:
12913:
12912:
12903:
12902:
12895:
12894:
12887:
12886:
12874:
12873:
12748:Legacy pollution
12607:Oil exploitation
12469:Chemical warfare
12383:Waste management
12290:Industrial waste
12258:Biomedical waste
12226:Electronic waste
12211:Advertising mail
12195:Phytoremediation
12170:Land degradation
11955:Overillumination
11909:Invasive species
11655:
11648:
11641:
11632:
11631:
11619:
11618:
11617:
11483:
11482:
11286:
11141:
11140:
11123:
11116:
11109:
11100:
11099:
11091:Related articles
11087:
11086:
11031:
10934:
10932:
10930:
10914:
10870:
10854:
10852:
10850:
10840:
10829:
10827:
10825:
10809:
10807:
10805:
10795:
10784:
10783:on 14 July 2010.
10782:
10776:. Archived from
10751:
10740:
10739:on 14 July 2010.
10738:
10732:. Archived from
10707:
10696:
10694:
10688:. Archived from
10663:
10652:
10626:
10624:
10622:
10578:
10548:
10536:
10516:
10515:
10513:
10511:
10491:
10485:
10484:
10482:
10480:
10465:
10459:
10458:
10456:
10454:
10439:
10433:
10432:
10430:
10428:
10403:
10397:
10396:
10394:
10392:
10377:
10371:
10370:
10368:
10366:
10351:
10345:
10344:
10342:
10340:
10325:
10319:
10318:
10316:
10314:
10302:Kooser, Amanda.
10299:
10293:
10292:
10290:
10288:
10272:
10266:
10265:
10263:
10261:
10246:
10240:
10239:
10237:
10235:
10220:
10214:
10213:
10211:
10209:
10194:
10188:
10187:
10185:
10183:
10168:
10162:
10161:
10143:
10133:
10109:
10103:
10102:
10054:
10048:
10047:
10045:
10043:
10028:
10019:
10018:
10016:
10014:
9999:
9993:
9992:
9990:
9988:
9973:
9967:
9966:
9958:
9949:
9948:
9908:
9899:
9898:
9892:
9883:
9877:
9876:
9874:
9872:
9834:
9828:
9827:
9825:
9823:
9808:
9802:
9801:
9761:
9752:
9751:
9735:
9722:
9721:
9681:
9670:
9669:
9629:
9623:
9622:
9590:
9579:
9578:
9554:
9548:
9547:
9535:
9526:
9525:
9523:
9521:
9504:
9498:
9497:
9495:
9493:
9473:
9467:
9455:Biesbroek, 2012
9453:
9447:
9446:
9444:
9442:
9421:
9411:
9405:
9404:
9402:
9400:
9385:
9379:
9378:
9376:
9374:
9355:
9349:
9348:
9346:
9344:
9325:
9319:
9318:
9316:
9314:
9295:
9289:
9288:
9286:
9284:
9269:
9263:
9262:
9260:
9258:
9243:
9237:
9236:
9234:
9232:
9217:
9211:
9210:
9208:
9206:
9197:. Archived from
9186:
9180:
9167:
9161:
9148:
9142:
9141:
9139:
9137:
9122:
9116:
9098:
9092:
9091:
9089:
9087:
9075:
9069:
9055:
9049:
9040:29 July 2012 at
9031:
9025:
9014:
9008:
8997:
8991:
8990:
8988:
8986:
8966:
8960:
8946:
8940:
8939:
8937:
8935:
8920:
8914:
8913:
8902:
8896:
8895:
8893:
8891:
8875:
8869:
8868:
8866:
8864:
8845:
8839:
8838:
8836:
8834:
8819:
8813:
8800:
8794:
8793:
8765:
8759:
8758:
8756:
8754:
8745:. Archived from
8734:
8728:
8715:
8709:
8706:
8700:
8699:
8697:
8695:
8680:
8674:
8673:
8665:
8659:
8658:
8630:
8624:
8623:
8621:
8619:
8604:
8598:
8597:
8595:
8593:
8574:
8568:
8567:
8565:
8563:
8543:
8537:
8536:
8534:
8532:
8513:
8507:
8493:
8487:
8473:
8467:
8466:
8464:
8462:
8445:
8434:
8421:
8415:
8401:
8395:
8394:
8392:
8390:
8381:. 7 March 2018.
8375:
8369:
8368:
8366:
8364:
8342:
8336:
8335:
8333:
8331:
8322:. Archived from
8316:
8310:
8295:
8286:
8285:
8283:
8281:
8261:
8255:
8254:
8252:
8250:
8230:
8224:
8223:
8221:
8219:
8209:
8201:
8195:
8177:
8171:
8170:
8165:. Archived from
8134:
8128:
8127:
8125:
8123:
8102:
8093:
8092:
8090:
8088:
8071:
8062:
8061:
8060:on 5 March 2014.
8049:
8043:
8042:
8040:
8038:
8023:
8014:
8013:
8011:
8009:
8003:
7996:
7985:
7974:
7973:
7971:
7969:
7963:
7956:
7948:
7942:
7941:
7933:
7931:
7914:
7908:
7907:
7905:
7903:
7888:
7882:
7881:
7879:
7877:
7862:
7851:
7838:
7829:
7828:
7826:
7824:
7818:
7811:
7803:
7794:
7776:
7770:
7757:
7751:
7750:
7748:
7746:
7735:
7729:
7728:
7726:
7724:
7713:eandt.theiet.org
7704:
7698:
7697:
7691:
7689:
7680:. Archived from
7669:
7663:
7662:
7660:
7658:
7638:
7629:
7617:David Whitlock,
7615:
7609:
7596:
7590:
7577:
7571:
7570:
7568:
7566:
7551:
7545:
7527:
7521:
7505:
7499:
7486:
7480:
7474:
7472:
7470:
7464:
7458:. Archived from
7453:
7444:
7438:
7427:
7421:
7420:
7418:
7386:
7380:
7379:
7377:
7375:
7355:
7349:
7336:
7330:
7316:
7310:
7296:
7290:
7289:
7287:
7285:
7270:
7264:
7263:
7261:
7259:
7242:
7236:
7222:
7216:
7202:
7196:
7190:
7184:
7178:
7172:
7166:
7157:
7156:
7154:
7152:
7137:
7131:
7130:
7128:
7126:
7115:Articles.CNN.com
7107:
7101:
7100:
7074:
7059:Nature Astronomy
7053:
7047:
7046:, 17 March 2009.
7031:Haines, Lester.
7029:
7023:
7010:
7004:
6991:
6985:
6984:
6982:
6980:
6971:
6960:
6954:
6953:
6951:
6949:
6934:
6921:
6907:
6901:
6885:K. Thoma et al,
6883:
6877:
6860:
6854:
6853:
6825:
6819:
6807:D. Lear, et al,
6805:
6799:
6781:
6775:
6774:, 16 April 2009.
6757:
6751:
6744:
6738:
6724:
6715:
6714:
6697:(5): 1097β1103.
6682:
6676:
6675:
6673:
6671:
6656:
6650:
6633:
6624:
6623:
6621:
6619:
6600:
6594:
6593:
6591:
6589:
6574:
6568:
6567:
6565:
6563:
6547:
6541:
6529:Becky Iannotta,
6527:
6521:
6512:
6506:
6505:
6503:
6501:
6485:
6479:
6461:
6455:
6441:
6435:
6434:
6432:
6430:
6421:. Archived from
6419:www.ssd.noaa.gov
6411:
6405:
6404:
6402:
6400:
6394:
6385:
6379:
6378:
6376:
6374:
6368:
6352:2060/20160008917
6321:
6312:
6306:
6305:
6303:
6301:
6287:
6281:
6280:
6252:
6246:
6245:
6243:
6241:
6221:
6212:
6211:
6209:
6207:
6192:
6186:
6185:
6183:
6181:
6166:
6160:
6159:
6157:
6155:
6135:
6129:
6111:
6105:
6092:
6086:
6085:
6083:
6081:
6067:
6061:
6043:
6037:
6036:
6034:
6032:
6018:
6012:
6011:
6009:
6007:
5991:
5985:
5984:, December 2007.
5968:
5959:
5948:
5942:
5939:
5933:
5932:
5930:
5928:
5917:
5911:
5910:
5908:
5906:
5891:
5885:
5884:
5882:
5880:
5865:
5859:
5858:
5856:
5854:
5839:
5833:
5832:
5830:
5828:
5822:
5816:. Archived from
5815:
5807:
5801:
5800:
5798:
5796:
5779:
5773:
5772:
5770:
5768:
5754:
5745:
5739:
5738:
5736:
5734:
5719:
5713:
5697:
5691:
5674:
5668:
5655:
5649:
5632:
5623:
5609:
5603:
5602:
5582:
5576:
5569:
5563:
5561:
5550:
5540:
5534:
5528:
5522:
5520:
5519:
5517:
5503:
5494:
5493:
5488:
5486:
5474:
5468:
5467:
5461:
5459:
5443:
5437:
5436:
5434:
5432:
5417:
5411:
5406:A. Rossi et al,
5404:
5395:
5394:
5392:
5390:
5375:
5369:
5368:
5366:
5364:
5354:
5348:
5347:
5345:
5343:
5328:
5322:
5316:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5305:
5290:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5279:
5264:
5258:
5257:, 19 April 2006.
5249:
5240:
5223:
5217:
5211:
5205:
5199:
5193:
5192:
5156:
5147:
5146:
5126:
5120:
5111:
5105:
5104:
5084:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5073:
5061:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5050:
5022:
5011:
5005:
4999:
4998:
4992:
4984:
4982:
4960:
4954:
4953:, 15 March 2011.
4936:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4925:
4916:. Archived from
4909:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4898:
4892:
4885:
4877:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4866:
4851:
4845:
4844:
4826:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4815:
4800:
4794:
4788:
4782:
4766:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4755:
4738:
4729:
4728:
4722:
4705:
4695:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4684:
4661:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4650:
4644:
4629:
4621:
4615:
4599:
4593:
4592:
4590:
4588:
4579:. Archived from
4575:Clark, Phillip.
4572:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4556:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4530:
4515:
4509:
4503:
4497:
4482:
4476:
4458:
4452:
4437:Stefan Lovgren,
4435:
4429:
4416:
4410:
4400:
4394:
4387:
4381:
4378:
4372:
4369:
4363:
4357:
4346:
4345:
4340:
4338:
4330:(Blog posting).
4323:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4312:
4301:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4275:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4255:. Archived from
4244:
4229:
4215:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4186:
4180:
4179:Schefter, p. 48.
4177:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4163:
4149:
4143:
4137:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4111:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4093:Business Insider
4079:
4073:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4062:
4055:
4045:
4036:
4035:
4018:(7): 1290β1295.
4007:
4001:
3996:A. Rossi et al,
3994:
3988:
3987:
3963:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3949:
3943:
3936:
3928:
3922:
3921:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3869:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3849:
3834:
3826:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3798:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3770:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3697:
3658:
3652:(October 1960).
3646:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3573:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3543:
3446:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3411:Manga and anime
2961:External removal
2956:
2941:
2936:
2912:Spot-1 satellite
2887:geocentric orbit
2610:Gabbard diagrams
2385:Kessler syndrome
2379:Kessler syndrome
2337:
2316:
2309:
2286:Hubble telescope
2252:
2213:
2049:
1587:was struck by a
1521:atmospheric drag
1507:Higher altitudes
1489:upper atmosphere
1478:Kessler syndrome
1474:low Earth orbits
1428:orbital altitude
1402:Size and numbers
1397:Characterization
1311:in 1981 for the
1059:
1052:
1045:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1017:
1016:
948:
947:
651:Chemical warfare
553:Waste management
513:Industrial waste
488:Electronic waste
473:Advertising mail
455:Phytoremediation
430:Land degradation
370:Depleted uranium
255:Overillumination
205:Invasive species
77:
54:
53:
21:
18548:
18547:
18543:
18542:
18541:
18539:
18538:
18537:
18533:Planetary rings
18513:Future problems
18478:
18477:
18476:
18471:
18470:
18465:
18438:
18428:
18426:
18416:
18414:
18404:
18402:
18392:
18390:
18380:
18378:
18368:
18366:
18355:
18345:
18343:
18333:
18331:
18321:
18319:
18231:
18221:
18219:
18202:
18200:
18185:
18175:
18173:
18163:
18161:
18144:
18142:
18132:
18130:
18108:
18106:
18096:
18094:
18084:
18082:
18072:
18070:
18060:
18058:
18047:
18037:
18035:
18025:
18023:
18013:
18011:
17999:
17997:
17987:
17985:
17975:
17973:
17963:
17961:
17924:
17922:
17912:
17910:
17900:
17898:
17888:
17886:
17876:
17874:
17864:
17862:
17852:
17850:
17840:
17838:
17828:
17826:
17816:
17814:
17797:
17795:
17785:
17783:
17773:
17771:
17761:
17759:
17749:
17747:
17737:
17735:
17718:
17716:
17706:
17704:
17694:
17692:
17682:
17680:
17670:
17668:
17656:
17654:
17644:
17642:
17625:
17551:
17549:
17496:
17481:
17479:
17462:
17460:
17443:
17441:
17424:
17422:
17405:
17403:
17386:
17384:
17374:
17372:
17362:
17360:
17350:
17348:
17338:
17336:
17326:
17324:
17313:
17303:
17301:
17291:
17289:
17279:
17277:
17267:
17265:
17255:
17253:
17243:
17241:
17230:
17220:
17218:
17208:
17206:
17179:
17177:
17167:
17165:
17154:
17144:
17142:
17132:
17130:
17108:
17106:
17096:
17094:
17084:
17082:
17072:
17070:
17053:
17051:
16999:
16997:
16986:
16976:
16974:
16952:
16950:
16940:
16938:
16927:
16900:
16883:
16881:
16871:
16869:
16842:
16840:
16830:
16828:
16818:
16816:
16806:
16804:
16794:
16792:
16785:
16779:
16769:
16767:
16757:
16755:
16745:
16743:
16733:
16731:
16721:
16719:
16702:
16700:
16690:
16688:
16678:
16676:
16654:
16644:
16642:
16632:
16630:
16620:
16618:
16608:
16606:
16589:
16587:
16577:
16575:
16564:
16547:
16534:
16529:
16499:
16494:
16380:
16356:Missile defense
16295:
16281:
16269:
16246:
16234:
16222:
16210:
16186:
16162:
16150:
16138:
16126:
16114:
16102:
16090:
16078:
16066:
16054:
16042:
16030:
16008:
15996:
15984:
15972:
15960:
15948:
15936:
15924:
15911:
15895:
15889:Asteroid mining
15877:Lunar resources
15822:
15810:
15798:
15786:
15768:
15761:ISECG standards
15724:ODCWG standards
15719:CCSDS standards
15688:Artemis Accords
15585:
15481:
15475:
15427:
15334:
15292:
15271:
15219:
15202:
15155:
15150:Voskhod program
15119:Sputnik program
15107:
15079:
15077:
15068:USSR and Russia
15059:
14967:
14934:
14927:
14854:
14847:
14790:
14783:
14719:
14712:
14684:
14677:
14620:
14613:
14603:
14596:
14578:
14571:
14543:
14536:
14523:
14516:
14486:
14479:
14417:
14410:
14375:
14365:US space policy
14359:
14275:space programme
14274:
14267:
14229:
14127:
14121:
14088:EUSST programme
14083:EGNOS programme
14021:
13957:
13946:LISA Pathfinder
13915:
13857:CassiniβHuygens
13839:
13750:ESTRACK network
13639:
13622:Mars and beyond
13549:
13542:
13487:
13410:
13405:
13375:
13370:
13344:
13282:
13223:
13175:
13133:
13128:
13098:
13093:
13067:
13048:
13044:Rings of Quaoar
13034:Rings of Chiron
13015:
12991:Rings of Uranus
12986:Rings of Saturn
12967:
12962:
12932:
12927:
12919:
12917:
12907:
12864:
12850:
12818:
12767:
12716:
12683:
12622:Pharmaceuticals
12612:Oil exploration
12516:
12488:Nuclear fallout
12455:
12417:
12399:
12373:Packaging waste
12327:Deep sea mining
12253:Hazardous waste
12199:
12180:Open defecation
12134:
12100:Nuclear fallout
12095:Nuclear fission
12071:
11997:
11966:
11937:Electromagnetic
11931:
11915:
11880:
11800:Ozone depletion
11673:
11664:
11659:
11629:
11624:
11615:
11613:
11602:
11531:
11472:
11337:
11287:
11274:
11199:
11132:
11127:
11092:
11084:
11049:
11044:
11028:
11020:. CreateSpace.
