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targets for transplant tourists because they are the most in need of money. While some supporters of the organ trade argue that it helps lift some people out of poverty by providing compensation to donors, evidence of this claim is hotly debated. In many cases, people who sell their organs in order to pay off debt do not manage to escape this debt and remain trapped in debt cycles. Often, people feel like they have no choice but to donate their kidneys due to extreme poverty. In some cases, organs are sold to family members, either from parents to offspring, or from adult children to parents. This is more frequent in nations where waitlists are less formal, and among families which cannot afford to leave the country for transplants.
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involved in illegal organ transplants is hindered by medical confidentiality regulations. Without the ability to review medical records and histories to build an effective case against perpetrators, officials cannot fully enforce organ trade laws. Many critics state that in order to prohibit illegal organ trading effectively, criminal justice agencies must collaborate with medical authorities to strengthen knowledge and enforcement of organ trade laws. Critics also support other criminal justice actions to meet this goal, such as prioritizing organ trafficking issues among local legislative bodies; multidisciplinary collaboration in cross-border offenses; and further police training in dealing with organ trafficking crimes.
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to sell their organs. If a person's creditors or dependents suggest that said person sell their kidney to raise money, they could refuse on the grounds that it is illegal. In contrast, if organ sales were legalized, a destitute individual could face pressure from family and creditors to sell a kidney โ and possibly endure social consequences such as scorn or guilt if they declined. Legalizing organ sales would create this unwanted pressure (and attendant disapproval) for all poor individuals, regardless of whether or not they wished to sell their kidneys. Thus a legal prohibition on selling organs is warranted to protect poor people from this undesirable pressure.
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traveled to India and other parts of
Southeast Asia to obtain organs from poor donors. Since then, other destinations have emerged, such as Brazil and the Philippines. According to some allegations, China is involved in the trade of organs taken from executed prisoners. Organ sales continue in India despite new laws in the country that make this practice illegal in most regions. While current estimates suggest that the illicit organ trade remains relatively modest in Europe, this problem does not lose any of its seriousness, as it is very likely that with new medical advances, the gap between supply and demand for organs will continue to widen."
661:. With presumed consent laws (also known as "opt out" laws), consent for organ donation is assumed upon death unless the individual previously "opted out" by submitting documentation. This is in contrast to "opt-in" organ donation policies, which assume that a deceased person would not have wished to donate unless they had previously notified the government of their intention to donate. Presumed consent policies have already been adopted in various countries, including Brazil, certain jurisdictions of the United States, and several European nations. Research shows a 25โ30% increase in the amount of available organs in "opt-out" countries.
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countries. These policies can be either presumed consent (during life) or withdrawal (after death). In the category of withdrawal policies, organ donation is presumed after death, although it is possible to choose not to donate by submitting documents. Research has shown an increase of around 25 to 30% in the amount of organs available in countries with presumed consent policies. In the category of presumed consent policies, like the United States or France, a person may choose to donate their organs during their lifetime. In a presumed consent policy, families sometimes succeed in making the decision to donate the heart.
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harvesting through confidentiality agreements and laws, such as the
Temporary Rules Concerning the Utilization of Corpses or Organs from the Corpses of Executed Prisoners. Critics further allege that organs were not distributed on the basis of need, but rather allocated through a corrupt system or simply sold to wealthy Chinese and foreign individuals. One source estimates that China executed at least 4,000 prisoners in 2006 to supply approximately 8,000 kidneys and 3,000 livers for foreign buyers. China was also accused of fueling its transplant industry with organs harvested from living
711:. Currently 32 countries allow prostitution; none of them allow for the sale of an organ. Views on legalization of prostitution have often viewed it as a "necessary evil" and of prostitution can be legalized as long as the sex worker's human rights such as freedom of speech, travel, work, immigration, health insurance, and housing, are not deprived. Similarly, many argue that as long as the donors rights are respected and the trade is regulated, it would be ethically responsible for organ trade to exist.
423:, it approved nine guiding principles for human organ transplant. The principles clearly stated that organs cannot be the subject of financial transactions. On May 22, 2004, these guidelines were slightly amended at the 57th World Health Assembly. They are intended for the use of governments worldwide. These global initiatives have served as a helpful resource for establishing medical professional codes and a legal framework for the issue, but have not provided the sanctions required for enforcement.
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strangers from donating to one another; a person can only donate to a relative, spouse, or someone bound by "affection". In practice, though, people evade the law's restrictions to continue the trade in organs. Often, claims of "affection" are unfounded and the organ donor has no connection to the recipient. In many cases, the donor may not be Indian or even speak the same language as the recipient. There have also been reports of the donor marrying the recipient to circumvent THOA's prohibition.
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donors' consent. Rather, they say that the dangers posed by donating an organ are too great to allow a person to voluntarily undertake them in exchange for money. As noted previously, critics of organ sales cite research suggesting that kidney sellers suffer serious consequences of the operation, faring far worse than altruistic kidney donors. Even if one assumes that kidney sellers will have similar outcomes to donors in a regulated market, one cannot ignore the fact that a
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University of
Pittsburgh (Pitt) may have violated federal law by altering abortion procedures to harvest organs from babies who were old enough to live outside the womb." However, PolitiFact reported several months earlier that "There is no indication that the fetal tissues used in the experiments were 'purchased'," suggesting that the congress members' later description of this research as involving organ harvesting was inaccurate.
512:, even promoted "all-inclusive" kidney transplant packages that retailed for roughly $ 25,000. The donors themselves often received as little as $ 2,000 for their kidneys. The country was a popular destination for transplant tourism. One high-ranking government official estimated that 800 kidneys were sold annually in the country prior to 2008, and the WHO listed it as one of the top five sites for transplant tourists in 2005.
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organ, leaving comparatively little money left for the donor. Because the mainstream medical establishment is barred from participating in the transplantation, the procedure typically occurs in substandard facilities and not according to best practices. Afterwards, the donors often do not receive important medical follow-up because they are afraid that their role in the crime will be discovered. There have also been reports of
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ranging from $ 4,000 to $ 157,000. Though livers are regenerative, making liver donations non-fatal, they are much less common due to an excruciating post-operative recovery period that deters donors. Other high-priced body parts commonly sold include corneas ($ 24,400) and unfertilized eggs ($ 12,400), while lower-priced bodily commodities include blood ($ 25โ337), skin ($ 10 per square inch), and bones/
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will be poor and can expect the same dangerous consequences. Proponents of organ markets respond by blaming these bad outcomes on the fact that kidney sellers have been forced into the black market, with minimal oversight, follow-up care, or legal protections from abuse; thus in a regulated market in the developed world, kidney sellers could expect to see outcomes more akin to those of kidney donors
1026:"donations" between donor and recipients are allowed. However, the government also supplements this donation with incentives such as free/discounted medical health insurance, exemptions from co payments/contribution shares, priority when receiving an organ in the future, priority when finding a job, income tax exemptions for salaried employees, and free or discounted public utilities.
229:(WHO), illegal organ trade occurs when organs are removed from the body for the purpose of commercial transactions. Despite ordinances against organ sales, this practice persists, with studies estimating that anywhere from 5% to 42% of transplanted organs are illicitly purchased. Research indicates that illegal organ trade is on the rise, with a recent report by
727:. Further more, donor shortages still persists in the United States. To avoid lawsuits, providers would violate UAGA and side with the next of kin and ignore any preexisting organ donation requests. As such, if organ trade is legalized, there will need to be ethical consideration on if a physician has a duty to perform financially motivated organ transplants.
648:, distracts attention from the illegal organ trade. They call for increased scientific research on illegal organ trade, so that organ trafficking legends can be replaced by scientific fact. Meyer argues: "Only then will be taken seriously by all governments affected and will the results constitute a solid ground for the field of policy-making."
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cannot to due to antibody incompatibilities. However, your kidney is a good match for a stranger who happens to be married to someone whose kidney would be compatible with your spouse. In a paired donation, you would agree to donate your kidney to the stranger, in exchange for the stranger's spouse promising to donate a kidney to your spouse.
463:. In 2007, China banned foreign transplant patients and formally outlawed the sale of organs and collecting a person's organs without their consent. In China, minorities including Uighurs, Tibetans, Muslims and Christians are targeted for 'organ harvesting', with Falun Gong practitioners being the primary victims of this brutal practice.
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outcomes, and 96% of donors stated that they regretted donating. These findings are relatively consistent across all countries: those who sell their organs on the market tend to have poorer overall health. Substandard conditions during transplant surgeries can also lead to transmission of diseases like
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transplantation and donation on an international level. It is nonbinding, but over 100 transplant organizations support its principles, including countries such as China, Israel, the
Philippines, and Pakistan, which strengthened their laws against illegal organ trading after the declaration's release.
