Organic farming - Knowledge

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artificial fertilizers to increase rice paddy production, and to incentivize farmers to switch from growing traditional varieties into using high yielding varieties (HYVs). This was especially true for young farmers who saw short-term economic profit as more sustainable to their wellbeing, compared to the long term drawbacks to the environment. However, due to the various health concerns with inorganic farming including the possibility of a chronic kidney disease being associated with chemical fertilizers, many middle aged and experienced farmers displayed skepticism towards these new approaches. Some even resorted to organic farming or utilizing insecticide free fertilizers for their crops. In a study conducted by F. Horgan and E. Kudavidanage, the researchers compared crop yields of farmers in Sri Lanka who employed distinct farming techniques including organic farmers who grew traditional varieties, and insecticide-free fertilizer users and pesticide users who grew modern varieties. No significant difference was found among the yield productions and in fact, organic farmers and insecticide-free fertilizer users lamented less about insects such as planthoppers as a challenge to their production. Regardless, many farmers continued to use insecticides to avoid the predicted dangers of pests to their crops, and the cheap sale of agrochemicals provided an easy approach to augment crop growth. Additionally, while organic farming has health benefits, it's a strenuous task which requires more man power. Although that presented a great opportunity for increased employment in Sri Lanka, the economic compensation was not enough to suffice the living expenses of those employed. Thus, most farmers relied on modern methods to run their household, especially after the economic stressors brought on by COVID-19.

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agriculture. As many consumers equate organic and sustainable agriculture with small-scale, family-owned organizations it is widely interpreted that buying organic supports better conditions for farmworkers than buying with conventional producers. Organic agriculture is generally more labour-intensive due to its dependence on manual practices for fertilization and pest removal. Although illnesses from inputs pose less of a risk, hired workers still fall victim to debilitating musculoskeletal disorders associated with agricultural work. The USDA certification requirements outline growing practices and ecological standards but do nothing to codify labour practices. Independent certification initiatives such as the Agricultural Justice Project, Domestic Fair Trade Working Group, and the Food Alliance have attempted to implement farmworker interests but because these initiatives require voluntary participation of organic farms, their standards cannot be widely enforced. Despite the benefit to farmworkers of implementing labour standards, there is little support among the organic community for these social requirements. Many actors of the organic industry believe that enforcing labour standards would be unnecessary, unacceptable, or unviable due to the constraints of the market.

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of organic farming is debated as the effects appear often species- and context-dependent, and current research has highlighted the need to quantify the relative effects of local- and landscape-scale management on farmland biodiversity. There are four key issues when comparing the impacts on biodiversity of organic and conventional farming: (1) It remains unclear whether a holistic whole-farm approach (i.e. organic) provides greater benefits to biodiversity than carefully targeted prescriptions applied to relatively small areas of cropped and/or non-cropped habitats within conventional agriculture (i.e. agri-environment schemes); (2) Many comparative studies encounter methodological problems, limiting their ability to draw quantitative conclusions; (3) Our knowledge of the impacts of organic farming in pastoral and upland agriculture is limited; (4) There remains a pressing need for longitudinal, system-level studies in order to address these issues and to fill in the gaps in our knowledge of the impacts of organic farming, before a full appraisal of its potential role in biodiversity conservation in agroecosystems can be made.

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worldwide, increasing in every region except Latin America. During this time period, Europe's organic farmland increased 260 thousand hectares (640,000 acres) to 11.6 million hectares (29 million acres) (+2.3%), Asia's increased 159 thousand hectares (390,000 acres) to 3.6 million hectares (8.9 million acres) (+4.7%), Africa's increased 54 thousand hectares (130,000 acres) to 1.3 million hectares (3.2 million acres) total (+4.5%), and North America's increased 35 thousand hectares (86,000 acres) to 3.1 million hectares (7.7 million acres) total (+1.1%). As of 2014, the country with the most organic land was Australia (17.2 million hectares (43 million acres)), followed by Argentina (3.1 million hectares (7.7 million acres)), and the United States (2.2 million hectares (5.4 million acres)). Australia's organic land area has increased at a rate of 16.5% per annum for the past eighteen years.

2009:) 3.9% of the total utilized agricultural area was used for organic production in 2005. The countries with the highest proportion of organic land were Austria (11%) and Italy (8.4%), followed by the Czech Republic and Greece (both 7.2%). The lowest figures were shown for Malta (0.2%), Poland (0.6%) and Ireland (0.8%). In 2009, the proportion of organic land in the EU grew to 4.7%. The countries with the highest share of agricultural land were Liechtenstein (26.9%), Austria (18.5%) and Sweden (12.6%). 16% of all farmers in Austria produced organically in 2010. By the same year the proportion of organic land increased to 20%. In 2005, 168,000 hectares (420,000 acres) of land in Poland was under organic management. In 2012, 288,261 hectares (712,310 acres) were under organic production, and there were about 15,500 organic farmers; retail sales of organic products were EUR 80 million in 2011. As of 2012 organic exports were part of the government's economic development strategy. 2786:

country in the world to substitute organic farming, promoting the concept and organizing the distribution of organic products. Today the government accept applicants for financial support during conversion years, as in Danish regulations farms must not have utilized conventional farming methods such as the usage of pesticides for several years before products can be assessed for qualification as organic. This financial support has in recent years been cut due to organic farming increasing in profitability, and some goods surpassing the profitability of conventional farming in domestic markets. In general, the financial situation of organic farmers in Denmark boomed between 2010 and 2018, while in 2018 serious nationwide long-lasting droughts stagnated the economic results of organic farmers; however, the average farmer still achieved a net positive result that year. In 2021 Denmark's (and Europe's) largest slaughterhouse,

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was made over concerns for the nation's ecosystems and the health of citizens where pesticide poisonings prevailed over other health related deaths, the precipitous decision was met with criticism from the agriculture industry. This included fears that the mandate would harm the yields of the country's major crops (despite claims to the contrary), that the country would not be able to produce enough organic fertilizer domestically, and organic farming being more expensive and complex than conventional agriculture. To put this into perspective, 7.4% of Sri Lanka's GDP is reliant on agriculture and 30% of citizens work in this sector. This means that about ⅓ of its population is dependent on this sector for jobs, making its maintenance highly crucial for the prosperity of the nation's social and economic status. Of special concern was

2272:(MDG), particularly in poverty reduction efforts in the face of climate change, is shown by its contribution to both income and non-income aspects of the MDGs. These benefits are expected to continue in the post-MDG era. A series of case studies conducted in selected areas in Asian countries by the Asian Development Bank Institute (ADBI) and published as a book compilation by ADB in Manila document these contributions to both income and non-income aspects of the MDGs. These include poverty alleviation by way of higher incomes, improved farmers' health owing to less chemical exposure, integration of sustainable principles into rural development policies, improvement of access to safe water and sanitation, and expansion of global partnership for development as small farmers are integrated in value chains. 2679:

examples of practices that support the underlying conservation principles and demonstrate compliance with USDA organic regulations § 205.200. The final guidance provides organic certifiers and farms with examples of production practices that support conservation principles and comply with the USDA organic regulations, which require operations to maintain or improve natural resources. The final guidance also clarifies the role of certified operations (to submit an OSP to a certifier), certifiers (ensure that the OSP describes or lists practices that explain the operator's monitoring plan and practices to support natural resources and biodiversity conservation), and inspectors (onsite inspection) in the implementation and verification of these production practices.

2701: 1136: 2300:, and assorted other problems. Positive externalities include self-reliance, entrepreneurship, respect for nature, and air quality. Organic methods differ from conventional methods in the impacts of their respective externalities, dependent on implementation and crop type. Overall land use is generally higher for organic methods, but organic methods generally use less energy in production. The analysis and comparison of externalities is complicated by whether the comparison is done using a per unit area measurement or per unit of production, and whether analysis is done on isolated plots or on farm units as a whole. 2655:

largely intrinsic (but not exclusive) to organic farming are particularly beneficial for farmland wildlife. Using practices that attract or introduce beneficial insects, provide habitat for birds and mammals, and provide conditions that increase soil biotic diversity serve to supply vital ecological services to organic production systems. Advantages to certified organic operations that implement these types of production practices include: 1) decreased dependence on outside fertility inputs; 2) reduced pest-management costs; 3) more reliable sources of clean water; and 4) better pollination.

2214:(FAO) said that organic agriculture often leads to higher prices and hence a better income for farmers, so it should be promoted. However, FAO stressed that organic farming could not feed the current human population, much less the larger future population. Both data and models showed that organic farming was far from sufficient. Therefore, chemical fertilizers were needed to avoid hunger. Others have argued that organic farming is particularly well-suited to food-insecure areas, and therefore could be "an important part of increased food security" in places like sub-Saharan Africa 2410:. "The carbon sequestration efficiency of organic systems in temperate climates is almost double (575–700 kilograms per hectare per year (16.3–19.8 lb/acre/Ms)) that of conventional treatment of soils, mainly owing to the use of grass clovers for feed and of cover crops in organic rotations." However, studies acknowledge organic systems require more acreage to produce the same yield as conventional farms. By converting to organic farms in developed countries where most arable land is accounted for, increased deforestation would decrease overall carbon sequestration. 1765: 991:, founded an Institute of Plant Industry to improve traditional farming methods in India. Among other things, they brought improved implements and improved animal husbandry methods from their scientific training; then by incorporating aspects of Indian traditional methods, developed protocols for the rotation of crops, erosion prevention techniques, and the systematic use of composts and manures. Stimulated by these experiences of traditional farming, when Albert Howard returned to Britain in the early 1930s he began to promulgate a system of organic agriculture. 2329: 2850:. It is the central executive body authorised to conduct state supervision (control) in the field of organic production, circulation and labelling of organic products in accordance with the organic legislation of Ukraine. This includes state supervision (control) over compliance with the legislation in the field of organic production, circulation and labelling of organic products: inspection of certification bodies; random inspection of operators; monitoring of organic products on the market to prevent the entry of non-organic products labelled as organic. 91: 2468: 1756:

of copper sulfate or copper hydroxide as a fungicide may eventually result in copper accumulation to toxic levels in soil, and admonitions to avoid excessive accumulations of copper in soil appear in various organic standards and elsewhere. Environmental concerns for several kinds of biota arise at average rates of use of such substances for some crops. In the European Union, where replacement of copper-based fungicides in organic agriculture is a policy priority, research is seeking alternatives for organic production.

