552:(DHT) which stimulates the growth of prostate cells. This leads to normal prostate growth in adolescents but contributes to abnormal cell growth in older men." Reducing the amount of testosterone in a person is one way in which prostate cancer is treated. If the prostate cancer is in fact metastatic, then orchiectomy may be used "...to abolish the stimulation of cancer cells by inhibiting testicular testosterone production and thereby reducing androgen levels in the blood: so-called androgen deprivation therapy (ADT)." Castration or orchiectomy is a suitable option for androgen deprivation therapy, and it should be used if a very quick reduction in testosterone levels is needed. However, in recent years, orchiectomy is not commonly used since medical castration is a viable option. Medical castration means that drugs or medications are used to suppress the production of androgens such as testosterone. Some examples of medications used in medical castration include, euprolide, goserelin (Zoladex), buserelin, and triptorelin (Trelstar). Some of the side effects of these medications include but are not limited to "Reduced sexual desire and libido, Impotence, reduced size of testes and penis, hot flashes, growth of breast tissue (gynaecomastia) and pain across the breasts, thinning of the bones or osteoporosis and risk of fracture, anemia, loss of muscle mass, weight gain, fatigue and memory problems, and depression."
359:
are feelings of shame and loss, which are more evident in young and single men than older and non-single men. As many as one third of individuals who will undergo orchiectomy are not offered the option of having a testicular prosthesis. Data shows that simply offering testicular prosthesis to individuals undergoing orchioectomy is psychologically beneficial. While some individuals do not mind losing a testicle, studies have shown that there is a change in body image in testicular cancer survivors who have undergone orchiectomy and an improvement in body image in 50-60% of individuals who undergo testicular prosthesis placement. One year after testicular prosthesis placement, there are reports of increase in self-esteem and psychological well-being during sexual activity in a study that followed up on post-orchiectomy individuals including adolescents. On the other hand, there is a current debate whether children undergoing orchiectomy should be offered testicular prosthesis to be inserted at the time of orchiectomy procedure.
577:. Most malignant tumors found in pre-pubertal individuals are pure yolk sac tumors. There is a difference in pre-pubertal, post-pubertal, and adult testis tumors in their histology and their level of malignancy with malignant tumors being rare in the pre-pubertal pediatric population. There has been a consideration to switch to testes sparing surgery (TSS) such as partial orchiectomy specifically for the pre-puberty pediatric populations who lack signs of malignant tumors. Partial orchiectomy allows the ability to preserve hormone function and the possibility of reproduction in the future. It has also been found to increase the quality of life. In the case that an individual is pediatric (<18 years of age) and is a post-pubertal with a malignant testes tumor, they must follow the adult recommended standard guidelines and proceed with radical inguinal orchiectomy.
38:
208:
286:) and complete a fertility assessment prior to surgery. In addition, testicular prosthesis placement counseling and education is encouraged to be given before an individual undergoes orchiectomy or before inguinal exploration with possibility of orchiectomy. This is an elective surgery which can be done at the time of orchiectomy. Testicular prosthesic placement has known psychological benefits (see below). Although risks for complications with prosthesis is low, individuals should also be informed of the possibility of infection, rotation, and replacement of prosthesis.
586:
presence of a benign tumor. Although partial orchiectomy is controversial for this group of individuals, it has been found to be a successful procedure for benign masses such as stromal tumors, epidermoid cysts, and fibrous pseudotumors. There is greater use of partial orchiectomy with individuals who have small, benign testicular mass usually < 2 cm which indicate the tumors being benign. There is limited data on the size of tumors of the pediatric population, therefore, size cannot be used as a predictor of a tumor being benign.
480:
individual may avoid the need of the surgical approach of inguinal orchiectomy. Inguinal orchiectomy is the gold standard treatment approach for those with confirmed malignancy of testicular cancer. Thus, it is imperative to diagnose the individual as having benign tumor vs. malignant tumor. Benign tumors are cancerous masses typically outside the testicle or surrounding it (extratesticular), whereas the malignant tumors typically lie within/inside the testicle (intratesticular).
