396:
632:, managed more than 44 billion board feet of standing inventory in 1937 into more than 60 billion board feet by the mid-1990s, and harvested more than 44 billion board feet over that time period. In 1951, the U.S. Treasury had been fully reimbursed, and the 25 percent of the revenue that had previously gone to the Treasury now reverted to the counties; in 1953, the counties opted to divert that money to maintenance of the land and roads, reforestation, as well as recreational facilities and other improvements. A 1970
751:
all 33 counties that currently receive payments. In 2008, Oregon received $ 250 million from the program. The full transportation bill, including the amendment, passed the Senate by a 74–22 vote, but the U.S. House of
Representatives refused to vote on the Senate bill, instead passing a three-month extension to the current transportation bill that did not contain a county payments extension. In July 2012, the Secure Rural Schools Act renewal amendment was included in the
513:
462:), but rugged and remote; moreover, the railroads soon realized that the land was much more valuable if sold in larger plots to developers and timber companies. As a result, some individuals posed as settlers to purchase the land at the $ 2.50 per acre rate and then promptly deeded them back to the railroad, which amassed the smaller plots into larger ones and resold them at a higher price to timber interests.
22:
573:, was passed. This law provided that the U.S. government pay the counties in lieu of property taxes they would have received if the land were privately owned. But since the U.S. government was to be reimbursed from timber revenues, and since timber revenue remained low, very few payments were actually made to the counties, and Congress began to work on new legislation.
549:, which revested the remaining 2,800,000 acres of land to the United States government, and compensated the railroad at $ 2.50 per acre from an account, the Oregon and California land grant fund, funded by timber sales from the land. Oregon counties affected by the revestiture of land were also to be compensated from the fund.
738:
and the entire Oregon congressional delegation. Republican and
Democratic members of Oregon's congressional delegation also proposed setting aside some of the federal land in Oregon as public trusts in which half would be designated for harvest to provide revenue for the counties, and half designated
694:
With the payments set to expire in 2003, work began in 1999 to seek an extension to the payments. The O&C counties joined with other rural counties (including 15 of Oregon's other 18 counties) that also faced falling timber revenues to lobby
Congress for another solution. In 2000, Congress passed
640:
The O&C Act achieved what the previous legislation had failed to do: provide a stable revenue to the counties. This revenue became a vital part of the budgets of the O&C counties, paying for county-provided services such as law enforcement and corrections and health and social services. With
528:(which had acquired the O&C in 1887). Not only had the company violated the terms of the grant agreement, but in 1903, declared it was terminating land sales—in violation of the grant agreement—either as a hedge against future increases in land values or to retain the timber profits for itself.
750:
In March 2012, the U.S. Senate added an amendment to the surface transportation bill that authorized a one-year extension to the Secure Rural
Schools and Community Self-Determination Act. Oregon counties would have received a total of $ 102 million from the legislation in 2012, to be divided among
335:
Since 1916, the 18 counties where the O&C lands are located have received payments from the United States government at 50% share of timber revenue on those lands. Later, as compensation for the loss of timber and tax revenue decreased, the government added federal revenues. The governments of
636:
report contained an estimate that from its implementation through 1969, the counties had received a total of $ 300 million as a result of the Act. The authors of the report also estimated that most counties received more from the government payments than they would have if the land had been held
764:
With future revenue uncertain, several Oregon counties now face a severe financial crisis to pay for county services, including law enforcement, social services, justice and corrections systems, election services and road maintenance among others. With county services required by state law and
552:
The
Chamberlain–Ferris Act did not ease the financial trouble faced by many of the O&C counties; very little timber revenue was actually generated from the land, and many counties now had large percentages of their land owned by the federal government, denying them a source of property tax
469:
to round up people from
Portland saloons, and then take them to the land office where they would register for an O&C parcel as a settler, and then promptly resell to the railroad for bundling with other plots and resale to the highest bidder, typically as much as $ 40 an acre. In 1904, an
620:
basis. The legislation returned 50 percent of timber sales receipts to the counties, and 25 percent to the U.S. Treasury to reimburse the federal government for payments made to the counties prior to establishment of the Act. The law specifically provided that the lands be managed, including
453:
Perhaps the most significant aspect of the railroad was that it provided access to Oregon's vast forests for large-scale logging operations. But despite the large number of grants, it was difficult to sell to actual settlers because much of the land was not only heavily forested (chiefly in
355:
As part of the U.S. government's desire to foster settlement and economic development in the western states, in July 1866, Congress passed the Oregon and
California Railroad Act. This act made 3,700,000 acres (1,500,000 ha) of land available for any company that built a railroad from
776:
to pay for county services. Oregon is one of only five states in the United States with no county or state sales tax, and the tax has been voted down regularly by voters whenever it has been proposed (though some areas assess a gas tax, and two cities in tourist areas,
653:
In 1989, annual timber harvest revenue on federal forest land nationwide peaked at $ 1.5 billion. Following that year, the impact of overharvesting and increased environmental concerns began to negatively impact timber sales on the O&C lands. In 1994, the federal
715:), which authorizes western counties, including the O&C counties, to receive federal payments to compensate for loss of timber revenue until 2006. Payments to O&C counties, which included O&C revenue as well as revenue on
673:
proposed a 10-year program of payments, set at 85 percent of the average O&C Act payments from 1986 to 1990, and declining 3 percent annually. These "spotted owl" or "safety net" payments were passed by
Congress as part of the
755:
approved by
Congress and signed by the President. This was widely expected to be the last renewal of the program, but in September 2013, Congress passed another one-year extension to the program, though again at reduced levels.