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product chains and conventional supermarkets, with a small group marketing to independent natural product stores. Some handlers work with conventional farmers to convert their land to organic with the knowledge that the farmer will have a secure sales outlet. This lowers the risk for the handler as well as the farmer. In 2004, 31% of handlers provided technical support on organic standards or production to their suppliers and 34% encouraged their suppliers to transition to organic. Smaller farms often join in

1685:(a legume root extract). Fewer than 10% of organic farmers use these pesticides regularly; a 2003 survey found that only 5.3% of vegetable growers in California use rotenone while 1.7% use pyrethrum. These pesticides are not always more safe or environmentally friendly than synthetic pesticides and can cause harm. The main criterion for organic pesticides is that they are naturally derived, and some naturally derived substances have been controversial. Controversial natural pesticides include rotenone, 2034: 1693:, and pyrethrums Rotenone and pyrethrum are particularly controversial because they work by attacking the nervous system, like most conventional insecticides. Rotenone is extremely toxic to fish and can induce symptoms resembling Parkinson's disease in mammals. Although pyrethrum (natural pyrethrins) is more effective against insects when used with piperonyl butoxide (which retards degradation of the pyrethrins), organic standards generally do not permit use of the latter substance. 11723: 724: 1588: 11682: 10841: 2906:

to facilitate land access of agribusinesses by negotiating land leasing with local farmers. The government also establishes demonstration organic gardens, provides training for organic food companies to pass certifications, subsidizes organic certification fees, pest repellent lamps, organic fertilizer and so on. The government has also been playing an active role in marketing organic products through organizing organic food expos and branding supports.

2185:(CSA), on-farm stores, and roadside farm stands. Some organic farms also sell products direct to retailer, direct to restaurant and direct to institution. According to the 2008 Organic Production Survey, approximately 7% of organic farm sales were direct-to-consumers, 10% went direct to retailers, and approximately 83% went into wholesale markets. In comparison, only 0.4% of the value of convention agricultural commodities were direct-to-consumers. 2113:

United States Department of Agriculture's Economic Research Service. Price premiums exist not only for organic versus nonorganic crops, but may also vary depending on the venue where the product is sold: farmers' markets, grocery stores, or wholesale to restaurants. For many producers, direct sales at farmers' markets are most profitable because the farmer receives the entire markup, however this is also the most time and labour-intensive approach.

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OA adoption programs. The lowest cost programs were more than ten times less expensive than the highest cost ones. However, further analysis of the gains resulting from OA adoption reveals that the costs per person taken out of poverty was much lower than the estimates of the World Bank, based on income growth in general or based on the detailed costs of meeting some of the more quantifiable MDGs (e.g., education, health, and environment).

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and mammals are particularly affected. Lack of herbicides and pesticides improve biodiversity fitness and population density. Many weed species attract beneficial insects that improve soil qualities and forage on weed pests. Soil-bound organisms often benefit because of increased bacteria populations due to natural fertilizer such as manure, while experiencing reduced intake of

3003:(ISAC) was established in 1991 to promote organic farming (among other sustainable agricultural practices). The national target via the National Plan for Organic Farming is to attain, by 2021, 1.3 million rai (2,100 square kilometres; 800 square miles) of organically farmed land. Another target is for 40% of the produce from these farmlands to be consumed domestically. 2382:, and acidification potential than conventionally grown produce. Other differences were not significant. The researchers concluded that public debate should consider various manners of employing conventional or organic farming, and not merely debate conventional farming as opposed to organic farming. They also sought to find specific solutions to specific circumstances. 2857:(EEPO, Ukraine) contributes to the development of the Ukrainian organic exporters’ potential, promotion of the organic sector and formation of a positive image of Ukraine as a reliable supplier of organic products abroad. EEPO actively supports and organises various events for organic exporters, including national pavilions at key international trade fairs, such as 2802:

often used interchangeable with organic farming. Thus, there is a much stronger focus on the environmental and especially the ecological impact of ecological farming than organic farming. E.g. besides the base substitute for organic farming, farmers can qualify for an extra substitute equal to 2/3 of the base for realizing a specific reduction in the usage of added

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efficient production. The organic farming systems used 20 – 56% less energy to produce a crop unit and per land area this difference was 36 – 53%. In spite of the considerably lower pesticide input the quality of organic products was hardly discernible from conventional analytically and even came off better in food preference trials and picture creating methods."

2606:. This may help increase yields for organic farms in drought years. Organic farming can build up soil organic matter better than conventional no-till farming, which suggests long-term yield benefits from organic farming. An 18-year study of organic methods on nutrient-depleted soil concluded that conventional methods were superior for 1329:, releases nutrients available to plants throughout the growing season. Farmers use a variety of methods to improve soil fertility, including crop rotation, cover cropping, reduced tillage, and application of compost. By reducing fuel-intensive tillage, less soil organic matter is lost to the atmosphere. This has an added benefit of 2117:

associated with organic farming in the United States, a price premium of only 10% is required to achieve parity with conventional farming. A separate study found that on a global scale, price premiums of only 5-7% were needed to break even with conventional methods. Without the price premium, profitability for farmers is mixed.

3097:, the country had to import US$ 450 million worth of rice to meet domestic demand. In late August, the government acknowledged the ban had created a critical dependency on supplies of imported organic fertilizers, but by then food prices had already increased twofold in some cases. In September 2021, the government declared an 2256:(UNCTAD) stated that "organic agriculture can be more conducive to food security in Africa than most conventional production systems, and that it is more likely to be sustainable in the long-term" and that "yields had more than doubled where organic, or near-organic practices had been used" and that soil fertility and 2067:

Sustainable Agriculture Research in 2015, concluded that certain organic on-farm practices could help narrow this gap. Timely weed management and the application of manure in conjunction with legume forages/cover crops were shown to have positive results in increasing organic corn and soybean productivity.

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land. On the other hand, certain organic methods of animal husbandry have been shown to restore desertified, marginal, and/or otherwise unavailable land to agricultural productivity and wildlife. Or by getting both forage and cash crop production from the same fields simultaneously, reduce net land use.

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A wide range of organisms benefit from organic farming, but it is unclear whether organic methods confer greater benefits than conventional integrated agri-environmental programs. Organic farming is often presented as a more biodiversity-friendly practice, but the generality of the beneficial effects

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Nearly all non-crop, naturally occurring species observed in comparative farm land practice studies show a preference for organic farming both by abundance and diversity. An average of 30% more species inhabit organic farms. Birds, butterflies, soil microbes, beetles, earthworms, spiders, vegetation,

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Organic production is more labour-intensive than conventional production. Increased labor cost is one factor that contributes to organic food being more expensive. Organic farming's increased labor requirements can be seen in a good way providing more job opportunities for people. The 2011 UNEP Green

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While not all products sold at farmer's markets are certified organic, this direct-to-consumer avenue has become increasingly popular in local food distribution and has grown substantially since 1994. In 2014, there were 8,284 farmer's markets in comparison to 3,706 in 2004 and 1,755 in 1994, most of

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for managing fungi. Copper sulfate and Bordeaux mixture (copper sulfate plus lime), approved for organic use in various jurisdictions, can be more environmentally problematic than some synthetic fungicides disallowed in organic farming. Similar concerns apply to copper hydroxide. Repeated application

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and other products has grown rapidly, reaching $ 63 billion worldwide in 2012. This demand has driven a similar increase in organically managed farmland that grew from 2001 to 2011 at a compounding rate of 8.9% per year. As of 2022, approximately 96,000,000 hectares (240,000,000 acres) worldwide were

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proposed a 10-year, national transition to organic farming to declare Sri Lanka as the first nation to be known for its organic produce. On April 27, 2021, the country issued an order prohibiting the import of any inorganic pesticides or fertilizers, creating chaos among farmers. While such a change

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The Chinese government, especially the local government, has provided various supports for the development of organic agriculture since the 1990s. Organic farming has been recognized by local governments for its potential in promoting sustainable rural development. It is common for local governments

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The first Danish private development organisation, SamsØkologisk, was established in 2013, by veteran organic farmers from the existing organisation Økologisk Samsø. The development organisation has intentions to buy and invest in farmland and then lend the land to young and aspiring farmers seeking

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A 2012 Oxford meta-analysis of 71 studies found that organic farming requires 84% more land for an equivalent amount of harvest, mainly due to lack of nutrients but sometimes due to weeds, diseases or pests, lower yielding animals and land required for fertility building crops. While organic farming

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According to a 2012 study from McGill University, organic best management practices show an average yield only 13% less than conventional. In the world's poorer nations where most of the world's hungry live, and where conventional agriculture's expensive inputs are not affordable for the majority of

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The profitability of organic agriculture can be attributed to a number of factors. First, organic farmers do not rely on synthetic fertilizer and pesticide inputs, which can be costly. In addition, organic foods currently enjoy a price premium over conventionally produced foods, meaning that organic

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In 2013, the number of organic producers grew by almost 270,000, or more than 13%. By 2014, there were a reported 2.3 million organic producers in the world. Most of the total global increase took place in the Philippines, Peru, China, and Thailand. Overall, the majority of all organic producers are

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Summer School and Conference on Biodynamic Farming at Northbourne's farm in Kent. One of the chief purposes of the conference was to bring together the proponents of various approaches to organic agriculture in order that they might cooperate within a larger movement. Howard attended the conference,

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for organic farming organizations established in 1972. Organic agriculture can be defined as "an integrated farming system that strives for sustainability, the enhancement of soil fertility and biological diversity while, with rare exceptions, prohibiting synthetic pesticides, antibiotics, synthetic

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still represent a strong disincentive if not compensated by higher prices. Lower yields seem however to be counterbalanced by higher producer prices. In Germany, organic wheat producers received up to 150% price premium over conventional prices. Price premium for milk producers are on average lower.