519:. Individuals with seminomas are 80-85% likely to have a stage 1 diagnosis and the individual must undergo surveillance every 3–6 months in the first year following their orchiectomy, with an abdominal/pelvic CT at 3, 6 and 12 months. Additional treatment such as chemotherapy may be given if they have risk factors for a relapse. Men with stage 1 seminoma after orchiectomy have been shown to be free from a relapse for five years following orchiectomy.
598:
380:. Bilateral orchiectomy is considered first before undergoing vaginoplasty. Vaginoplasty can still be administered after undergoing bilateral orchiectomy, as the orchiectomy preserves the penoscrotal skin that can later be transformed into a skin flap. Additionally, it is an option for those who are unable to undergo vaginoplasty due to the risk of complications.
585:
The post-pubertal pediatric population and adults are at higher risk of malignant tumors and usually have a histology of a mixed germ cell tumor. Their first line of treatment is radical orchiectomy; however, they may be candidates for testis-sparing surgery such as partial orchiectomy, if there is a
511:
Partial orchiectomy, also known as testis-sparing surgery, is another treatment option for smaller testicular masses which is becoming widely popular in recent years. This treatment option is an alternative to remove testicular cancer masses which are <20 mm, have a high probability of being
358:
The loss of one or both testicles from orchiectomy can have severe implications in a male's identity and self-image surrounding masculinity, such that it can lead to an individual having thoughts of hopelessness, inadequacy, and loss. Among testicular cancer survivors who have lost a testicle, there
281:
Guidelines state that fertility counseling should be offered to all patients undergoing inguinal orchiectomy, as there is a risk of reduced fertility or infertility. Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT) accounts for 95% of cases of testicular cancer in young men. TGCT is associated with abnormal semen
260:
Partial orchiectomy is an option for individuals with testicular masses that want to preserve their testes and their function. During surgery, the testis is exposed in a similar way to inguinal orchiectomy. Once the testis is exposed and the spermatic cord is clamped, there is a current debate as to
251:
is removed, as well as the testicle(s). A long, non-absorbable suture may be left in the stump of the spermatic cord in case later surgery is deemed necessary. After the cord and testicle(s) have been removed, the surgeon washes the area with saline solution and closes the layers of tissues and skin
428:
Criteria from the World
Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) are used as a framework to guide health care professionals in approving or denying an orchiectomy. When a transgender individual wants to complete an orchiectomy, they are in a state of gender incongruence and they must
319:
Risks and complications should be discussed with an individual pre-operatively. Risks and complications for inguinal orchiectomy include scrotal hematoma (accumulation of blood in the scrotum), infection, post-operative pain (60% initially, 1.8% one year after), phantom testis syndrome (pain in the
560:
Until the mid-1980s, pediatric testis tumors were managed in accordance with adult guidelines where the standard therapy was radical inguinal orchiectomy. It was later discovered that this procedure was being overused in the pediatric population, particularly those in pre-puberty, because it was
479:
The
American Urological Association (AUA) and European Association of Urology (EAU) 2019 guidelines recommend imaging with testicular ultrasound in any individual suspected of having testicular cancer following a physical examination. The ultrasound aids in differentiating diagnoses so that the
483:
An orchiectomy is used not only as a treatment option, but also as a diagnostic tool for testicular cancer. Before an orchiectomy is deemed necessary, liver function tests, tumor markers, and various blood panels are taken to confirm the presence of testicular cancer. Tumor markers that may be
294:
Following orchiectomy, those who have undergone the procedure are advised to avoid bathing, swimming, and heavy lifting for at least one month. If an individual had previously been taking hormone and/or hormone-blocking medications, modifications to their medication would be needed after the
446:
Additionally, persons wishing to go through with the procedure are required to obtain referrals from two independent qualified mental health professionals. This referral should include "the individual's demographic information, psychosocial assessment results, duration of the therapeutic
547:
Prostate cancer, if non-metastatic, is commonly treated with radical prostatectomy or radiation therapy. Less often, orchiectomy is used to treat prostate cancer. Prostate cancer grows in the presence of testosterone. When testosterone is present, " it is metabolized and converted into
273:. Following enucleation, biopsies are taken of the tissues surrounding the testicle where the mass once was. Afterwards, each layer or tunica of the testis is sutured up and the testis is placed back in the scrotum. The skin layers are also closed up with sutures.