1445:
423:, which emerged as freight and passenger stations, and provided a commercial lifeline to the part of the river valley above Harrisburg where steamships were rarely able to travel. As the railroad made its way into the
384:. In 1869, Congress changed how the grants were to be distributed, requiring the railroads to sell land along the line to settlers in 160-acre (65 ha) parcels at $ 2.50 per acre. The land was distributed in a
541:
789:, after a proposed property tax increase to pay for law enforcement was defeated in May 2012, the sheriff's office reduced its staff by 2/3 and released inmates from the county jail to reduce spending.
1217:
666:, the plan restricted the land available for timber harvest. By 1998, revenue on federal forest lands fell to a third of the peak 1989 revenue, with areas in the Northwest particularly hard-hit.
641:
this funding seemingly guaranteed, the counties kept other taxes much lower than other counties in the state, increasing their dependence on the timber payments. For example, the property tax in
531:
A series of lawsuits between the State of Oregon, the United States government, and the railroads ensued. Another lawsuit was brought by
Portland attorney and future U.S. Representative
343:
which allocated $ 110 million to the counties. The act has been renewed each succeeding year at vastly reduced spending levels, most recently for $ 26 million in 2022. In late 2013, the
1441:
723:
that phased out the program by 2012. The extension expired on September 30, 2011 and the final payment of just over $ 40 million was delivered to the O&C counties in early 2012.
1696:
1183:
696:
340:
2205:
2015:
2437:
582:
1419:
1007:
1247:
2236:
1740:
1627:
1947:
2143:
2046:
1925:
1891:
1860:
747:
included $ 294 million to extend the program for fiscal year 2013 with a plan to continue the payments for four more years, with the amount declining 10% each year.
2109:
893:
2174:
1771:
719:
land, averaged about $ 250 million per year from 2000 to 2006. The act was extended for one year in 2007, and in 2008, a four-year extension was included in the
498:
2742:
1800:
2732:
2307:
476:
uncovered the scandal, by which time it had grown to such a magnitude that the paper reported that more than 75% of the land sales had violated federal law.
2727:
2717:
2687:
2657:
2432:
1205:
2662:
2078:
2737:
2702:
2692:
2682:
2677:
2632:
553:
revenue. As these problems compounded into the 1920s, the 18 counties organized the Association of O&C Counties (AOCC) to give itself a voice in
2712:
2652:
752:
545:
that despite the violation of grant terms, the railroad had been built and the railroad company should be compensated. In 1916, Congress passed the
2672:
1471:
535:
on behalf of 18 western Oregon counties, which sued to claim revenue from timber sales on the O&C lands. The cases worked their way up to the
2722:
2707:
2697:
2667:
1665:
392:
laid out for 20 miles (32 km) on either side of the rail corridor with the government retaining the alternate sections for future growth.
336:
several of the counties have come to depend upon the O&C land revenue as an important source of income for schools and county services.
2642:
2275:
720:
316:), are approximately 2,600,000 acres (1,100,000 ha) of land located in eighteen counties of western Oregon. Originally granted to the
1703:
2197:
1171:
1106:
800:
passed a law to allow O&C counties to use timber funds previously reserved for road maintenance to pay for law enforcement patrols.
2747:
675:
1974:
609:
328:, the land was reconveyed to the United States government by act of Congress in 1916 and is currently managed by the United States
2752:
1409:
487:
389:
344:
2228:
2005:
1732:
1619:
1239:
1326:
1090:
2135:
2038:
1917:
1883:
1852:
1825:
621:
reforestation and protection of watershed, to ensure a permanent source of timber, and therefore, revenue to the counties.
347:
considered a bill that would resume the funding and increase timber harvests to provide additional income to the counties.
1529:
815:
that would include increased timber harvests on O&C lands along with resumption of some Secure Rural Schools funding.
465:
A scheme to circumvent the settler grants altogether soon emerged. A railroad official hired a surveyor and logger named
2101:
979:
885:
2166:
597:
1763:
1500:
1360:
744:
625:
1793:
1733:"Loss of federal forest payments has Oregon counties looking for revenue while having millions that can't be tapped"
1558:
2502:
2268:
1587:
1046:
633:
856:
2529:
927:
317:
1151:
520:
now manages timber on more than 2 million acres of land in Oregon that formerly belonged to the O&C Railroad
2611:
2341:
765:
bankruptcy not permitted, counties have considered merging to save costs, and explored new sources of revenue.