10928:
10926:
10911:
10879:
10877:Further reading
10874:
10866:Popular Science
10848:
10846:
10838:
10823:
10821:
10803:
10801:
10793:
10780:
10749:
10736:
10730:10.2514/3.57828
10705:
10695:on 15 May 2011.
10692:
10672:(A6): 2637β46.
10661:
10620:
10618:
10545:
10534:
10525:
10520:
10519:
10509:
10507:
10492:
10488:
10478:
10476:
10466:
10462:
10452:
10450:
10440:
10436:
10426:
10424:
10404:
10400:
10390:
10388:
10379:
10378:
10374:
10364:
10362:
10352:
10348:
10338:
10336:
10326:
10322:
10312:
10310:
10300:
10296:
10286:
10284:
10283:. Discovery.com
10273:
10269:
10259:
10257:
10247:
10243:
10233:
10231:
10221:
10217:
10207:
10205:
10195:
10191:
10181:
10179:
10169:
10165:
10131:10.18352/ijc.20
10110:
10106:
10055:
10051:
10041:
10039:
10029:
10022:
10012:
10010:
10000:
9996:
9986:
9984:
9974:
9970:
9959:
9952:
9909:
9902:
9890:
9884:
9880:
9870:
9868:
9858:
9836:
9835:
9831:
9821:
9819:
9809:
9805:
9762:
9755:
9736:
9725:
9682:
9673:
9630:
9626:
9591:
9582:
9555:
9551:
9536:
9529:
9519:
9517:
9505:
9501:
9491:
9489:
9482:Spaceflight Now
9474:
9470:
9464:Wayback Machine
9454:
9450:
9440:
9438:
9419:
9412:
9408:
9398:
9396:
9387:
9386:
9382:
9372:
9370:
9357:
9356:
9352:
9342:
9340:
9327:
9326:
9322:
9312:
9310:
9297:
9296:
9292:
9282:
9280:
9271:
9270:
9266:
9256:
9254:
9252:www.cbsnews.com
9244:
9240:
9230:
9228:
9218:
9214:
9204:
9202:
9187:
9183:
9177:Wayback Machine
9168:
9164:
9158:Wayback Machine
9149:
9145:
9135:
9133:
9123:
9119:
9113:Wayback Machine
9099:
9095:
9085:
9083:
9076:
9072:
9066:Wayback Machine
9056:
9052:
9048:, 1 March 2008.
9032:
9028:
9016:Justin Mullins
9015:
9011:
8998:
8994:
8984:
8982:
8967:
8963:
8957:Wayback Machine
8947:
8943:
8933:
8931:
8921:
8917:
8904:
8903:
8899:
8889:
8887:
8876:
8872:
8862:
8860:
8847:
8846:
8842:
8832:
8830:
8821:
8820:
8816:
8810:Wayback Machine
8801:
8797:
8766:
8762:
8752:
8750:
8735:
8731:
8725:Wayback Machine
8716:
8712:
8707:
8703:
8693:
8691:
8682:
8681:
8677:
8666:
8662:
8631:
8627:
8617:
8615:
8605:
8601:
8591:
8589:
8576:
8575:
8571:
8561:
8559:
8544:
8540:
8530:
8528:
8515:
8514:
8510:
8504:Wayback Machine
8495:Jonathan Amos,
8494:
8490:
8484:Wayback Machine
8474:
8470:
8460:
8458:
8446:
8437:
8431:Wayback Machine
8422:
8418:
8412:Wayback Machine
8402:
8398:
8388:
8386:
8377:
8376:
8372:
8362:
8360:
8343:
8339:
8329:
8327:
8318:
8317:
8313:
8307:Wayback Machine
8296:
8289:
8279:
8277:
8262:
8258:
8248:
8246:
8231:
8227:
8217:
8215:
8207:
8203:
8202:
8198:
8188:Wayback Machine
8178:
8174:
8135:
8131:
8121:
8119:
8104:
8103:
8096:
8086:
8084:
8072:
8065:
8050:
8046:
8036:
8034:
8024:
8017:
8007:
8005:
8001:
7994:
7986:
7977:
7967:
7965:
7961:
7954:
7950:
7949:
7945:
7929:
7927:
7915:
7911:
7901:
7899:
7890:
7889:
7885:
7875:
7873:
7864:
7863:
7854:
7848:Wayback Machine
7839:
7832:
7822:
7820:
7816:
7809:
7805:
7804:
7797:
7793:, 26 June 2008.
7787:Wayback Machine
7777:
7773:
7767:Wayback Machine
7758:
7754:
7744:
7742:
7737:
7736:
7732:
7722:
7720:
7705:
7701:
7687:
7685:
7670:
7666:
7656:
7654:
7639:
7632:
7626:Wayback Machine
7616:
7612:
7606:Wayback Machine
7597:
7593:
7587:Wayback Machine
7578:
7574:
7564:
7562:
7553:
7552:
7548:
7544:, 7β9 May 2009.
7538:Wayback Machine
7528:
7524:
7515:Wayback Machine
7506:
7502:
7496:Wayback Machine
7487:
7483:
7468:
7466:
7465:on 4 March 2016
7462:
7451:
7445:
7441:
7428:
7424:
7387:
7383:
7373:
7371:
7356:
7352:
7346:Wayback Machine
7337:
7333:
7327:Wayback Machine
7317:
7313:
7307:Wayback Machine
7297:
7293:
7283:
7281:
7272:
7271:
7267:
7257:
7255:
7243:
7239:
7233:Wayback Machine
7223:
7219:
7214:Wayback Machine
7203:
7199:
7191:
7187:
7179:
7175:
7167:
7160:
7150:
7148:
7146:TheAtlantic.com
7138:
7134:
7124:
7122:
7109:
7108:
7104:
7054:
7050:
7040:Wayback Machine
7030:
7026:
7020:Wayback Machine
7011:
7007:
7001:Wayback Machine
6992:
6988:
6978:
6976:
6969:
6961:
6957:
6947:
6945:
6935:
6924:
6918:Wayback Machine
6908:
6904:
6894:Wayback Machine
6884:
6880:
6870:Wayback Machine
6861:
6857:
6826:
6822:
6816:Wayback Machine
6806:
6802:
6792:Wayback Machine
6783:D. Lear et al,
6782:
6778:
6768:Wayback Machine
6758:
6754:
6745:
6741:
6735:Wayback Machine
6725:
6718:
6683:
6679:
6669:
6667:
6657:
6653:
6644:Wayback Machine
6634:
6627:
6617:
6615:
6602:
6601:
6597:
6587:
6585:
6575:
6571:
6561:
6559:
6548:
6544:
6538:Wayback Machine
6528:
6524:
6513:
6509:
6499:
6497:
6486:
6482:
6472:Wayback Machine
6462:
6458:
6452:Wayback Machine
6442:
6438:
6428:
6426:
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6408:
6398:
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6370:
6366:
6319:
6313:
6309:
6299:
6297:
6289:
6288:
6284:
6253:
6249:
6239:
6237:
6222:
6215:
6205:
6203:
6193:
6189:
6179:
6177:
6167:
6163:
6153:
6151:
6136:
6132:
6122:Wayback Machine
6112:
6108:
6102:Wayback Machine
6093:
6089:
6079:
6077:
6069:
6068:
6064:
6054:Wayback Machine
6044:
6040:
6030:
6028:
6020:
6019:
6015:
6005:
6003:
5992:
5988:
5979:Wayback Machine
5969:
5962:
5949:
5945:
5940:
5936:
5926:
5924:
5919:
5918:
5914:
5904:
5902:
5892:
5888:
5878:
5876:
5867:
5866:
5862:
5852:
5850:
5841:
5840:
5836:
5826:
5824:
5820:
5813:
5809:
5808:
5804:
5794:
5792:
5780:
5776:
5766:
5764:
5752:
5746:
5742:
5732:
5730:
5721:
5720:
5716:
5707:Wayback Machine
5698:
5694:
5685:Wayback Machine
5675:
5671:
5665:Wayback Machine
5656:
5652:
5642:Wayback Machine
5633:
5626:
5620:Wayback Machine
5610:
5606:
5599:
5583:
5579:
5570:
5566:
5559:
5541:
5537:
5529:
5525:
5515:
5513:
5504:
5497:
5484:
5482:
5475:
5471:
5457:
5455:
5444:
5440:
5430:
5428:
5418:
5414:
5405:
5398:
5388:
5386:
5385:. 13 April 2015
5377:
5376:
5372:
5362:
5360:
5356:
5355:
5351:
5341:
5339:
5330:
5329:
5325:
5317:
5313:
5303:
5301:
5292:
5291:
5287:
5277:
5275:
5266:
5265:
5261:
5250:
5243:
5237:Wayback Machine
5224:
5220:
5212:
5208:
5200:
5196:
5157:
5150:
5127:
5123:
5112:
5108:
5085:
5081:
5071:
5069:
5062:
5058:
5048:
5046:
5039:
5023:
5014:
5006:
5002:
4986:
4985:
4961:
4957:
4947:Wayback Machine
4938:Lisa Grossman,
4937:
4933:
4923:
4921:
4910:
4906:
4896:
4894:
4890:
4883:
4879:
4878:
4874:
4864:
4862:
4853:
4852:
4848:
4841:
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4823:
4813:
4811:
4801:
4797:
4789:
4785:
4776:Wayback Machine
4767:
4763:
4753:
4751:
4739:
4732:
4720:
4714:
4703:
4697:
4696:
4692:
4682:
4680:
4663:
4662:
4658:
4648:
4646:
4642:
4627:
4623:
4622:
4618:
4609:Wayback Machine
4600:
4596:
4586:
4584:
4573:
4564:
4554:
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4543:
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4538:
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4516:
4512:
4504:
4500:
4483:
4479:
4469:Wayback Machine
4459:
4455:
4446:Wayback Machine
4436:
4432:
4426:Wayback Machine
4417:
4413:
4409:, 3 April 2009.