415:. Orchiectomy allows individuals to stop taking these medications and avoid these adverse effects. It is also an alternative for trans women who have contraindications to antiandrogens and is a minimally invasive procedure to eliminate testosterone levels.
246:
An inguinal orchiectomy can be either unilateral (one testicle) or bilateral (both testicles). The surgeon makes an incision in the groin area (in contrast to an incision in the scrotum, as is done in both simple and subcapsular orchiectomies). The entire
561:
assumed that the tumor was malignant. It was discovered that the majority of the pediatric tumor registries over reported malignant tumors and had biased reporting. It has now been found that most tumors are benign lesions and the majority are cases of
346:. It has been discovered that some individuals with a history of prostate cancer who had bilateral orchiectomy had effects on their new bone production, resulting in increased risk of bone fractures due to testosterone deficiency after the procedure.
349:
Bilateral orchiectomy also reduces the use of exogenous medications for transgender women; the reduction in testosterone eliminates the need for testosterone-blocking medications and can contribute to feminizing features such as breast enlargement.
455:
An individual seeking to undergo orchiectomy is evaluated by a healthcare provider to ensure that the procedure is safe. Many candidates for orchiectomy are on estrogen therapy before the operation, which increases risk of intraoperative
535:) and suspected to no longer be a functioning testicle (no fertility). Delays in diagnosis and treatment increase the risk of orchiectomy, with diagnosis in the first four to eight hours of symptoms being critical to prevent permanent
730:
Washington, S.; Bayne, D.; Butler, C.; Garcia, M. (February 2017). "Bilateral
Orchiectomy For Transgender Patients: An Efficient Surgical Technique That Anticipates Future Vaginoplasty and is Associated with Minimal Morbidity".
203:
that surrounds each testicle is removed rather than the entire testis itself. This type of orchiectomy is performed to remove testosterone-producing glandular tissue while maintaining the appearance of an ordinary scrotum.
387:, the procedure allows trans women to stop taking testosterone-blocking medications, which may cause unwanted side effects. Some common testosterone-blocking medications that most use before undergoing orchiectomy are
303:, are stopped, and estrogen hormones can be resumed at the doctor's discretion. Post-operative pain management includes icing the surgical site, wearing supportive underwear, and the use of pain relief medications (
531:, the orchiectomy rate is as high as 42%. Though the goal during surgery is to correct the twist of the spermatic cord, orchiectomy is performed if the testicle is examined during the surgery to have dead tissue (
508:. An inguinal orchiectomy is the primary treatment for any cancerous tumor that is found in the testicles; however, in cases where tumors are small, testis- or testes-sparing surgery may be performed instead.
320:
kidney as a result from trauma from the testicle), reduced fertility, and with the more rare complications being inguinal hernia, ilioinguinal nerve injury, tumor spillage, and hypogonadism.
468:
are at higher risk of developing VTE. For these high-risk populations, the use of sequential compression devices during the operation is recommended to prevent VTE complications.
282:
parameters. Because testicular cancer is commonly diagnosed in young, fertile men, it is critical that these individuals be educated on preserving their semen through freezing (
199:
A subcapsular orchiectomy is also commonly performed for treatment of prostate cancer. The operation is similar to that of a simple orchiectomy, with the exception that the
1223:
Cappuccio, F.; Rossetti, S.; Cavaliere, C.; Iovane, G.; Taibi, R.; D’Aniello, C.; Imbimbo, C.; Facchini, S.; Abate, V.; Barberio, D.; Facchini, G. (February 2018).
265:
which means submitting the organ, in this case the testis, into a cold/freezing environment. Whether or not it is submerged and frozen, the next step is to cut the
464:(prevention) is necessary. Current smokers, individuals with limited mobility, individuals older than the age of 40, and individuals who have a medical history of
447:
relationship, type of evaluation and therapy performed, if the criteria for surgery have been met and if informed consent has been obtained from the patient."