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Though many statutes regarding organ trade exist, law officials have failed to enforce these mandates successfully. One barrier to enforcement is a lack of communication between medical authorities and law enforcement agencies. Often, enforcement officials' access to information regarding individuals
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In 1994, the country passed the
Transplantation of Human Organs Act (THOA), banning commerce in organs and promoting posthumous donation of organs. The law's primary mechanism for preventing the sale of organs was to restrict who could donate a kidney to another person. In particular, the THOA bars
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had no legislation banning the sale of organs. Low costs and high availability brought in business from around the globe, and transformed India into one of the largest kidney transplant centers in the world. However, several problems began to surface. Patients were often promised payments that were
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that drives illegal organ trade, but not all medical tourism for organs is illegal. For example, in some cases, both the donor and the recipient of the organ travel to a country with adequate facilities to perform a legal surgery. In other cases, a recipient travels to receive the organ of a relative
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Although all nations apart from Iran prohibit financial transactions for organs, most permit "paired donations" or kidney swaps across multiple parties. Paired donations address the problem of tissue compatibility in organ transplants. For example, you may wish to donate a kidney to your spouse but
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recently legalized monetary compensation for living organ donors. Proponents of such initiatives say that these measures do not pay people for their organs; rather, these measures merely compensate donors for the costs associated with donating an organ. For example, Australian donors receive 9 weeks'
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is the only nation that allows organs to be bought and sold for money. Due to lack of infrastructure to maintain an efficient organ transplant system in the early 1980s, Iran legalized living non-related donation (LNRD) of kidneys in 1988. The
Charity Association for the Support of Kidney Patients
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Another argument against organ markets is that they will give rise to a pressure to sell organs which would harm all people (even those who did not participate directly in the market). Under the current ban on the organ trade, debtors and heads of families in the developed world face little pressure
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organ transplantations have poorer clinical outcomes as compared with live organ donations. Legalizing payments for organs would encourage more people to donate their organs. Each organ sold on a market could potentially save the life (and improve the quality of life) of its recipient. For example,
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reported its interview with Cheng Pei Ming, the first known survivor of Chinaโs forced organ harvesting. Cheng, a Falun Gong practitioner, recounted how he was subjected to repeated blood tests and a subsequent forced surgery while imprisoned in China and later discovered during medical exams in the
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The kidney is the most commonly sought-after organ in transplant tourism, with prices for the organ ranging from as little as $ 1,300 to as much as $ 150,000. Reports estimate that 75% of all illegal organ trading involves kidneys. The liver trade is also prominent in transplant tourism, with prices
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However, other critics argue that such a free market system for organ trade would encourage organ theft through murder and neglect of sick individuals for financial gain. Advocates for the free market of organs counter these claims by saying that murder for financial gain already happens; sanctions
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who was instrumental in exposing illegal international organ-selling rings. Scheper-Hughes is famous for her investigations, which have led to several arrests due to people from developing countries being forced or fooled into organ donations. Like the World Health
Organization, Organs Watch seeks
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Critics of legalization argue that proponents exaggerate the impact that a market would have on the supply of organs. In particular, they note that legalized organ sales may โcrowd outโ altruistic donations. In other words, people who would otherwise give their organs to relatives may decline to do
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Some critics challenge the proponents' assumptions that legalization will eliminate the black market for organs or its problems. For example, one scholar argues that once the organ trade became legalized in Iran, it did not end the under-the-table sales in organs. Instead, people made deals outside
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Other physicians and philosophers argue that legalization will remedy the abuses of the illicit trade in organs. The current ban on the sale of organs has driven both sellers and buyers into the black market, out of sight of the law. Criminal middlemen often take a large cut of the payment for the
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and chronic kidney disease), to report reduced overall health, and to suffer from psychological side effects such as depression. Opponents of markets usually ascribe these worse outcomes to the fact that kidney sellers are drawn from the ranks of the poor; if organ sales are permitted, most sellers
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The ethical debate of organ trade rests on whether or not people have an inherent right to sell their own organs and, if so, whether or not the potential harms of organ sales override that right. While in most democratic countries, there is an implied ethical right to what happens to oneโs body, in
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On
September 21, 2021, 92 Republican members of the U.S. Senate and House asked the heads of multiple federal agencies to investigate organ harvesting for research purposes. The letter stated, "We are alarmed by public records obtained from the National Institutes of Heath (NIH) which show that the
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Many non-profit organizations and international jurists are skeptical that China has truly reformed its organ transplant industry. In particular, although the number of organs taken from prisoners has dropped dramatically, there is no prohibition on collecting organs from deceased inmates who sign
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of organs, paying a standard price set by law and then distributing the organs to its citizens. This safeguard is designed to prevent unscrupulous buyers from taking advantage of potential donors and to ensure that the benefits of the increased organ supply are not limited to the rich. Moreover,
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change if the patient received an organ through illegal means. Further more, if organ trade is legalized, an obligation for a physician to respect the patients wish to sell an organ. In the US, there is controversy on whether organ donation wishes are legally enforceable. The primary law governing
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Many people in the United States believe that adopting a system for regulating organ trading similar to Iran's will help to decrease the national shortage of kidneys. They argue that the U.S. could adopt similar policies to promote accountability, ensure safety in surgical practices, employ vendor
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in order for their organs to be removed. In addition to books and films, stories of organ trafficking are often depicted through television, tabloid magazines, emails, and the
Internet. Many of the organ trafficking tales depicted in the media contain unsubstantiated claims. For example, the 1993
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In the 2000s, the country came under increasing international and domestic pressure to end the practice of using organs from prisoners. Since then, it has implemented a number of reforms addressing these allegations. It has developed a registry of voluntary, non-incarcerated donors; it is believed
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Proponents of legalized organ trade have hailed the
Iranian system as an example of an effective and safe organ trading model. In addition, the LNRD model is compatible with the social climate in the country. Religious practices in Iran stymies donation culture in the country as organ donations is
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organizations match donors to recipients, setting up tests to ensure compatibility. Donors receive tax credit compensation from the government, free health care insurance, and often direct payment from the recipient with the average donor being paid $ 1,200. Some donors are also offered employment
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that every human being is a creature of innate dignity, who must always be regarded as an end to itself and never just a means to an end. A market for organs would reduce body parts to commodities to be bought and sold. Critics argue that, by permitting such transactions, society would reduce the
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Another proposed method is to enact laws that would hold doctors accountable for not reporting suspected organ trafficking. Scheper-Hughes has written extensively on the issue of doctors knowingly performing illegal operations with illicit organs. She argues that though doctors might be violating
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Impoverished donors' economic outcomes are no better than their health outcomes. A study of Indian donors found that while 96% of donors sold a kidney to pay off debts, 75% still required operative care that is not provided by the buyer. Donors in all countries often report weakness after surgery
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Reports by the World Health Organization show decreased health and economic well-being for those who donate organs through transplant tourism. In Iran (where organ sales are legal), 58% of donors reported negative health consequences. In Egypt, as many as 78% of donors experienced negative health
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Since the late 1980s, China relied on executed prisoners to provide the bulk of its transplanted organs. This ready source of organs made it second only to the United States for numbers of transplantations performed. There is evidence that the government attempted to downplay the scope of organ
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on organ trafficking and transplant tourism. The Declaration of Istanbul defines transplant commercialism, organ trafficking, and transplant tourism. It condemns these practices based on violations to equity, justice, and human dignity. The declaration aims to promote ethical practices in organ
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Many people in the United States believe that adopting a regulated organ trading system similar to Iran's would help to reduce the shortage of kidneys for transplantation. They believe that the United States should adopt similar policies to ensure the safety of surgery, provide lifelong care for
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by reporting suspected organ trafficking, their legal obligation to the patient is superseded by public interest in ending medical violations of human rights. If accountability measures were imposed, doctors would be liable as accomplices if they knowingly performed operations with black market
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Poor people are also more likely to volunteer to sell their organs. One of the primary reasons donors articulate for why they sell their organs is to pay off debt. Migrants for instance may use the money to pay off human traffickers. The most impoverished are frequently viewed as more reliable
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Some opponents of markets adopt a paternalistic stance that prohibits organ sales on the grounds that the government has a duty to prevent harm to its citizens. Unlike the "coercion by poverty" line of argumentation discussed above, these critics do not necessarily question the validity of the
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Various solutions have been proposed to staunch the flow of illegal organs around the globe. The primary strategy is to increase the supply of legally donated organs, thereby decreasing the demand that drives the illicit organ trade. One way to accomplish this goal is for states to implement
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A program to reduce organ trafficking is supposed to have several ways to work. These laws help to increase the amount of organs available, which reduces the number of patients who turn to the black market. At the same time, the increase in the supply of organs reduces the financial cost of a
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There are several proposed solutions to increase the number of legally available human organs and reduce the growing illicit trade in these organs around the world. Policies of presumed consent have been successful in different countries, including Brazil, the United States, and many European
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The incentivized Kidney Donation Model (IKDM) exists as an intermediate between complete Free Market Model and Erin Harris Model, with strong government regulation and rewards with free market approach to donations. Currently in place in Turkey, Iran, in which a free organ market exists which
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Iran does place restrictions on the commercial organ trade in an attempt to limit transplant tourism. The market is contained within the country; that is, foreigners are not allowed to buy the organs of Iranian citizens. Additionally, organs can only be transplanted between people of the same
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In its report on organ trafficking in Europe, the Social, Health and Family Affairs Committee of the Council of Europe wrote: "On a global scale, organ trafficking is not a new problem. In the 1980s, experts began to notice a practice that was later dubbed 'transplant tourism': wealthy Asians
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The main argument made in favor of legalized organ sales is that it would increase the number of organs available for transplantation. Although governments have implemented other initiatives to increase organ donation โ such as public awareness campaigns, presumed consent laws, and the legal
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for migrants can help to document information on detected missing organs, and even previously done surgeries. Some projects have been started to keep personal health records of immigrants. Detection of missing organs and associated surgeries is an important first step to detect illicit organ
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Though claims of organ trafficking are difficult to substantiate due to lack of evidence and reliable data, cases of illegal organ trade have been tried and prosecuted. The persons and entities prosecuted have included criminal gangs, hospitals, third-party organ brokers, nephrologists, and
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participation in the market would be confined to citizens of the state where the market is located, to prevent the unilateral movement of organs from developing nations to the developed world. Erin and Harris's model has been endorsed by a number of prominent advocates of organ markets.
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Many proponents argue for legalized organ sales on the grounds of autonomy. Individuals are generally free to buy or sell their possessions and their labor. Advocates of organ markets say that, likewise, people ought to be free to buy or sell organs as well. According to this perspective,
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In March 2008, the government passed new legislation enforcing the ban on organ sales. After the crackdown on the practice, the number of transplants has decreased from 1,046 in 2007 to 511 in 2010. Since then, the government has taken a much more active stance against transplant tourism.
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Such paired donations are arguably a form of organ sale โ instead of purchasing a kidney for a loved one with cash, a person pays for it with their own kidney. In fact, in the United States, the spread of kidney paired donations was initially stymied due to language in the National Organ
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registries, and provide donors with lifetime care. They further argue that private insurance companies and the federal government would be invested in providing such care for donors, and that laws could be enacted to make long-term care an inviolable condition of any donation agreement.
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so, opting instead to purchase the organ (or rely on the government to buy one) for their relatives. Proponents of markets counter that while altruistic donations might decrease slightly if organ sales were legalized, this decrease would be more than offset by the influx of organs.
881:: such individuals may feel like they have no choice but to agree to sell a kidney. Under these circumstances, the decision to sell cannot be regarded as truly voluntary. Consequently, it is appropriate for the government to protect poor people by prohibiting the sale of organs.
375:. In 2007, for example, 2,500 kidneys were purchased in Pakistan, with foreign recipients making up two-thirds of the buyers. In the same year, in Canada and the United Kingdom, experts estimated that about 30 to 50 of their transplant patients illegally purchased organs abroad.
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agreements purporting to donate their organs. There continue to be reports of prison officials offering death row inmates the opportunity to "voluntarily" donate their organs upon death, with the implication that those who decline may get worse treatment from their jailers.
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The first scientific report of the phenomenon dates back to a publication in The Lancet in 1990. The study tracked 131 patients from the United Arab Emirates and Oman who underwent kidney transplants in Bombay and who reportedly experienced numerous post-operative problems
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intrusion upon individuals' freedom. Proponents acknowledge that, unlike selling a material possession such as a car, selling a kidney does carry some risk of harm. However, they note that people are able to undertake dangerous occupations (such as logging, soldiering, or
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Proponents of organ sales claim that this line of argument confuses the kidney with the whole person; so long as the transaction is conducted in a way that minimizes risks to the donor and fairly compensates him or her, that person is not reduced to a means to an end.
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544:) are more likely to fall victim of organ theft. Accounts of this practice usually characterize the victims as unemployed individuals (often but not always men) between the ages of 20 and 40 who were seeking work and were taken out of the country for operations.
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Data from the World Health Organization indicates that donors in the illegal organ trade are predominantly impoverished people in developing nations. In one study of organ donors in India, for example, 71% of all donors fell below the poverty line. Poor people
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donors found that they reported a higher quality of life than the average non-donor. Proponents of organ markets argue that, given the comparative safety of donating a kidney, individuals should be permitted to undergo this operation in exchange for payment.
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Another proposed method is to adopt laws that would impose on doctors the responsibility to report suspected organ traffickers. Chiper Hughes has written extensively on the issue of doctors who perform illegal operations while knowing that they are illegal.
46:(WHO), organ trade is a commercial transplantation where there is a profit, or transplantations that occur outside of national medical systems. There is a global need or demand for healthy body parts for transplantation, which exceeds the numbers available.
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Proponents also assert that organ sales ought to be legal because the procedure is relatively safe for donors. The short-term risk of donation is low โ patients have a mortality rate of 0.03%, similar to that of certain elective cosmetic procedures such as
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However, this autonomy is limited in organ trade as governments and some ethicist argue the potential harm of organ trade outweighs the rights of an individual. The closest legalized comparison of a right to bodily autonomy for financial gain would be
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trade in organs is difficult to obtain). The question of whether to legalize and regulate the organ trade to combat illegal trafficking and the significant global organ shortage is greatly debated. This discussion typically centers on the sale of
130:, as over 70% of donors are poor. There is no short-term or long-term follow-up on the health of organ donors. In fact, there is evidence that Iranian donors experience highly negative outcomes, both in terms of health and emotional well-being.
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that these living and deceased donors supply most of the organs transplanted in the country today. China also standardized its organ collection process, specifying which hospitals can perform operations and establishing the legal definition of
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Critics often argue that organ sales should remain prohibited because any market solution will take advantage of the poor. Specifically, they fear that a large financial incentive for donating organs will prove irresistible to individuals in
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seller of the organ to an object of commerce โ a mere means to an ends. Assigning a monetary value to a key organ is essentially assigning a value to its bearer, and putting a price on a human being violates his or her intrinsic dignity.