381:
1620:"Rural Oregon counties scramble as timber payments dry up, while critics say it's time they paid for services"
2539:
2534:
2513:
2477:
2473:
2453:
2301:
2068:
2039:"Congress clears transportation bill carrying $ 100 million for Oregon's financially squeezed rural counties"
1591:
565:, began lobbying Oregon's congressional delegation for relief. In 1926, a bill introduced by Oregon Senator
2496:
2367:
2296:
1661:
716:
712:
2647:
2591:
2357:
2261:
797:
536:
1655:"Sustaining Forest and Communities: Secure Rural Schools and Community Self-Determination Act 2000–2007"
1467:
2637:
2596:
2389:
914:
700:
679:
546:
2326:
1654:
1213:
1179:
1102:
975:
629:
613:
525:
517:
479:
Between 1904 and 1910, nearly a hundred people were indicted in connection with the fraud, including
448:
361:
329:
325:
297:
263:
734:
proposed legislation to extend the payments for another five years. The move was backed by Governor
2362:
786:
466:
253:
233:
173:
113:
709:
395:
2229:"Legislature passes bill allowing hard-hit timber counties to tap road funds for operating money"
1391:
1386:
1156:
831:
373:
123:
1359:. Association of O&C Counties. p. 2 (in "A Brief Legal History of the O&C Lands").
2331:
803:
In late 2013, the House passed a forest management bill co-sponsored by Oregon Representatives
793:
released 96 prisoners from its prisons and laid off 40 law enforcement personnel to cut costs.
558:
385:
273:
203:
183:
163:
153:
2554:
2399:
2336:
2010:
655:
645:
is 60 cents per $ 1,000 of assessed value, far below the state average of $ 2.81 per $ 1000.
223:
103:
73:
2136:"Oregon is a sales tax hater, but Curry County may use it to replace federal timber funding"
1125:
2601:
2394:
1584:"Payments on Revested Oregon and California Lands and Reconveyed Coos Bay Wagon Road Lands"
1097:
769:
663:
642:
480:
143:
592:
In 1937, Congress again sought to ensure federal funding for the 18 O&C counties. The
8:
2544:
2404:
2318:
790:
566:
243:
213:
193:
133:
2549:
2458:
2414:
2384:
2073:
1979:
1414:
1319:
Railroads and Clearcuts: Legacy of Congress's 1864 Northern Pacific Railroad Land Grant
658:
was implemented. Designed to guide forest management of federal lands while protecting
490:
459:
420:
339:
The most recent source of income from the lands was funded through an extension of the
2606:
2508:
2491:
2427:
1697:"Reauthorizing the Secure Rural Schools and Community Self-Determination Act of 2000"
1322:
1086:
659:
501:
408:
380:
and one on the east side. The two lines would eventually merge and reorganize as the
372:
for each mile of track completed. Two companies, both of which named themselves the
923:
688:
586:
554:
483:
436:
404:
377:
357:
321:
1853:"Payments to cash-strapped rural counties included in White House budget proposal"
601:
1302:
782:
778:
617:
532:
432:
2167:"Josephine County lives with its decision to vote down law enforcement tax levy"
1829:
1525:
524:
As the land fraud trials reached their conclusion, attention also turned to the
2253:
735:
494:
416:
1054:
968:
2626:
2575:
1271:
812:
804:
648:
472:
428:
412:
2198:"Money from Congress won't put freed Lane County prisoners back behind bars"
1493:
1353:
740:
731:
670:
594:
Oregon and California Revested Lands Sustained Yield Management Act of 1937
424:
1293:
2570:
1554:
832:"Area of Oregon and California (O&C) revested lands fiscal year 2010"
808:
455:
376:, began a competition to build the railroad, one on the west side of the
1126:"History of the O&C or Saving Oregon's Future (transcript of video)"
669:
To offset the effects of the loss of timber revenue, in 1993, President
931:
562:
369:
2102:"Timber payments for Oregon counties clears last congressional hurdle"
512:
25:
Location of the O&C lands (indicated in orange) in western Oregon
773:
727:
1083:
Saving Oregon's Golden Goose: Political Drama on the O&C Lands
1583:
341:
Secure Rural Schools and Community Self-Determination Act of 2000
624:
Under the O&C Act, the Department of the Interior under its
301:** Includes 14,633 acres designated as Coos Bay Wagon Road Lands
365:
1799:(Press release). Bureau of Land Management. January 20, 2012.