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In modern society, organic farming and food policies have changed, more specifically since the 1990s. As expected, the guidelines focus on basic dietary recommendations for consumption of nutrients and Korean-style diets. The main reason for this encouragement is that around 88% of countries across

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The project/programme representatives provide their expertise during development of the organic legislative framework and implementation of the legislation in the field of organic production, circulation and labelling of organic products and support various activities related to organic farming and

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has a long ongoing support for converting conventional farming into organic farming, which has been taught in academic classes in universities since 1986. The state began substitutes and has promoted a special national label for products that qualify as organic since 1989. Denmark is thus the first

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Professor Wolfgang Branscheid says that organic animal production is not good for the environment, because organic chicken requires twice as much land as "conventional" chicken and organic pork a quarter more. According to a calculation by Hudson Institute, organic beef requires three times as much

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Comparison of the environmental impact of organic versus conventional agriculture. A value of 1.0 means the impact of both systems are the same; values greater than 1.0 mean the impacts of organic systems are higher (worse). On most parameters organic farming scores worse than conventional farming.

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Measurements of biodiversity are highly variable between studies, farms, and organism groups. "Birds, predatory insects, soil organisms and plants responded positively to organic farming, while non-predatory insects and pests did not. A 2005 review found that the positive effects of organic farming

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A related ADBI study also sheds on the costs of OA programs and set them in the context of the costs of attaining the MDGs. The results show considerable variation across the case studies, suggesting that there is no clear structure to the costs of adopting OA. Costs depend on the efficiency of the

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The price premium for organic food is an important factor in the economic viability of organic farming. In 2013 there was a 100% price premium on organic vegetables and a 57% price premium for organic fruits. These percentages are based on wholesale fruit and vegetable prices, available through the

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Also, horses and cattle were once a basic farm feature that provided labour, for hauling and plowing, fertility, through recycling of manure, and fuel, in the form of food for farmers and other animals. While today, small growing operations often do not include livestock, domesticated animals are a

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In the United States, organic farming has been shown to be 2.7 to 3.8 times more profitable for the farmer than conventional farming when prevailing price premiums are taken into account. Globally, organic farming is 22–35% more profitable for farmers than conventional methods, according to a 2015

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In 2001, the global market value of certified organic products was estimated at US$ 20 billion. By 2002, this was US$ 23 billion and by 2015 more than US$ 43 billion. By 2014, retail sales of organic products reached US$ 80 billion worldwide. North America and Europe accounted for more than 90% of

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Hepperly, Paul, Jeff Moyer, and Dave Wilson. "Developments in Organic No-till Agriculture." Acres USA: The Voice of Eco-agriculture September 2008: 16-19. And Roberts, Paul. "The End of Food: Investigating a Global Crisis." Interview with Acres USA. Acres USA: The Voice of Eco-Agriculture October

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Organic production is characterised by a significantly lower yield than under conventional production. The gap is particularly important for wheat, with a yield ranging between 40% (Germany) and 85% (Italy) of conventional yields. The gap for organic maize yields and milk yields is lower, but may

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However, the organic farming concept in Denmark is often not limited to organic farming as the definition is globally. Instead, the majority of organic farming is instead "ecological farming". The development of this concept has been parallel with the general organic farming movement, and is most

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notice on 15 January 2016, announcing the National Organic Program (NOP) final guidance on Natural Resources and Biodiversity Conservation for Certified Organic Operations. Given the broad scope of natural resources which includes soil, water, wetland, woodland and wildlife, the guidance provides

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The conservation of natural resources and biodiversity is a core principle of organic production. Three broad management practices (prohibition/reduced use of chemical pesticides and inorganic fertilizers; sympathetic management of non-cropped habitats; and preservation of mixed farming) that are

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While there may be some differences in the amounts of nutrients and anti-nutrients when organically produced food and conventionally-produced food are compared, the variable nature of food production and handling makes it difficult to generalize results, and there is insufficient evidence to make

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O is always the largest global warming potential contributor except in tomatoes. However, "organic tomatoes always incur more burdens (except pesticide use)". Some emissions were lower "per area", but organic farming always required 65 to 200% more field area than non-organic farming. The numbers

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in 2011 analyzed 362 datasets and found that organic yields were on average 80% of conventional yields. The author's found that there are relative differences in this yield gap based on crop type with crops like soybeans and rice scoring higher than the 80% average and crops like wheat and potato

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A 2012 meta-analysis found that productivity is typically lower for organic farming than conventional farming, but that the size of the difference depends on context and in some cases may be very small. While organic yields can be lower than conventional yields, another meta-analysis published in

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Standards regulate production methods and in some cases final output for organic agriculture. Standards may be voluntary or legislated. As early as the 1970s private associations certified organic producers. In the 1980s, governments began to produce organic production guidelines. In the 1990s, a

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Organic agriculture is often considered to be more socially just and economically sustainable for farmworkers than conventional agriculture. However, there is little social science research or consensus as to whether or not organic agriculture provides better working conditions than conventional

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Other studies that have attempted to examine and compare conventional and organic systems of farming and have found that organic techniques reduce levels of biodiversity less than conventional systems do, and use less energy and produce less waste when calculated per unit area, although not when

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Increasing environmental awareness in the general population in modern times has transformed the originally supply-driven organic movement to a demand-driven one. Premium prices and some government subsidies attracted farmers. In the developing world, many producers farm according to traditional

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As was the case with most countries, Sri Lanka made the transition away from organic farming upon the arrival of the Green Revolution, whereupon it started depending more on chemical fertilizers. This became a highly popularized method when the nation started offering subsidies on the import of

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Economy Report suggests that "n increase in investment in green agriculture is projected to lead to growth in employment of about 60 per cent compared with current levels" and that "green agriculture investments could create 47 million additional jobs compared with BAU2 over the next 40 years".

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There have been signs of organic price premiums narrowing in recent years, which lowers the economic incentive for farmers to convert to or maintain organic production methods. Data from 22 years of experiments at the Rodale Institute found that, based on the current yields and production costs

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Besides Australia, the countries with the most organic farmland are Argentina (3.1 million hectares (7.7 million acres)), China (2.3 million hectares (5.7 million acres)), and the United States (1.6 million hectares (4.0 million acres)). Much of Argentina's organic

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emissions, ammonia emissions, eutrophication potential and acidification potential were higher for organic products. Specifically, the emission per area of land is lower, but per amount of food produced is higher. This is due to the lower crop yield of organic farms. Excess nutrients in lakes,

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Organic handlers are often small firms; 48% reported sales below $ 1 million annually, and 22% between $ 1 and $ 5 million per year. Smaller handlers are more likely to sell to independent natural grocery stores and natural product chains whereas large distributors more often market to natural

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In 2016, organic farming produced over 1 million metric tons (980,000 long tons; 1,100,000 short tons) of bananas, over 800 thousand metric tons (790,000 long tons; 880,000 short tons) of soybean, and just under 500 thousand metric tons (490,000 long tons; 550,000 short tons) of

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Organic agriculture can contribute to ecological sustainability, especially in poorer countries. The application of organic principles enables employment of local resources (e.g., local seed varieties, manure, etc.) and therefore cost-effectiveness. Local and international markets for organic

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countries were no longer available in Cuba, and many Cuban farms converted to organic methods out of necessity. Consequently, organic agriculture is a mainstream practice in Cuba, while it remains an alternative practice in most other countries. Cuba's organic strategy includes development of

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In the US, the Organic Food Production Act of 1990 (OFPA) as amended, specifies that a farm can not be certified as organic if the compost being used contains any synthetic ingredients. The OFPA singles out commercially blended fertilizers disallowing the use of any fertilizer that contains

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gave a series of eight lectures on agriculture with a focus on influences of the moon, planets, non-physical beings and elemental forces. They were held in response to a request by adherent farmers who noticed degraded soil conditions and a deterioration in the health and quality of crops and

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In November 2021, the country partially lifted the ban on inorganic farming for certain key crops such as rubber and tea, and began to offer compensation and subsidies to farmers and rice producers in an attempt to cover losses. The previous subsidies on synthetic fertilizer imports were not