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kidnapping people and illegally harvesting their organs for sale on the black market. Proponents of legalization argue that it will result in better medical care for donors and recipients alike, as well as larger payments to the donors.
333:, corruption, and insufficiencies in legislation and enforcement drive the prevalence of the illegal organ trade. These factors also pose difficulties in tracking accurate statistics of the trade and market forces across countries.
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defines transplant tourism as "the purchase of a transplant organ abroad that includes access to an organ while bypassing laws, rules, or processes of any or all countries involved". The term "transplant tourism" describes the
57:. Recent bans on the commercial organ trade (e.g. India in 1994 and the Philippines in 2008) have increased the availability of transplants and the safety of the procedures. Despite these prohibitions, organ trafficking and
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As of January 2020, there are more than 100,000 candidates waiting for organ transplant in the United States. The median wait time for heart and liver transplants in the U.S. between 2003 and 2014, was approximately 148 days.
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had been removed without his consent while he was hospitalized in a mental facility. Reggi later disputed this claim, saying that his corneas were still intact, and he had just been suffering from an acute eye infection.
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is an invasive procedure that โ by definition โ inflicts some injury upon the patient. These critics argue that the government has a duty to prevent these harms, even if the would-be seller is willing to undertake them.
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Toews, Maeghan; Giancaspro, Mark; Richards, Bernadette; Ferrari, Paolo (September 2017). "Kidney Paired Donation and the "Valuable Consideration" Problem: The Experiences of Australia, Canada, and the United States".
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In 2023 reports from regional sources have shared details on how Iran began accepting bartered payments for organs in poor rural areas in lieu of traditional payments, in some cases even accepting goats as payment.
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living abroad. Transplant tourism raises concerns because it involves the transfer of healthy organs in one direction, depleting the regions where organs are bought. This transfer typically occurs in trends: from
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Transplantation Act barring the transfer of human organs for "valuable consideration". It was only after the law was amended to specifically allow for kidney paired donations that the practice became popular.
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donors. They also consider that private insurance companies will invest in providing this care to donors, which would make long-term care laws more favorable by protecting the terms of any donation agreement.
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have proposed a much more heavily regulated model for organ transactions. Under this scheme, would-be sellers of organs do not contract with would-be recipients. Instead, a government agency would be the
782:. Moreover, they argue, the long-term risks are also relatively minimal. A 2018 systematic review found that kidney donors did not die earlier than non-donors. Donors did have a slightly increased risk of
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federal law prohibits the sale of organs, it does permit state governments to compensate donors for travel, medical, and other incidental expenses associated with their donation. In 2004, the state of
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Hemphill, Joan E. (2007). "China's Practice of Procuring Organs From Executed Prisoners: Human Rights Groups Must Narrowly Tailor Their Criticism and Endorse the Chinese Constitution to End Abuses".
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The World Health Organization (WHO) has also played a prominent role in condemning the illegal organ trade. The WHO first declared organ trade illegal in 1987, stating that such a trade violates the
845:) which carry significant chance of bodily harm. If individuals are allowed to take on that risk in exchange for money, then they ought to be able to take on the risks of selling a kidney as well.
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415:. It also condemns the practice on the grounds that it "is likely to take unfair advantage of the poorest and most vulnerable groups, undermines altruistic donation and leads to profiteering and
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The international community has issued many ordinances and declarations against the organ trade. Examples include the World Medical Authority's 1985 denouncement of organs for commercial use; the
387:, transplant tourism and organ trafficking of these parts is very rare due to the sophisticated nature of the transplant surgery and the state-of-the-art facilities required for such transplants.
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769:, looking at the publications of 72 economic researchers who have studied organ trade, reached a similar conclusion: 68% supported legalization of the organ trade, while only 21% opposed it.
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estimating that the illegal organ trade generates profits between $ 600 million and $ 1.2 billion per year, with a span over many countries. These countries include, but are not limited to:
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A similar argument focuses on the fact that selling a kidney involves the loss of something unique and essentially irreplaceable on the part of the donor. Given the special value placed on
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Organ trade also raises ethical and legal concerns for healthcare providers towards the treatment of patient. Specifically, currently there is little to no guidance on how does the
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Glaser, Sheri R. 2005. "Formula to Stop the Illegal Organ Trade: Presumed Consent Laws and Mandatory Reporting Requirements for Doctors". Human Rights Brief. Volume 12: Issue 20
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revolves around an illegal drug and organ trafficking ring in outer space, which is run cooperatively by a multinational pharmaceutical corporation and corrupt police officers.
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for organs at zero dollars. This price ceiling affects supply and demand, creating a shortage of organs in the face of a growing demand. According to a report published by the
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much higher than what they actually received. Other patients reported that their kidneys were removed without their consent after they underwent procedures for other reasons.
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5,000, but some donors receive as little as $ 1,000. In addition, these black market transplants are often dangerous to both the donor and recipient, with some contracting
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and Julio Elias estimated that a $ 31,700 compensation would provide enough kidneys for everyone on the wait list. The government could pay the compensation to guarantee
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against such acts exist to minimize their occurrence; and with proper regulation and law enforcement, such incidents in a legal organ trade could be minimized as well.
151:, the same kidney can be worth over $ 100000, with most of proceeds taken up by middlemen. The typical price paid to donors on the black market is thought to be about
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723:(UAGA). However, it is widely considered inadequate as it is up to each state to regulate and uphold this law, with enforcement varying between states for cadaver
4408:
2730:
6240:
5631:
4376:
4232:
Caulfield, Timothy; Duijst, Wilma; Bos, Mike; Chassis, Iris; Codreanu, Igor; Danovitch, Gabriel; Gill, John; Ivanovski, Ninoslav; Shin, Milbert (February 2016).
3965:
1117:
441:
4433:
3519:
5719:
Avci, Ercan (September 2018). "Should We Formulate an Incentivized Model Facilitating Kidney Donation from Living Donors? A Focus on Turkey's Current System".
5509:"An Open Letter to President Barack Obama, Secretary of Health and Human Services Sylvia Mathews Burwell, Attorney General Eric Holder and Leaders of Congress"
4628:
4113:
3178:
3132:
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2476:
2004:
123:
often viewed as taboo. In 2017, from a possible 8,000 cases of brain death, 4,000 organs were viable, but only 808 were transplanted due to lack of consent.
5057:
4650:
589:
There have been various portrayals of illegal organ trade and organ trafficking in the mass media over the past few decades. Many, such as the 1993 book
5163:
2658:
2498:
1518:
455:
concluded that China was guilty of this practice; however, the report has come under criticism for its methodology, by both Chinese and Western sources.
4453:
2450:
1294:
3440:
4559:
2785:
1248:
888:
Legalization of human organ trading has been opposed by a variety of human rights groups. One such group is Organs Watch, which was established by
3997:
2328:
5833:
3850:
2298:
505:
1749:
624:
made a number of claims about organ trafficking that later proved to be false. The program investigated alleged organ and tissue trafficking in
6476:
5221:
3617:
1173:
3490:
4716:
810:
Critics challenge this view of transplantation as being overly optimistic. Specifically, they cite research suggesting that individuals who
6075:
691:
2752:
2122:
2688:
1727:
5657:
1043:
released a song in 2021 titled "Inhumane Harvest", which has lyrical content about organ harvesting. The song was also released with a
400:
5347:
2363:
3875:
Moazam, F., R. M. Zaman, et al. (2009). Conversations with Kidney Vendors in Pakistan: An ethnographic study, Hastings Centre Report.
3826:
3639:
3465:
2151:
1692:
4860:"A Criminological Perspective: Why Prohibition of Organ Trade Is Not Effective and How the Declaration of Istanbul Can Move Forward"
4599:
2400:"A Criminological Perspective: Why Prohibition of Organ Trade Is Not Effective and How the Declaration of Istanbul Can Move Forward"
1669:
5114:
3779:
1633:
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Goat-breeds-distribution-by-region-in-Iran-A-Marghoz-B-Raeini-C-Nadushan-D-Hairy_fig2_252932781
3345:
1949:
5896:
107:
2883:
5512:
4997:
Delmonico, F. L.; Martin, D.; Domรญnguez-Gil, B.; Muller, E.; Jha, V.; Levin, A.; Danovitch, G. M.; Capron, A. M. (2015-05-01).
3678:
3256:
2992:
1838:
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of an individual who wakes up in a hotel bathtub to discover that one of his or her kidneys has been removed. The 1977 novel
2586:
412:
4234:"Trafficking in Human Beings for the Purpose of Organ Removal and the Ethical and Legal Obligations of Healthcare Providers"
3938:
Leventhal, Todd. 1994. "The Child Organ Trafficking Rumor: A Modern Urban Legend." United States Information Agency Report.
4472:
3544:
6338:
6219:
6214:
5826:
4493:
3084:
2404:
2095:
356:
4911:
4583:
4400:
2720:
1920:
5623:
4360:
3961:
3175:
2215:
Delmonico, Francis L. (2009). "The Implications of Istanbul Declaration on organ trafficking and transplant tourism".
5883:
5606:
5146:
4309:
3321:
2914:
1617:
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system to combat the organ shortage that helps drive illegal organ trade. The organ trade's illegal status creates a
897:
to protect and benefit the poverty-stricken individuals who participate in the illegal organ trade out of necessity.
4620:
4105:
3569:
3523:
3122:
1219:
383:($ 5,465). While there is a high demand, and correspondingly a very high price, for vital organs such as hearts and
6145:
6130:
5861:
4134:"World Charter for Prostitutes' Rights: International Committee for Prostitutes' Rights February 1985, Amsterdam".
3600:
3290:
2814:
Lee Mendoza Roger (2010). "Kidney black markets and legal transplants: Are they opposite sides of the same coin?".
2629:
2616:
1000:
541:
342:
5573:
5429:
3757:
2472:
1971:
6259:
5096:
3640:"Formula to Stop the Illegal Organ Trade: Presumed Consent Laws and Mandatory Reporting Requirements for Doctors"
3257:"Formula to Stop the Illegal Organ Trade: Presumed Consent Laws and Mandatory Reporting Requirements for Doctors"
2152:"The State of the International Organ Trade: A Provisional Picture Based on Integration of Available Information"
754:
who receive a kidney transplant from a living donor typically live 7 to 15 years longer than those who depend on
715:
572:
that leads to decreased employment opportunities, especially for those who make a living through physical labor.
534:
403:
of 1997 and its 2002 Optional Protocol Concerning Transplantation of Organs and Tissues of Human Origin; and the
6264:
6235:
6209:
5819:
3863:
Scheper-Hughes, N 2000, โThe global traffic in human organsโ, Current Anthropology, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 191โ224
1112:
702:"Every human being of adult years and sound mind has a right to determine what shall be done with her own body"
437:
6140:
6120:
3808:
1124:
762:
509:
2442:
6178:
6105:
3827:"PolitiFact - NIH helped fund research involving donated fetal tissue, but Fauci was not directly involved"
1201:(Carney, Scott. 2011. "The Red Market." Wired 19, no. 2: 112โ1. Internet and Personal Computing Abstracts.)
3436:
3287:"Bloody Harvest: Revised Report into Allegations of Organ Harvesting of Falun Gong Practitioners in China"
1240:
6557:
6183:
4526:
2915:"Trafficking of Persons for the Removal of Organs and the Admission of Guilt of a South African Hospital"
1644:
720:
644:
Critics, such as Silke Meyer, argue that this sensationalized view of organ trafficking, often based in
119:
nationality โ so, for example, an Iranian cannot purchase a kidney from a refugee from another country.
6188:
6044:
5966:
5153:, Jonathan A. Winston, M.D., Program Chair, April 19, 2010, Kidney & Urology Foundation of America.