2013:
1712:
1005:
Ferreira U, Netto Júnior NR, Esteves SC, Rivero MA, Schirren C (1991). "Comparative study of the fertility potential of men with only one testis".
1123:
Haupt, Claudia; Henke, Miriam; Kutschmar, Alexia; Hauser, Birgit; Baldinger, Sandra; Saenz, Sarah
Rafaela; Schreiber, Gerhard (28 November 2020).
171:. The nurse shaves a small area for the incision. After anesthetic has been administered, the surgeon makes an incision in the midpoint of the
1782:
501:
1459:
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Testicular cancer most commonly occurs in males ages 15 to 34. In 2017, there were 8,850 new cases and 410 deaths in the United States.
1765:
1738:
1777:
1705:
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causes infertility and greatly reduced testosterone levels. This can lead to side effects including loss of sexual interest,
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is suspected, in order to prevent a possible spread of cancer from the spermatic cord into the lymph nodes near the kidneys.
811:
1041:
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which act benign in pre-puberty pediatric individuals along with other benign tumors that have been reported such as:
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benign, and with negative serum tumor markers. Its benefits include preserving fertility and normal hormone function.
37:
1937:
1500:
485:
1770:
1698:
127:
Less frequently, orchiectomy may be performed following a trauma, or due to wasting away of one or more testicles.
1225:"Health-related quality of life and psychosocial implications in testicular cancer survivors. A literature review"
269:
and an ultrasound is used to find the tumor. After, the tumor is scraped away from the testis in a process called
1607:
Woo LL, Ross JH (2016). "The role of testis-sparing surgery in children and adolescents with testicular tumors".
1690:
395:. Common side effects caused by spironolactone are drowsiness, confusion, headache, fatigue, nausea/vomiting,
2008:
631:
626:
684:
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can be inserted before the incision is closed to present an outward appearance of a pre-surgical scrotum.
646:
2003:
1125:"Antiandrogen or estradiol treatment or both during hormone therapy in transitioning transgender women"
958:"The Association Between Testis Cancer and Semen Abnormalities Before Orchiectomy: A Systematic Review"
616:
1437:
1274:"The modern testicular prosthesis: patient selection and counseling, surgical technique, and outcomes"
1998:
611:
1722:
496:. These markers are rechecked after orchiectomy to stage the testicular cancer. Imaging, including
373:
141:
104:
207:
328:
Unilateral orchiectomy results in decreased sperm count but does not reduce testosterone levels.
1947:
1792:
457:
907:"Radical inguinal orchidectomy: the gold standard for initial management of testicular cancer"
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for transgender women. It may be performed as a standalone procedure or at the same time as a
1390:
Prater, J. M.; Overdorf, B. S. (September 1991). "Testicular torsion: a surgical emergency".
1172:
Schepisi G, De Padova S, De Lisi D, Casadei C, Meggiolaro E, Ruffilli F, et al. (2019).
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1932:
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and cuts through the underlying tissue. The surgeon removes the testicles and parts of the
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117:
1080:
Hehemann MC, Walsh TJ (2019). "Orchiectomy as Bridge or
Alternative to Vaginoplasty".
2018:
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Holm, Henriette Veiby; Dahl, Alv A.; Klepp, Olbjørn Harald; Fosså, Sophie D. (2017).
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may be needed. A follow-up appointment to monitor recovery and healing is routine.
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460:(VTE); thus, the provider must take this risk into account and determine whether
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meet the criteria before having the procedure done. The criteria are as follows:
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Sharp, Victoria J.; Kieran, Kathleen; Arlen, Angela M. (15 December 2013).
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with sutures. The wound is then covered with sterile gauze and bandaged.
164:
1571:
68:
1882:
1875:
1462:[Modern treatment of prostate cancer with distant metastases].
1332:
Baird, Drew C.; Meyers, Garrett J.; Hu, Jocelyn S. (15 February 2018).