1316:
886:"O&C forest management bill placed on House's fall agenda"
21:
1918:"U.S. Senate approves one-year extension for county payments"
1494:"Recommendations for Making Payments to States and Counties"
969:"O&C Sustained Yield Act: the Law, the Land, the Legacy"
581:
1764:"33 Oregon counties will share an unexpected $ 740 million"
649:
Decline in timber revenue and revised Congressional action
935:
697:
Secure Rural Schools and Community Self-Determination Act
612:
to harvest timber from the O&C lands (as well as the
1884:"County timber payments plan moving fast in U.S. House"
403:
By 1872, the railroad had extended from Portland to
1107:
110th Cong., vol. 153, no. 1, 2007, pp. S1837-S1838
1911:
1909:
1702:. Colorado Counties Inc. p. 5. Archived from
915:
701:
680:
1948:"US Senate passes bill extending county payments"
1499:. Forest Counties Payment Committee. p. 14.
759:
364:. The land was to be distributed by the state of
2624:
2283:
1726:
1724:
1906:
1287:Oregon & California R. Co. v. United States
542:Oregon & California R. Co. v. United States
16:2 million acres of land managed by the US' BoLM
2030:
1826:"Oregon Leaders Announce County Payments Deal"
2743:United States federal public land legislation
2269:
1721:
310:Oregon and California Railroad Revested Lands
2733:Protected areas of Washington County, Oregon
2433:Land Conservation and Development Act (1973)
1794:"BLM distributes final payments to counties"
1164:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1002:
1000:
963:
721:Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008
2728:Protected areas of Tillamook County, Oregon
2718:Protected areas of Multnomah County, Oregon
2688:Protected areas of Josephine County, Oregon
2658:Protected areas of Clackamas County, Oregon
2129:
2127:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1198:
1172:"Land Fraud Trial of Senator John Mitchell"
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
961:
959:
957:
955:
953:
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
785:, assess a local tax on prepared food). In
662:habitat for endangered species such as the
2663:Protected areas of Columbia County, Oregon
2276:
2262:
2195:
1999:
1997:
849:
772:, introduced a ballot measure to add a 3%
561:district attorney and future U.S. Senator
2738:Protected areas of Yamhill County, Oregon
2703:Protected areas of Lincoln County, Oregon
2693:Protected areas of Klamath County, Oregon
2683:Protected areas of Jackson County, Oregon
2678:Protected areas of Douglas County, Oregon
2633:Bureau of Land Management areas in Oregon
2226:
2164:
2133:
1730:
1617:
1384:
1317:Jensen, Derrick; Draffan, George (1995).
1269:"Land Battle Climax of Lafferty Career".
1149:
1113:
1044:
997:
676:Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993
2713:Protected areas of Marion County, Oregon
2653:Protected areas of Benton County, Oregon
2454:Death with Dignity Act (1994 Measure 16)
2220:
2124:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1606:
1549:
1547:
1404:
1402:
1289:, 238 U.S. 393 (1915) is available from:
1262:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1025:
940:
610:United States Department of the Interior
580:
511:
394:
20:
2673:Protected areas of Curry County, Oregon
2112:from the original on September 29, 2013
2003:
1994:
1755:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1378:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
879:
877:
507:
2723:Protected areas of Polk County, Oregon
2708:Protected areas of Linn County, Oregon
2698:Protected areas of Lane County, Oregon
2668:Protected areas of Coos County, Oregon
2625:
2081:from the original on November 23, 2015
1928:from the original on September 5, 2012
1894:from the original on February 19, 2012
1875:
1863:from the original on February 17, 2012
1844:
1594:from the original on December 11, 2008
1578:
1576:
1506:from the original on November 21, 2008
1310:
1152:"Oregon Land Fraud Trials (1904-1910)"
1080:
407:. Along the way, it created growth in
345:United States House of Representatives
296:* Includes 59,914 acres designated as
2257:
2189:
2134:Mortenson, Eric (February 16, 2012).
2099:
2061:
1975:"House stalls county timber aid bill"
1786:
1743:from the original on January 25, 2012
1694:
1683:
1544:
1474:from the original on October 31, 2018
1422:from the original on February 1, 2021
1399:
1220:from the original on February 7, 2012
1143:
1069:
985:from the original on October 24, 2012
883:
95:
2036:
1972:
1966:
1915:
1881:
1850:
1774:from the original on October 2, 2012
1731:Mortenson, Eric (January 21, 2012).
1642:
1532:from the original on August 31, 2011
1486:
1468:"Oregon History: Rapid Developments"
1335:
1250:from the original on August 27, 2016
1186:from the original on August 27, 2016
1085:. Portland, Oregon: Inkwater Press.
874:
2643:History of transportation in Oregon
2196:Hunsberger, Brent (June 30, 2012).
1882:Pope, Charles (February 15, 2012).
1851:Pope, Charles (February 13, 2012).
1761:
1573:
1561:from the original on March 17, 2012
1557:. Association of O&C Counties.