3989:
2324:
6531:
6070:
5941:
5936:
965:
658:
568:
and other mental illnesses brought on by the stress of donating and insufficient care after surgery.
226:
43:
3314:
The Slaughter: Mass Killings, Organ Harvesting, and China's Secret Solution to Its Dissident Problem
6562:
6135:
5961:
5182:
3595:
1302:
1269:
1165:
1139:
666:
452:
4175:"Organ Transplantation in Iran; Current State and Challenges with a View on Ethical Consideration"
1723:
1453:"Organ Transplantation in Iran; Current State and Challenges with a View on Ethical Consideration"
115:
opportunities. Charity organizations support recipients that cannot afford the cost of the organ.
6302:
6247:
5998:
5906:
4708:
2090:
1384:
863:
the government-sanctioned system to acquire organs from more desirable (i.e., healthier) donors.
818:
their organs. Kidney sellers are more likely to have renal problems after the operation (such as
404:
6526:
6511:
6252:
6110:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5946:
1129:
1013:. This would save public money, as dialysis for kidney failure patients is far more expensive.
931:
795:
783:
673:
207:
183:
advocacy organizations in both countries have expressed their support for this new initiative.
111:
6432:
4036:
4019:
3206:"China used to harvest organs from prisoners. Under pressure, that practice is finally ending"
6516:
6453:
6400:
6364:
6292:
5973:
5951:
5931:
5842:
608:
420:
70:
by living donors, since human beings are born with two kidneys but need only one to survive.
39:
5653:
1753:
6552:
6323:
6080:
5956:
5921:
4940:
Berman, Elisheva; Lipschutz, Jonathan M.; Bloom, Roy D.; Lipschutz, Joshua H. (June 2008).
2265:
Meyer, Silke (2006). "Trafficking in Human Organs in Europe: A Myth or an Actual Threat?".
2189:
893:
889:
765:
members is that organ trade should be allowed, with 70% in favor and 16% opposed. Another
97:
3650:
2355:
1700:
790:(a condition sometimes seen in pregnancy). The review found no difference in the rates of
8:
6416:
5911:
5873:
5868:
5856:
2997:
2725:
2693:
1661:
695:
3366:
Watts, Jonathan (9 June 2007). "China Introduces New Rules to Deter Human Organ Trade".
2543:
Mendoza, Roger Lee (2010). "Colombia's organ trade: Evidence from Bogotรก and Medellรญn".
6287:
5484:
5451:
5421:
5328:
5272:
5247:
5213:
5088:
4974:
4957:
4941:
4792:
4767:
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4233:
4209:
4174:
4155:
3906:
3731:
3393:
3337:
3049:
2839:
2568:
2240:
2176:
2058:
1912:
1570:
1519:"Organ Sales and Moral Travails: Lessons from the Living Kidney Vendor Program in Iran"
1487:
1452:
1406:
1379:
1352:
1327:
1010:
475:
U.S. that segments of his liver and a portion of his lung had been surgically removed.
4454:
The Policy Views of American Economic Association Members: The Results of a New Survey
4337:
3381:
1941:
918:
in society, it is appropriate to outlaw the sale of body parts to protect that value.
6521:
6501:
6496:
6395:
6297:
6049:
5785:
5777:
5736:
5701:
5602:
5565:
5557:
5489:
5471:
5413:
5405:
5355:
5320:
5312:
5277:
5205:
5144:
Transplantation in the USA: The Shortage of Available Organs and Public Health Policy
5080:
5038:
5030:
5025:
4979:
4961:
4889:
4881:
4876:
4859:
4840:
4832:
4797:
4670:
4591:
4551:
4463:, Robert Whaples, Econ Journal Watch, Volume 6, Number 3, September 2009, pp. 337โ48.
4368:
4341:
4305:
4271:
4253:
4214:
4196:
4147:
4087:
4083:
4049:
4041:
3910:
3886:
3844:
3723:
3609:
3411:
3385:
3317:
3103:
3098:
3079:
3041:
2947:
2831:
2560:
2423:
2418:
2399:
2244:
2232:
2181:
2114:
2050:
1996:
1904:
1820:
1812:
1807:
1613:
1574:
1548:
1492:
1474:
1411:
1357:
1339:
1070:
998:
think tank, eliminating the price ceiling would eliminate the organ shortage. In the
791:
766:
565:
504:, prior to 2008 the practice was tolerated and even endorsed by the government. The
416:
396:
272:
5508:
5425:
5332:
5092:
4682:
3735:
2843:
2827:
2572:
1916:
1610:
The Last Commodity: Post-Human Ethics, Global (In)Justice, and the Traffic in Organs
6343:
5901:
5767:
5728:
5691:
5547:
5479:
5463:
5397:
5304:
5267:
5259:
5217:
5197:
5072:
5020:
5010:
4969:
4953:
4871:
4824:
4787:
4779:
4662:
4541:
4333:
4297:
4261:
4245:
4204:
4186:
4139:
4079:
4031:
3898:
3887:"Kidneys and Controversies in the Islamic Republic of Iran: The Case of Organ Sale"
3715:
3397:
3377:
3093:
3053:
3033:
2937:
2929:
2823:
2552:
2527:
2413:
2274:
2224:
2171:
2163:
2104:
2062:
2042:
1986:
1896:
1802:
1792:
1562:
1553:
1549:"Kidneys and Controversies in the Islamic Republic of Iran: The Case of Organ Sale"
1482:
1464:
1401:
1393:
1347:
1144:
915:
708:
612:
230:
5552:
5401:
6328:
6168:
6026:
6008:
5926:
5916:
5150:
4666:
4482:, Jon Diesel, Econ Journal Watch, Volume 7, Number 3, September 2010, pp. 320โ36.
4479:
4460:
4249:
3182:
3153:"Human organ black market exploiting poverty and hope," China Post, May 10, 2010.
2228:
1870:
1438:
1040:
927:
878:
855:
761:
Economists generally lean in favor of legalizing organ markets. The consensus of
755:
368:
58:
4912:"Desperate Brits buying kidney transplants on Pakistan black market for ยฃ47,000"
3080:"Organ Trafficking and Transplant Tourism: A Commentary on the Global Realities"
2046:
1397:
636:, and Russia. One episode discussed a man named Pedro Reggi, reporting that his
6390:
6307:
6100:
6036:
5772:
5755:
3948:
3548:
2528:
Roger Lee Mendoza (2012). Transplant management from a vendorโs perspective.
2278:
2109:
1134:
995:
991:
751:
317:
180:
5599:
The International Trafficking of Human Organs: A Multidisciplinary Perspective
5295:
Cohen, Cynthia B. (2002-03-01). "Public Policy and the Sale of Human Organs".
5201:
4828:
3719:
2556:
110:(CFSD) control the trade of organs, with the support of the government. These
53:
Commercial trade in human organs is currently illegal in all countries except
6546:
6458:
6448:
6369:
6333:
6163:
6021:
6016:
5978:
5891:
5781:
5680:"Introducing Incentives in the Market for Live and Cadaveric Organ Donations"
5561:
5475:
5409:
5359:
5316:
5034:
4965:
4885:
4836:
4595:
4372:
4345:
4257:
4200:
4173:
Kiani, Mehrzad; Abbasi, Mahmoud; Ahmadi, Mehdi; Salehi, Bahare (2018-03-05).
4151:
4091:
4045:
3902:
3706:
Turner, Leigh (2009). "Commercial Organ Transplantation in the Philippines".
2564:
1991:
1816:
1566:
1478:
1451:
Kiani, Mehrzad; Abbasi, Mahmoud; Ahmadi, Mehdi; Salehi, Bahare (2018-03-05).
1343:
987:
787:
724:
347:
322:
195:
187:
4783:
4301:
3675:"The trade in human organs in Tamil Nadu: the anatomy of regulatory failure"
2933:
2499:"Murder for Organs Broker China Considers Financial Incentives for Donation"
6385:
6359:
5789:
5740:
5705:
5569:
5493:
5417:
5324:
5209:
5084:
5042:
4983:
4893:
4844:
4801:
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4555:
4275:
4218:
4053:
3727:
3613:
3389:
3127:
3107:
3045:
2951:
2835:
2427:
2236:
2185:
2118:
2054:
2000:
1908:
1884:
1824:
1776:
1496:
1415:
1361:
1104:
819:
799:
603:
598:
594:
471:
372:
352:
312:
148:
62:
35:
5308:
5281:
5143:
3573:
2167:
6463:
6115:
5467:
5263:
5076:
4651:"Assessing the likely harms to kidney vendors in regulated organ markets"
4546:
3284:
2689:"Kidney traffickers selling organs to Israelis go on trial in Costa Rica"
2630:"Traffickers targeting Haiti's children, human organs, PM says - CNN.com"
1211:
1052:
1044:
1036:
1006:
983:
907:
833:
779:
742:
557:
553:
501:
460:
302:
5811:
4942:"The Bioethics and Utility of Selling Kidneys for Renal Transplantation"
5732:
5696:
5679:
5535:
5385:
4999:"Living and Deceased Organ Donation Should Be Financially Neutral Acts"
4191:
3368:
3286:
2299:"Desperation, Lack of Donors Drives Organ Trafficking in Latin America"
1781:"Living and Deceased Organ Donation Should Be Financially Neutral Acts"
1469:
645:
448:
262:
5015:
4998:
4159:
4018:
Hanto, D. W.; Peters, T. G.; Howard, R. J.; Cornell, D. (2005-09-01).
3749:
2942:
1900:
1797:
1780:
1775:
Delmonico, F. L.; Martin, D.; Domรญnguez-Gil, B.; Muller, E.; Jha, V.;
970:
842:
633:
625:
191:
175:
171:
156:
3951:"Sonata for Solo Organ" and "Harvest" storyline on organ harvesting
3466:"First Known Survivor of China's Forced Organ Harvesting Speaks Out"
3037:
1972:"Kidney Paired Donation and Optimizing the Use of Live Donor Organs"
6506:
6193:
4143:
1061:
961:
837:
629:
380:
257:
127:
16:
Buying and selling of human body parts, usually for transplantation
5624:"Organs for Cash? How Legitimizing the Organ Trade May Save Lives"
4996:
4621:"Living kidney donors have low but elevated risk of renal failure"
1774:
814:
their organs fare worse after the procedure than those who freely
4292:
Starzl, Thomas (2007-04-27), "Live-Donor Organ Transplantation",
2659:"Israel Became Hub in International Organ Trade Over Past Decade"
746:
745:โ the waitlist for vital organs continues to grow. Further more,
330:
179:
paid leave at a rate corresponding to the national minimum wage.
3285:
David Matas, Esq.; Hon. David Kilgour, Esq. (31 January 2007).
3176:
The Transplantation Societyโs Policy on Interactions With China
1066:
637:
360:
307:
292:
282:
247:
242:
237:
144:
67:
3825:
Washington, District of Columbia 1800 I. Street NW; Dc 20006.
3123:"Illegal kidney trade booms as new organ is 'sold every hour'"
2031:
4939:
2473:"CHINA FACES ENORMOUS CHALLENGES IN ENDING ORGAN TRAFFICKING"
803:
484:
287:
277:
267:
252:
31:
2267:
European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice
1885:"Singapore legalises compensation payments to kidney donors"
615:, tells of unsuspecting medical patients who are put into a
426:
6173:
5348:"Is it ethical to purchase human organs? | Samuel Kerstein"
5058:"Constraint, Consent, and Well-Being in Human Kidney Sales"
4738:"Legal Issues in Payment of Living Donors for Solid Organs"
3990:"What's Organ Donation Got to Do With Human Rights Anyway?"
1750:"Organ trafficking and transplantation pose new challenges"
1668:. The Economist Newspaper Limited 2011. November 16, 2006.