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According to a meta analysis published in 2017, compared to conventional agriculture, biological agriculture has a higher land requirement per yield unit, a higher eutrophication potential, a higher acidification potential and a lower energy requirement, but is associated with similarly high

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A long-term field study comparing organic/conventional agriculture carried out over 21 years in Switzerland concluded that "Crop yields of the organic systems averaged over 21 experimental years at 80% of the conventional ones. The fertilizer input, however, was 34 – 51% lower, indicating an

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Organic agricultural land increased almost fourfold in 15 years, from 11 million hectares (27 million acres) in 1999 to 43.7 million hectares (108 million acres) in 2014. Between 2013 and 2014, organic agricultural land grew by 500 thousand hectares (1,200,000 acres)

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farms that grow fruits and vegetables in protected conditions often rely even more on external inputs. Manure is very bulky and is often not cost-effective to transport more than a short distance from the source. Manure for organic farms' may become scarce if a sizable number of farms become

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was expended to produce corn in the Rodale Institute's organic animal and organic legume systems than in the conventional production system. There was little difference in energy input between the different treatments for producing soybeans. In the organic systems, synthetic fertilizers and

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Raising livestock and poultry, for meat, dairy and eggs, is another traditional farming activity that complements growing. Organic farms attempt to provide animals with natural living conditions and feed. Organic certification verifies that livestock are raised according to the USDA organic

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In the 2012 Census, direct-to-consumer sales equalled $ 1.3 billion, up from $ 812 million in 2002, an increase of 60 percent. The number of farms that utilize direct-to-consumer sales was 144,530 in 2012 in comparison to 116,733 in 2002. Direct-to-consumer sales include farmers' markets,

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is the central executive body that develops the regulatory framework for the organic sector in Ukraine, maintains the state registers of certification bodies, operators and organic seeds and planting material, and provides training and professional development for organic inspectors.

1040:. In this book he adopted Northbourne's terminology of "organic farming". Howard's work spread widely, and he became known as the "father of organic farming" for his work in applying scientific knowledge and principles to various traditional and natural methods. In the United States 2754:

As in the rest of the world, the organic market in Europe continues to grow and more land is farmed organically each year. "More farmers cultivate organically, more land is certified organic, and more countries report organic farming activities" as per the 2016 edition of the study

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per product than conventional ones but organic beef and olives had lower emissions in most studies. Usually organic products required less energy, but more land. Per unit of product, organic produce generates higher nitrogen leaching, nitrous oxide emissions, ammonia emissions,

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calculated per unit of output. "Farm comparisons show that actual (nitrate) leaching rates per hectare are up to 57% lower on organic than on conventional fields. However, the leaching rates per unit of output were similar or slightly higher." "On a per-hectare scale, the CO

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As of 2018, India has the largest number of organic farmers in the world and constitutes more than 30% of the organic farmers globally. India has 835,000 certified organic producers. However, the total land under organic cultivation is around 2% of overall farm lands.

1102:

An organic farm, properly speaking, is not one that uses certain methods and substances and avoids others; it is a farm whose structure is formed in imitation of the structure of a natural system that has the integrity, the independence and the benign dependence of an

804:, mixed cropping, and the fostering of insect predators are encouraged. Organic standards are designed to allow the use of naturally-occurring substances while prohibiting or strictly limiting synthetic substances. For instance, naturally-occurring pesticides such as 7574:

Barański, M; Srednicka-Tober, D; Volakakis, N; Seal, C; Sanderson, R; Stewart, GB; Benbrook, C; Biavati, B; Markellou, E; Giotis, C; Gromadzka-Ostrowska, J; Rembiałkowska, E; Skwarło-Sońta, K; Tahvonen, R; Janovská, D; Niggli, U; Nicot, P; Leifert, C (26 June 2014).

1959:, energy use, eutrophication, acidification, soil quality, effect on biodiversity, and overall land use vary considerably between individual farms and between crops, making general comparisons between the economics of organic and conventional agriculture difficult. 1079:

methods that are comparable to organic farming, but not certified, and that may not include the latest scientific advancements in organic agriculture. In other cases, farmers in the developing world have converted to modern organic methods for economic reasons.

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In organic farming the use of synthetic pesticides and certain natural compounds that are produced using chemical synthesis are prohibited. The organic labels restrictions are not only based on the nature of the compound, but also on the method of production.

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that implements programs to stimulate growth in rural communities. One of the programs that the USDARD created provided grants to farmers who practiced organic farming through the Organic Certification Cost Share Program (OCCSP). During the 21st century, the

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Organic farming is Ukraine is also supported by international technical assistance projects and programmes implementation of which is funded and supported by Switzerland, Germany, and other countries. These project/programmes are the Swiss-Ukrainian program

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only as a last resort. Examples of beneficial insects that are used in organic farming include ladybugs and lacewings, both of which feed on aphids. The use of IPM lowers the possibility of pest developing resistance to pesticides that are applied to crops.

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and cycles adapted to local conditions, rather than the use of inputs with adverse effects. Organic agriculture combines tradition, innovation and science to benefit the shared environment and promote fair relationships and a good quality of life for all

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contains a mix of beneficial microbes, which may attack or out-compete certain plant pathogens, but variability among formulations and preparation methods may contribute to inconsistent results or even dangerous growth of toxic microbes in compost teas.

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Much of the growth in women labour participation in agriculture is outside the "male dominated field of conventional agriculture". Organic farming has a greater percentage of women working in the farms with 21% compared to farming in general with 14%.

9361:

Qiao, Yuhui; Halberg, Niels; Vaheesan, Saminathan; Scott, Steffanie (8 June 2015). "Assessing the social and economic benefits of organic and fair trade tea production for small-scale farmers in Asia: a comparative case study of China and Sri Lanka".

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Most sales are concentrated in developed nations. In 2008, 69% of Americans claimed to occasionally buy organic products, down from 73% in 2005. One theory for this change was that consumers were substituting "local" produce for "organic" produce.

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and crops with dissimilar life cycles to discourage weeds associated with a particular crop. Research is ongoing to develop organic methods to promote the growth of natural microorganisms that suppress the growth or germination of common weeds.

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Despite it being a record crop in the first half of 2021, the tea crop began to decline in July of that year. Rice production fell by 20% over the first six months of the ban, and prices increased by around 50%. Contrary to its past success at

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FAO stressed that fertilizers and other chemical inputs can increase production, particularly in Africa where fertilizers are currently used 90% less than in Asia. For example, in Malawi the yield has been boosted using seeds and fertilizers.

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instead of synthetic pesticides, organic farming and large-scale conventional farming are not entirely mutually exclusive. Many of the methods developed for organic agriculture have been borrowed by more conventional agriculture. For example,

1177:. While conventional agriculture uses synthetic pesticides and water-soluble synthetically purified fertilizers, organic farmers are restricted by regulations to using natural pesticides and fertilizers. An example of a natural pesticide is 2062:

Studies comparing yields have had mixed results. These differences among findings can often be attributed to variations between study designs including differences in the crops studied and the methodology by which results were gathered.

1505:

Other cultural practices used to enhance crop competitiveness and reduce weed pressure include selection of competitive crop varieties, high-density planting, tight row spacing, and late planting into warm soil to encourage rapid crop

7687:; Hunter, GE; Bavinger, JC; Pearson, M; Eschbach, PJ; Sundaram, V; Liu, H; Schirmer, P; Stave, C; Olkin, I; Bravata, DM (4 September 2012). "Are organic foods safer or healthier than conventional alternatives?: a systematic review". 2861:(Nuremberg, Germany), Anuga (Cologne, Germany), SIAL (Paris, France), and Middle East Organic & Natural Products Expo (Dubai, UAE). EEPO also created the Catalogue of Ukrainian Exporters of Organic Products in partnership with 5444: 3665: 796:. It originated early in the 20th century in reaction to rapidly changing farming practices. Certified organic agriculture accounts for 70 million hectares (170 million acres) globally, with over half of that total in 7809:

Kirchmann H; Bergström, Lars; Kätterer, Thomas; Mattsson, Lennart; Gesslein, Sven; et al. (2007). "Comparison of Long-Term Organic and Conventional Crop-Livestock Systems on a Previously Nutrient-Depleted Soil in Sweden".

1912:. If raw animal manure is used, 120 days must pass before the crop is harvested if the final product comes into direct contact with the soil. For products that do not directly contact soil, 90 days must pass prior to harvest. 1828:, making it difficult, if not impossible, to keep these genomes from entering the organic food supply. Differing regulations among countries limits the availability of GMOs to certain countries, as described in the article on 2759: 3400: 5794: 3323:

Biological farming and 'bio' products are terms often used in European countries as equivalent to organic farming. Ecological farming and 'eco' products are terms also used in European countries as equivalent to organic

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It has been proposed that organic agriculture can reduce the level of some negative externalities from (conventional) agriculture. Whether the benefits are private, or public depends upon the division of property rights.

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Organic farming contributes to human capital by promoting biodiversity. The presence of various species in organic farms helps to reduce human input, such as fertilizers, and pesticides, which enhances sustainability.

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Thanks to the hard work on organic legislation by the Ministry of Agrarian Policy and Food of Ukraine and the organic working group that includes the main players of the Ukraine's organic sector, on 10 July 2018, the

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Two studies – both comparing organically- versus conventionally-farmed apples – declare contradicting results, one saying organic farming is more energy efficient, the other saying conventionally is more efficient.