1518:
1460:
1366:from the original on March 17, 2012
1232:
585:Sign indicating O&C lands near
13:
2239:from the original on March 4, 2016
2146:from the original on March 1, 2012
2100:Mapes, Jeff (September 26, 2013).
2018:from the original on March 3, 2016
2006:"Congress extends timber payments"
1806:from the original on March 8, 2012
1671:from the original on March 7, 2016
1630:from the original on March 6, 2012
1448:from the original on March 2, 2011
1442:"History of BLM and O&C Lands"
1434:
920:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
896:from the original on March 4, 2016
857:"Balance of O&C/CBWR Payments"
739:as a conservation area. President
706:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
685:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
576:
30: BLM: Oregon & California
14:
2764:
2748:1916 establishments in California
2438:Measure 37 (2004) & 49 (2008)
2227:Mortenson, Eric (March 5, 2012).
2208:from the original on July 3, 2012
2177:from the original on June 3, 2012
2049:from the original on July 6, 2012
1618:Mortenson, Eric (March 4, 2012).
884:Mapes, Jeff (September 6, 2013).
768:One of the hardest-hit counties,
745:2013 United States federal budget
626:United States General Land Office
82: BLM administrative boundary
2503:Measures 47 (1996) and 50 (1997)
2165:Mortenson, Eric (June 1, 2012).
2069:"Timber payments get Obama's OK"
1588:Government Accountability Office
1240:"Oregon and California Railroad"
1045:Tallmadge, Alice (Summer 2007).
318:Oregon & California Railroad
2158:
2093:
2037:Pope, Charles (June 29, 2012).
2004:Barnard, Jeff (June 30, 2012).
1940:
1916:Pope, Charles (March 8, 2012).
1818:
1695:Gorte, Ross W (June 24, 2010).
1279:
368:in 12,800-acre (5,200 ha)
88:O&C land acreage by county
60: State or local government
2342:List of Oregon ballot measures
2304:(mandatory minimum sentencing)
1410:"New O-C grant bill is passed"
1354:"O&C Lands Desk Reference"
908:
824:
760:Future of the O&C counties
726:In late 2011, Oregon Senators
382:Oregon and California Railroad
1:
2753:1916 establishments in Oregon
2540:Alcoholic beverages in Oregon
2370:(homosexuality and education)
1973:Bolt, Greg (March 30, 2012).
1528:. Bureau of Land Management.
1321:. Keokee Company Publishing.
818:
442:
2284:Topics in Oregon legislation
1662:United States Forest Service
604:), commonly referred as the
569:, which became known as the
320:to build a railroad between
7:
2585:Background, further reading
1526:"O&C Lands Act of 1937"
862:. Bureau of Land Management
837:. Bureau of Land Management
798:Oregon Legislative Assembly
628:and later succeeded by the
537:United States Supreme Court
10:
2769:
2597:Direct democracy in Oregon
1828:. KTVZ.com. Archived from
1095:. partially read into the
446:
54: Other Federal agency
2584:
2563:
2522:
2484:
2467:
2446:
2413:
2377:
2350:
2327:Direct Legislation League
2317:
2289:
1275:. 1964-01-16. p. 11.
1214:Oregon Historical Society
1180:Oregon Historical Society
1081:Miller, Joseph S (2006).
976:Bureau of Land Management
630:Bureau of Land Management
614:Coos Bay Wagon Road Lands
539:, which ruled in 1915 in
526:Southern Pacific Railroad
518:Bureau of Land Management
449:Oregon land fraud scandal
350:
330:Bureau of Land Management
326:San Francisco, California
298:Coos Bay Wagon Road Lands
294:
48: U.S. Forest Service
2530:Compulsory Education Act
2363:Oregon Citizens Alliance
1387:"Guy Cordon (1890–1969)"
1206:"Shadows in Public Life"
1131:. Jackson County, Oregon
467:Stephen A. Douglas Puter
427:, new townsites such as
66: Private or unknown
36: BLM: Public domain
1392:The Oregon Encyclopedia
1157:The Oregon Encyclopedia
1008:"History of Oregon BLM"
557:One of its cofounders,
399:Logging in Oregon, 1910
374:Oregon Central Railroad
2612:Oregon ballot measures
2308:Measure 40 (1996) etc.
1244:Oregon History Project
1210:Oregon History Project
1176:Oregon History Project
589:
547:Chamberlain–Ferris Act
521:
400:
84:
2555:Drug policy of Oregon
2011:Ashland Daily Tidings
656:Northwest Forest Plan
584:
515:
398:
289:2,651,764 (1,073,131)
74:Northwest Forest Plan
24:
2505:(adjusted Measure 5)
2319:Elections and voting
2290:Crime and sentencing
1470:. Oregon Blue Book.