772:
616:
384:
364:
297:
152:
126:
Some critics argue that the Iranian system is in some ways
102:
54:
5756:"Organ trafficking: global solutions for a global problem"
4070:
Farnell (April 1914). "New York State Hospital Bulletin".
2091:"Organ Trafficking: Global Solutions for a Global Problem"
61:
remain widespread (however, the data on the extent of the
5170:. Vol. 82 (9th ed.). World Health Organization.
5168:
Organ Trafficking and Transplantation Pose New Challenges
4473:
Do Economists Reach a Conclusion on Organ Liberalization?
4231:
2721:"Israeli organ-smuggling 'mastermind' arrested in Cyprus"
1699:. American Association of Kidney Patients. Archived from
1087:
transplant and, therefore, the need for medical tourism.
561:
160:
5183:"Kidney sales and the analogy with dangerous employment"
4768:"Human organs, scarcities, and sale: morality revisited"
4017:
3489:
Unnithan, Sandeep; Datta, Damayanti (14 February 2008).
3024:
Khalili, Mohammed I. (2016). "Organ Trading in Jordan".
2809:
2807:
4815:
Greenberg, Orfa (July 2013). "The Global Organ trade".
4172:
3077:
3017:
1970:
Segev; Gentry; Warren; Reeb; Montgomery (20 Apr 2005).
1450:
1118:
Organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners in China
442:
Organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners in China
4527:"Potential risks of living kidney donation โ a review"
3750:"Cabral warns: No more organs for sale in Philippines"
1069:
who find themselves in the clutches of an underground
930:
human beings. This argument typically starts with the
926:
Another criticism of legalized organ sales is that it
802:, or mental illness. Multiple studies of American and
5806:
4990:
3412:"Chinese doctors jailed for illegal organ harvesting"
2804:
1969:
1612:. Penang: Multiversity & Citizens International.
942:
166:
3777:
2884:"Police nab cartel member in organ trafficking case"
2325:"Brazilian doctors convicted over organ trafficking"
535:
Human trafficking ยง Trafficking for organ trade
3520:"Organ Shortage Fuels Illicit Trade in Human Parts"
2587:"Four Arrested in Costa Rica For Organ Trafficking"
2475:. The Laogai Research Foundation. 13 January 2014.
2292:
2290:
2288:
1768:
4065:
4063:
2976:"United States of America v. Levy Izhak Rosenbaum"
2753:"Lawyer: Slaves In Libya Are Used For Organ Trade"
329:individuals attempting to sell their own organs.
198:to living donors to defray the costs of donation.
4857:
3121:Campbell, Denis; Davison, Nicola (May 27, 2012).
2990:
2858:"philippines illegal organ trade โ Google zoeken"
2813:
2397:
982:Many scholars advocate the implementation of a
866:
684:
500:Although the sale of organs was not legal in the
6544:
3637:
3254:
3233:Pacific Rim Law & Policy Journal Association
3078:Budiani-Saberi, D. A.; Delmonico, F. L. (2008).
2780:
2778:
2285:
1779:; Danovitch, G. M.; Capron, A. M. (2015-05-01).
1270:"Human traffic: exposing the brutal organ trade"
900:
564:. Donors' poor health is further exacerbated by
5248:"Bodily Integrity and the Sale of Human Organs"
4814:
4361:"Opinion | Why Selling Kidneys Should Be Legal"
4060:
3120:
2786:"Mexico cartel member held in organ theft case"
2350:
2348:
2346:
1693:"A New Outlook on Compensated Kidney Donations"
38:, tissues, or other body products, usually for
6477:List of organ transplant donors and recipients
5536:"The best argument against kidney sales fails"
3884:
3871:
3869:
3824:
3289:. organharvestinvestigation.net. p. 237.
1843:, Australian Government Department of Health,
1607:
5827:
5450:Harris, John; Erin, Charles A. (2003-06-01).
3857:
3705:
3488:
2775:
1373:
1371:
871:
730:
359:, from developing to developed nations, from
6076:Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder
5592:
5590:
4422:
4106:"Countries Where Prostitution Is Legal 2021"
2343:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2139:
1656:
1654:
1328:"Paying kidney donors: time to follow Iran?"
5162:
3866:
3849:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3161:
3159:
2536:
1441:, The Wall Street Journal, January 8, 2010.
1380:"Iranian Organ Donation: Kidneys on Demand"
1065:focuses on a group of American tourists in
5834:
5820:
5449:
4858:Ambagtsheer, F.; Weimar, W. (2011-12-07).
4706:
4491:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3063:
2296:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1368:
951:
832:prohibitions against selling organs are a
575:
401:Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine
201:
5841:
5771:
5695:
5587:
5551:
5483:
5386:"Choice, pressure and markets in kidneys"
5271:
5245:
5180:
5113:Delmonico, Francisco (29 December 2015).
5112:
5024:
5014:
4973:
4875:
4791:
4545:
4447:
4430:"To Save Lives, Legalize Trade in Organs"
4265:
4208:
4190:
4072:The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
4037:10.1001/virtualmentor.2005.7.9.ccas2-0509
4035:
4020:"Family Disagreement over Organ Donation"
3934:
3932:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3097:
2993:"Gambler tried to sell his kidney online"
2941:
2417:
2214:
2175:
2156:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
2149:
2136:
2108:
1990:
1942:"Organ Trafficking Laws in Key Countries"
1806:
1796:
1651:
1540:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1486:
1468:
1405:
1351:
735:
427:Illicit organ trade in specific countries
5345:
4905:
4903:
4817:Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics
3708:Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics
3230:
3156:
2217:Current Opinion in Organ Transplantation
2084:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2072:
1721:
773:Minimal negative consequences for donors
143:In Iran's legal markets, the price of a
5807:Doctors Against Forced Organ Harvesting
5596:
4765:
4069:
3692:
3631:
3593:
3311:
3060:
3023:
2542:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2210:
2208:
2206:
1873:, Rashida Yosufzai, AAP, APRIL 07, 2013
1724:"Black Market Kidneys, $ 160,000 a Pop"
1592:
1377:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1077:
826:
694:through the court's opinion by Justice
147:ranges from $ 28000 to $ 45000. On the
108:Charity Foundation for Special Diseases
6545:
5677:
5533:
5515:from the original on 26 September 2018
5383:
5115:"Our Body Parts Shouldn't Be For Sale"
5055:
4808:
4648:
4520:
4518:
4395:
4393:
4358:
4291:
3929:
3778:Agence France-Presse (July 28, 2010).
3443:from the original on 30 September 2013
3243:
3203:
2912:
2701:from the original on 11 September 2017
2331:from the original on 26 September 2018
1840:Supporting Living Organ Donors Program
1690:
1516:
1503:
1427:
1425:
690:the US this right was dictated by the
220:
194:took advantage of this law to provide
5815:
5753:
5294:
5125:from the original on 14 December 2018
4909:
4900:
4401:"Kidney Transplant | BIDMC of Boston"
4287:
4285:
3984:
3982:
3460:
3458:
3429:
3365:
3359:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3191:
2763:from the original on 13 December 2017
2264:
2088:
2069:
2027:
2025:
1882:
1730:from the original on November 4, 2012
1546:
1325:
1029:
651:
528:
413:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
336:
5718:
5500:
5137:
3917:from the original on 16 October 2015
3790:from the original on August 12, 2017
3293:from the original on 8 December 2017
2733:from the original on 23 January 2019
2597:from the original on 26 October 2021
2398:Ambagtsheer, F.; Weimar, W. (2011).
2378:
2251:
2203:
1864:Live donors to get financial support
1672:from the original on 25 October 2017
1321:
1319:
1188:
977:
956:
86:
6220:Canadian Society of Transplantation
6215:American Society of Transplantation
5760:American Journal of Kidney Diseases
5621:
5452:"An ethical market in human organs"
5297:Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal
5227:from the original on 10 August 2017
5181:Malmqvist, Eri (23 December 2013).
5003:American Journal of Transplantation
4864:American Journal of Transplantation
4534:Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation
4524:
4515:
4390:
3885:Diane M. Tober (1 September 2007).
3212:from the original on 4 October 2017
3204:Denyer, Simon (15 September 2017).
3085:American Journal of Transplantation
2864:from the original on 3 January 2020
2443:"Can China Stop Organ Trafficking?"
2440:
2405:American Journal of Transplantation
2096:American Journal of Kidney Diseases
1876:
1857:
1785:American Journal of Transplantation
1422:
13:
5754:Jafar, Tazeen H. (December 2009).
5065:Journal of Medicine and Philosophy
4958:10.1016/j.transproceed.2008.03.095
4282:
3979:
3780:"Ban on human organ sales working"
3455:
3278:
3188:
3005:from the original on 30 March 2019
2894:from the original on 30 March 2019
2453:from the original on 31 March 2019
2366:from the original on 6 August 2018
2022:
1722:Martinez, Edecio (July 27, 2009).
1517:Hippen, Benjamin E. (2008-03-20).
1176:from the original on 15 April 2021
1163:
943:Unwanted pressure to sell an organ
921:
584:
390:
167:Government compensation for donors
14:
6574:
5800:
5634:from the original on 20 July 2015
5506:
4707:Fry-Revere, Sigrid (2007-05-01).
4655:The American Journal of Bioethics
4492:Yanklowitz, Shmuly (2015-10-27).
3491:"Life and crimes of a kidney don"
2991:Stephanie Condron (11 May 2007).
2792:from the original on 2 April 2019
2509:from the original on 2 April 2019
2479:from the original on 2 April 2019
1326:Major, Rupert WL (January 2008).
1316:
848:
6146:United Network for Organ Sharing
6131:National Transplant Organization
5747:
5712:
5684:Journal of Economic Perspectives
5671:
5646:
5615:
5527:
5443:
5377:
5339:
5288:
5239:
5174:
5156:
5106:
5049:
4933:
4877:10.1111/j.1600-6143.2011.03864.x
4851:
4759:
4730:
4700:
4642:
4613:
4576:
4485:
4466:
4359:Berger, Alexander (2011-12-05).
4084:10.1097/00005053-191404000-00017
3601:Indian Journal of Medical Ethics
3135:from the original on May 7, 2019
3099:10.1111/j.1600-6143.2008.02200.x
2617:Human organ trafficking in Egypt
2441:Fan, Jiayang (10 January 2014).
2419:10.1111/j.1600-6143.2011.03864.x
2010:from the original on 16 May 2017
1001:Journal of Economic Perspectives
519:
343:United Network for Organ Sharing
6260:Organ transplantation in Israel
5660:from the original on 2008-09-14
5576:from the original on 2018-12-06
5432:from the original on 2018-12-14
5366:from the original on 2018-12-15
5346:Kerstein, Samuel (2016-06-29).
4922:from the original on 2018-12-14
4748:from the original on 2018-12-14
4719:from the original on 2019-03-30
4689:from the original on 2018-12-14
4631:from the original on 2018-12-05
4602:from the original on 2017-10-25
4565:from the original on 2021-10-26
4504:from the original on 2018-10-12
4411:from the original on 2018-12-14
4379:from the original on 2018-12-14
4352:
4324:"Uniform Anatomical Gift Act".