4401:
4397:
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4226:Wayback Machine
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3560:
3558:
3545:
3544:
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3532:
3527:
3522:
3442:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3402:In season 1 of
3380:
3325:
3292:Privateer Space
3269:
3232:
3196:
3184:South Australia
3174:
3162:
3145:
3117:
3109:electroadhesion
3063:
2983:
2963:
2939:
2934:
2907:
2807:
2801:
2683:
2636:
2612:
2523:
2510:radars and the
2461:
2456:
2450:
2429:
2423:
2407:low Earth orbit
2387:
2381:
2353:
2335:
2325:
2314:
2307:
2248:
2209:
2203:
2194:
2106:Whipple shields
2090:
2082:passing through
2067:
2045:
2034:
1935:
1931:Main category:
1929:
1797:
1793:Main category:
1791:
1767:Sunita Williams
1751:Michael Collins
1732:thermal blanket
1724:
1710:, the American
1622:
1618:Main category:
1616:
1612:Main category:
1610:
1608:Dead spacecraft
1605:
1593:graveyard orbit
1509:
1416:
1414:Low Earth orbit
1404:
1399:
1372:
1297:
1251:launch vehicles
1209:
1145:micrometeoroids
1078:space pollution
1072:(also known as
1063:
1025:
1023:
1011:
1004:
1003:
903:
895:
894:
868:
860:
859:
795:Pharmaceuticals
775:Nonpoint source
715:
705:
704:
673:Nuclear fallout
646:
636:
635:
606:
596:
595:
586:
576:
575:
566:
558:
557:
543:Packaging waste
508:Hazardous waste
468:
460:
459:
420:
410:
409:
380:Nuclear fallout
375:Nuclear fission
355:
345:
344:
310:
300:
299:
275:
267:
266:
240:
238:Electromagnetic
230:
229:
220:
212:
211:
185:
175:
174:
145:Ozone depletion
90:
80:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
18546:
18536:
18535:
18530:
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18329:
18317:
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18171:
18159:
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18140:
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17793:
17781:
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17757:
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17690:
17678:
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17506:
17502:
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17420:
17419:
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17382:
17370:
17358:
17346:
17334:
17321:
17319:
17315:
17314:
17312:
17311:
17299:
17287:
17275:
17263:
17251:
17238:
17236:
17235:Southeast Asia
17232:
17231:
17229:
17228:
17216:
17204:
17203:
17202:
17197:
17192:
17175:
17162:
17160:
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17140:
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17037:
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16906:
16905:
16902:
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16898:
16897:
16896:
16879:
16867:
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16855:
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16802:
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16781:
16780:
16778:
16777:
16765:
16753:
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16715:
16698:
16686:
16673:
16671:
16664:
16660:
16659:
16656:
16655:
16653:
16652:
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16604:
16603:
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16572:
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16562:
16557:
16551:
16549:
16540:
16536:
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16482:
16477:
16472:
16467:
16462:
16457:
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16442:
16437:
16432:
16431:
16430:
16425:
16420:
16415:
16410:
16400:
16394:
16392:
16390:Space advocacy
16386:
16385:
16382:
16381:
16379:
16378:
16373:
16368:
16363:
16358:
16353:
16348:
16343:
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16326:
16316:
16311:
16305:
16303:
16297:
16296:
16294:
16293:
16292:
16291:
16279:
16277:United Kingdom
16267:
16256:
16244:
16232:
16220:
16206:Space commands
16203:
16202:
16201:
16196:
16184:
16183:
16182:
16177:
16160:
16158:United Kingdom
16148:
16136:
16124:
16112:
16100:
16088:
16076:
16064:
16052:
16040:
16028:
16027:
16026:
16021:
16006:
15994:
15982:
15970:
15958:
15946:
15934:
15916:
15914:
15903:
15901:Militarisation
15897:
15896:
15894:
15893:
15892:
15891:
15886:
15885:
15884:
15874:
15869:
15859:
15854:
15849:
15844:
15843:
15842:
15837:
15832:
15820:
15818:United Kingdom
15808:
15796:
15782:Space industry
15778:
15776:
15774:Commercial use
15770:
15769:
15767:
15766:
15763:
15758:
15753:
15748:
15747:
15746:
15744:IPDA standards
15741:
15731:
15729:CEOS standards
15726:
15721:
15716:
15711:
15706:
15701:
15696:
15691:
15685:
15679:
15673:
15668:
15662:
15656:
15650:
15644:
15638:
15632:
15626:
15620:
15614:
15608:
15602:
15595:
15593:
15587:
15586:
15584:
15583:
15578:
15573:
15568:
15563:
15558:
15553:
15548:
15543:
15538:
15533:
15528:
15523:
15518:
15513:
15512:
15511:
15501:
15496:
15491:
15485:
15483:
15477:
15476:
15474:
15473:
15468:
15463:
15462:
15461:
15456:
15446:
15441:
15435:
15433:
15432:United Nations
15429:
15428:
15426:
15425:
15424:
15423:
15413:
15408:
15403:
15402:
15401:
15391:
15386:
15381:
15376:
15371:
15366:
15361:
15356:
15350:
15348:
15347:Other policies
15344:
15343:
15340:
15339:
15336:
15335:
15333:
15332:
15331:
15330:
15325:
15323:MARS-500 study
15317:
15312:
15307:
15300:
15298:
15294:
15293:
15291:
15290:
15285:
15279:
15277:
15273:
15272:
15270:
15269:
15268:
15267:
15262:
15257:
15246:
15240:
15238:
15231:
15225:
15224:
15221:
15220:
15218:
15217:
15210:
15208:
15204:
15203:
15201:
15200:
15194:
15188:
15182:
15179:Salyut program
15176:
15170:
15163:
15161:
15157:
15156:
15154:
15153:
15147:
15141:
15135:
15132:Vostok program
15129:
15128:
15127:
15124:Sputnik crisis
15115:
15113:
15109:
15108:
15106:
15105:
15104:
15103:
15091:
15089:
15082:
15069:
15065:
15064:
15061:
15060:
15058:
15057:
15056:
15055:
15050:
15045:
15040:
15035:
15025:
15020:
15015:
15010:
15009:
15008:
14998:
14993:
14991:Budget of NASA
14988:
14983:
14978:
14972:
14969:
14968:
14966:
14965:
14960:
14955:
14950:
14945:
14939:
14937:
14929:
14928:
14926:
14925:
14923:2015 Space Act
14920:
14915:
14910:
14905:
14900:
14895:
14890:
14885:
14880:
14875:
14870:
14865:
14859:
14857:
14849:
14848:
14846:
14845:
14840:
14835:
14830:
14825:
14820:
14815:
14809:Space Shuttle
14806:
14801:
14795:
14793:
14789:George W. Bush
14785:
14784:
14782:
14781:
14776:
14771:
14769:1998 Space Act
14766:
14761:
14760:
14759:
14758:
14757:
14747:
14737:
14732:
14724:
14722:
14714:
14713:
14711:
14710:
14705:
14700:
14695:
14689:
14687:
14679:
14678:
14676:
14675:
14670:
14665:
14659:Space Shuttle
14656:
14651:
14649:1984 Space Act
14646:
14641:
14636:
14631:
14625:
14623:
14615:
14614:
14612:
14611:
14608:
14606:
14598:
14597:
14595:
14594:
14589:
14583:
14581:
14573:
14572:
14570:
14569:
14564:
14559:
14554:
14548:
14546:
14538:
14537:
14535:
14534:
14528:
14526:
14518:
14517:
14515:
14514:
14507:
14502:
14497:
14491:
14489:
14481:
14480:
14478:
14477:
14472:
14467:
14462:
14457:
14456:
14455:
14445:
14438:
14436:Sputnik crisis
14433:
14428:
14422:
14420:
14412:
14411:
14409:
14408:
14403:
14398:
14393:
14392:
14391:
14380:
14378:
14367:
14361:
14360:
14358:
14357:
14356:
14355:
14343:
14337:
14332:
14327:
14321:
14315:
14309:
14304:
14298:
14292:
14286:
14279:
14277:
14269:
14268:
14266:
14265:
14264:
14263:
14261:Mission Shakti
14253:
14248:
14243:
14237:
14235:
14231:
14230:
14228:
14227:
14222:
14217:
14212:
14211:
14210:
14200:
14195:
14190:
14189:
14188:
14178:
14169:
14164:
14159:
14154:
14149:
14144:
14143:
14142:
14131:
14129:
14126:Other European
14123:
14122:
14120:
14119:
14114:
14109:
14104:
14099:
14094:
14093:
14092:
14091:
14090:
14085:
14080:
14075:
14064:
14061:
14053:
14048:
14042:
14035:
14033:
14027:
14026:
14023:
14022:
14020:
14019:
14014:
14009:
14004:
13999:
13994:
13989:
13984:
13979:
13974:
13968:
13966:
13959:
13958:
13956:
13955:
13948:
13943:
13936:
13935:
13934:
13923:
13921:
13917:
13916:
13914:
13913:
13906:
13899:
13894:
13887:
13879:
13874:
13869:
13868:
13867:
13853:
13847:
13845:
13838:
13837:
13836:
13835:
13834:
13833:
13828:
13823:
13821:MARS-500 study
13818:
13810:
13808:ESA Television
13805:
13804:
13803:
13802:
13801:
13791:
13781:
13776:
13771:
13765:
13759:
13754:
13753:
13752:
13742:
13737:
13731:
13725:
13720:
13715:
13714:
13713:
13703:
13698:
13697:
13696:
13686:
13681:
13670:
13664:
13663:
13662:
13649:
13647:
13641:
13640:
13638:
13637:
13636:
13635:
13633:MARS-500 study
13630:
13619:
13613:
13612:
13611:
13606:
13596:
13580:
13579:
13578:
13567:
13561:
13554:
13552:
13544:
13543:
13541:
13540:
13535:
13530:
13525:
13520:
13515:
13514:
13513:
13508:
13506:Sputnik crisis
13497:
13495:
13489:
13488:
13486:
13485:
13484:
13483:
13482:
13481:
13471:
13466:
13458:
13453:
13448:
13447:
13446:
13441:
13431:
13426:
13421:
13415:
13412:
13411:
13404:
13403:
13396:
13389:
13381:
13372:
13371:
13369:
13368:
13363:
13358:
13352:
13350:
13346:
13345:
13343:
13342:
13337:
13332:
13330:Near-parabolic
13327:
13322:
13317:
13312:
13307:
13302:
13296:
13294:
13288:
13287:
13284:
13283:
13281:
13280:
13279:
13278:
13276:Scattered disc
13273:
13268:
13263:
13253:
13248:
13247:
13246:
13244:Neptune trojan
13241:
13233:
13231:
13225:
13224:
13222:
13221:
13219:Spectral types
13216:
13211:
13209:Jupiter trojan
13206:
13201:
13196:
13191:
13185:
13183:
13177:
13176:
13174:
13173:
13168:
13163:
13158:
13153:
13147:
13141:
13135:
13134:
13127:
13126:
13119:
13112:
13104:
13095:
13094:
13092:
13091:
13086:
13081:
13075:
13073:
13072:Related topics
13069:
13068:
13066:
13065:
13058:
13056:
13050:
13049:
13047:
13046:
13041:
13039:Ring of Haumea
13036:
13031:
13025:
13023:
13017:
13016:
13014:
13013:
13008:
13001:Rings of Earth
12998:
12993:
12988:
12983:
12977:
12975:
12969:
12968:
12961:
12960:
12953:
12946:
12938:
12929:
12928:
12869:
12866:
12865:
12863:
12862:
12857:
12852:
12848:
12844:
12839:
12837:Law by country
12834:
12828:
12826:
12820:
12819:
12817:
12816:
12811:
12806:
12801:
12796:
12791:
12786:
12781:
12775:
12773:
12769:
12768:
12766:
12765:
12760:
12755:
12750:
12745:
12740:
12735:
12730:
12724:
12722:
12718:
12717:
12715:
12714:
12709:
12708:
12707:
12702:
12691:
12689:
12685:
12684:
12682:
12681:
12676:
12671:
12666:
12661:
12659:Surface runoff
12656:
12651:
12646:
12641:
12640:
12639:
12634:
12624:
12619:
12614:
12609:
12604:
12599:
12594:
12589:
12584:
12583:
12582:
12572:
12567:
12562:
12557:
12552:
12547:
12545:Eutrophication
12542:
12537:
12532:
12526:
12524:
12518:
12517:
12515:
12514:
12509:
12504:
12502:Scorched earth
12499:
12496:nuclear winter
12492:nuclear famine
12481:
12471:
12465:
12463:
12457:
12456:
12454:
12453:
12448:
12443:
12438:
12433:
12427:
12425:
12419:
12418:
12416:
12415:
12409:
12407:
12401:
12400:
12398:
12397:
12396:
12395:
12390:
12380:
12375:
12370:
12369:
12368:
12358:
12353:
12352:
12351:
12341:
12340:
12339:
12337:Uranium mining
12334:
12329:
12324:
12322:Surface mining
12319:
12314:
12304:
12299:
12298:
12297:
12287:
12286:
12285:
12280:
12275:
12273:Lead poisoning
12270:
12265:
12263:Chemical waste
12260:
12250:
12245:
12240:
12235:
12234:
12233:
12223:
12218:
12213:
12207:
12205:
12201:
12200:
12198:
12197:
12192:
12187:
12182:
12177:
12175:Bioremediation
12172:
12167:
12166:
12165:
12160:
12155:
12144:
12142:
12136:
12135:
12133:
12132:
12127:
12122:
12117:
12112:
12107:
12102:
12097:
12092:
12090:Bioremediation
12087:
12081:
12079:
12073:
12072:
12070:
12069:
12064:
12061:
12058:
12055:
12054:
12053:
12043:
12038:
12037:
12036:
12031:
12026:
12021:
12016:
12011:Transportation
12007:
12005:
11999:
11998:
11996:
11995:
11990:
11985:
11980:
11974:
11972:
11968:
11967:
11965:
11964:
11959:
11958:
11957:
11952:
11941:
11939:
11933:
11932:
11930:
11929:
11923:
11921:
11917:
11916:
11914:
11913:
11912:
11911:
11901:
11896:
11890:
11888:
11882:
11881:
11879:
11878:
11873:
11868:
11867:
11866:
11856:
11855:
11854:
11844:
11839:
11834:
11833:
11832:
11827:
11822:
11817:
11812:
11802:
11797:
11792:
11787:
11785:Global dimming
11782:
11777:
11772:
11771:
11770:
11760:
11759:
11758:
11756:Diesel exhaust
11748:
11743:
11742:
11741:
11731:
11730:
11729:
11724:
11719:
11714:
11704:
11699:
11694:
11689:
11683:
11681:
11675:
11674:
11669:
11666:
11665:
11658:
11657:
11650:
11643:
11635:
11626:
11625:
11611:
11608:
11607:
11604:
11603:
11601:
11600:
11595:
11590:
11585:
11584:
11583:
11582:
11581:
11579:for spacecraft
11576:
11568:
11563:
11555:
11550:
11545:
11539:
11537:
11533:
11532:
11530:
11529:
11524:
11519:
11518:
11517:
11507:
11502:
11497:
11491:
11489:
11480:
11474:
11473:
11471:
11470:
11465:
11460:
11455:
11450:
11445:
11444:
11443:
11433:
11428:
11423:
11418:
11413:
11408:
11403:
11402:
11401:
11396:
11386:
11381:
11376:
11371:
11370:
11369:
11364:
11356:
11351:
11345:
11343:
11339:
11338:
11336:
11335:
11334:
11333:
11323:
11318:
11313:
11308:
11303:
11297:
11295:
11289:
11288:
11281:
11279:
11276:
11275:
11273:
11272:
11271:
11270:
11260:
11258:Microorganisms
11255:
11250:
11249:
11248:
11243:
11238:
11233:
11228:
11223:
11218:
11207:
11205:
11201:
11200:
11198:
11197:
11192:
11187:
11186:
11185:
11175:
11170:
11165:
11160:
11155:
11153:The human body
11149:
11147:
11138:
11134:
11133:
11126:
11125:
11118:
11111:
11103:
11097:
11094:
11093:
11083:
11082:
11078:Astronomy Cast
11071:
11066:
11061:
11056:
11050:
11048:
11047:External links
11045:
11043:
11042:
11032:
11026:
11011:
10997:
10988:
10971:
10965:
10958:
10951:
10938:
10937:
10936:
10909:
10890:
10880:
10878:
10875:
10873:
10872:
10856:
10831:
10811:
10786:
10742:
10698:
10654:
10628:
10579:
10575:10.2514/1.9161
10561:(2): 174β185.