1098:Congressional Record
664:Northern spotted owl
508:Revestiture of lands
488:U.S. Representatives
386:checkerboard pattern
158:727,953 (294,592)**
753:transportation bill
567:Robert N. Stanfield
312:(commonly known as
96:Total O&C lands
89:
42: BLM: Acquired
2648:Land use in Oregon
2592:Oregon legislature
2564:Influential people
2550:Cannabis in Oregon
2499:(landmark tax law)
2459:Oregon Health Plan
2297:Capital punishment
2074:The Union Democrat
1980:The Register-Guard
1762:Preusch, Matthew.
1709:on October 6, 2011
1590:. March 23, 1970.
1555:"Promises to keep"
1415:The Register-Guard
1105:, 2007-02-12; see
590:
522:
491:John N. Williamson
401:
198:374,849 (151,696)
178:368,546 (149,145)
168:435,867 (176,389)
138:181,954 (73,634)*
87:
85:
2638:Forests of Oregon
2620:
2619:
2602:Oregon government
2514:Measure 97 (2016)
2509:Kicker tax rebate
2428:Beach Bill (1967)
2358:Same-sex marriage
2310:(victims' rights)
2302:Measure 11 (1994)
2077:. July 11, 2012.
1418:. July 20, 1937.
1328:978-1-879628-08-3
1092:978-1-59299-212-6
1057:on April 14, 2013
660:old-growth forest
502:John Hicklin Hall
470:investigation by
409:Willamette Valley
306:
305:
302:
2760:
2497:Measure 5 (1990)
2368:Measure 9 (1992)
2278:
2271:
2264:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2131:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2001:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1954:. March 14, 2012
1944:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1913:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1832:on April 5, 2012
1822:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1805:
1798:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1728:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1708:
1701:
1692:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1670:
1664:. October 2008.
1659:
1651:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1615:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1580:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1551:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1505:
1498:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1406:
1397:
1396:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1365:
1358:
1350:
1333:
1332:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1301:
1298:
1292:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1130:
1122:
1111:
1110:
1078:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1053:. Archived from
1042:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1013:. OregonWild.org
1012:
1004:
995:
994:
992:
990:
984:
973:
965:
938:
937:
921:
917:
912:
906:
905:
903:
901:
881:
872:
871:
869:
867:
861:
853:
847:
846:
844:
842:
836:
828:
787:Josephine County
707:
703:
686:
682:
555:Washington, D.C.
484:John H. Mitchell
378:Willamette River
322:Portland, Oregon
295:
278:33,003 (13,356)
258:38,307 (15,502)
248:41,651 (16,856)
218:85,785 (34,716)
188:67,161 (27,179)
148:93,416 (37,804)
118:94,085 (38,075)
108:53,159 (21,513)
90:
86:
81:
71:
65:
59:
53:
47:
41:
35:
29:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2580:
2559:
2535:Adoption rights
2518:
2480:
2463:
2442:
2409:
2373:
2346:
2313:
2285:
2282:
2252:
2242:
2240:
2225:
2221:
2211:
2209:
2194:
2190:
2180:
2178:
2163:
2159:
2149:
2147:
2132:
2125:
2115:
2113:
2098:
2094:
2084:
2082:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2052:
2050:
2035:
2031:
2021:
2019:
2002:
1995:
1985:
1983:
1971:
1967:
1957:
1955:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1931:
1929:
1914:
1907:
1897:
1895:
1880:
1876:
1866:
1864:
1849:
1845:
1835:
1833:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1777:
1775:
1760:
1756:
1746:
1744:
1729:
1722:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1699:
1693:
1684:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1643:
1633:
1631:
1616:
1607:
1597:
1595:
1582:
1581:
1574:
1564:
1562:
1553:
1552:
1545:
1535:
1533:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1477:
1475:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1451:
1449:
1444:. Oregon Wild.
1440:
1439:
1435:
1425:
1423:
1408:
1407:
1400:
1385:LaLande, Jeff.
1383:
1379:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1356:
1352:
1351:
1336:
1329:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1280:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1253:
1251:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1223:
1221:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1189:
1187:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1150:Tatom, Oliver.
1148:
1144:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1114:
1093:
1079:
1070:
1060:
1058:
1051:Forest Magazine
1043:
1026:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1005:
998:
988:
986:
982:
971:
967:
966:
941:
919:
913:
909:
899:
897:
882:
875:
865:
863:
859:
855:
854:
850:
840:
838:
834:
830:
829:
825:
821:
762:
705:
684:
651:
618:sustained yield
608:, directed the
579:
577:The O&C Act
533:Walter Lafferty
510:
460:Western Hemlock
451:
445:
439:were laid out.