870:
685:"A Simple Guide for Simple Orchiectomy in Transition-Related Surgeries"
505:
465:
404:
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For the procedure, the person lies flat on an operating table with the
1411:
522:
424:
World
Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) criteria
1909:
1835:
636:
411:). Cyproterone can cause side effects such as fatigue, low mood, and
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304:
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562:
536:
532:
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436:(ii) capacity to make informed decisions and consent to treatment,
400:
262:
90:
1501:"The role of LHRH antagonists in the treatment of prostate cancer"
439:(iii) well-controlled medical or mental health comorbidities, and
1174:"Psychosocial Issues in Long-Term Survivors of Testicular Cancer"
1004:
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Djaladat H, Burner E, Parikh PM, Beroukhim Kay D, Hays K (2014).
955:
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through the incision. The incision is closed with two layers of
1171:
683:
Francis C, Grober E, Potter E, Blodgett N, Krakowsky Y (2020).
93:
are removed. The surgery can be performed for various reasons:
797:
19:"Orchi" redirects here. For the village in Zanjan, Iran, see
472:
Orchiectomy as diagnosis and treatment for testicular cancer
307:) such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen; for more severe pain,
156:. A simple orchiectomy may also be required in the event of
775:"Testicular torsion: diagnosis, evaluation, and management"
729:
682:
555:
123:
after a trauma or complex rupture of the tunica albuginea.
1460:"Moderne behandling av prostatakreft med fjernmetastaser"
1122:
1229:
European Review for
Medical and Pharmacological Sciences
871:"Surgical Procedures: Orchiectomy — radical/simple"
1042:"Osteoporosis in breast and prostate cancer survivors"
295:
procedure. Any androgen-blocking medications, such as
140:
A simple orchiectomy is commonly performed as part of
515:
About half of testicular cancer germ cell tumors are
504:
are also performed after orchiectomy to evaluate for
593:
523:
Orchiectomy as a complication of testicular torsion
1647:"Overview of pediatric testicular tumors in Korea"
1457:
1271:
542:
539:, decreased fertility, and need for orchiectomy.
1990:
1555:radical orchiectomy for pediatric testis tumors"
1363:Schick, Michael A.; Sternard, Britni T. (2022).
772:
1499:Crawford, E. David; Hou, Amy H. (1 June 2009).
1075:
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1071:
1069:
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450:
276:
1389:
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1007:Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology
962:Journal of Adolescent and Young Adult Oncology
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
816:Alberta Government and Alberta Health Services
527:Among children and adolescents diagnosed with
442:(iv) the use of hormone therapy for 12 months.
372:Bilateral simple orchiectomy is one option of
368:Orchiectomy as a gender reassignment procedure
1783:Transurethral needle ablation of the prostate
1706:
1431:
1429:
1331:
1079:
678:
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672:
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664:
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433:(i) persistent, documented gender dysphoria,
1334:"Testicular Cancer: Diagnosis and Treatment"
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314:
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42:Diagram of the incisions in an orchiectomy
36:
2014:Gender-affirming surgery (male-to-female)
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1289:
1240:
1199:
1189:
1148:
1039:
981:
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502:abdominal/pelvic CT (computed tomography)
342:), weight gain, loss of muscle mass, and
16:Surgical removal of one or both testicles
1644:
1448:
834:Okoye, Eloka; Saikali, Shady W. (2022).
822:
759:
206:
1766:Transurethral resection of the prostate
1606:
1597:
1548:
1531:
1464:Tidsskrift for den Norske Legeforening
1129:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
556:Orchiectomy for pediatric testis tumors
353:
215:
1991:
1739:Transurethral incision of the prostate
1640:
1638:
1435:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1272:Hayon S, Michael J, Coward RM (2020).
289:
255:
1778:Transurethral microwave thermotherapy
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1082:The Urologic Clinics of North America
900:
898:
896:
894:
892:
890:
888:
135:
211:Inguinal orchiectomy being performed
1721:Tests and procedures involving the
1635:
1559:Translational Andrology and Urology
1316:
911:Translational Andrology and Urology
336:, hot flashes, breast enlargement (
13:
1436:Mandal, Ananya (19 January 2014).