6563: 1370:, which is sometimes used for insect and disease control, can also increase soil nutrients, but the competition between the legume and the crop can be problematic and wider spacing between crop rows is required. 6733:

Stolze, M.; Piorr, A.; Häring, A.M. and Dabbert, S. (2000) Environmental impacts of organic farming in Europe. Organic Farming in Europe: Economics and Policy Vol. 6. Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart-Hohenheim.

6244: 2633:, is one way to minimize erosion. However, a 2007 study by the USDA's Agricultural Research Service has found that manure applications in tilled organic farming are better at building up the soil than no-till. 2156:

requires that distributors, manufacturers, and processors of organic products be certified by an accredited state or private agency. In 2007, there were 3,225 certified organic handlers, up from 2,790 in 2004.

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The Costs of Achieving the Millennium Development Goals by Adopting Organic Agriculture (Chapter 2 of Organic Agriculture and Post-2015 Development Goals: Building on the Comparative Advantage of Poor Farmers)

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Tilman, D; Fargione, J; Wolff, B; d'Antonio, C; Dobson, A; Howarth, R; Schindler, D; Schlesinger, WH; Simberloff, D; Swackhamer, D (21 March 2006). "Forecasting Agriculturally Driven Global Climate Change".

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Carbon Sequestration in Organic Agriculture and Climate Change: A Path to a Brighter Future (Chapter 11 of Organic Agriculture and Post-2015 Development Goals: Building on the Comparative Advantage of Poor

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Organic Agriculture, Poverty Reduction, Climate Change, and the Millennium Development Goals (Chapter 1 of Organic Agriculture and Post-2015 Development Goals: Building on the Comparative Advantage of Poor

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tend to be effective for their selected prey, but like all small insects can be less effective outdoors because the wind controls their movement. Predatory mites are effective for controlling other mites.

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Clark, M., & Tilman, D. (2017). Comparative analysis of environmental impacts of agricultural production systems, agricultural input efficiency, and food choice. Environmental Research Letters, 12(6).

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A form of production (also organic farming, ecological farming, ecological-biological farming, ecological agriculture, alternative agriculture) for the production of food and other agricultural products

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over 22 years. The study found that "the crop yields for corn and soybeans were similar in the organic animal, organic legume, and conventional farming systems". It also found that "significantly less

1809:

Although opposition to the use of any transgenic technologies in organic farming is strong, agricultural researchers Luis Herrera-Estrella and Ariel Alvarez-Morales continue to advocate integration of

1904:

Using manure as a fertilizer risks contaminating food with animal gut bacteria, including pathogenic strains of E. coli that have caused fatal poisoning from eating organic food. To combat this risk,

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Weeds can be controlled by grazing. For example, geese have been used successfully to weed a range of organic crops including cotton, strawberries, tobacco, and corn, reviving the practice of keeping

2610:

and yield for nutrient-depleted soils in cold-temperate climates, arguing that much of the benefit from organic farming derives from imported materials that could not be regarded as self-sustaining.

1520:- Turning the soil between crops to incorporate crop residues and soil amendments; remove existing weed growth and prepare a seedbed for planting; turning soil after seeding to kill weeds, including 3101:, citing the ban's impact on food prices, as well as inflation from the devaluation of Sri Lankan currency due to the crashing tea industry, and a lack of tourism induced by COVID-19 restrictions. 6531: 6804: 3786: 2042:

all organic product sales. In 2018 Australia accounted for 54% of the world's certified organic land with the country recording more than 35,000,000 verified organic hectares (86,000,000 acres).

1974:

The markets for organic products are strongest in North America and Europe, which as of 2001 are estimated to have $ 6 and $ 8 billion respectively of the $ 20 billion global market. As of 2007

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in the 1940s, leading to the decade being referred to as the "pesticide era". These new agricultural techniques, while beneficial in the short-term, had serious longer-term side-effects such as

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Regulation (EU) 2018/848 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2024 on organic production and labelling of organic products and repealing Council Regulation (EC) No 834/2007.

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Researchers at Oxford University analysed 71 peer-reviewed studies and observed that organic products are sometimes worse for the environment. Organic milk, cereals, and pork generated higher

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has revealed the benefits of polyculture, which is often employed in organic farming. Agroecology is a scientific discipline that uses ecological theory to study, design, manage, and evaluate

7063:

Muller, Adrian; Schader, Christian; Scialabba, Nadia El-Hage; Brüggemann, Judith; Isensee, Anne; Erb, Heinz; Smith, Pete; Klocke, Peter; Leiber, Leiber; Stolze, Matthias; Niggli, Urs (2017).

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have been proposed as an explanation for the high yields experienced by some organic plots, especially in light of the differences seen in a 21-year comparison of organic and control fields.

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to get into farming, especially organic farming. This organisation reports 300 economical active members as of 2021, but does not publish the amount of acquired land or active lenders.

1802:

A key characteristic of organic farming is the exclusion of genetically engineered plants and animals. On 19 October 1998, participants at IFOAM's 12th Scientific Conference issued the

1031:, in which he coined the term "organic farming". The Betteshanger conference has been described as the 'missing link' between biodynamic agriculture and other forms of organic farming. 11205: 10914: 8019:

Gabriel, Doreen; Roschewitz, Indra; Tscharntke, Teja; Thies, Carsten (2006). "Beta Diversity at Different Spatial Scales: Plant Communities in Organic and Conventional Agriculture".

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Trewavas, A (2004). "A critical assessment of organic farming-and-food assertions with particular respect to the UK and the potential environmental benefits of no-till agriculture".

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Organic livestock may be, and must be, treated with medicine when they are sick, but drugs cannot be used to promote growth, their feed must be organic, and they must be pastured.

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of annual crops, meaning that a single crop cannot be grown in the same location without a different, intervening crop. Organic crop rotations frequently include weed-suppressive

5791: 2839:, which was enacted on 2 August 2019. As of April 2024, organic production, circulation and labelling of organic products in Ukraine is regulated by this law as well as relevant 1461:

when fertility is established. Farms without livestock ("stockless") may find it more difficult to maintain soil fertility, and may rely more on external inputs such as imported

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Horgan, Finbarr G.; Kudavidanage, Enoka P. (1 June 2020). "Use and Avoidance of Pesticides as Responses by Farmers to change Impacts in Rice Ecosystems of Southern Sri Lanka".

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Biodynamic agriculturists, on the other hand, used the term "organic" to indicate that a farm should be viewed as a living organism, in the sense of the following quotation:

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content of soils, grounded in the work of early soil scientists who developed what was then called "humus farming". Since the early 1940s the two camps have tended to merge.

8186:

Fließbach, A.; Oberholzer, H.; Gunst, L.; Mäder, P. (2006). "Soil organic matter and biological soil quality indicators after 21 years of organic and conventional farming".

7577:"Higher antioxidant and lower cadmium concentrations and lower incidence of pesticide residues in organically grown crops: a systematic literature review and meta-analyses" 5411: 3045:. Moreover, sustainable forestry, fishing, and mining, and other conservation-oriented activities provide larger numbers of jobs than more fossil fuel and mechanized work. 6640: 2391:

found that organic agriculture is more polluting per unit of output and that widespread upscaling of organic agriculture would cause additional loss of natural habitats.

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93% of organic sales are through conventional and natural food supermarkets and chains, while the remaining 7% of U.S. organic food sales occur through farmers' markets,

1806:, where more than 600 delegates from over 60 countries voted unanimously to exclude the use of genetically modified organisms in organic food production and agriculture. 8702: 6570: 6252: 3390:, Proceedings of the Third Scientific Conference of ISOFAR (International Society of Organic Agriculture Research), 28 September – 1 October, Namyangju, Korea., 2:96-99 3263:

the term biological often refers to organic farming, whereas the term ecological refers to organic plus environmental considerations such as on-farm wildlife management

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Organic agriculture is knowledge intensive. Globally, capacity building efforts are underway, including localized training material, to limited effect. As of 2007, the

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Hansen, Birgitt; Alrøe, H. J.; Kristensen, E. S. (January 2001). "Approaches to assess the environmental impact of organic farming with particular regard to Denmark".

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While organic is fundamentally different from conventional because of the use of carbon-based fertilizers compared with highly soluble synthetic based fertilizers and

8321:

Shreck, Aimee; Getz, Christy; Feenstra, Gail (21 November 2006). "Social sustainability, farm labor, and organic agriculture: Findings from an exploratory analysis".

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Leake, A. R. 1999. House of Lords Select Committee on the European Communities. Session 1998-99, 16th Report. Organic Farming and the European Union. p. 81. Cited by

1813:

technologies into organic farming as the optimal means to sustainable agriculture, particularly in the developing world. Organic farmer Raoul Adamchak and geneticist

2748: 2242: 1158: 4322: 4272:"Diversity: diversification is key to agroecological transitions to ensure food security and nutrition while conserving, protecting and enhancing natural resources" 1896:

on "organic" food labels define "organic" primarily in terms of whether "natural" or "artificial" substances were allowed as inputs in the food production process.

7015: 2452:

does not necessarily save land for wildlife habitats and forestry in all cases, the most modern breakthroughs in organic are addressing these issues with success.

7367:

Uphoff, Norman (2003). "Higher Yields with Fewer External Inputs? The System of Rice Intensification and Potential Contributions to Agricultural Sustainability".

6805:"A Review of the Environmental/Public Good Costs and Benefits of Organic Farming and an Assessment of How Far These Can be Incorporated into Marketable Benefits" 4648: 2075:

scoring lower. Across global regions, Asia and Central Europe were found to have relatively higher yields and Northern Europe relatively lower than the average.