353:
300:
268:11,380 (4,610)
228:20,707 (8,380)
128:10,960 (4,440)
97:
83:
79:
77:
69:
67:
63:
61:
57:
55:
51:
49:
45:
43:
39:
37:
33:
31:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2766:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2607:Oregon history
2604:
2599:
2594:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2500:
2494:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2419:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2365:
2360:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2323:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2305:
2299:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2280:
2273:
2266:
2258:
2251:
2250:
2219:
2188:
2157:
2123:
2092:
2060:
2029:
1993:
1965:
1939:
1905:
1874:
1843:
1817:
1785:
1754:
1720:
1682:
1641:
1605:
1572:
1543:
1517:
1485:
1459:
1433:
1398:
1377:
1334:
1327:
1309:
1278:
1261:
1231:
1197:
1163:
1142:
1112:
1091:
1068:
1024:
996:
939:
907:
873:
848:
822:
820:
817:
761:
758:
736:John Kitzhaber
717:Forest Service
710:106–393 (text)
650:
647:
598:43 U.S.C.
578:
575:
559:Douglas County
509:
506:
495:Binger Hermann
447:Main article:
444:
441:
411:towns such as
352:
349:
304:
303:
292:
291:
286:
280:
279:
276:
270:
269:
266:
260:
259:
256:
250:
249:
246:
240:
239:
238:4,208 (1,703)
236:
230:
229:
226:
220:
219:
216:
210:
209:
208:8,773 (3,550)
206:
200:
199:
196:
190:
189:
186:
180:
179:
176:
170:
169:
166:
160:
159:
156:
150:
149:
146:
140:
139:
136:
130:
129:
126:
120:
119:
116:
110:
109:
106:
100:
99:
98:in acres (ha)
94:
78:
68:
62:
56:
50:
44:
38:
32:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2765:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2577:
2576:Bill Sizemore
2574:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2523:Miscellaneous
2521:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2423:O&C Lands
2421:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2390:Nuclear power
2388:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2279:
2274:
2272:
2267:
2265:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2238:
2234:
2233:The Oregonian
2230:
2223:
2207:
2203:
2202:The Oregonian
2199:
2192:
2176:
2172:
2171:The Oregonian
2168:
2161:
2145:
2141:
2140:The Oregonian
2137:
2130:
2128:
2116:September 26,
2111:
2107:
2106:The Oregonian
2103:
2096:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2064:
2048:
2044:
2043:The Oregonian
2040:
2033:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2000:
1998:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1969:
1953:
1952:The Oregonian
1949:
1943:
1927:
1923:
1922:The Oregonian
1919:
1912:
1910:
1893:
1889:
1888:The Oregonian
1885:
1878:
1862:
1858:
1857:The Oregonian
1854:
1847:
1831:
1827:
1821:
1802:
1795:
1789:
1773:
1769:
1768:The Oregonian
1765:
1758:
1742:
1738:
1737:The Oregonian
1734:
1727:
1725:
1705:
1698:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1667:
1663:
1656:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1629:
1625:
1624:The Oregonian
1621:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1577:
1560:
1556:
1550:
1548:
1531:
1527:
1521:
1502:
1495:
1489:
1473:
1469:
1463:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1405:
1403:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1381:
1362:
1355:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1330:
1324:
1320:
1313:
1304:
1295:
1288:
1282:
1274:
1273:
1272:The Oregonian
1265:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1235:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1201:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1146:
1127:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1009:
1003:
1001:
981:
977:
970:
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
954:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
936:July 25, 1866
933:
929:
925:
918:
911:
895:
891:
890:The Oregonian
887:
880:
878:
858:
852:
833:
827:
823:
816:
814:
813:Kurt Schrader
810:
806:
805:Peter DeFazio
801:
799:
796:In 2012, the
794:
792:
788:
784:
780:
775:
771:
766:
757:
754:
748:
746:
742:
737:
733:
729:
724:
722:
718:
714:
711:
704:
698:
692:
690:
683:
677:
672:
667:
665:
661:
657:
646:
644:
638:
635:
631:
627:
622:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
588:
583:
574:
572:
571:Stanfield Act
568:
564:
560:
556:
550:
548:
544:
543:
538:
534:
529:
527:
519:
514:
505:
503:
500:
499:U.S. Attorney
496:
492:
489:
485:
482:
477:
475:
474:
473:The Oregonian
468:
463:
461:
457:
450:
440:
438:
434:
430:
426:
425:Umpqua Valley
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
397:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
362:San Francisco