885:
14:
2030:
1938:Frenuloplasty of prepuce of penis
812:"Orchiectomy for Prostate Cancer"
486:beta human chorionic gonadotropin
1771:Radical retropubic prostatectomy
1040:Hoff AO, Gagel RF (April 2005).
596:
261:whether surgeons should deliver
239:) is performed when an onset of
1492:
1356:
1265:
1216:
1165:
1116:
1033:
543:Orchiectomy for prostate cancer
362:
116:to remove damaged testes after
1141:10.1002/14651858.CD013138.pub2
998:
949:
733:The Journal of Sexual Medicine
723:
575:juvenile granulosa cell tumors
1:
1621:10.1016/j.urolonc.2015.05.019
1438:"What is medical castration?"
652:
407:, and electrolyte imbalance (
235:for "groin", and also called
1242:10.26355/eurrev_201802_14290
905:Koschel SG, Wong LM (2020).
632:Androgen deprivation therapy
627:Androgen replacement therapy
451:Other medical considerations
277:Pre-operative considerations
130:
7:
647:Gender reassignment therapy
589:
383:In addition to alleviating
110:as management for advanced
10:
2035:
1663:10.4111/kju.2014.55.12.789
1278:Asian Journal of Andrology
1178:Frontiers in Endocrinology
745:10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.12.203
701:10.1016/j.sxmr.2019.11.004
617:Index of oncology articles
323:
219:
18:
1965:
1928:
1900:
1891:
1861:
1826:
1808:
1729:
1651:Korean Journal of Urology
1645:Chung JM, Lee SD (2014).
1392:American Family Physician
1338:American Family Physician
1094:10.1016/j.ucl.2019.07.005
1019:10.3109/00365599109024555
779:American Family Physician
612:List of surgeries by type
581:Post-pubertal populations
65:
55:
47:
35:
30:
1723:male reproductive system
1549:Woo LL, Ross JH (2020).
1191:10.3389/fendo.2019.00113
419:Pre-operative evaluation
374:gender-affirming surgery
142:gender-affirming surgery
105:gender-affirming surgery
1477:10.4045/tidsskr.16.0265
974:10.1089/jayao.2014.0012
924:10.21037/tau.2019.12.20
689:Sexual Medicine Reviews
315:Risks and complications
195:Subcapsular orchiectomy
1948:Penile plethysmography
1793:Prostate brachytherapy
458:venous thromboembolism
444:
231:
229:(named from the Latin
212:
183:and is covered with a
152:for advanced cases of
1551:"Partial orchiectomy
1291:10.4103/aja.aja_93_19
490:lactate dehydrogenase
466:thrombolytic disorder
431:
330:Bilateral orchiectomy
210:
107:for transgender women
89:in which one or both
2009:Male genital surgery
1933:Foreskin restoration
1754:Transurethral biopsy
1365:"Testicular Torsion"
354:Psychosocial effects
334:erectile dysfunction
227:Inguinal orchiectomy
222:Inguinal orchiectomy
216:Inguinal orchiectomy
189:prosthetic testicles
150:palliative treatment
1943:Penile Frenulectomy
1572:10.21037/tau-19-815
567:Sertolic cell tumor
550:dihydrotestosterone
413:fulminant hepatitis
309:narcotic analgesics
290:Post-operative care
256:Partial orchiectomy
237:radical orchiectomy
1978:Scrotal ultrasound
1953:Postage stamp test
1851:Vasoepididymostomy
1841:Vasectomy reversal
1749:Transrectal biopsy
873:. UrologyMatch.com
529:testicular torsion
213:
167:taped against the
158:testicular torsion
136:Simple orchiectomy
118:testicular torsion
87:surgical procedure
2004:Surgical oncology
1986:
1985:
1961:
1960:
1818:Spermatocelectomy
1609:Urologic Oncology
622:Testicular cancer
571:Leydig cell tumor
498:chest radiography
494:alpha fetoprotein
241:testicular cancer
185:surgical dressing
146:transgender women
99:testicular cancer
76:
75:
2026:
1999:Urologic surgery
1898:
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1810:Seminal vesicles
1800:Prostate massage
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1002:
996:
995:
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917:(6): 3094–3102.