10550:
10543:
10526:
10524:
10521:
10518:
10517:
10486:
10474:The Science Of
10460:
10434:
10398:
10372:
10346:
10320:
10294:
10267:
10241:
10215:
10189:
10163:
10104:
10049:
10020:
9994:
9968:
9950:
9923:(3): 154β160.
9900:
9878:
9856:
9829:
9803:
9776:(2): 105β111.
9753:
9723:
9671:
9644:(4): 568β573.
9624:
9580:
9549:
9527:
9499:
9468:
9448:
9406:
9380:
9350:
9320:
9290:
9264:
9238:
9212:
9181:
9162:
9143:
9117:
9093:
9070:
9050:
9026:
9009:
8992:
8961:
8941:
8915:
8897:
8870:
8853:Cleanspace One
8840:
8814:
8795:
8776:(1): 110β118.
8760:
8729:
8710:
8701:
8675:
8660:
8625:
8599:
8569:
8538:
8508:
8488:
8468:
8435:
8416:
8396:
8370:
8337:
8311:
8287:
8256:
8225:
8196:
8172:
8149:(3): 168β174.
8129:
8094:
8063:
8044:
8015:
7975:
7943:
7909:
7898:. 18 July 2013
7883:
7852:
7830:
7795:
7771:
7752:
7730:
7699:
7664:
7630:
7610:
7591:
7572:
7546:
7522:
7500:
7481:
7439:
7422:
7381:
7350:
7331:
7311:
7291:
7265:
7237:
7217:
7197:
7185:
7173:
7158:
7132:
7102:
7065:(4): 428β435.
7048:
7024:
7005:
6986:
6955:
6922:
6902:
6878:
6855:
6820:
6800:
6776:
6752:
6739:
6716:
6677:
6651:
6625:
6595:
6569:
6542:
6522:
6507:
6496:on 17 May 2019
6480:
6456:
6436:
6425:on 7 June 2013
6406:
6380:
6307:
6282:
6247:
6213:
6187:
6161:
6130:
6106:
6087:
6062:
6045:Brian Burger,
6038:
6013:
5986:
5970:David Wright,
5960:
5943:
5934:
5923:. 2 April 2017
5912:
5886:
5860:
5834:
5802:
5774:
5740:
5714:
5692:
5669:
5650:
5624:
5604:
5597:
5577:
5564:
5557:
5535:
5523:
5495:
5469:
5438:
5412:
5396:
5370:
5349:
5323:
5311:
5285:
5259:
5241:
5218:
5216:, p. 152.
5206:
5194:
5148:
5121:
5106:
5079:
5056:
5037:
5012:
5000:
4955:
4931:
4920:on 27 May 2010
4904:
4872:
4846:
4840:978-1881883159
4839:
4821:
4795:
4783:
4761:
4730:
4712:
4690:
4656:
4616:
4594:
4562:
4536:
4510:
4498:
4484:Antony Milne,
4477:
4453:
4430:
4411:
4395:
4382:
4373:
4364:
4347:
4318:
4305:"Space Debris"
4296:
4270:
4230:
4207:
4181:
4169:
4144:
4132:
4106:
4074:
4037:
4002:
3989:
3955:
3923:
3916:
3898:
3883:. 1 May 2022.
3861:
3818:
3788:
3765:
3734:
3727:
3709:
3673:10.1086/466560
3641:
3611:
3604:
3568:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3431:
3428:
3423:Space Sweepers
3397:Alfonso Cuaron
3379:
3376:
3324:
3321:
3268:
3265:
3231:
3228:
3195:
3192:
3173:
3170:
3161:
3158:
3144:
3141:
3116:
3113:
3080:Space Shuttle
3062:
3059:
3035:propellantless
2982:
2979:
2962:
2959:
2906:
2903:
2862:Delta boosters
2852:Increasingly,
2800:
2797:
2682:
2679:
2668:Fatoumata KΓ©bΓ©
2635:
2632:
2628:orbital period
2611:
2608:
2600:impact craters
2522:
2519:
2460:
2457:
2449:
2446:
2425:Main article:
2422:
2419:
2383:Main article:
2380:
2377:
2352:
2349:
2324:
2319:
2289:repair mission
2202:
2199:
2193:
2190:
2124:microsatellite
2089:
2086:
2066:
2063:
2042:micrometeoroid
2033:
2030:
2011:Mission Shakti
1928:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1902:
1899:
1883:
1876:
1862:
1848:Apollo program
1790:
1787:
1723:
1722:Lost equipment
1720:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1508:
1505:
1482:chain reaction
1415:
1412:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1377:
1371:
1368:
1296:
1293:
1208:
1205:
1124:space industry
1065:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1054:
1047:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1021:
1006:
1005:
1000:
999:
998:
997:
989:
988:
984:
983:
982:
981:
976:
971:
966:
964:Law by country
961:
953:
952:
946:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
904:
901:
900:
897:
896:
893:
892:
891:
890:
885:
875:
869:
866:
865:
862:
861:
858:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
835:Surface runoff
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
735:Eutrophication
732:
727:
722:
716:
711:
710:
707:
706:
703:
702:
697:
692:
690:Scorched earth
687:
686:
685:
683:Nuclear winter
680:
678:Nuclear famine
675:
665:
664:
663:
653:
647:
642:
641:
638:
637:
634:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
607:
602:
601:
598:
597:
594:
593:
587:
582:
581:
578:
577:
574:
573:
567:
564:
563:
560:
559:
556:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
469:
466:
465:
462:
461:
458:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
435:Bioremediation
432:
427:
421:
416:
415:
412:
411:
408:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
365:Bioremediation
362:
356:
351:
350:
347:
346:
343:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
315:Transportation
311:
306:
305:
302:
301:
298:
297:
292:
287:
282:
276:
273:
272:
269:
268:
265:
264:
262:Radio spectrum
259:
258:
257:
252:
241:
236:
235:
232:
231:
228:
227:
221:
218:
217:
214:
213:
210:
209:
208:
207:
197:
192:
186:
181:
180:
177:
176:
173:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
130:Global dimming
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
91:
86:
85:
82:
81:
78:
70:
69:
63:
62:
26:
18:Orbital debris
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
18545:
18534:
18531:
18529:
18526:
18524:
18521:
18519:
18516:
18514:
18511:
18509:
18506:
18504:
18501:
18499:
18498:Space hazards
18496:
18494:
18493:Global issues
18491:
18489:
18486:
18485:
18483:
18462:participation
18461:
18457:
18455:
18451:
18449:
18445:
18444:
18441:
18435:
18425:
18423:
18413:
18411:
18401:
18399:
18389:
18387:
18377:
18375:
18365:
18364:
18362:
18358:
18352:
18342:
18340:
18330:
18328:
18318:
18316:
18313:
18311:
18308:
18306:
18303:
18301:
18298:
18296:
18293:
18291:
18288:
18286:
18283:
18281:
18278:
18276:
18273:
18271:
18268:
18266:
18265:Cospas-Sarsat
18263:
18259:
18256:
18255:
18254:
18251:
18249:
18246:
18244:
18241:
18240:
18238:
18234:
18228:
18218:
18214:
18211:
18210:
18209:
18199:
18198:
18196:
18192:
18182:
18172:
18170:
18160:
18156:
18153:
18152:
18151:
18141:
18139:
18129:
18125:
18122:
18120:
18117:
18116:
18115:
18105:
18103:
18093:
18091:
18081:
18079:
18069:
18067:
18057:
18056:
18054:
18050:
18044:
18034:
18032:
18022:
18020:
18010:
18006:
17996:
17995:
17994:
17984:
17982:
17972:
17970:
17960:
17956:
17953:
17951:
17948:
17946:
17943:
17941:
17938:
17936:
17933:
17932:
17931:
17921:
17919:
17909:
17907:
17897:
17895:
17885:
17883:
17873:
17871:
17861:
17859:
17849:
17847:
17837:
17835:
17825:
17823:
17813:
17809:
17806:
17805:
17804:
17794:
17792:
17782:
17780:
17770:
17768:
17758:
17756:
17746:
17744:
17734:
17730:
17727:
17726:
17725:
17715:
17713:
17703:
17701:
17691:
17689:
17679:
17677:
17667:
17663:
17653:
17652:
17651:
17641:
17640:
17638:
17636:
17632:
17628:
17622:
17619:
17617:
17614:
17612:
17609:
17605:
17602:
17598:
17595:
17594:
17593:
17590:
17588:
17585:
17583:
17580:
17578:
17575:
17573:
17570:
17568:
17565:
17563:
17560:
17559:
17558:
17548:
17546:
17543:
17541:
17538:
17534:
17531:
17530:
17529:
17526:
17524:
17520:
17517:
17516:
17514:
17510:
17507:
17503:
17492:
17488:
17478:
17474:
17471:
17470:
17469:
17459:
17455:
17452:
17451:
17450:
17440:
17436:
17433:
17432:
17431:
17421:
17417:
17414:
17413:
17412:
17402:
17398:
17395:
17394:
17393:
17383:
17381:
17371:
17369:
17359:
17357:
17347:
17345:
17335:
17333:
17323:
17322:
17320:
17316:
17310:
17300:
17298:
17288:
17286:
17276:
17274:
17264:
17262:
17252:
17250:
17240:
17239:
17237:
17233:
17227:
17217:
17215:
17205:
17201:
17198:
17196:
17193:
17191:
17188:
17187:
17186:
17176:
17174:
17164:
17163:
17161:
17157:
17151:
17141:
17139:
17129:
17125:
17122:
17120:
17117:
17116:
17115:
17105:
17103:
17093:
17091:
17081:
17079:
17069:
17065:
17062:
17061:
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17050:
17046:
17043:
17041:
17038:
17033:
17031:
17028:
17026:
17023:
17021:
17018:
17017:
17016:
17013:
17011:
17008:
17007:
17006:
16996:
16995:
16993:
16989:
16983:
16973:
16969:
16966:
16964:
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16960:
16959:
16949:
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16921:
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16918:
16914:
16911:
16907:
16895:
16892:
16891:
16890:
16880:
16878:
16868:
16864:
16861:
16859:
16856:
16854:
16851:
16850:
16849:
16839:
16837:
16827:
16825:
16815:
16813:
16803:
16801:
16791:
16790:
16788:
16784:Latin America
16782:
16776:
16766:
16764:
16754:
16752:
16742:
16740:
16730:
16728:
16718:
16714:
16711:
16710:
16709:
16699:
16697:
16687:
16685:
16675:
16674:
16672:
16670:North America
16668:
16665:
16661:
16651:
16641:
16639:
16629:
16627:
16617:
16615:
16605:
16601:
16598:
16597:
16596:
16586:
16584:
16574:
16573:
16571:
16567:
16561:
16558:
16556:
16553:
16552:
16550:
16544:
16541:
16537:
16533:
16526:
16521:
16519:
16514:
16512:
16507:
16506:
16503:
16491:
16488:
16486:
16483:
16481:
16478:
16476:
16473:
16471:
16468:
16466:
16463:
16461:
16458:
16456:
16453:
16451:
16448:
16446:
16443:
16441:
16438:
16436:
16433:
16429:
16426:
16424:
16421:
16419:
16416:
16414:
16411:
16409:
16406:
16405:
16404:
16401:
16399:
16396:
16395:
16393:
16391:
16387:
16377:
16374:
16372:
16369:
16367:
16364:
16362:
16359:
16357:
16354:
16352:
16349:
16347:
16344:
16340:
16339:United States
16337:
16335:
16332:
16330:
16327:
16325:
16322:
16321:
16320:
16317:
16315:
16312:
16310:
16307:
16306:
16304:
16302:
16301:Space warfare
16298:
16290:
16289:United States
16285:
16280:
16278:
16273:
16268:
16266:
16261:
16257:
16255:
16250:
16245:
16243:
16238:
16233:
16231:
16226:
16221:
16219:
16214:
16209:
16208:
16207:
16204:
16200:
16197:
16195:
16190:
16185:
16181:
16178:
16176:
16173:
16172:
16171:
16170:United States
16166:
16161:
16159:
16154:
16149:
16147:
16142:
16137:
16135:
16130:
16125:
16123:
16118:
16113:
16111:
16106:
16101:
16099:
16094:
16089:
16087:
16082:
16077:
16075:
16070:
16065:
16063:
16058:
16053:
16051:
16046:
16041:
16039:
16034:
16029:
16025:
16022:
16020:
16017:
16016:
16012:
16007:
16005:
16000:
15995:
15993:
15988:
15983:
15981:
15976:
15971:
15969:
15964:
15959:
15957:
15952:
15947:
15945:
15940:
15935:
15933:
15928:
15923:
15922:
15921:
15918:
15917:
15915:
15913:
15910:Space forces,
15907:
15904:
15902:
15898:
15890:
15887:
15883:
15880:
15879:
15878:
15875:
15873:
15870:
15868:
15865:
15864:
15863:
15860:
15858:
15855:
15853:
15850:
15848:
15847:Space tourism
15845:
15841:
15838:
15836:
15833:
15831:
15830:United States
15826:
15821:
15819:
15814:
15809:
15807:
15802:
15797:
15795:
15790:
15785:
15784:
15783:
15780:
15779:
15777:
15775:
15771:
15764:
15762:
15759:
15757:
15756:GEO standards
15754:
15752:
15751:GSC standards
15749:
15745:
15742:
15740:
15737:
15736:
15735:
15732:
15730:
15727:
15725:
15722:
15720:
15717:
15715:
15712:
15710:
15707:
15705:
15702:
15700:
15697:
15695:
15692:
15689:
15686:
15683:
15680:
15677:
15674:
15672:
15669:
15666:
15663:
15660:
15657:
15654:
15651:
15648:
15645:
15642:
15639:
15636:
15633:
15630:
15627:
15624:
15621:
15618:
15615:
15612:
15609:
15606:
15603:
15600:
15597:
15596:
15594:
15592:
15588:
15582:
15579:
15577:
15574:
15572:
15569:
15567:
15564:
15562:
15559:
15557:
15554:
15552:
15549:
15547:
15544:
15542:
15539:
15537:
15534:
15532:
15529:
15527:
15524:
15522:
15519:
15517:
15514:
15510:
15507:
15506:
15505:
15502:
15500:
15497:
15495:
15492:
15490:
15487:
15486:
15484:
15478:
15472:
15469:
15467:
15464:
15460:
15457:
15455:
15452:
15451:
15450:
15447:
15445:
15442:
15440:
15437:
15436:
15434:
15430:
15422:
15419:
15418:
15417:
15414:
15412:
15409:
15407:
15404:
15400:
15397:
15396:
15395:
15392:
15390:
15387:
15385:
15382:
15380:
15377:
15375:
15372:
15370:
15367:
15365:
15362:
15360:
15357:
15355:
15352:
15351:
15349:
15345:
15329:
15326:
15324:
15321:
15320:
15318:
15316:
15313:
15311:
15308:
15305:
15302:
15301:
15299:
15295:
15289:
15286:
15284:
15281:
15280:
15278:
15274:
15266:
15263:
15261:
15260:ISS programme
15258:
15256:
15253:
15252:
15250:
15247:
15245:
15242:
15241:
15239:
15235:
15232:
15230:
15226:
15215:
15212:
15211:
15209:
15205:
15198:
15195:
15192:
15191:Buran program
15189:
15186:
15183:
15180:
15177:
15174:
15171:
15168:
15167:Soyuz program
15165:
15164:
15162:
15158:
15151:
15148:
15145:
15142:
15139:
15136:
15133:
15130:
15125:
15122:
15121:
15120:
15117:
15116:
15114:
15110:
15102:
15099:
15098:
15096:
15093:
15092:
15090:
15086:
15083:
15081:
15073:
15070:
15066:
15054:
15051:
15049:
15046:
15044:
15041:
15039:
15036:
15034:
15031:
15030:
15029:
15026:
15024:
15021:
15019:
15016:
15014:
15011:
15007:
15004:
15003:
15002:
14999:
14997:
14994:
14992:
14989:
14987:
14984:
14982:
14979:
14977:
14974:
14973:
14970:
14964:
14961:
14959:
14956:
14954:
14951:
14949:
14946:
14944:
14941:
14940:
14938:
14936:
14930:
14924:
14921:
14919:
14918:2014 NASA Act
14916:
14914:
14911:
14909:
14906:
14904:
14901:
14899:
14898:2010 NASA Act
14896:
14894:
14891:
14889:
14888:Flexible path
14886:
14884:
14881:
14879:
14876:
14874:
14871:
14869:
14866:
14864:
14861:
14860:
14858:
14856:
14850:
14844:
14841:
14839:
14836:
14834:
14833:2005 NASA Act
14831:
14829:
14826:
14824:
14821:
14819:
14816:
14814:
14812:
14807:
14805:
14802:
14800:
14797:
14796:
14794:
14792:
14786:
14780:
14777:
14775:
14772:
14770:
14767:
14765:
14762:
14756:
14753:
14752:
14751:
14750:ISS programme
14748:
14746:
14743:
14742:
14741:
14738:
14736:
14733:
14731:
14730:
14726:
14725:
14723:
14721:
14715:
14709:
14706:
14704:
14701:
14699:
14696:
14694:
14691:
14690:
14688:
14686:
14680:
14674:
14671:
14669:
14668:Rogers Report
14666:
14664:
14662:
14657:
14655:
14652:
14650:
14647:
14645:
14642:
14640:
14637:
14635:
14632:
14630:
14627:
14626:
14624:
14622:
14616:
14610:
14609:
14607:
14605:
14599:
14593:
14590:
14588:
14585:
14584:
14582:
14580:
14574:
14568:
14565:
14563:
14560:
14558:
14555:
14553:
14550:
14549:
14547:
14545:
14539:
14533:
14530:
14529:
14527:
14525:
14519:
14512:
14508:
14506:
14503:
14501:
14498:
14496:
14493:
14492:
14490:
14488:
14482:
14476:
14473:
14471:
14468:
14466:
14463:
14461:
14458:
14454:
14451:
14450:
14449:
14448:1958 NASA Act
14446:
14444:
14443:
14439:
14437:
14434:
14432:
14429:
14427:
14424:
14423:
14421:
14419:
14413:
14407:
14404:
14402:
14399:
14397:
14394:
14390:
14387:
14386:
14385:
14382:
14381:
14379:
14377:
14371:
14368:
14366:
14362:
14354:
14353:
14349:
14348:
14347:
14344:
14341:
14338:
14336:
14333:
14331:
14328:
14325:
14322:
14319:
14316:
14313:
14310:
14308:
14305:
14302:
14299:
14296:
14293:
14290:
14287:
14284:
14281:
14280:
14278:
14276:
14270:
14262:
14259:
14258:
14257:
14254:
14252:
14249:
14247:
14244:
14242:
14239:
14238:
14236:
14232:
14226:
14223:
14221:
14218:
14216:
14213:
14209:
14206:
14205:
14204:
14201:
14199:
14196:
14194:
14191:
14187:
14184:
14183:
14182:
14179:
14177:
14173:
14170:
14168:
14165:
14163:
14160:
14158:
14155:
14153:
14150:
14148:
14145:
14141:
14138:
14137:
14136:
14133:
14132:
14130:
14124:
14118:
14115:
14113:
14110:
14108:
14105:
14103:
14100:
14098:
14095:
14089:
14086:
14084:
14081:
14079:
14076:
14074:
14071:
14070:
14068:
14065:
14062:
14059:
14058:
14057:
14054:
14052:
14049:
14046:
14043:
14040:
14037:
14036:
14034:
14032:
14028:
14018:
14015:
14013:
14010:
14008:
14005:
14003:
14000:
13998:
13995:
13993:
13990:
13988:
13985:
13983:
13980:
13978:
13975:
13973:
13972:Solar Orbiter
13970:
13969:
13967:
13964:
13963:Cosmic Vision
13960:
13954:
13953:
13949:
13947:
13944:
13942:
13941:
13937:
13933:
13930:
13929:
13928:
13927:ISS programme
13925:
13924:
13922:
13918:
13912:
13911:
13907:
13905:
13904:
13900:
13898:
13895:
13893:
13892:
13888:
13886:
13885:
13880:
13878:
13875:
13873:
13870:
13866:
13865:
13861:
13860:
13859:
13858:
13854:
13852:
13849:
13848:
13846:
13842:
13832:
13829:
13827:
13824:
13822:
13819:
13817:
13814:
13813:
13811:
13809:
13806:
13800:
13797:
13796:
13795:
13792:
13790:
13787:
13786:
13785:
13782:
13780:
13777:
13775:
13772:
13769:
13766:
13763:
13760:
13758:
13755:
13751:
13748:
13747:
13746:
13743:
13741:
13738:
13735:
13732:
13729:
13726:
13724:
13721:
13719:
13716:
13712:
13709:
13708:
13707:
13704:
13702:
13699:
13695:
13692:
13691:
13690:
13687:
13685:
13682:
13680:
13677:
13676:
13674:
13671:
13668:
13665:
13660:
13657:
13656:
13654:
13651:
13650:
13648:
13646:
13642:
13634:
13631:
13628:
13625:
13624:
13623:
13620:
13617:
13614:
13610:
13609:Space station
13607:
13605:
13597:
13595:
13587:
13586:
13584:
13581:
13577:
13574:
13573:
13571:
13568:
13565:
13562:
13559:
13556:
13555:
13553:
13551:
13550:space program
13545:
13539:
13536:
13534:
13531:
13529:
13526:
13524:
13521:
13519:
13516:
13512:
13509:
13507:
13504:
13503:
13502:
13499:
13498:
13496:
13494:
13490:
13480:
13477:
13476:
13475:
13472:
13470:
13467:
13465:
13462:
13461:
13459:
13457:
13454:
13452:
13449:
13445:
13442:
13440:
13437:
13436:
13435:
13432:
13430:
13427:
13425:
13422:
13420:
13417:
13416:
13413:
13409:
13402:
13397:
13395:
13390:
13388:
13383:
13382:
13379:
13367:
13364:
13362:
13359:
13357:
13354:
13353:
13351:
13347:
13341:
13338:
13336:
13333:
13331:
13328:
13326:
13323:
13321:
13318:
13316:
13313:
13311:
13308:
13306:
13303:
13301:
13298:
13297:
13295:
13293:
13289:
13277:
13274:
13272:
13269:
13267:
13264:
13262:
13259:
13258:
13257:
13254:
13252:
13249:
13245:
13242:
13240:
13237:
13236:
13235:
13234:
13232:
13230:
13226:
13220:
13217:
13215:
13212:
13210:
13207:
13205:
13202:
13200:
13199:Asteroid belt
13197:
13195:
13194:Aten asteroid
13192:
13190:
13187:
13186:
13184:
13182:
13178:
13172:
13169:
13167:
13164:
13162:
13159:
13157:
13154:
13152:
13149:
13148:
13145:
13142:
13140:
13139:Minor planets
13136:
13132:
13125:
13120:
13118:
13113:
13111:
13106:
13105:
13102:
13090:
13087:
13085:
13082:
13080:
13077:
13076:
13074:
13070:
13064:(unconfirmed)
13063:
13062:Rings of Rhea
13060:
13059:
13057:
13055:
13051:
13045:
13042:
13040:
13037:
13035:
13032:
13030:
13027:
13026:
13024:
13022:
13021:Minor planets
13018:
13012:
13009:
13006:
13002:
12999:
12997:
12994:
12992:
12989:
12987:
12984:
12982:
12979:
12978:
12976:
12974:
12970:
12966:
12959:
12954:
12952:
12947:
12945:
12940:
12939:
12936:
12926:
12916:
12911:
12906:
12898:
12890:
12881:
12877:
12867:
12861:
12858:
12856:
12853:
12851:
12845:
12843:
12840:
12838:
12835:
12833:
12830:
12829:
12827:
12825:
12821:
12815:
12812:
12810:
12807:
12805:
12802:
12800:
12797:
12795:
12792:
12790:
12787:
12785:
12782:
12780:
12777:
12776:
12774:
12770:
12764:
12761:
12759:
12756:
12754:
12751:
12749:
12746:
12744:
12741:
12739:
12736:
12734:
12731:
12729:
12726:
12725:
12723:
12719:
12713:
12710:
12706:
12703:
12701:
12698:
12697:
12696:
12693:
12692:
12690:
12686:
12680:
12679:Water quality
12677:
12675:
12672:
12670:
12667:
12665:
12662:
12660:
12657:
12655:
12652:
12650:
12647:
12645:
12642:
12638:
12635:
12633:
12630:
12629:
12628:
12625:
12623:
12620:
12618:
12615:
12613:
12610:
12608:
12605:
12603:
12600:
12598:
12595:
12593:
12590:
12588:
12585:
12581:
12578:
12577:
12576:
12573:
12571:
12568:
12566:
12563:
12561:
12558:
12556:
12553:
12551:
12548:
12546:
12543:
12541:
12538:
12536:
12533:
12531:
12528:
12527:
12525:
12523:
12519:
12513:
12510:
12508:
12505:
12503:
12500:
12497:
12493:
12489:
12485:
12482:
12479:
12475:
12472:
12470:
12467:
12466:
12464:
12462:
12458:
12452:
12449:
12447:
12444:
12442:
12441:Traffic signs
12439:
12437:
12434:
12432:
12429:
12428:
12426:
12424:
12420:
12414:
12411:
12410:
12408:
12406:
12402:
12394:
12391:
12389:
12386:
12385:
12384:
12381:
12379:
12376:
12374:
12371:
12367:
12366:Microplastics
12364:
12363:
12362:
12359:
12357:
12356:Nanomaterials
12354:
12350:
12347:
12346:
12345:
12342:
12338:
12335:
12333:
12330:
12328:
12325:
12323:
12320:
12318:
12315:
12313:
12310:
12309:
12308:
12305:
12303:
12300:
12296:
12295:Lead smelting
12293:
12292:
12291:
12288:
12284:
12281:
12279:
12276:
12274:
12271:
12269:
12266:
12264:
12261:
12259:
12256:
12255:
12254:
12251:
12249:
12246:
12244:
12241:
12239:
12236:
12232:
12229:
12228:
12227:
12224:
12222:
12219:
12217:
12214:
12212:
12209:
12208:
12206:
12202:
12196:
12193:
12191:
12188:
12186:
12183:
12181:
12178:
12176:
12173:
12171:
12168:
12164:
12161:
12159:
12156:
12154:
12151:
12150:
12149:
12146:
12145:
12143:
12141:
12137:
12131:
12128:
12126:
12123:
12121:
12118:
12116:
12115:Radioactivity
12113:
12111:
12108:
12106:
12103:
12101:
12098:
12096:
12093:
12091:
12088:
12086:
12083:
12082:
12080:
12078:
12074:
12068:
12067:Noise control
12065:
12062:
12059:
12056:
12052:
12049:
12048:
12047:
12044:
12042:
12039:
12035:
12032:
12030:
12027:
12025:
12022:
12020:
12017:
12014:
12013:
12012:
12009:
12008:
12006:
12004:
12000:
11994:
11991:
11989:
11986:
11984:
11981:
11979:
11976:
11975:
11973:
11969:
11963:
11960:
11956:
11953:
11951:
11948:
11947:
11946:
11943:
11942:
11940:
11938:
11934:
11928:
11925:
11924:
11922:
11918:
11910:
11907:
11906:
11905:
11902:
11900:
11897:
11895:
11892:
11891:
11889:
11887:
11883:
11877:
11874:
11872:
11869:
11865:
11862:
11861:
11860:
11857:
11853:
11850:
11849:
11848:
11845:
11843:
11840:
11838:
11835:
11831:
11828:
11826:
11823:
11821:
11818:
11816:
11815:Metal working
11813:
11811:
11808:
11807:
11806:
11803:
11801:
11798:
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11791:
11788:
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11773:
11769:
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11551:
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11548:Manufacturing
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11350:
11347:
11346:
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11340:
11332:
11329:
11328:
11327:
11324:
11322:
11321:Magnetosphere
11319:
11317:
11314:
11312:
11309:
11307:
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11302:
11299:
11298:
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11159:
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11135:
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11112:
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11105:
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11052:
11051:
11040:
11036:
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11023:
11019:
11018:
11012:
11009:
11008:92-1-100813-1
11005:
11001:
10998:
10995:
10994:
10989:
10986:
10985:0-415-27907-0
10982:
10978:
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10819:
10818:
10812:
10799:
10792:
10787:
10779:
10775:
10771:
10767:
10763:
10760:(12): 63β66.