359:
348:
346:
342:
337:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
314:O&C Lands
311:
299:
293:
290:
287:
285:
282:
281:
277:
275:
272:
271:
267:
265:
262:
261:
257:
255:
252:
251:
247:
245:
242:
241:
237:
235:
232:
231:
227:
225:
222:
221:
217:
215:
212:
211:
207:
205:
202:
201:
197:
195:
192:
191:
187:
185:
182:
181:
177:
175:
172:
171:
167:
165:
162:
161:
157:
155:
152:
151:
147:
145:
142:
141:
137:
135:
132:
131:
127:
125:
122:
121:
117:
115:
112:
111:
107:
105:
102:
101:
92:
91:
75:
23:
19:
2545:Bicycle Bill
2468:Minimum wage
2422:
2332:Vote-by-mail
2241:. Retrieved
2232:
2222:
2210:. Retrieved
2201:
2191:
2179:. Retrieved
2170:
2160:
2148:. Retrieved
2139:
2114:. Retrieved
2105:
2095:
2083:. Retrieved
2072:
2063:
2051:. Retrieved
2042:
2032:
2020:. Retrieved
2009:
1984:. Retrieved
1978:
1968:
1956:. Retrieved
1951:
1942:
1930:. Retrieved
1921:
1896:. Retrieved
1887:
1877:
1865:. Retrieved
1856:
1846:
1834:. Retrieved
1830:the original
1820:
1808:. Retrieved
1788:
1776:. Retrieved
1767:
1757:
1745:. Retrieved
1736:
1711:. Retrieved
1704:the original
1673:. Retrieved
1632:. Retrieved
1623:
1596:. Retrieved
1563:. Retrieved
1534:. Retrieved
1520:
1508:. Retrieved
1488:
1476:. Retrieved
1462:
1450:. Retrieved
1436:
1424:. Retrieved
1413:
1390:
1380:
1368:. Retrieved
1318:
1312:
1286:
1281:
1270:
1264:
1252:. Retrieved
1243:
1234:
1222:. Retrieved
1209:
1200:
1188:. Retrieved
1175:
1166:
1155:
1145:
1133:. Retrieved
1103:Gordon Smith
1096:
1082:
1059:. Retrieved
1055:the original
1050:
1047:"In the Red"
1015:. Retrieved
987:. Retrieved
910:
900:September 6,
898:. Retrieved
889:
864:. Retrieved
851:
839:. Retrieved
826:
802:
795:
770:Curry County
767:
763:
749:
743:'s proposed
741:Barack Obama
732:Jeff Merkley
725:
693:
671:Bill Clinton
668:
652:
643:Curry County
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2571:Loren Parks
2447:Health care
2400:Solar power
2385:Bottle bill
2378:Environment
2337:Term limits
866:January 29,
809:Greg Walden
791:Lane County
637:privately.
606:O&C Act
602:§ 2601
456:Douglas-fir
370:land grants
2627:Categories
2492:Tax revolt
2405:Coal power
2395:Wind power
2351:Gay rights
934:, enacted
926:, 14
819:References
563:Guy Cordon
443:Land fraud
421:Harrisburg
264:Washington
2478:25 (2002)
2474:36 (1996)
2472:Measures
1958:March 16,
774:sales tax
728:Ron Wyden
254:Tillamook
234:Multnomah
174:Josephine
114:Clackamas
2485:Taxation
2415:Land use
2243:March 6,
2237:Archived
2206:Archived
2175:Archived
2150:March 6,
2144:Archived
2110:Archived
2085:July 20,
2079:Archived
2047:Archived
2016:Archived
1986:April 2,
1932:March 8,
1926:Archived
1898:March 6,
1892:Archived
1867:March 6,
1861:Archived
1836:March 6,
1810:March 6,
1801:Archived
1778:March 6,
1772:Archived
1747:March 6,
1741:Archived
1713:March 6,
1675:March 6,
1666:Archived
1634:March 6,
1628:Archived
1598:April 2,
1592:Archived
1565:March 6,
1559:Archived
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1478:March 6,
1472:Archived
1452:March 6,
1446:Archived
1426:March 6,
1420:Archived
1370:March 6,
1361:Archived
1285:Text of
1254:June 17,
1248:Archived
1224:March 6,
1218:Archived
1190:June 17,
1184:Archived
1135:March 6,
1061:March 6,
1017:March 6,
989:March 6,
980:Archived
894:Archived
841:March 6,
587:Roseburg
437:Yoncalla
405:Roseburg
390:sections
358:Portland
124:Columbia
76:boundary
2212:July 1,
2181:June 4,
2053:July 1,
2022:July 1,
1294:Findlaw
916:Pub. L.
783:Yachats
779:Ashland
702:Pub. L.
681:Pub. L.
616:) on a
433:Oakland
388:, with
274:Yamhill
204:Lincoln
184:Klamath
164:Jackson
154:Douglas
93:County
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1303:Justia
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924:39–242
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689:103–66
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497:, and
435:, and
419:, and
417:Aurora
366:Oregon
351:Origin
224:Marion
104:Benton
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972:(PDF)
928:Stat.
860:(PDF)
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713:(PDF)
429:Drain
413:Canby
284:Total
144:Curry
2245:2012
2214:2012
2183:2012
2152:2012
2118:2013
2087:2012
2055:2012
2024:2012
1988:2012
1960:2012
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1372:2012
1323:ISBN
1256:2016
1226:2012
1192:2016
1137:2012
1087:ISBN
1063:2012
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991:2012
902:2013
868:2024
843:2012
781:and
730:and
695:the
516:The
493:and
458:and
324:and
308:The
244:Polk
214:Linn
194:Lane
134:Coos
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634:GAO
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