1829: 6964:, H.L. Tuomisto, I.D. Hodge, P. Riordan & D.W. Macdonald, Authors’ version of the paper published in: Journal of Environmental Management 112 (2012) 309-320 10907: 9929: 9477: 6014:

McBride, William D.; Greene, Catherine R. (2013). "Organic Data and Research from the ARMS Survey: Findings on Competitiveness of the Organic Soybean Sector".

1333:, which reduces greenhouse gases and helps reverse climate change. Reducing tillage may also improve soil structure and reduce the potential for soil erosion. 11103: 9504: 7433:

Chapagain, Tejendra (2011). "Assessment of System of Rice Intensification (SRI) and Conventional Practices under Organic and Inorganic Management in Japan".

5218:

Seufert, Verena; Ramankutty, Navin; Mayerhofer, Tabea (1 April 2017). "What is this thing called organic? – How organic farming is codified in regulations".

3555: 1875:, which set standards for 12 countries, and a 1993 UK program. The EU's program was followed by a Japanese program in 2001, and in 2002 the U.S. created the 8720: 6961: 4258: 2238:

products show tremendous growth prospects and offer creative producers and exporters excellent opportunities to improve their income and living conditions.

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to teach and advocate organic methods to the wider public. These became important influences on the spread of organic agriculture. Further work was done by

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Getz, Christy; Brown, Sandy; Shreck, Aimee (December 2008). "Class Politics and Agricultural Exceptionalism in California's Organic Agriculture Movement".

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Steffanie Scott, Zhenzhong Si, Theresa Schumilas and Aijuan Chen. (2018). Organic Food and Farming in China: Top-down and Bottom-up Ecological Initiatives

2225:, a development organization of African governments, announced that feeding Africans and preventing malnutrition requires fertilizers and enhanced seeds. 1824:

Although GMOs are excluded from organic farming, there is concern that the pollen from genetically modified crops is increasingly penetrating organic and

999:

livestock resulting from the use of chemical fertilizers. The lectures were published in November 1924; the first English translation appeared in 1928 as

11044: 6538: 2790:, publicized its expectations of stagnating sales of conventional pork domestically, however it expected increasing sales of organic pork and especially 8637: 6808: 6674:

World Bank. 2008. Global Monitoring Report 2008: MDGs and the Environment: Agenda for Inclusive and Sustainable Development. Washington, DC: World Bank.

1044:, who was keenly interested both in Howard's ideas and in biodynamics, founded in the 1940s both a working organic farm for trials and experimentation, 2989:

was passed, restricting foods low in energy and poor in nutrients. It also focused on other nutritional problems Korean students may have had as well.

2346: 2253: 10900: 3238:

Various types and methods of organic agriculture have been developed in the Northern Hemisphere, such as the biological-organic and biodynamic method

8213: 6166: 1998:). Spain, Germany, Brazil (the world's largest agricultural exporter), Uruguay, and England follow the United States in the amount of organic land ( 1245:

is a multifaceted strategy that uses various organic methods of pest control whenever possible, but in conventional farming could include synthetic

8660: 7460: 6856: 6390: 4976:

Caldwell, B., E. B. Rosen, E. Sideman, A. M. Shelton and C. D. Smart. 2005. Resource guide for organic insect and disease management. Cornell Univ.

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pesticides were generally not used". As of 2013 the Rodale study was ongoing and a thirty-year anniversary report was published by Rodale in 2012.

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back into the soil, and different plants leave different amounts of nitrogen, potentially aiding synchronization. Organic farmers also use animal

8575:

Aijuan Chen. (2015). China's Path in Developing Organic Agriculture: Opportunities and Implications for Small-scale Farmers and Rural Development

7881: 7516:

Mishra, A. K.; Singh, N.; Sharma, V. P. (1995). "Use of neem oil as a mosquito repellent in tribal villages of mandla district, madhya pradesh".

6283: 4194: 2083:

A study published in 2005 compared conventional cropping, organic animal-based cropping, and organic legume-based cropping on a test farm at the

4552: 11118: 11113: 11086: 10826: 10481: 10444: 9613:

Van Der Hoek, W.; Konradsen, F.; Athukorala, K.; Wanigadewa, T. (1 February 1998). "Pesticide poisoning: A major health problem in Sri Lanka".

8291:

Hole, D.G.; Perkins, A.J.; Wilson, J.D.; Alexander, I.H.; Grice, P.V.; Evans, A.D. (March 2005). "Does organic farming benefit biodiversity?".

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has continued to expand its reach in the organic foods market, doubling the number of organic farms in the U.S. in 2016 when compared to 2011.

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desirable part of the organic farming equation, especially for true sustainability, the ability of a farm to function as a self-renewing unit.

1075:, to describe agriculture which does not use "man-made molecules of toxic rescue chemistry", effectively another name for organic agriculture. 645: 605: 123: 8757: 2353:, acidification and eutrophication emissions but "Organic production often results in increased burdens, from factors such as N leaching and N 1486:

effects on weeds. Organic farmers integrate cultural, biological, mechanical, physical and chemical tactics to manage weeds without synthetic

10033: 9729: 8738: 4922:

Edwards-Jones, G; Howells, O (2001). "The origin and hazard of inputs to crop protection in organic farming systems: Are they sustainable?".

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For markets and supermarkets organic food is profitable as well, and is generally sold at significantly higher prices than non-organic food.

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and particularly synchronization, so that plants get enough nitrogen at the time when they need it most, is a challenge for organic farmers.

2312:

emissions are 40 – 60% lower in organic farming systems than in conventional ones, whereas on a per-unit output scale, the CO

1887:, an international guideline for certification criteria. Typically the agencies accredit certification groups rather than individual farms. 11071: 11019: 10179: 7277: 5764:

de Pont, Tomek; Rijk, Bert; van Ittersum, Martin K. (19 December 2011). "The crop yield gap between organic and conventional agriculture".

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in similar ways to conventional farming. In the developing world, on small organic farms, tools are normally constrained to hand tools and

923:, leading to increased pressure to convert more non-agricultural land to agricultural use in order to produce similar yields, it can cause 9074: 8413:

Brown, Sandy; Getz, Christy (May 2008). "Privatizing farm worker justice: Regulating labor through voluntary certification and labeling".

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Citation used: UNEP, 2011, Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication, www.unep.org/greeneconomy

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The South Indian state Andhra Pradesh is also promoting organic farming, especially Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF) which is a form of

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farmers, adopting organic management actually increases yields 93% on average, and could be an important part of increased food security.

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Squalli, Jay; Adamkiewicz, Gary (10 August 2018). "Organic farming and greenhouse gas emissions: A longitudinal U.S. state-level study".

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Hole, D.G.; Perkins, A.J.; Wilson, J.D.; Alexander, I.H.; Grice, P.V.; Evans, A.D. (2005). "Does organic farming benefit biodiversity?".

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Marking, L. L. and T. D. Bills. 1976. Toxicity of rotenone to fish in standardized laboratory tests. U. S. Dept. Interior, No. 72. 11 pp.

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It has generally been found that the labor input per unit of yield was higher for organic systems compared with conventional production.

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Organic farming relies more heavily on the natural breakdown of organic matter than the average conventional farm, using techniques like

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Isman, Murray B (2006). "Botanical Insecticides, Deterrents, and Repellents in Modern Agriculture and an Increasingly Regulated World".

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Pimental; Berardi, Gigi; Fast, Sarah; et al. (1983). "Energy efficiency of farming systems: Organic and conventional agriculture".

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organic pork. Besides the conversion support, there are still base subsidies for organic farming paid per area of qualified farm land.

1987: 4238: 1978:

has 39% of the total organic farmland, including Australia's 11,800,000 hectares (29,000,000 acres) but 97% of this land is sprawling

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systems that are productive and resource-conserving, and that are also culturally sensitive, socially just, and economically viable.

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Law of Ukraine “On Basic Principles and Requirements for Organic Production, Circulation and Labelling of Organic Products” No. 2496

11695: 11690: 11410: 11034: 10794: 10738: 6074: 5202: 4727:

Sherer, TB; Betarbet, R; Testa, CM; Seo, BB; Richardson, JR; Kim, JH; Miller, GW; Yagi, T; Matsuno-Yagi, A; Greenamyre, JT (2003).

3960: 707: 9096: 7174: 11685: 11029: 8473: 6101:

Reganold, JP; Glover, JD; Andrews, PK; Hinman, HR; et al. (April 2001). "Sustainability of three apple production systems".

5856: 5418: 4860: 3030: 2153: 1797: 6873:

Determining the environmental burdens and resource use in the production of agricultural and horticultural commodities. - IS0205

6623: 6332: 11415: 8779: 8688: 6187: 5713:

Seufert, Verena; Ramankutty, Navin; Foley, Jonathan A. (2012). "Comparing the yields of organic and conventional agriculture".

4688:"Rotenone Model of Parkinson Disease: MULTIPLE BRAIN MITOCHONDRIA DYSFUNCTIONS AFTER SHORT TERM SYSTEMIC ROTENONE INTOXICATION" 3602: 2249: 1890:

Production materials used for the creation of USDA Organic certified foods require the approval of a NOP accredited certifier.

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crops supports a wider range of beneficial insects, soil microorganisms, and other factors that add up to overall farm health.