10759:
10755:
10748:
10743:
10735:
10731:
10727:
10723:
10719:
10716:(4): 357β60.
10715:
10711:
10704:
10699:
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10683:
10679:
10675:
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10667:
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10544:0-309-05125-8
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9857:9789264696549
9853:
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9758:
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9680:
9678:
9676:
9667:
9663:
9659:
9655:
9651:
9647:
9643:
9639:
9638:Global Policy
9635:
9628:
9620:
9616:
9612:
9608:
9604:
9600:
9599:Global Policy
9596:
9589:
9587:
9585:
9576:
9572:
9568:
9564:
9560:
9553:
9545:
9541:
9534:
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9121:
9114:
9110:
9107:
9103:
9097:
9081:
9074:
9067:
9063:
9060:
9054:
9047:
9043:
9042:archive.today
9039:
9036:
9030:
9023:
9022:New Scientist
9019:
9013:
9006:
9002:
8999:Ivan Bekey, "
8996:
8980:
8976:
8975:Wired Science
8972:
8965:
8958:
8954:
8951:
8945:
8930:
8926:
8923:Gough, Evan.
8919:
8911:
8907:
8901:
8885:
8881:
8874:
8858:
8854:
8850:
8844:
8828:
8824:
8818:
8811:
8807:
8804:
8799:
8791:
8787:
8783:
8779:
8775:
8771:
8764:
8748:
8744:
8740:
8733:
8726:
8722:
8719:
8714:
8705:
8689:
8685:
8679:
8671:
8664:
8656:
8652:
8648:
8644:
8640:
8636:
8629:
8614:
8610:
8603:
8587:
8583:
8579:
8573:
8557:
8553:
8549:
8542:
8526:
8522:
8518:
8512:
8505:
8501:
8498:
8492:
8485:
8481:
8478:
8472:
8457:
8456:
8451:
8444:
8442:
8440:
8432:
8428:
8425:
8420:
8414:, AIAA, 2002.
8413:
8409:
8406:
8403:Luc Moliner,
8400:
8384:
8380:
8374:
8358:
8354:
8353:
8348:
8341:
8325:
8321:
8315:
8308:
8304:
8300:
8294:
8292:
8275:
8271:
8267:
8260:
8244:
8240:
8236:
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8213:
8206:
8200:
8193:
8189:
8185:
8182:
8176:
8168:
8164:
8160:
8156:
8152:
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8144:
8140:
8133:
8117:
8113:
8112:
8107:
8101:
8099:
8083:
8082:
8077:
8070:
8068:
8059:
8055:
8048:
8033:
8029:
8022:
8020:
8000:
7993:
7992:
7984:
7982:
7980:
7960:
7953:
7947:
7940:
7939:
7926:
7925:
7920:
7913:
7897:
7893:
7887:
7871:
7867:
7861:
7859:
7857:
7849:
7845:
7842:
7837:
7835:
7815:
7808:
7802:
7800:
7792:
7788:
7784:
7781:
7775:
7768:
7764:
7761:
7756:
7741:. 20 May 2024
7740:
7734:
7718:
7714:
7710:
7703:
7696:
7683:
7679:
7675:
7668:
7652:
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7637:
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7627:
7623:
7620:
7614:
7607:
7603:
7600:
7595:
7588:
7584:
7581:
7576:
7560:
7556:
7550:
7543:
7539:
7535:
7532:
7526:
7519:
7516:
7512:
7509:
7504:
7497:
7493:
7490:
7485:
7478:
7461:
7457:
7450:
7447:Klinkrad, H.
7443:
7436:
7432:
7426:
7417:
7412:
7408:
7404:
7401:(1): 99β105.
7400:
7396:
7392:
7385:
7369:
7365:
7361:
7354:
7347:
7343:
7340:
7335:
7328:
7324:
7321:
7315:
7308:
7304:
7301:
7295:
7280:. 2 July 2022
7279:
7278:Paul D. Maley
7275:
7269:
7254:
7253:
7248:
7241:
7234:
7230:
7227:
7221:
7215:
7211:
7207:
7201:
7194:
7193:Gleghorn 1995
7189:
7182:
7177:
7170:
7165:
7163:
7147:
7143:
7136:
7120:
7116:
7112:
7106:
7098:
7094:
7090:
7086:
7082:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7064:
7060:
7052:
7045:
7041:
7037:
7034:
7028:
7021:
7017:
7014:
7009:
7002:
6998:
6995:
6990:
6975:
6968:
6967:
6959:
6944:
6940:
6933:
6931:
6929:
6927:
6919:
6915:
6912:
6909:Henry Nahra,
6906:
6899:
6895:
6891:
6888:
6882:
6875:
6871:
6867:
6864:
6859:
6851:
6847:
6843:
6839:
6835:
6831:
6824:
6817:
6813:
6810:
6804:
6797:
6793:
6789:
6786:
6780:
6773:
6769:
6765:
6762:
6756:
6749:
6743:
6736:
6732:
6729:
6726:Kelly, John.
6723:
6721:
6712:
6708:
6704:
6700:
6696:
6692:
6688:
6681:
6666:
6662:
6655:
6648:
6645:
6641:
6638:
6632:
6630:
6613:
6609:
6605:
6599:
6584:
6580:
6573:
6557:
6554:. space.com.
6553:
6546:
6539:
6535:
6532:
6526:
6519:
6516:
6511:
6495:
6491:
6484:
6477:
6476:New Scientist
6473:
6469:
6466:
6460:
6453:
6449:
6446:
6440:
6424:
6420:
6416:
6410:
6391:
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6349:
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6333:
6329:
6325:
6318:
6311:
6296:
6292:
6286:
6278:
6274:
6270:
6266:
6262:
6258:
6251:
6235:
6232:(in German).
6231:
6227:
6220:
6218:
6202:
6198:
6191:
6176:
6172:
6165:
6149:
6145:
6141:
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6127:
6123:
6119:
6116:
6110:
6103:
6099:
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6076:
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6066:
6059:
6055:
6051:
6048:
6042:
6027:
6023:
6017:
6001:
5997:
5990:
5983:
5980:
5976:
5973:
5967:
5965:
5957:
5956:1-58566-071-X
5953:
5947:
5938:
5922:
5916:
5901:
5897:
5890:
5874:
5870:
5864:
5848:
5844:
5838:
5819:
5812:
5806:
5791:
5790:
5785:
5778:
5762:
5758:
5751:
5744:
5728:
5724:
5718:
5711:
5710:celestrak.com
5708:
5704:
5701:
5696:
5689:
5686:
5682:
5679:
5673:
5666:
5662:
5659:
5654:
5647:
5643:
5639:
5636:
5631:
5629:
5622:for examples.
5621:
5617:
5614:
5608:
5600:
5594:
5590:
5589:
5581:
5574:
5568:
5560:
5554:
5549:
5548:
5539:
5533:, p. 63.
5532:
5527:
5511:
5510:
5502:
5500:
5492:
5480:
5473:
5465:
5453:
5449:
5442:
5427:
5423:
5416:
5409:
5403:
5401:
5384:
5380:
5374:
5359:
5353:
5337:
5333:
5327:
5321:, p. 62.
5320:
5315:
5299:
5295:
5289:
5273:
5269:
5263:
5256:
5253:
5248:
5246:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5227:
5222:
5215:
5214:Gleghorn 1995
5210:
5204:, p. 86.
5203:
5202:Gleghorn 1995
5198:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5155:
5153:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5125:
5118:
5115:
5110:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5083:
5067:
5060:
5044:
5040:
5038:3-540-25448-X
5034:
5030:
5029:
5021:
5019:
5017:
5010:, p. 65.
5009:
5004:
4996:
4990:
4981:
4976:
4972:
4971:
4966:
4959:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4941:
4935:
4919:
4915:
4908:
4889:
4882:
4876:
4860:
4856:
4850:
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4825:
4810:
4806:
4799:
4792:
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4773:
4770:
4765:
4750:
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4726:
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4715:
4709:
4702:
4701:
4694:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4660:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4626:
4620:
4613:
4610:
4606:
4603:
4598:
4582:
4578:
4571:
4569:
4567:
4550:
4546:
4540:
4525:
4524:New Scientist
4521:
4514:
4507:
4506:Gleghorn 1995
4502:
4495:
4494:0-275-97749-8
4491:
4487:
4481:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4463:
4457:
4450:
4447:
4443:
4440:
4434:
4427:
4423:
4420:
4415:
4408:
4405:
4399:
4392:
4386:
4377:
4368:
4362:, p. 50.
4361:
4360:Schefter 1982
4356:
4354:
4352:
4344:
4333:
4329:
4322:
4306:
4300:
4284:
4280:
4274:
4258:
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4227:
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4220:
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4196:
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4185:
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4174:
4158:
4157:celestrak.org
4154:
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3694:
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3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3655:
3651:
3650:Coase, Ronald
3645:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3615:
3607:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3580:
3579:Cosmic Debris
3572:
3556:
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3548:
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3540:
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3516:
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3511:
3509:
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3368:
3366:
3364:
3358:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3347:Long March 3C
3344:
3339:
3333:
3332:Perseverance'
3329:
3320:
3317:
3311:
3309:
3308:Steve Wozniak
3305:
3301:
3297:
3296:Alex Fielding
3293:
3288:
3282:
3279:
3274:
3264:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3240:
3238:
3227:
3225:
3224:Elinor Ostrom
3221:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3209:nonexcludable
3206:
3201:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3176:
3169:
3167:
3157:
3155:
3150:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3129:
3126:
3122:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3061:Laser methods
3058:
3056:
3052:
3047:
3044:
3043:nanosatellite
3040:
3036:
3032:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3008:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2992:
2988:
2978:
2975:
2970:
2966:
2958:
2951:
2948:
2943:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2915:
2913:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2891:orbital decay
2888:
2885:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2858:
2855:
2850:
2847:
2843:
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2830:
2822:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2796:
2793:
2786:
2781:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2764:In 2007, the
2762:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2711:parking orbit
2707:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2687:
2678:
2676:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2655:
2653:
2652:solar minimum
2649:
2648:solar maximum
2640:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2616:scatter plots
2607:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2532:
2527:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2474:liquid mirror
2471:
2466:
2455:
2445:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2418:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2376:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2348:
2346:
2334:
2329:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2306:
2302:
2301:circuit board
2298:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2251:
2250:Space Shuttle
2245:
2243:
2239:
2238:thruster burn
2235:
2231:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2212:
2211:Space Shuttle
2207:
2198:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2135:Ekspress-AM11
2132:
2128:
2125:
2120:
2118:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2099:
2094:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2072:
2065:To spacecraft
2059:
2055:
2054:
2048:
2047:Space Shuttle
2043:
2038:
2029:
2028:environment.
2025:
2023:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2007:Narendra Modi
2003:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1986:
1981:
1978:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1859:
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1855:
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1849:
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1810:
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1796:
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1768:
1764:
1760:
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1748:
1744:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1686:(ASATs), the
1685:
1681:
1680:United States
1675:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1653:
1650:
1645:
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1626:
1621:
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1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1575:
1570:
1567:Although the
1565:
1563:
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1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1513:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1497:space weather
1494:
1490:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1448:orbital plane
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
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1420:
1411:
1408:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1321:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1301:
1295:Debris growth
1292:
1290:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1270:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1232:Pascal B test
1229:
1225:
1217:
1213:
1204:
1203:the station.
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1160:star trackers
1157:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1136:Molniya orbit
1132:
1127:
1125:
1120:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1094:cosmic debris
1091:
1090:space garbage
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1022:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1007:
996:
993:
992:
991:
990:
986:
985:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
956:
955:
954:
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949:
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941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
905:
899:
898:
889:
886:
884:
881:
880:
879:
876:
874:
871:
870:
864:
863:
856:
853:
851:
850:Water quality
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
717:
714:
709:
708:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
670:
669:
666:
662:
659:
658:
657:
654:
652:
649:
648:
645:
640:
639:
632:
629:
627:
626:Traffic signs
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
608:
605:
600:
599:
592:
589:
588:
585:
580:
579:
572:
569:
568:
562:
561:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
533:Nanomaterials
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
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486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
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471:
470:
464:
463:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
422:
419:
414:
413:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
395:Radioactivity
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
357:
354:
349:
348:
341:
340:Soundproofing
338:
336:
335:Noise control
333:
331:
330:Noise barrier
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
312:
309:
304:
303:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
277:
271:
270:
263:
260:
256:
253:
251:
248:
247:
246:
243:
242:
239:
234:
233:
226:
223:
222:
216:
215:
206:
203:
202:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
187:
184:
179:
178:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
92:
89:
84:
83:
76:
72:
71:
68:
65:
64:
60:
56:
55:
48:
44:
40:
39:Cosmik Debris
33:
19:
18488:Space debris
18458:Preceded by
18310:Intersputnik
18155:TΓBΔ°TAK UZAY
17616:EUTELSAT IGO
17512:Pan-European
17473:TΓBΔ°TAK UZAY
16932:Central Asia
16548:and pan-Arab
16423:Moon Society
16418:Mars Society
16351:Kill vehicle
16314:Space weapon
15920:Space forces
15561:Intersputnik
15197:ApolloβSoyuz
14935:space policy
14855:space policy
14810:
14791:space policy
14727:
14720:space policy
14685:space policy
14660:
14621:space policy
14604:space policy
14587:ApolloβSoyuz
14579:space policy
14552:Moon landing
14544:space policy
14524:space policy
14487:space policy
14440:
14418:space policy
14376:space policy
14350:
14312:Project Juno
13950:
13938:
13908:
13901:
13889:
13883:
13862:
13855:
13655:(1960β1975)
13433:
13424:Space policy
13366:Space debris
13365:
13005:space debris
13004:
12965:Ring systems
12758:Point source
12700:Heavy metals
12674:Urban runoff
12654:Sulfur water
12632:Septic tanks
12478:Agent Orange
12404:
12332:Mining waste
12158:Manure waste
11988:Volcanic ash
11864:Black carbon
11820:Oil refining
11805:Particulates
11734:Construction
11612:
11500:Architecture
11384:Colonization
11358:Archaeology
11310:
11173:Neuroscience
11130:... in space
11076:
11016:
10991:
10975:
10954:
10942:
10927:. Retrieved
10923:
10895:
10864:
10847:. Retrieved
10842:
10822:. Retrieved
10816:
10802:. Retrieved
10797:
10778:the original
10757:
10753:
10734:the original
10713:
10709:
10690:the original
10669:
10665:
10640:
10636:
10619:. Retrieved
10594:(2): 62β67.