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484:checked include
385:gender dysphoria
284:cryopreservation
267:tunica vaginalis
234:
201:glandular tissue
69:edit on Wikidata
40:
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1989:
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1744:Prostate biopsy
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1719:
1689:
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1470:(11): 803–805.
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154:prostate cancer
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1511:(7): 626–630.
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1398:(3): 834–840.
1382:
1371:. StatPearls.
1355:
1344:(4): 261–268.
1315:
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1164:
1115:
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968:(4): 153–159.
948:
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695:(3): 492–496.
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263:cold ischaemia
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249:spermatic cord
220:Main article:
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187:. If desired,
177:spermatic cord
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836:"Orchiectomy"
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46:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
1905:Circumcision
1870:
1828:Vas deferens
1654:
1650:
1615:(2): 76–83.
1612:
1608:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1508:
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1467:
1463:
1441:
1395:
1391:
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1368:
1358:
1341:
1337:
1284:(1): 64–69.
1281:
1277:
1267:
1232:
1228:
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1181:
1177:
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1132:
1128:
1118:
1085:
1081:
1052:(5): 651–8.
1049:
1045:
1035:
1013:(4): 255–9.
1010:
1006:
1000:
965:
961:
951:
914:
910:
875:. Retrieved
839:
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778:
736:
732:
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692:
688:
642:Oophorectomy
584:
559:
546:
526:
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510:
482:
478:
475:
454:
445:
441:
438:
435:
432:
427:
409:hyperkalemia
382:
378:vaginoplasty
371:
363:Medical uses
357:
348:
344:osteoporosis
339:gynecomastia
337:
329:
327:
318:
293:
280:
259:
245:
236:
226:
225:
198:
162:
139:
126:
83:orchidectomy
82:
81:(also named
78:
77:
51:Orchidectomy
25:
1966:Other tests
1871:Orchiectomy
877:26 February
462:prophylaxis
393:cyproterone
301:cyproterone
271:enucleation
103:as part of
79:Orchiectomy
48:Other names
31:Orchiectomy
1993:Categories
1883:Orchiopexy
1876:Castration
1525:A218529581
1404:4433551963
1369:StatPearls
1251:7321114216
840:StatPearls
753:6931332962
653:References
506:metastasis
405:polydipsia
305:analgesics
1910:Penectomy
1836:Vasectomy
1110:203661392
717:210841721
637:Vasectomy
517:seminomas
397:gastritis
131:Procedure
91:testicles
57:Specialty
2019:Testicle
1731:Prostate
1681:25512812
1629:26094168
1591:33209713
1517:19626830
1505:Oncology
1486:28597635
1377:28846325
1350:29671528
1310:31744995
1259:29461592
1210:30858829
1159:33251587
1102:31582025
1058:15945345
1046:Oncology
992:25538860
943:33457282
848:32966007
791:24364548
709:31959532
590:See also
563:teratoma
533:necrosis
401:polyuria
148:, or as
1672:4265712
1582:7658131
1420:1877426
1412:5161575
1301:6958971
1201:6397854
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934:7807348
500:and an
324:Effects
181:sutures
173:scrotum
169:abdomen
85:) is a
61:urology
21:Owrachi
1863:Testes
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165:penis
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1625:PMID
1587:PMID
1521:Gale
1513:PMID
1482:PMID
1416:PMID
1408:OSTI
1400:OCLC
1373:PMID
1346:PMID
1306:PMID
1255:PMID
1247:OCLC
1206:PMID
1155:PMID
1133:2020
1098:PMID
1054:PMID
1023:PMID
988:PMID
939:PMID
879:2018
844:PMID
787:PMID
749:OCLC
705:PMID
573:and
391:and
144:for
1667:PMC
1659:doi
1617:doi
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1567:doi
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1472:doi
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