46: 33: 10075: 9151: 7640:

Magkos, F; et al. (2006). "Organic food: buying more safety or just peace of mind? A critical review of the literature".

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Guidelines for the Production, Processing, Labelling and Marketing of Organically Produced Foods (Gl 32 – 1999, Rev. 1 – 2001)

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Cooper, J., U. Niggli and C. Leifert (eds.). 2007. Handbook of organic food safety and quality. CRC Press, Boca Raton. 544 pp.

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Some of the farms have also established education centres to promote and share their organic farming techniques and knowledge.

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regulations throughout their lives. These regulations include the requirement that all animal feed must be certified organic.

11674: 11430: 11108: 9937: 9903: 9862: 7628: 4533: 4525:

The Big Book of Self-Reliant Living: Advice and Information on Just About Everything You Need to Know to Live on Planet Earth

3915: 3722: 3690: 3140: 3073: 1986:). US sales are 20x as much. Europe farms 23% of global organic farmland (6,900,000 ha (17,000,000 acres)), followed by 1285:

Incorporating crop diversity into organic farming practices can have several benefits. For instance, it can help to increase

752: 9260:"Farmers' Willingness to Pay for the Ecosystem Services of Organic Farming: A Locality Study in Valikamam Area of Sri Lanka" 6882:, Williams, A.G. et al., Cranfield University, U.K., August 2006. Svensk mat- och miljöinformation. Pages 4-6, 29 and 84-85. 4437: 2521: 11525: 11373: 7039:

UNEP, 2011, Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication, www.unep.org/greeneconomy

5512: 3979:"The secrets of Koberwitz: the diffusion of Rudolf Steiner's agriculture course and the founding of biodynamic agriculture" 3360: 9789: 4457: 3208: 1297:. Furthermore, crop diversity can help to improve the nutritional quality of food by providing a wider range of essential 1116:

They based their work on Steiner's spiritually-oriented alternative agriculture which includes various esoteric concepts.

11378: 11024: 11009: 10696: 9656: 2387: 1768:

For livestock vaccines play an important part in animal health since antibiotic therapy is prohibited in organic farming.

1019: 9885:

Committee on the Role of Alternative Farming Methods in Modern Production Agriculture, National Research Council. 1989.

1966:"organic farmers receive more subsidies under agri-environment and animal welfare subsidies than conventional growers". 1465:

as well as grain legumes and green manures, although grain legumes may fix limited nitrogen because they are harvested.

11475: 11289: 11279: 11200: 11123: 10726: 7776: 6685: 6654: 5150: 4589: 3990: 3845: 3787:

A History of Organic Farming: Transitions from Sir Albert Howard's War in the Soil to the USDA National Organic Program

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Determining the environmental burdens and resource use in the production of agricultural and horticultural commodities

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in India (650,000 in 2013), Uganda (190,552 in 2014), Mexico (169,703 in 2013) and the Philippines (165,974 in 2014).

11753: 11700: 11309: 11294: 11128: 11076: 10881: 9917: 9880: 9218: 8850:"The dual Green Revolutions in South Korea: reforestation and agricultural revolution under the authoritarian regime" 8743: 7028: 6596: 6042: 3828: 3135: 2561: 2459:

SRI methods for rice production, without external inputs, have produced record yields on some farms, but not others.

2365:

As of 2020 it seems that organic agriculture can help in mitigating climate change but only if used in certain ways.

2211: 2128:

Compared to conventional agriculture, the energy efficiency of organic farming depends upon crop type and farm size.

1884: 64: 8975:"Food Availability in School Stores in Seoul, South Korea After Implementation of Food- and Nutrient-Based Policies" 6875: 6492: 5263: 4505: 11758: 11356: 11170: 11061: 11051: 10172: 10141: 7623:

Blair, Robert. (2012). Organic Production and Food Quality: A Down to Earth Analysis. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, UK.

2973:

The most noticeable change in Korea's agriculture occurred throughout the 1960s and 1970s. More specifically, the "

2725: 2649: 1893: 928: 887:

Organic agricultural methods are internationally regulated and legally enforced by transnational organizations (as

9016:"Chiang Mai Citylife - Thailand's Organic Concerns: Understanding the complexities of Organic Farming in Thailand" 3632: 3552: 2977:" program where South Korea experienced reforestations and agricultural revolution. Due to a food shortage during 11727: 11490: 11239: 11217: 11175: 11145: 11098: 10981: 10964: 10947: 10923: 10774: 10759: 10754: 10531: 8849: 8801: 6893: 6467: 4297: 2182: 1173:

practices based on naturally occurring biological processes. Organic farming methods are studied in the field of

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Health Canada. 2009. Consultation document on copper pesticides - proposed re-evaluation decision - PRVD2009-04.

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Employment on organic farms offers potentially large numbers of jobs for people, and this may better manage the

972:, along with health concerns about toxic chemicals entering the food supply. In the late 1800s and early 1900s, 11195: 11190: 10821: 10816: 10764: 10511: 9041: 6834: 5325: 3643: 2882: 892: 677: 640: 635: 153: 8499: 3666:"Scientists urge EU to allow the use of novel breeding techniques and modern biotechnology in organic farming" 2700: 11361: 11299: 10496: 10209: 10105:"Bat activity and species richness on organic and conventional farms: impact of agricultural intensification" 8634: 5825: 5663: 3155: 2881:, financed by Switzerland through the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO) and implemented by 1575:, common in the southern U.S. before the 1950s. Similarly, some rice farmers introduce ducks and fish to wet 1230: 829: 138: 6506:"Can organic food feed the world? New study sheds light on debate over organic vs. conventional agriculture" 5381: 3303: 1990:

with 20% (6,400,000 ha (16,000,000 acres)). Asia has 9.5% while North America has 7.2%. Africa has 3%.

1724:

Some naturally derived pesticides are not allowed for use on organic farms. These include nicotine sulfate,

10957: 10516: 10491: 6442:"Organic agriculture can contribute to fighting hunger - But chemical fertilizers needed to feed the world" 4172: 3165: 3082: 3042: 2269: 158: 133: 11510: 7345: 5600: 11328: 11212: 10969: 10501: 10165: 10082:

Wheeler, S. A. (2008). "What influences agricultural professionals' views towards organic agriculture?".

9419: 7908:"Beyond "Inherit It or Marry It": Exploring How Women Engaged in Sustainable Agriculture Access Farmland" 6684:

Markandya, Anil; Setboonsarng, Sununtar; YuHui, Qiao; Songkranok, Rachanee; Stefan, Adam (23 June 2015).

6163: 3145: 3086: 849: 143: 8657: 7275:

The Environmental Safety and Benefits of Growth Enhancing Pharmaceutical Technologies in Beef Production

6853: 5588: 4013: 3049:

Organic Farming has grown by 3.53 million acres (1,430,000 hectares) in the U.S. from 2000 to 2011.

11713: 10541: 10476: 10305: 6863:, Williams, A.G. et al., Cranfield University, U.K., August 2006. Organic Agriculture Centre of Canada. 2806:

to the farmland (also by organic means). There are also parallels to the extended organic movements of

2022: 1789: 1603: 1544:

Some naturally sourced chemicals are allowed for herbicidal use. These include certain formulations of

1242: 940: 464: 183: 118: 8089:"Ecology of Earthworms under the 'Haughley Experiment' of Organic and Conventional Management Regimes" 5166: 4271: 1482:

management promotes weed suppression, rather than weed elimination, by enhancing crop competition and

1027:

where he met Pfeiffer. In the following year, Northbourne published his manifesto of organic farming,

976:

scientists began to seek ways to remedy these side effects while still maintaining higher production.

11598: 11550: 11445: 11338: 11222: 10280: 7912: 6370: 6228: 5307: 4549: 3130: 2832: 2729: 1932:, encompasses the entire process and effects of organic farming in terms of human society, including 1793: 1036: 745: 439: 11505: 7964: 6305: 6245:"USDA Economic Research Service - U.S. Organic Handlers Mostly Small, Focus on Fruit and Vegetables" 5649:. Bonn: Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Frick, and IFOAM – Organics International. 3527: 3507: 2328: 2304:

on abundance were prominent at the plot and field scales, but not for farms in matched landscapes."

11743: 11603: 11558: 11460: 11185: 11001: 10789: 10377: 10290: 10275: 10230: 7837: 3388:"Nanomaterials in food and agriculture: The big issue of small matter for organic food and farming" 2965:

crop to organic. The Dominican Republic accounts for 55% of the world's certified organic bananas.

2942: 2807: 2374: 2350: 1876: 916: 702: 536: 449: 434: 372: 298: 10148: 10056: 7284:, Alex Avery and Dennis Avery, Hudson Institute, Center for Global Food Issues, Figure 5, page 22. 4902:"USDA National Organic Program, Subpart G. The National List of Allowed and Prohibited Substances" 4664: 3463:

The New Organic Grower: A Master's Manual of Tools and Techniques for the Home and Market Gardener

2885:

in partnership HELVETAS Swiss Intercooperation and the Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (

1274:

diversity helps the environment to thrive and protects species from going extinct. The science of

11650: 11588: 10991: 10716: 10439: 10434: 10327: 10295: 8602: 6939: 6505: 6365: 6223: 4820:"Compost tea as a container medium drench for suppressing seedling damping-off caused by Pythium" 4041:"The Betteshanger Summer School: Missing link between biodynamic agriculture and organic farming" 3487:"From France to the World: The International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM)" 3170: 3125: 3056:

had 2,713 organic farms, which makes California the largest producer of organic goods in the U.S.