10591:
10587:
10558:
10554:
10523:Bibliography
10508:. Retrieved
10489:
10477:. Retrieved
10473:
10463:
10451:. Retrieved
10437:
10425:. Retrieved
10411:
10401:
10389:. Retrieved
10384:
10375:
10363:. Retrieved
10359:
10349:
10337:. Retrieved
10334:the Guardian
10333:
10323:
10311:. Retrieved
10307:
10297:
10285:. Retrieved
10280:
10270:
10258:. Retrieved
10254:
10244:
10232:. Retrieved
10228:
10218:
10206:. Retrieved
10202:
10192:
10180:. Retrieved
10176:
10166:
10124:(1): 33β54.
10121:
10117:
10107:
10066:
10063:Space Policy
10062:
10052:
10040:. Retrieved
10036:
10011:. Retrieved
10007:
9997:
9985:. Retrieved
9981:
9971:
9962:
9920:
9917:Space Policy
9916:
9894:
9881:
9869:. Retrieved
9838:
9832:
9820:. Retrieved
9816:
9806:
9773:
9769:
9739:
9693:
9690:Space Policy
9689:
9641:
9637:
9627:
9605:(1): 72β81.
9602:
9598:
9552:
9543:
9539:
9518:. Retrieved
9512:
9502:
9490:. Retrieved
9481:
9471:
9451:
9439:. Retrieved
9423:
9409:
9397:. Retrieved
9383:
9371:. Retrieved
9362:
9353:
9341:. Retrieved
9332:
9323:
9311:. Retrieved
9302:
9293:
9281:. Retrieved
9267:
9255:. Retrieved
9251:
9241:
9229:. Retrieved
9225:
9215:
9203:. Retrieved
9199:the original
9194:
9184:
9165:
9146:
9134:. Retrieved
9130:
9120:
9101:
9096:
9084:. Retrieved
9073:
9053:
9045:
9029:
9021:
9012:
9004:
8995:
8983:. Retrieved
8974:
8964:
8944:
8932:. Retrieved
8928:
8918:
8909:
8900:
8888:. Retrieved
8882:. Phys.org.
8873:
8861:. Retrieved
8852:
8843:
8831:. Retrieved
8817:
8798:
8773:
8769:
8763:
8751:. Retrieved
8747:the original
8732:
8713:
8704:
8692:. Retrieved
8678:
8663:
8641:(2): 46β64.
8638:
8628:
8616:. Retrieved
8602:
8590:. Retrieved
8581:
8572:
8560:. Retrieved
8551:
8541:
8531:16 September
8529:. Retrieved
8520:
8511:
8491:
8471:
8459:. Retrieved
8453:
8433:, agi, 2003.
8419:
8399:
8387:. Retrieved
8373:
8361:. Retrieved
8350:
8340:
8328:. Retrieved
8324:the original
8314:
8278:. Retrieved
8269:
8259:
8247:. Retrieved
8243:the original
8238:
8228:
8216:. Retrieved
8211:
8199:
8191:
8175:
8167:the original
8146:
8142:
8132:
8120:. Retrieved
8111:The Guardian
8109:
8085:. Retrieved
8079:
8058:the original
8047:
8035:. Retrieved
8031:
8006:. Retrieved
7990:
7966:. Retrieved
7946:
7936:
7935:
7928:. Retrieved
7922:
7912:
7900:. Retrieved
7895:
7886:
7874:. Retrieved
7821:. Retrieved
7790:
7774:
7755:
7743:. Retrieved
7733:
7721:. Retrieved
7712:
7702:
7693:
7686:. Retrieved
7682:the original
7677:
7667:
7655:. Retrieved
7651:the original
7646:
7613:
7594:
7575:
7563:. Retrieved
7549:
7541:
7525:
7517:
7503:
7484:
7476:
7467:. Retrieved
7460:the original
7455:
7442:
7434:
7425:
7398:
7394:
7384:
7372:. Retrieved
7363:
7353:
7334:
7318:Ben Greene,
7314:
7294:
7282:. Retrieved
7277:
7268:
7256:. Retrieved
7250:
7240:
7220:
7200:
7188:
7176:
7149:. Retrieved
7145:
7135:
7123:. Retrieved
7119:the original
7114:
7105:
7062:
7058:
7051:
7044:The Register
7043:
7027:
7008:
6989:
6977:. Retrieved
6965:
6958:
6946:. Retrieved
6942:
6905:
6897:
6881:
6876:, July 2009.
6873:
6858:
6833:
6830:Space Debris
6829:
6823:
6803:
6795:
6779:
6771:
6755:
6747:
6742:
6694:
6690:
6680:
6668:. Retrieved
6664:
6654:
6646:
6635:Rob Matson,
6616:. Retrieved
6607:
6598:
6586:. Retrieved
6572:
6560:. Retrieved
6545:
6525:
6517:
6510:
6498:. Retrieved
6494:the original
6483:
6475:
6463:Paul Marks,
6459:
6439:
6427:. Retrieved
6423:the original
6418:
6409:
6397:. Retrieved
6383:
6371:. Retrieved
6327:
6323:
6310:
6298:. Retrieved
6294:
6285:
6260:
6256:
6250:
6238:. Retrieved
6229:
6204:. Retrieved
6201:Ars Technica
6200:
6190:
6178:. Retrieved
6175:Ars Technica
6174:
6164:
6152:. Retrieved
6133:
6125:
6109:
6090:
6078:. Retrieved
6074:
6065:
6057:
6041:
6029:. Retrieved
6025:
6016:
6004:. Retrieved
5999:
5989:
5981:
5946:
5937:
5925:. Retrieved
5915:
5903:. Retrieved
5899:
5889:
5877:. Retrieved
5863:
5851:. Retrieved
5837:
5825:. Retrieved
5818:the original
5805:
5793:. Retrieved
5787:
5777:
5765:. Retrieved
5760:
5756:
5743:
5731:. Retrieved
5727:the original
5717:
5709:
5695:
5687:
5672:
5653:
5646:NewScientist
5645:
5607:
5587:
5580:
5567:
5546:
5538:
5531:Johnson 1998
5526:
5514:, retrieved
5508:
5490:
5483:. Retrieved
5472:
5462:– via
5456:. Retrieved
5441:
5429:. Retrieved
5425:
5415:
5387:. Retrieved
5382:
5373:
5361:. Retrieved
5352:
5340:. Retrieved
5326:
5319:Johnson 1998
5314:
5302:. Retrieved
5288:
5276:. Retrieved
5268:"Vanguard 1"
5262:
5254:
5228:
5221:
5209:
5197:
5167:(2): 67β82.
5164:
5161:Space Debris
5160:
5134:
5130:
5124:
5116:
5109:
5092:
5088:
5082:
5070:. Retrieved
5059:
5047:. Retrieved
5027:
5008:Kessler 1991
5003:
4989:cite journal
4968:
4958:
4950:
4934:
4924:22 September
4922:. Retrieved
4918:the original
4907:
4895:. Retrieved
4888:the original
4875:
4863:. Retrieved
4858:
4849:
4830:
4824:
4812:. Retrieved
4809:Ars Technica
4808:
4798:
4786:
4778:
4764:
4752:. Retrieved
4746:
4699:
4693:
4681:. Retrieved
4668:
4659:
4647:. Retrieved
4631:
4619:
4611:
4597:
4585:. Retrieved
4581:the original
4553:. Retrieved
4548:
4539:
4527:. Retrieved
4523:
4513:
4508:, p. 7.
4501:
4485:
4480:
4472:
4456:
4448:
4433:
4414:
4406:
4398:
4391:Space Debris
4390:
4385:
4376:
4367:
4342:
4335:. Retrieved
4321:
4309:. Retrieved
4299:
4287:. Retrieved
4273:
4261:. Retrieved
4257:the original
4252:
4198:. Retrieved
4194:
4184:
4160:. Retrieved
4156:
4147:
4135:
4123:. Retrieved
4119:
4109:
4097:. Retrieved
4089:Tech Insider
4087:
4077:
4065:, retrieved
4049:
4015:
4011:
4005:
3992:
3975:
3971:
3946:. Retrieved
3926:
3907:
3901:
3889:. Retrieved
3876:
3852:. Retrieved
3836:
3809:. Retrieved
3805:
3779:. Retrieved
3768:
3756:. Retrieved
3747:
3737:
3718:
3712:
3700:. Retrieved
3664:
3660:
3644:
3632:. Retrieved
3623:
3614:
3578:
3571:
3559:. Retrieved
3551:The Guardian
3550:
3444:Space portal
3421:
3419:
3412:
3410:
3403:
3401:
3390:
3389:
3382:
3381:
3369:
3363:Perseverance
3361:
3359:
3351:Chang'e 5 T1
3340:
3337:
3331:
3312:
3283:
3270:
3261:
3241:
3233:
3217:
3197:
3177:
3175:
3163:
3149:RemoveDEBRIS
3146:
3137:ClearSpace-1
3130:
3118:
3089:
3081:
3064:
3051:ClearSpace-1
3048:
3028:
3009:
2984:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2952:
2944:
2916:
2908:
2905:Self-removal
2881:
2870:
2859:
2851:
2831:
2827:
2794:
2790:
2773:
2763:
2759:
2751:ClearSpace-1
2740:
2719:
2703:
2692:
2674:
2672:
2656:
2645:
2613:
2595:
2588:
2582:solar arrays
2579:
2574:
2565:
2552:
2545:
2536:
2515:phased array
2481:
2462:
2442:
2415:
2400:
2365:
2361:solar panels
2354:
2344:
2342:
2332:
2321:
2311:
2304:
2294:
2282:
2271:
2265:
2255:
2246:
2227:
2216:
2195:
2175:
2151:
2121:
2114:
2103:
2081:
2077:
2075:
2068:
2052:
2026:
2019:
2010:
2004:
1990:
1985:SM-3 missile
1982:
1973:
1969:Chinese ASAT
1953:
1950:ASM-135 ASAT
1947:
1936:
1856:
1837:
1814:
1740:
1714:and India's
1688:Soviet Union
1676:
1654:
1646:
1631:
1597:Express-AM11
1578:
1566:
1538:
1531:, and solar
1518:
1501:Soviet Union
1486:
1471:
1456:
1425:
1409:
1405:
1352:
1341:In the 2009
1340:
1331:
1322:
1318:Soviet Union
1306:
1285:
1282:
1275:
1240:
1221:
1171:
1156:sandblasting
1153:
1148:
1128:
1121:
1114:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1070:Space debris
1069:
1068:
938:Point source
883:Heavy metals
845:Urban runoff
830:Sulfur water
805:Septic tanks
661:Agent Orange
571:Space debris
570:
425:Agricultural
290:Volcanic ash
150:Particulates
43:
18503:Spaceflight
18460:Interkosmos
18434:Interkosmos
17540:Eurocontrol
17190:Antrix Corp
16546:Pan-African
16086:North Korea
16074:New Zealand
16062:Netherlands
15867:Space trade
15647:Moon Treaty
15306:(2013β2015)
15216:(1986β2001)
15193:(1974β1993)
15187:(1973β1977)
15181:(1971β1986)
15175:(1967β1991)
15173:Interkosmos
15152:(1964β1966)
15146:(1961β1976)
15140:(1960β1982)
15134:(1960β1963)
14673:Ride Report
14470:Missile gap
14342:(2018β2020)
14320:(2009β2010)
14297:(1964β1971)
14147:Eurocontrol
14041:(1992β2002)
13965:(2015β2025)
13952:BepiColombo
13799:Space Rider
13730:(1983β2010)
13669:(1964β1975)
13661:(1962β1973)
13583:Project 921
13566:(1966β1972)
13560:(1966β1976)
13493:Space races
13356:Cosmic dust
13320:Long-period
13310:Halley-type
13266:Kuiper belt
13151:Designation
12728:Area source
12637:Pit latrine
12560:Groundwater
12317:Gold mining
12312:Coal mining
12283:Toxic waste
12248:Green waste
12221:Brown waste
12204:Solid waste
11751:Exhaust gas
11411:Exploration
11349:Advertising
11293:Environment
11268:Astrobotany
11231:Fruit flies
10929:2 September
10410:. Culture.
9895:swfound.org
9399:12 February
8934:12 February
8694:22 December
8592:15 February
8582:www.esa.int
8562:15 February
8521:Space Daily
8280:14 December
8122:13 December
8008:13 December
7968:13 December
7930:14 December
7902:16 February
7876:13 December
7823:28 November
6500:14 December
6399:13 December
6300:23 November
6206:16 November
6180:16 November
5927:13 December
5795:12 December
5767:12 December
5481:. This Week
5049:20 December
4859:www.esa.int
4263:28 December
4200:11 November
4067:18 December
3948:18 December
3891:24 December
3854:24 December
3806:www.esa.int
3758:13 December
3702:13 December
3561:28 December
3343:rocket body
3306:co-founder
3125:Kounotori 6
3067:laser broom
2931:Kosmos-2251
2846:passivation
2339:spacecraft.
2158:Kosmos 2251
2117:Kosmos 1275
2071:Earth orbit
2022:Kosmos 1408
1943:Program 437
1730:A drifting
1708:PL-19 Nudol
1649:passivation
1545:Telstar 401
1201:maneuvering
1098:Earth orbit
1086:space trash
1082:space waste
908:Area source
750:Groundwater
503:Green waste
483:Brown waste
467:Solid waste
225:Information
120:Exhaust gas
18482:Categories
18446:See also:
17159:South Asia
16763:USSPACECOM
16371:Spaceplane
15112:Khrushchev
14661:Challenger
14416:Eisenhower
13877:Cluster II
13474:Spaceguard
13464:Prediction
13361:Meteoroids
13340:Sungrazing
13315:Hyperbolic
13271:Oort cloud
13214:Near-Earth
12880:by country
12876:Categories
12814:Zero waste
12695:Pollutants
12649:Stagnation
12587:Monitoring
12555:Freshwater
12431:Air travel
12243:Food waste
12163:Pesticides
12153:Herbicides
12057:Industrial
11886:Biological
11746:Demolition
11739:Renovation
11722:Joss paper
11707:Combustion
11593:Telescopes
11478:Technology
11331:Weathering
11178:Psychology
11163:Locomotion
11074:Space Junk
11039:satellites
10849:21 January
10824:21 January
10804:21 January
10621:21 January
10510:25 January
10339:21 January
10287:21 January
10208:21 January
10141:10535/1749
9546:: 253β279.