4317:
4225:
4166:
4127:
4116:from the original on 2019-04-30
4098:
4011:
4000:from the original on 2019-04-30
3968:from the original on 2020-08-11
3954:
3941:
3878:
3818:
3809:University of Pittsburgh letter
3802:
3771:
3760:from the original on 2020-11-24
3742:
3667:
3620:from the original on 2018-12-21
3587:
3562:
3537:
3512:
3501:from the original on 2018-12-21
3482:
3404:
3348:from the original on 2018-10-09
3330:
3305:
3267:from the original on 2020-12-05
3224:
3168:
3147:
3114:
2984:
2969:
2958:from the original on 2021-10-26
2906:
2876:
2850:
2828:10.1016/j.healthpol.2009.10.005
2745:
2713:
2681:
2669:from the original on 2018-09-20
2651:
2640:from the original on 2018-08-27
2622:
2609:
2579:
2521:
2491:
2465:
2434:
2317:
2305:from the original on 2017-09-26
2125:from the original on 2021-02-01
1963:
1952:from the original on 2018-08-28
1934:
1923:from the original on 2019-03-30
1847:from the original on 2018-12-05
1831:
1742:
1715:
1684:
1637:
1626:
1581:from the original on 2015-10-16
1529:from the original on 2019-09-22
1523:Cato Institute: Policy Analysis
1444:
1251:from the original on 2019-11-07
1222:from the original on 2017-10-01
1020:
138:
6265:Organ transplantation in Japan
6236:Organ transplantation in China
6210:American Society of Nephrology
3026:Politics and the Life Sciences
2356:"Organ Trafficking Is No Myth"
1608:Scheper-Hughes, Nancy (2008).
1287:
1262:
1233:
1204:
1157:
1113:Organ transplantation in China
867:Arguments against legalization
685:Ethical debate for organ trade
495:
438:Organ transplantation in China
1:
6141:Trillium Gift of Life Network
6121:National Marrow Donor Program
5553:10.1136/medethics-2014-102390
5402:10.1136/medethics-2017-104192
5384:Koplin, Julian (2018-05-01).
4338:10.1016/s0001-2092(08)71128-1
3382:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60897-6
1150:
1125:Fetus Farming Prohibition Act
901:Direct harms of organ selling
763:American Economic Association
506:Philippine Information Agency
6179:Halachic Organ Donor Society
6106:Gift of Life Marrow Registry
4910:Evans, Sophie (2017-01-25).
4667:10.1080/15265161.2014.947041
4494:"Give a Kidney, Get a Check"
4294:Living Donor Transplantation
4250:10.1097/txd.0000000000000566
4179:Journal of Clinical Medicine
3815:, September 21, 2021, page 1
3545:"Hub For Global Organ Trade"
2530:Journal of Health Management
2229:10.1097/MOT.0b013e32832917c9
1691:Schall, John A. (May 2008).
1645:"Iran live sheep deal boost"
1457:Journal of Clinical Medicine
1378:Griffin, Anne (March 2007).
1295:"Trafic d'organes en Europe"
620:British/Canadian TV program
7:
6184:Kidney Foundation of Canada
5534:Semrau, Luke (2015-06-01).
5246:Wilkinson, Stephen (1996).
4946:Transplantation Proceedings
4584:"Psst, wanna buy a kidney?"
4296:, CRC Press, pp. 1โ6,
3439:. Chinaview.wordpress.com.
2532:, 14, 1 (March 2012): 67โ74
2047:10.1097/TP.0000000000001778
1662:"Psst, wanna buy a kidney?"
1398:10.1136/bmj.39141.493148.94
1098:
721:Uniform Anatomical Gift Act
716:doctorโpatient relationship
10:
6579:
6241:harvesting from Falun Gong
6189:National Kidney Foundation
6045:Non-heart-beating donation
5773:10.1053/j.ajkd.2009.08.014
5721:Developing World Bioethics
4709:"The Right to Sell Organs"
3947:Two episodes of TV series
2279:10.1163/157181706777978739
2150:Shimazono, Yosuke (2007).
2110:10.1053/j.ajkd.2009.08.014
1332:McGill Journal of Medicine
872:Susceptibility to coercion
731:Arguments for legalization
532:
435:
231:Global Financial Integrity
205:
95:
73:
6489:
6472:
6441:
6425:
6409:
6378:
6352:
6316:
6280:
6273:
6228:
6202:
6154:
6089:
6071:Graft-versus-host disease
6063:
6035:
6007:
5882:
5849:
5597:Territo, Leonard (2011).
5540:Journal of Medical Ethics
5456:Journal of Medical Ethics
5390:Journal of Medical Ethics
5252:Journal of Medical Ethics
5202:10.1007/s10728-013-0270-3
4829:10.1017/s0963180113000042
4772:Journal of Medical Ethics
4110:worldpopulationreview.com
3784:The Sydney Morning Herald
3720:10.1017/S0963180109090318
3638:Glaser, Sheri R. (2007).
3255:Glaser, Sheri R. (2007).
2615:Read more in the article
2557:10.1007/s10389-010-0320-3
2297:Edward Fox (2012-07-19).
2089:Jafar, Tazeen H. (2009).
1946:Christian Science Monitor
227:World Health Organization
44:World Health Organization
6136:NHS Blood and Transplant
5056:Hughes, Paul M. (2009).
4332:(5): 131โ132. May 1969.
3903:10.1177/1357034X07082257
2545:Journal of Public Health
1992:10.1001/jama.293.15.1883
1567:10.1177/1357034x07082257
1245:optn.transplant.hrsa.gov
1216:optn.transplant.hrsa.gov
1140:Organ donation in Israel
667:doctor-patient privilege
597:, are variations of the
478:
431:
419:." In 1991, at the 44th
6512:Immunosuppressive drugs
6248:Organ donation in India
4784:10.1136/jme.2004.009621
4649:Koplin, Julian (2014).
4302:10.3109/9781420019650-2
3594:Jafarey, Aamir (2007).
3312:Gutmann, Ethan (2014).
1385:British Medical Journal
1166:"The Rise of theMarket"
952:Models for legalization
674:Personal health records
622:The Body Parts Business
611:, made into a movie by
576:Issues with enforcement
542:including poor migrants
405:Declaration of Istanbul
202:Kidney paired donations
91:
6532:Frankenstein's monster
6527:Total body irradiation
6253:Gurgaon kidney scandal
6111:Human Tissue Authority
5601:. Hoboken: CRC Press.
4238:Transplantation Direct
1241:"National Data โ OPTN"
1130:Gurgaon kidney scandal
894:medical anthropologist
784:chronic kidney disease
736:Increased organ supply
719:organ donation is the
704:
692:Scheloendorff decision
208:Kidney paired donation
6517:Lung allocation score
6454:Jean-Michel Dubernard
5843:Organ transplantation
5678:Becker, Gary (2007).
5628:The Apollonian Revolt
5622:Luu, Brandon (2014).
5309:10.1353/ken.2002.0002
5026:10536/DRO/DU:30082355
4525:Gai, Massimo (2007).
4138:(37): 183โ185. 1993.
2934:10.1093/medlaw/fwr001
2168:10.2471/blt.06.039370
1808:10536/DRO/DU:30082355
1752:. WHO. Archived from
1547:Tober, Diane (2007).
1059:The 2006 horror film
700:
421:World Health Assembly
6324:J. Hartwell Harrison
6081:Transplant rejection
5468:10.1136/jme.29.3.137
5264:10.1136/jme.22.6.334
5190:Health Care Analysis
4766:Kishore, RR (2005).
3596:"Asia's organ farms"
3570:"India Kidney Trade"
3316:. Prometheus Books.
2757:huffingtonpost.co.za
1703:on 27 September 2011
1274:New Internationalist
1050:The 1994 video game
964:Charles A. Erin and
890:Nancy Scheper-Hughes
827:Respect for autonomy
453:KilgourโMatas report
98:Kidney trade in Iran
6433:Andrรฉ van der Merwe
6417:Richard C. Lillehei
6090:Transplant networks
5874:Xenotransplantation
5869:Autotransplantation
5857:Allotransplantation
5119:The Washington Post
4742:www.americanbar.org
2998:The Daily Telegraph
2913:Allain, J. (2011).
2759:. 3 December 2017.
2726:The Times of Israel
2694:The Times of Israel
2593:. 11 October 2013.
2327:. 9 February 2014.
1756:on 15 February 2014
1299:archive.wikiwix.com
800:high blood pressure
451:practitioners. The
221:Illegal organ trade
42:. According to the
22:(also known as the
6558:Trade by commodity
6288:Christiaan Barnard
5884:Organs and tissues
5733:10.1111/dewb.12192
5697:10.1257/jep.21.3.3
5149:2016-12-11 at the
5077:10.1093/jmp/jhp049
4547:10.1093/ndt/gfm480
4478:2018-04-25 at the
4459:2013-05-09 at the
4365:The New York Times
4192:10.3390/jcm7030045
3962:"PHR for migrants"
3891:Body & Society
3647:Human Rights Brief
3437:"Organ harvesting"
3261:Human Rights Brief
3181:2018-07-12 at the
2922:Medical Law Review
2729:. 9 January 2009.
2362:. 9 January 2009.
1883:Bland, B. (2008).
1869:2018-12-06 at the
1470:10.3390/jcm7030045
1437:2014-04-11 at the
1078:Proposed solutions
1030:In popular culture
932:Kantian assumption
652:Proposed solutions
529:Impact on the poor
508:, a branch of the
337:Transplant tourism
59:transplant tourism
6540:
6539:
6522:Machine perfusion
6502:Edmonton protocol
6497:Biomedical tissue
6485:
6484:
6396:Vladimir Demikhov
6298:Adrian Kantrowitz
6050:Organ procurement
5507:Truog, Robert D.
5016:10.1111/ajt.13232
4540:(11): 3122โ3127.
3376:(9577): 1917โ18.
2890:. 17 March 2014.
1985:(15): 1883โ1890.
1901:10.1136/bmj.a2456
1798:10.1111/ajt.13232
1666:Organ transplants
978:Free market model
957:Erin Harris model
767:literature review
417:human trafficking
397:Council of Europe
225:According to the
87:Legal organ trade
6570:
6344:Michael Woodruff
6278:
6277:
6009:Medical grafting
5836:
5829:
5822:
5813:
5812:
5794:
5793:
5775:
5766:(6): 1145โ1157.
5751:
5745:
5744:
5716:
5710:
5709:
5699:
5675:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5665:
5654:"Price Ceilings"
5650:
5644:
5643:
5641:
5639:
5619:
5613:
5612:
5594:
5585:
5584:
5582:
5581:
5555:
5531:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5520:
5504:
5498:
5497:
5487:
5447:
5441:
5440:
5438:
5437:
5381:
5375:
5374:
5372:
5371:
5343:
5337:
5336:
5292:
5286:
5285:
5275:
5243:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5232:
5226:
5187:
5178:
5172:
5171:
5160:
5154:
5141:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5130:
5110:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5095:. Archived from
5062:
5053:
5047:
5046:
5028:
5018:
5009:(5): 1187โ1191.
4994:
4988:
4987:
4977:
4952:(5): 1264โ1270.
4937:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4927:
4907:
4898:
4897:
4879:
4855:
4849:
4848:
4812:
4806:
4805:
4795:
4763:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4753:
4734:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4704:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4694:
4646:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4636:
4617:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4607:
4580:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4570:
4564:
4549:
4531:
4522:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4509:
4489:
4483:
4470:
4464:
4451:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4441:
4432:. Archived from
4426:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4397:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4356:
4350:
4349:
4321:
4315:
4314:
4289:
4280:
4279:
4269:
4229:
4223:
4222:
4212:
4194:
4170:
4164:
4163:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4102:
4096:
4095:
4067:
4058:
4057:
4039:
4015:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4005:
3986:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3958:
3952:
3945:
3939:
3936:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3882:
3876:
3873:
3864:
3861:
3855:
3854:
3848:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3822:
3816:
3813:womack.house.gov
3806:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3746:
3740:
3739:
3703:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3677:. Archived from
3671:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3655:
3649:. Archived from
3644:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3591:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3572:. Archived from
3566:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3547:. Archived from
3541:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3522:. Archived from
3516:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3486:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3462:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3252:
3241:
3240:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3201:
3186:
3172:
3166:
3163:
3154:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3101:
3075:
3058:
3057:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3010:
2988:
2982:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2945:
2919:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2811:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2782:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2626:
2620:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2591:insightcrime.org
2583:
2577:
2576:
2540:
2534:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2421:
2395:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2352:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2294:
2283:
2282:
2262:
2249:
2248:
2212:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2188:. Archived from
2179:
2147:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2112:
2086:
2067:
2066:
2041:(9): 1996โ2002.