9441:16 January
9373:2 February
9343:2 February
9313:24 January
9283:24 January
8985:1 November
8863:1 December
8743:Space News
8618:21 January
8613:Space News
8363:21 October
8249:8 December
7723:20 January
7688:8 December
7678:Space News
7657:8 December
7374:3 December
7072:2204.10025
6948:17 January
6943:Space News
6836:(1): 1β7.
6618:25 January
6588:21 January
6583:Space News
6429:12 January
6330:: 92180M.
6113:Jim Wolf,
6080:2 December
5905:16 January
5789:Space News
5733:21 October
5676:Ker Than,
5516:21 January
5485:21 January
5426:Space News
5389:17 January
5363:17 January
5072:21 January
4683:10 October
4649:10 October
4587:7 February
4407:Space News
4337:21 January
4311:4 December
4289:10 October
4253:Space News
3781:21 January
3525:References
3300:Moriba Jah
3287:Astroscale
2935:US$ 10,000
2899:kick stage
2884:elliptical
2803:See also:
2598:, and the
2546:Challenger
2512:Cobra Dane
2452:See also:
2411:satellites
2256:Challenger
2242:Kosmos 955
2162:Iridium 33
2100:satellite.
2053:Challenger
1870:Arabsat-4A
1864:A Russian
1857:Examples:
1825:Transit-4a
1759:cosmonauts
1747:space-walk
1634:Vanguard I
1557:precession
1529:solar wind
1174:meteoroids
1110:collisions
1074:space junk
995:By country
987:Categories
878:Pollutants
855:Wastewater
825:Stagnation
770:Monitoring
745:Freshwater
611:Air travel
498:Food waste
440:Defecation
250:Ecological
183:Biological
115:Combustion
57:Part of a
18518:Pollution
18114:Roscosmos
18102:KazCosmos
18066:ArmCosmos
17767:DTU Space
17729:BIRA-IASB
17676:EU SatCen
17435:KACST-SRI
17332:ArmCosmos
17318:West Asia
16991:East Asia
16958:Roscosmos
16946:KazCosmos
16916:Pan-Asian
16180:Structure
15932:Australia
15591:Space law
15454:UN-SPIDER
15229:Roscosmos
15207:Gorbachev
14140:Eurospace
13576:2007 test
13523:Mars race
13469:Avoidance
13251:Damocloid
13079:Gas torus
12772:Responses
12743:Garbology
12669:Turbidity
12617:Oil spill
12550:Firewater
12451:Vandalism
12413:Satellite
12110:Poisoning
12105:Plutonium
12085:Actinides
12077:Radiation
11825:Wood dust
11687:Acid rain
11662:Pollution
11574:for Earth
11561:Batteries
11543:Logistics
11495:Accidents
11441:Christmas
11306:Corrosion
11246:Tortoises
11204:Non-human
10993:Astronomy
10422:1059-1028
10360:Space.com
10281:Discovery
10158:155049248
10150:1875-0281
10099:158678917
10091:0265-9646
10069:: 30β37.
10037:Space.com
9945:0265-9646
9866:242966859
9798:2468-8967
9718:0265-9646
9666:236171500
9658:1758-5880
9619:1758-5880
9363:Space.com
9205:7 October
8655:2619-0893
8461:2 January
8455:SpaceNews
8270:Teslarati
8081:SpaceNews
8037:11 August
8032:SpaceNews
7924:SpaceNews
7097:248300127
6979:8 October
6850:118628073
6518:yahoo.com
6058:space.com
6000:Space.com
5688:Space.com
5613:this list
5342:4 October
5304:4 October
5278:4 October
5189:118902351
4897:1 January
4791:Liou 2020
3689:222331226
3634:13 August
3530:Citations
3278:UN COPUOS
3213:rivalrous
3188:fuel rods
3133:e.Deorbit
2877:refueling
2774:ISO 24113
2589:Endeavour
2575:Endeavour
2500:Goldstone
2312:Endeavour
2266:Endeavour
2263:in 1994,
2217:Endeavour
2098:Solar Max
1996:hydrazine
1991:Lake Erie
1987:from the
1852:Saturn IB
1835:booster.
1811:satellite
1755:Gemini 10
1589:meteoroid
1585:Olympus-1
1228:Sputnik 1
1164:ballistic
923:Garbology
840:Turbidity
790:Oil spill
740:Firewater
725:Biosolids
631:Vandalism
390:Poisoning
385:Plutonium
360:Actinides
353:Radiation
95:Acid rain
67:Pollution
18339:UNCOPUOS
17650:DG DEFIS
17611:EUMETSAT
16663:Americas
16569:National
16134:Thailand
16098:Pakistan
15980:Colombia
15276:Medvedev
15265:Politics
15251:(1993β)
15160:Brezhnev
14903:Title 51
14813:disaster
14811:Columbia
14755:Politics
14663:disaster
14069:(2021β)
13987:EnVision
13932:Politics
13903:Herschel
13897:INTEGRAL
13675:(1975β)
13601:Tiangong
13591:Shenzhou
13585:(1992β)
13572:(1964β)
13511:Timeline
13335:Periodic
13261:Detached
13181:Asteroid
12860:Treaties
12832:Diseases
12644:Shipping
12540:Diseases
12388:Landfill
12063:Abstract
12060:Military
11993:Wildfire
11842:Smelting
11810:Asbestos
11436:Religion
11426:Military
11362:of Earth
11241:Primates
11168:Medicine
10616:26070599
10504:Archived
10479:21 April
10313:3 August
10042:28 April
10013:14 March
9987:14 March
9871:14 March
9842:. 2019.
9822:14 March
9696:: 5β12.
9486:Archived
9460:Archived
9393:Archived
9367:Archived
9337:Archived
9307:Archived
9277:Archived
9257:19 April
9231:19 April
9226:BBC News
9173:Archived
9154:Archived
9136:19 April
9109:Archived
9086:30 March
9062:Archived
9038:Archived
8979:Archived
8953:Archived
8884:Archived
8857:Archived
8827:Archived
8806:Archived
8721:Archived
8688:Archived
8586:Archived
8556:Archived
8525:Archived
8500:Archived
8480:Archived
8427:Archived
8408:Archived
8389:14 March
8383:Archived
8357:Archived
8303:Archived
8274:Archived
8214:. UNOOSA
8184:Archived
8116:Archived
8087:24 April
7999:Archived
7959:Archived
7870:Archived
7844:Archived
7814:Archived
7783:Archived
7763:Archived
7717:Archived
7622:Archived
7602:Archived
7583:Archived
7559:Archived
7534:Archived
7511:Archived
7492:Archived
7368:Archived
7342:Archived
7323:Archived
7303:Archived
7229:Archived
7210:Archived
7151:17 March
7125:17 March
7036:Archived
7016:Archived
6997:Archived
6914:Archived
6890:Archived
6866:Archived
6812:Archived
6788:Archived
6772:CBS News
6764:Archived
6731:Archived
6670:19 April
6640:Archived
6612:Archived
6562:10 March
6556:Archived
6534:Archived
6468:Archived
6448:Archived
6395:(Report)
6364:Archived
6360:32269938
6240:22 April
6234:Archived
6154:28 March
6148:Archived
6118:Archived
6098:Archived
6050:Archived
6031:18 April
6006:18 April
5975:Archived
5873:Archived
5847:Archived
5703:Archived
5681:Archived
5661:Archived
5638:Archived
5616:Archived
5458:28 March
5383:NASA.gov
5336:Archived
5298:Archived
5272:Archived
5233:Archived
5043:Archived
4943:Archived
4865:18 April
4814:18 April
4772:Archived
4718:Archived
4677:Archived
4640:Archived
4605:Archived
4555:18 April
4549:BBC News
4529:18 April
4496:, p. 86.
4465:Archived
4442:Archived
4422:Archived
4283:Archived
4222:Archived
4162:18 April
4058:archived
3939:Archived
3885:Archived
3845:Archived
3811:18 April
3752:Archived
3693:Archived
3628:Archived
3555:Archived
3430:See also
3414:Planetes
3253:Intelsat
3249:Inmarsat
3245:Eutelsat
3180:Adelaide
3154:CubeSats
3084:disaster
3082:Columbia
2927:derelict
2838:perigees
2596:Columbia
2567:Atlantis
2554:Columbia
2543:STS-41-C
2504:Haystack
2421:On Earth
2373:maneuver
2305:Atlantis
2131:Ariane 1
2078:unusable
1954:de facto
1880:Proton-M
1829:Ablestar
1821:unvented
1805:Delta II
1789:Boosters
1743:Ed White
1668:Meteor 2
1191:and the
979:Treaties
959:Diseases
815:Shipping
780:Nutrient
730:Diseases
295:Wildfire
18300:ISS MCB
18194:Oceania
17969:PTSPACE
17935:CBK PAN
17597:ESTRACK
17523:CENELEC
17226:SUPARCO
17173:SPARRSO
17010:SASTIND
16727:FAA/AST
16560:Arabsat
16194:Vietnam
16175:History
16004:Germany
15328:ExoMars
15237:Yeltsin
15169:(1967β)
15097:(1946)
15080:program
15018:FAA/AST
14718:Clinton
14522:Johnson
14485:Kennedy
14426:WS-117L
14273:British
14047:(2002β)
13891:Rosetta
13872:Cluster
13864:Huygens
13831:ExoMars
13770:(1998β)
13764:(1973β)
13736:(2005β)
13629:(2016β)
13618:(2003β)
13604:program
13594:program
13548:Chinese
13528:Records
13300:Extinct
13239:Centaur
12973:Planets
12889:Commons
12664:Thermal
12565:Hypoxia
12349:Garbage
12120:Uranium
11971:Natural
11920:Digital
11852:Aerosol
11830:Welding
11717:Biomass
11712:Biofuel
11671:History
11598:Weapons
11566:Nuclear
11527:Writing
11522:Toilets
11505:Farming
11453:Tourism
11448:Selfies
11389:Economy
11354:Alcohol
11342:Society
11326:Weather
11301:Climate
11211:Animals
11158:Hygiene
11137:Biology
10924:Reuters
10762:Bibcode
10718:Bibcode
10674:Bibcode
10645:Bibcode
10596:Bibcode
10563:Bibcode
10448:Reuters
10427:19 June
10391:4 April
10365:4 April
10260:13 July
10234:13 July
10182:9 April
10071:Bibcode
9925:Bibcode
9778:Bibcode
9744:Bibcode
9742:: 165.
9698:Bibcode
9575:1586643
9520:25 July
9492:6 April
9432:Bibcode
9430:: 101.
8890:3 April
8833:3 April
8778:Bibcode
8753:15 July
8330:30 July
8218:3 March
8151:Bibcode
7695:policy.
7565:8 March
7518:fas.org
7477:fas.org
7469:8 March
7456:fas.org
7403:Bibcode
7284:31 July
7252:Inverse
7077:Bibcode
6818:, NASA.
6699:Bibcode
6373:5 April
6332:Bibcode
6265:Bibcode
6126:Reuters
6075:NPR.org
5464:Twitter
5169:Bibcode
5139:Bibcode
5097:Bibcode
5095:: 113.
4754:11 July
4473:Science
4125:11 June
4099:11 June
4020:Bibcode
3980:Bibcode
3663:(PDF).
3584:Bibcode
3392:Gravity
3143:Harpoon
3101:aerogel
3092:photons
3055:PROBA-1
3012:capture
3004:delta-v
2987:vehicle
2874:robotic
2842:reentry
2755:PROBA-1
2738:2008."
2699:nations
2620:perigee
2593:STS-109
2297:STS-115
2222:STS-118
2147:GOES 13
2032:Hazards
2000:perigee
1965:Fengyun
1927:Weapons
1909:Centaur
1906:Atlas V
1898:stages.
1887:Zenit-2
1846:or the
1779:STS-126
1775:STS-120
1771:STS-116
1761:during
1664:NOAA-16
1636:into a
1603:Sources
1376:debris.
1207:History
1186:Chinese
1106:erosion
873:History
755:Hypoxia
584:Thermal
538:Plastic
400:Uranium
274:Natural
219:Digital
195:Genetic
18360:Former
18351:UNOOSA
18253:COSPAR
17724:BELSPO
17505:Europe
17297:GISTDA
17273:PhilSA
17138:SaTReC
17040:PLAASF
16708:NESDIS
16638:NASRDA
16555:RASCOM
16539:Africa
16334:Russia
16263:
16218:France
16146:Turkey
16110:Russia
16038:Israel
15992:France
15956:Canada
15944:Brazil
15806:Russia
15690:(2020)
15684:(2012)
15678:(1999)
15667:(1998)
15661:(1988)
15655:(1981)
15649:(1979)
15643:(1976)
15637:(1975)
15631:(1974)
15625:(1972)
15619:(1972)
15613:(1968)
15607:(1967)
15601:(1963)
15199:(1975)
15126:(1957)
15088:Stalin
15076:Soviet
15001:NESDIS
14619:Reagan
14602:Carter
14567:Skylab
14374:Truman
14326:(2010)
14314:(1991)
14303:(1985)
14291:(1962)
14285:(1958)
14002:ATHENA
13992:CHEOPS
13977:Euclid
13910:Planck
13884:Newton
13292:Comets
13204:Family
13189:Active
13156:Groups
12753:Midden
12733:Debris
12688:Topics
12627:Sewage
12580:debris
12575:Marine
12423:Visual
12307:Mining
12302:Litter
11795:Mining
11570:Solar
11557:Power
11553:Mining
11458:Voting
11406:Ethics
11394:Mining
11379:Burial
11311:Debris
11263:Plants
11024:
11006:
10983:
10907:
10614:
10541:
10453:9 June
10420:
10177:Forbes
10156:
10148:
10097:
10089:
9943:
9864:
9854:
9796:
9716:
9664:
9656:
9617:
9573:
8803:"News"
8653:
7745:21 May
7258:28 May
7095:
6848:
6665:Scribd
6659:NASA.
6358:
5954:
5879:22 May
5853:22 May
5827:22 May
5763:(2): 5
5595:
5555:
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