2029:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2009:
1994:
1976:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1880:
1874:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1810:
1800:
1791:(5): 1187โ1191.
1772:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1658:
1649:
1648:
1641:
1635:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1605:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1554:Body and Society
1544:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1514:
1501:
1500:
1490:
1472:
1448:
1442:
1429:
1420:
1419:
1409:
1392:(7592): 502โ05.
1375:
1366:
1365:
1355:
1323:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1301:. Archived from
1291:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1281:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1227:
1208:
1202:
1199:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1161:
1145:Organ harvesting
1071:organ harvesting
916:bodily integrity
696:Benjamin Cardozo
659:presumed consent
613:Michael Crichton
470:In August 2024,
106:(CASKP) and the
6578:
6577:
6573:
6572:
6571:
6569:
6568:
6567:
6563:Organized crime
6543:
6542:
6541:
6536:
6481:
6468:
6437:
6421:
6405:
6374:
6348:
6329:John P. Merrill
6312:
6269:
6224:
6203:Joint societies
6198:
6169:Blood Cancer UK
6156:
6150:
6093:
6091:
6085:
6059:
6031:
6027:Vascular bypass
6003:
5878:
5845:
5840:
5803:
5798:
5797:
5752:
5748:
5717:
5713:
5676:
5672:
5663:
5661:
5652:
5651:
5647:
5637:
5635:
5620:
5616:
5609:
5595:
5588:
5579:
5577:
5532:
5528:
5518:
5516:
5505:
5501:
5448:
5444:
5435:
5433:
5382:
5378:
5369:
5367:
5344:
5340:
5293:
5289:
5244:
5240:
5230:
5228:
5224:
5185:
5179:
5175:
5164:Nullis-Kapp, C.
5161:
5157:
5151:Wayback Machine
5142:
5138:
5128:
5126:
5111:
5107:
5099:
5060:
5054:
5050:
4995:
4991:
4938:
4934:
4925:
4923:
4908:
4901:
4856:
4852:
4813:
4809:
4764:
4760:
4751:
4749:
4736:
4735:
4731:
4722:
4720:
4705:
4701:
4692:
4690:
4647:
4643:
4634:
4632:
4619:
4618:
4614:
4605:
4603:
4582:
4581:
4577:
4568:
4566:
4562:
4529:
4523:
4516:
4507:
4505:
4490:
4486:
4480:Wayback Machine
4471:
4467:
4461:Wayback Machine
4452:
4448:
4439:
4437:
4428:
4427:
4423:
4414:
4412:
4399:
4398:
4391:
4382:
4380:
4357:
4353:
4323:
4322:
4318:
4312:
4290:
4283:
4230:
4226:
4171:
4167:
4133:
4132:
4128:
4119:
4117:
4104:
4103:
4099:
4068:
4061:
4016:
4012:
4003:
4001:
3988:
3987:
3980:
3971:
3969:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3949:Law & Order
3946:
3942:
3937:
3930:
3920:
3918:
3883:
3879:
3874:
3867:
3862:
3858:
3842:
3841:
3835:
3833:
3823:
3819:
3807:
3803:
3793:
3791:
3776:
3772:
3763:
3761:
3748:
3747:
3743:
3704:
3693:
3684:
3682:
3673:
3672:
3668:
3659:
3657:
3653:
3642:
3636:
3632:
3623:
3621:
3592:
3588:
3579:
3577:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3554:
3552:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3529:
3527:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3504:
3502:
3487:
3483:
3474:
3472:
3470:thediplomat.com
3464:
3463:
3456:
3446:
3444:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3421:
3419:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3364:
3360:
3351:
3349:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3324:
3310:
3306:
3296:
3294:
3283:
3279:
3270:
3268:
3253:
3244:
3229:
3225:
3215:
3213:
3202:
3189:
3183:Wayback Machine
3173:
3169:
3164:
3157:
3152:
3148:
3138:
3136:
3119:
3115:
3076:
3061:
3038:10.2990/26_1_12
3022:
3018:
3008:
3006:
2989:
2985:
2974:
2970:
2961:
2959:
2917:
2911:
2907:
2897:
2895:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2867:
2865:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2812:
2805:
2795:
2793:
2784:
2783:
2776:
2766:
2764:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2736:
2734:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2704:
2702:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2672:
2670:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2643:
2641:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2614:
2610:
2600:
2598:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2541:
2537:
2526:
2522:
2512:
2510:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2482:
2480:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2456:
2454:
2439:
2435:
2396:
2379:
2369:
2367:
2354:
2353:
2344:
2334:
2332:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2308:
2306:
2295:
2286:
2263:
2252:
2213:
2204:
2195:
2193:
2148:
2137:
2128:
2126:
2087:
2070:
2035:Transplantation
2030:
2023:
2013:
2011:
2007:
1974:
1968:
1964:
1955:
1953:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1926:
1924:
1881:
1877:
1871:Wayback Machine
1862:
1858:
1850:
1848:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1773:
1769:
1759:
1757:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1733:
1731:
1720:
1716:
1706:
1704:
1689:
1685:
1675:
1673:
1660:
1659:
1652:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1631:
1627:
1620:
1606:
1593:
1584:
1582:
1545:
1541:
1532:
1530:
1515:
1504:
1449:
1445:
1439:Wayback Machine
1432:The Meat Market
1430:
1423:
1376:
1369:
1324:
1317:
1308:
1306:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1279:
1277:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1254:
1252:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1225:
1223:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1189:
1179:
1177:
1164:Carney, Scott.
1162:
1158:
1153:
1101:
1080:
1041:Cannibal Corpse
1032:
1023:
1005:Nobel laureate
980:
959:
954:
945:
924:
922:Objectification
903:
879:extreme poverty
874:
869:
851:
829:
775:
738:
733:
687:
654:
587:
585:Media portrayal
578:
537:
531:
522:
498:
481:
444:
434:
429:
393:
391:Global reaction
369:people of color
339:
223:
210:
204:
169:
141:
133:
100:
94:
89:
76:
40:transplantation
17:
12:
11:
5:
6576:
6566:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6538:
6537:
6535:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6493:
6491:
6490:Related topics
6487:
6486:
6483:
6482:
6480:
6479:
6473:
6470:
6469:
6467:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6445:
6443:
6439:
6438:
6436:
6435:
6429:
6427:
6423:
6422:
6420:
6419:
6413:
6411:
6407:
6406:
6404:
6403:
6401:James D. Hardy
6398:
6393:
6391:Joel D. Cooper
6388:
6382:
6380:
6376:
6375:
6373:
6372:
6367:
6365:James D. Hardy
6362:
6356:
6354:
6350:
6349:
6347:
6346:
6341:
6339:Elizabeth Ward
6336:
6331:
6326:
6320:
6318:
6314:
6313:
6311:
6310:
6308:Norman Shumway
6305:
6300:
6295:
6293:James D. Hardy
6290:
6284:
6282:
6275:
6271:
6270:
6268:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6256:
6255:
6245:
6244:
6243:
6232:
6230:
6226:
6225:
6223:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6206:
6204:
6200:
6199:
6197:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6160:
6158:
6152:
6151:
6149:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6101:Eurotransplant
6097:
6095:
6092:and government
6087:
6086:
6084:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6067:
6065:
6061:
6060:
6058:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6041:
6039:
6037:Organ donation
6033:
6032:
6030:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6013:
6011:
6005:
6004:
6002:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5970:
5969:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5888:
5886:
5880:
5879:
5877:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5865:
5864:
5853:
5851:
5847:
5846:
5839:
5838:
5831:
5824:
5816:
5810:
5809:
5802:
5801:External links
5799:
5796:
5795:
5746:
5727:(3): 279โ290.
5711:
5670:
5645:
5614:
5607:
5586:
5546:(6): 443โ446.
5526:
5499:
5462:(3): 137โ138.
5442:
5396:(5): 310โ313.
5376:
5338:
5287:
5258:(6): 334โ339.
5238:
5196:(2): 107โ121.
5173:
5155:
5136:
5105:
5102:on 2018-12-14.
5071:(6): 606โ631.
5048:
4989:
4932:
4899:
4870:(3): 571โ575.
4850:
4807:
4778:(6): 362โ365.
4758:
4729:
4713:Cato Institute
4699:
4641:
4627:. 2018-01-29.
4612:
4590:. 2006-11-16.
4575:
4514:
4484:
4465:
4446:
4421:
4389:
4351:
4316:
4310:
4281:
4224:
4165:
4144:10.2307/466267
4126:
4097:
4078:(4): 261โ263.
4059:
4024:Virtual Mentor
4010:
3996:. 2017-11-02.
3978:
3953:
3940:
3928:
3897:(3): 151โ170.
3877:
3865:
3856:
3817:
3801:
3770:
3756:. 2009-06-26.
3741:
3691:
3666:
3630:
3586:
3561:
3536:
3511:
3481:
3454:
3428:
3403:
3358:
3329:
3322:
3304:
3277:
3242:
3223:
3187:
3174:Annika Tibell
3167:
3155:
3146:
3113:
3059:
3016:
2983:
2968:
2905:
2875:
2849:
2803:
2774:
2744:
2712:
2680:
2665:. 2018-09-20.
2650:
2621:
2608:
2578:
2535:
2520:
2505:. 3 May 2011.
2490:
2464:
2447:The New Yorker
2433:
2377:
2342:
2316:
2284:
2250:
2202:
2162:(12): 955โ62.
2135:
2103:(6): 1145โ57.
2068:
2021:
1962:
1948:. 2004-06-09.
1933:
1875:
1856:
1830:
1767:
1741:
1714:
1683:
1650:
1647:. 28 May 2014.
1636:
1625:
1618:
1591:
1539:
1502:
1443:
1421:
1367:
1315:
1286:
1261:
1232:
1203:
1187:
1170:Foreign Policy
1155:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1135:Organ donation
1132:
1127:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1107:
1100:
1097:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1057:
1048:
1031:
1028:
1022:
1019:
992:Cato Institute
979:
976:
958:
955:
953:
950:
944:
941:
923:
920:
902:
899:
873:
870:
868:
865:
856:criminal gangs
850:
849:Harm reduction
847:
828:
825:
774:
771:
752:kidney disease
750:patients with
741:definition of
737:
734:
732:
729:
686:
683:
653:
650:
591:The Baby Train
586:
583:
577:
574:
530:
527:
521:
518:
497:
494:
480:
477:
433:
430:
428:
425:
392:
389:
338:
335:
326:
325:
320:
318:United Kingdom
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
222:
219:
203:
200:
196:tax deductions
181:Kidney disease
168:
165:
140:
137:
93:
90:
88:
85:
75:
72:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6575:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6550:
6548:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6494:
6492:
6488:
6478:
6475:
6474:
6471:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6459:Donna Mansell
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6449:Alexis Carrel
6447:
6446:
6444:
6440:
6434:
6431:
6430:
6428:
6424:
6418:
6415:
6414:
6412:
6408:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6383:
6381:
6377:
6371:
6370:Thomas Starzl
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6357:
6355:
6351:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6334:Joseph Murray
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6321:
6319:
6315:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6303:Richard Lower
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6285:
6283:
6279:
6276:
6272:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6254:
6251:
6250:
6249:
6246:
6242:
6239:
6238:
6237:
6234:
6233:
6231:
6227:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6207:
6205:
6201:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6164:Anthony Nolan
6162:
6161:
6159:
6157:organizations
6153:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6098:
6096:
6088:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6068:
6066:
6064:Complications
6062:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6042:
6040:
6038:
6034:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6022:Skin grafting
6020:
6018:
6017:Bone grafting
6015:
6014:
6012:
6010:
6006:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5968:
5965:
5964:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5889:
5887:
5885:
5881:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5863:
5860:
5859:
5858:
5855:
5854:
5852:
5848:
5844:
5837:
5832:
5830:
5825:
5823:
5818:
5817:
5814:
5808:
5805:
5804:
5791:
5787:
5783:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5765:
5761:
5757:
5750:
5742:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5726:
5722:
5715:
5707:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5681:
5674:
5659:
5655:
5649:
5633:
5629:
5625:
5618:
5610:
5608:9781439867907
5604:
5600:
5593:
5591:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5530:
5514:
5510:
5503:
5495:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5446:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5403:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5387:
5380:
5365:
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5357:
5353:
5349:
5342:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5291:
5283:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5242:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5184:
5177:
5169:
5165:
5159:
5152:
5148:
5145:
5140:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5109:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5059:
5052:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4993:
4985:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4936:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4906:
4904:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4854:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4823:(3): 238โ45.
4822:
4818:
4811:
4803:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4762:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4733:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4703:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4645:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4616:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4588:The Economist
4585:
4579:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4528:
4521:
4519:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4488:
4481:
4477:
4474:
4469:
4462:
4458:
4455:
4450:
4436:on 2013-10-19
4435:
4431:
4425:
4410:
4406:
4405:www.bidmc.org
4402:
4396:
4394:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4355:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4320:
4313:
4311:9780849337666
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4288:
4286:
4277:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4228:
4220:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4169:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4130:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4101:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4066:
4064:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4014:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3985:
3983:
3967:
3963:
3957:
3950:
3944:
3935:
3933:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3881:
3872:
3870:
3860:
3852:
3846:
3832:
3828:
3821:
3814:
3810:
3805:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3774:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3745:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3714:(2): 192โ96.
3713:
3709:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3681:on 2008-05-18
3680:
3676:
3670:
3656:on 2012-01-20
3652:
3648:
3641:
3634:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3590:
3576:on 2008-05-01
3575:
3571:
3565:
3551:on 2011-06-11
3550:
3546:
3540:
3526:on 2018-01-26
3525:
3521:
3515:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3485:
3471:
3467:
3461:
3459:
3442:
3438:
3432:
3417:
3413:
3407:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3370:
3362:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3333:
3325:
3323:9781616149406
3319:
3315:
3308:
3292:
3288:
3281:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3238:
3234:
3227:
3211:
3207:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3184:
3180:
3177:
3171:
3162:
3160:
3150:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3117:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3092:(5): 925โ29.
3091:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3020:
3004:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2987:
2981:
2977:
2972:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2928:(1): 117โ22.
2927:
2923:
2916:
2909:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2879:
2863:
2859:
2853:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2822:(3): 255โ65.
2821:
2817:
2816:Health Policy
2810:
2808:
2791:
2787:
2781:
2779:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2748:
2732:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2716:
2700:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2684:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2654:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2618:
2612:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2551:(4): 375โ84.
2550:
2546:
2539:
2533:
2531:
2524:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2494:
2478:
2474:
2468:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2437:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2412:(3): 571โ75.
2411:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2330:
2326:
2320:
2304:
2300:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2280:
2276:
2273:(2): 208โ29.
2272:
2268:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2223:(2): 116โ19.
2222:
2218:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2192:on 2018-01-11
2191:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2028:
2026:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1966:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1860:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1834:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1771:
1755:
1751:
1745:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1687:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1657:
1655:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1629:
1621:
1619:9789833302093
1615:
1611:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1561:(3): 151โ70.
1560:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1543:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1462:
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1447:
1440:
1436:
1433:
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1354:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1322:
1320:
1305:on 2011-11-08
1304:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1275:
1271:
1265:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1236:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1212:"Data โ OPTN"
1207:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1160:
1156:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
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1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1035:The American
1034:
1033:
1027:
1018:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1002:
997:
994:, a US-based
993:
989:
988:price ceiling
985:
975:
972:
967:
963:
949:
940:
936:
933:
929:
919:
917:
912:
909:
898:
895:
891:
886:
882:
880:
864:
860:
857:
846:
844:
839:
835:
834:paternalistic
824:
821:
817:
813:
808:
805:
801:
797:
796:heart disease
793:
789:
788:pre-eclampsia
785:
781:
770:
768:
764:
759:
757:
753:
748:
744:
728:
726:
725:body donation
722:
717:
712:
710:
703:
699:
697:
693:
682:
678:
675:
671:
668:
662:
660:
649:
647:
642:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
618:
614:
610:
606:
605:
600:
596:
592:
582:
573:
569:
567:
563:
559:
555:
549:
545:
543:
536:
526:
520:United States
517:
513:
511:
507:
503:
493:
489:
486:
483:Before 1994,
476:
473:
468:
464:
462:
456:
454:
450:
443:
439:
424:
422:
418:
414:
409:
406:
402:
398:
388:
386:
382:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
349:
348:commercialism
344:
334:
332:
324:
323:United States
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
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254:
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246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
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234:
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218:
214:
209:
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182:
177:
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164:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
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131:
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124:
120:
116:
113:
109:
104:
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71:
69:
64:
60:
56:
51:
47:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
6386:Fikri Alican
6360:Fikri Alican
6054:
5763:
5759:
5749:
5724:
5720:
5714:
5687:
5683:
5673:
5662:. Retrieved
5648:
5636:. Retrieved
5627:
5617:
5598:
5578:. Retrieved
5543:
5539:
5529:
5517:. Retrieved
5502:
5459:
5455:
5445:
5434:. Retrieved
5393:
5389:
5379:
5368:. Retrieved
5352:The Guardian
5351:
5341:
5303:(1): 47โ64.
5300:
5296:
5290:
5255:
5251:
5241:
5229:. Retrieved
5193:
5189:
5176:
5167:
5158:
5139:
5127:. Retrieved
5118:
5108:
5097:the original
5068:
5064:
5051:
5006:
5002:
4992:
4949:
4945:
4935:
4924:. Retrieved
4915:
4867:
4863:
4853:
4820:
4816:
4810:
4775:
4771:
4761:
4750:. Retrieved
4741:
4732:
4721:. Retrieved
4712:
4702:
4691:. Retrieved
4661:(10): 7โ18.
4658:
4654:
4644:
4633:. Retrieved
4624:
4615:
4604:. Retrieved
4587:
4578:
4567:. Retrieved
4537:
4533:
4506:. Retrieved
4498:The Atlantic
4497:
4487:
4468:
4449:
4438:. Retrieved
4434:the original
4424:
4413:. Retrieved
4404:
4381:. Retrieved
4364:
4354:
4329:
4326:AORN Journal
4325:
4319:
4293:
4241:
4237:
4227:
4182:
4178:
4168:
4135:
4129:
4118:. Retrieved
4109:
4100:
4075:
4071:
4027:
4023:
4013:
4002:. Retrieved
3993:
3970:. Retrieved
3956:
3943:
3919:. Retrieved
3894:
3890:
3880:
3859:
3834:. Retrieved
3830:
3820:
3812:
3804:
3794:February 20,
3792:. Retrieved
3783:
3773:
3762:. Retrieved
3753:
3744:
3711:
3707:
3683:. Retrieved
3679:the original
3669:
3658:. Retrieved
3651:the original
3646:
3633:
3622:. Retrieved
3608:(2): 52โ53.
3605:
3599:
3589:
3578:. Retrieved
3574:the original
3564:
3553:. Retrieved
3549:the original
3539:
3528:. Retrieved
3524:the original
3514:
3503:. Retrieved
3494:
3484:
3473:. Retrieved
3469:
3445:. Retrieved
3431:
3420:. Retrieved
3418:. 2020-11-27
3415:
3406:
3373:
3367:
3361:
3350:. Retrieved
3341:
3332:
3313:
3307:
3295:. Retrieved
3280:
3269:. Retrieved
3260:
3239:(2): 431โ57.
3236:
3232:
3226:
3214:. Retrieved
3170:
3149:
3139:December 17,
3137:. Retrieved
3128:The Guardian
3126:
3116:
3089:
3083:
3032:(1): 12โ14.
3029:
3025:
3019:
3007:. Retrieved
2996:
2986:
2979:
2971:
2960:. Retrieved
2925:
2921:
2908:
2896:. Retrieved
2887:
2878:
2866:. Retrieved
2852:
2819:
2815:
2794:. Retrieved
2765:. Retrieved
2756:
2747:
2735:. Retrieved
2724:
2715:
2705:11 September
2703:. Retrieved
2692:
2683:
2673:20 September
2671:. Retrieved
2662:
2653:
2642:. Retrieved
2633:
2624:
2611:
2599:. Retrieved
2590:
2581:
2548:
2544:
2538:
2529:
2523:
2511:. Retrieved
2503:First Things
2502:
2493:
2481:. Retrieved
2467:
2455:. Retrieved
2446:
2436:
2409:
2403:
2368:. Retrieved
2360:newsweek.com
2359:
2333:. Retrieved
2319:
2307:. Retrieved
2270:
2266:
2220:
2216:
2194:. Retrieved
2190:the original
2159:
2155:
2127:. Retrieved
2100:
2094:
2038:
2034:
2012:. Retrieved
1982:
1978:
1965:
1954:. Retrieved
1945:
1936:
1925:. Retrieved
1892:
1888:
1878:
1859:
1849:, retrieved
1839:
1833:
1788:
1784:
1770:
1758:. Retrieved
1754:the original
1744:
1732:. Retrieved
1726:. CBS News.
1717:
1705:. Retrieved
1701:the original
1696:
1686:
1674:. Retrieved
1665:
1639:
1628:
1609:
1583:. Retrieved
1558:
1552:
1542:
1531:. Retrieved
1522:
1460:
1456:
1446:
1389:
1383:
1338:(1): 67โ69.
1335:
1331:
1307:. Retrieved
1303:the original
1298:
1289:
1278:. Retrieved
1276:. 2014-05-01
1273:
1264:
1253:. Retrieved
1244:
1235:
1224:. Retrieved
1215:
1206:
1178:. Retrieved
1169:
1159:
1105:Black market
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1060:
1051:
1024:
1021:Other models
1015:
999:
981:
960:
946:
937:
925:
913:
904:
887:
883:
875:
861:
852:
830:
820:hypertension
815:
811:
809:
776:
760:
739:
713:
709:prostitution
705:
701:
688:
679:
677:harvesting.
672:
663:
657:policies of
655:
643:
621:
602:
599:urban legend
595:Jan Brunvand
590:
588:
579:
570:
550:
546:
538:
523:
514:
499:
490:
482:
472:The Diplomat
469:
465:
457:
445:
410:
394:
377:
340:
327:
313:South Africa
224:
215:
211:
185:
170:
149:black market
142:
139:Organ prices
132:
125:
121:
117:
101:
81:
77:
63:black market
52:
48:
36:human organs
27:
24:blood market
23:
19:
18:
6553:Organ trade
6464:Bruce Reitz
6116:LifeSharers
6094:departments
6055:Organ trade
5897:Bone marrow
5519:12 November
5231:10 December
5129:10 December
4136:Social Text
3921:12 November
3831:@politifact
3495:India Today
3297:28 February
3216:13 December
2980:Justice.gov
2898:12 November
2868:12 November
2796:12 November
2767:14 December
2634:www.cnn.com
2513:12 November
2457:20 February
2335:12 November
2309:12 November
2014:20 December
1760:12 November
1053:Policenauts
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1037:death metal
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5580:2018-12-05
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5370:2018-12-11
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4693:2018-12-10
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1585:2014-11-16
1533:2019-09-22
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