1945: 1599: 1317:, to replace nutrients taken from the soil by previous crops. This biological process, driven by 1237: 1217:

are encouraged, crops are rotated to confuse pests and renew soil, and natural materials such as

1198: 1170: 801: 600: 595: 486: 454: 7274: 4053: 3798: 3769: 3535: 1821:

are consistent with organic principles and have significantly advanced sustainable agriculture.

1513:

Mechanical and physical weed control practices used on organic farms can be broadly grouped as:

1293:. It can also help to reduce pest and disease pressure by creating a more diverse and resilient 11593: 11420: 10784: 10769: 10711: 10706: 10461: 10394: 10387: 10204: 10199: 9947:

Beecher, N. A.; et al. (2002). "Agroecology of birds in organic and nonorganic farmland".

7783: 7734: 7411: 6691: 6661: 5476: 4125: 3026: 2787: 2640:, suffered from massive soil erosion as result of tiling after it switched to organic farming. 1941: 1929: 1845: 1665: 1135: 1011: 841: 697: 682: 553: 546: 308: 100: 9816:"Sri Lanka abandons drive to become world's first organic country amid spiralling food prices" 8448: 6449: 5792:

Environmental, Energetic, and Economic Comparisons of Organic and Conventional Farming Systems

4775:

Jones, D. 1998. Piperonyl butoxide: the insecticide synergist. Academic Press, London. 323 pp.

4568: 4523: 10976: 10600: 10382: 9122: 7907: 6706: 5971: 5811: 2877:(FiBL, Switzerland) in partnership with SAFOSO AG (Switzerland); the Swiss-Ukrainian program 2603: 1861: 1712: 1218: 949: 896: 541: 367: 303: 276: 7849: 7700: 6306:"2012 Census Drilldown: Organic and Local Food | National Sustainable Agriculture Coalition" 4151: 4040: 3905: 3680: 11748: 11578: 11346: 10986: 10952: 10942: 10845: 10681: 10471: 10332: 10285: 10002: 7929: 7132: 6992: 6975: 6188:"Using Vertically Coordinated Relationships To Overcome Tight Supply in the Organic Market" 6110: 5916: 5722: 5646: 4424: 3710: 3180: 2342: 1330: 1068: 1053: 1045: 956:

were cheap, powerful, and easy to transport in bulk. Similar advances occurred in chemical

924: 738: 491: 444: 113: 8973:

Choi, Seul Ki; Frongillo, Edward A.; Blake, Christine E.; Thrasher, James F. (July 2017).

8088: 7494: 7322: 5055: 4901: 4871: 4501:

Mark Schonbeck, Virginia Association for Biological Farming. Last Updated: 23 March 2010.

4235: 2918:

achieved its goal of converting to 100% organic farming. Other states of India, including

2534:(aka calcium polysulfide) and sulfur are considered to be allowed, synthetic materials (LD 8: 11640: 11633: 11573: 11470: 11465: 11140: 10869: 10300: 9820: 9704:"How Sri Lanka's overnight flip to total organic farming has led to an economic disaster" 8974: 6962:

Does organic farming reduce environmental impacts? - A meta-analysis of European research

5563: 5008: 3436: 3094: 3010:

Many organic farms have sprouted, growing produce ranging from mangosteen to stinky bean.

2476: 2436: 1391: 1088: 1087:

The use of "organic" popularized by Howard and Rodale refers more narrowly to the use of

1061: 1007: 459: 42: 10006: 7461:"Material Fact Sheet: Sulfur (Resource Guide for Organic Insect Disease and Management)" 7136: 6589:

Going organic : mobilizing networks for environmentally responsible food production

6114: 5920: 5726: 5199: 4356: 3957: 3502:

Danielle Treadwell, Jim Riddle, Mary Barbercheck, Deborah Cavanaugh-Grant, Ed Zaborski,

2033: 1764: 90: 11655: 11613: 11608: 11568: 11520: 11284: 11180: 11056: 10857: 10779: 10605: 10521: 10020: 9964: 9595: 9387: 9343: 9289: 9200: 8927: 8919: 8392: 8346: 8268: 8243: 8159:

van Elsen, T. (2000). "Species diversity as a task for organic agriculture in Europe".

8108: 7761: 7712: 7665: 7601: 7576: 7384: 7156: 7099: 7064: 6495:, The New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD), 9–13 June 2006, Abuja, Nigeria. 6134: 5947: 5904: 5854:"D-O-K (Biodynamic-Bioorganic-Conventional): Results From 21 Year Old Field Experiment" 5746: 5118: 5093: 4753: 4744: 4728: 4646:

Criticisms and Frequent Misconceptions about Organic Agriculture: The Counter-Arguments

4612: 4379: 4375: 3868: 3762: 3619: 3609:(FiBL) and the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM, 2013). 3387: 3077: 2958: 2509: 2505: 2488: 2297: 1949: 1752: 1572: 817: 793: 728: 692: 281: 163: 9626: 9559: 8854:

Historia Scientiarum: International Journal of the History of Science Society of Japan

8172: 7446: 7227: 7197: 6789: 6619:

UNEP-UNCTAD. (2008). Organic Agriculture and Food Security in Africa. United Nations.

6339: 5853: 5490: 4935: 4473: 2836: 2394:

Proponents of organic farming have claimed that organic agriculture emphasizes closed

919:

at local level; however, because organic farming can produce lower yields compared to

816:

are generally prohibited. Synthetic substances that are allowed include, for example,

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However, while Sri Lanka was still facing the new challenges of the pandemic, in the

2751:(IFOAM), which is an association of about 800 member organizations in 119 countries. 2712:

Share of area under organic agriculture in total agricultural area by country in 2021

2663:

and pesticides. Increased biodiversity, especially from beneficial soil microbes and

2636:

Gunsmoke Farms, a 137 square kilometres (53 square miles) organic farming project in

2593: 2257: 1956: 1868: 1740: 1736: 1702: 1419: 1403: 1129: 980: 920: 610: 583: 531: 501: 350: 293: 256: 10024: 9968: 9276: 9259: 8112: 7716: 7669: 7160: 4383: 3580: 2846:

One more important governmental institution of the organic sector of Ukraine is the

2467: 776:, is an agricultural system that uses fertilizers of organic origin such as compost 11485: 11480: 11455: 11254: 11227: 10686: 10644: 10536: 10427: 10337: 10322: 10116: 10095: 10091: 10048: 10010: 9956: 9622: 9571: 9371: 9319: 9271: 9184: 8986: 8903: 8426: 8422: 8376: 8330: 8300: 8263: 8255: 8195: 8168: 8139: 8100: 8067: 8056:"The effects of organic agriculture on biodiversity and abundance: a meta-analysis" 8028: 7998: 7951:. United States Department of Agriculture. 15 January 2016. Retrieved 5 March 2016. 7921: 7819: 7757: 7696: 7649: 7596: 7588: 7490: 7442: 7376: 7140: 7094: 7076: 6987: 6785: 6756: 6745:"The effects of organic agriculture on biodiversity and abundance: a meta-analysis" 6138: 6118: 6083: 6023: 5942: 5924: 5882: 5773: 5750: 5730: 5696:"Economics of Organic Grain and Soybean Production in the Midwestern United States" 5235: 5227: 5113: 5105: 4959: 4931: 4831: 4748: 4740: 4699: 4686:

Panov, A.; Dikalov, S; Shalbuyeva, N; Taylor, G; Sherer, T; Greenamyre, JT (2005).

4604: 4469: 4371: 3860: 3175: 2974: 2288:

upon society through public land and other public resource use, biodiversity loss,

2189:

which are found in populated areas such as the Northeast, Midwest, and West Coast.

2084: 1937: 1748: 1744: 1690: 1549: 1537: 1415: 1411: 1205:. These measures use the natural environment to enhance agricultural productivity: 1057: 984: 861: 588: 496: 481: 219: 178: 10892: 9533:"Sri Lanka Going Organic: Rethink the strategy; Agriculturists Write to President" 9188: 8104: 6802: 6564:"ICapacity Building Study 3: Organic Agriculture and Food Security in East Africa" 6415: 5231: 5186: 5109: 4861:"Compost teas: Microbial hygiene and quality in relation to method of preparation" 4836: 4819: 3819:

Vogt G (2007). "Chapter 1: The Origins of Organic Farming". In Lockeretz W (ed.).

2357:

O emissions", even though primary energy use was less for most organic products. N

1909: 1908:

organic standards require that manure must be sterilized through high temperature

11535: 11515: 11495: 11395: 11244: 10661: 10078:, ATTRA — National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service. August 2004. 9923: 9244: 8819: 8664: 8641: 8574: 8304: 8002: 7971: 7797: 7281: 7263: 6879: 6860: 6627: 6170: 5860: 5798: 5545: 5206: 5062: 4963: 4652: 4556: 4509: 4444: 4242: 4201: 3964: 3559: 3514: 3160: 2763: 2399: 1652: 1336: 1124: 961: 825: 315: 251: 234: 9887: 7682: 5612: 5516: 4477: 3876: 1339:

a large number of nutrients in various quantities to flourish. Supplying enough

1165:

Organic farming methods combine scientific knowledge of ecology and some modern

11645: 11540: 11440: 11368: 11155: 10617: 10052: 9323: 8199: 8144: 8127: 7545:"CRD - Enforcement - Products Containing Azadirachtin (also known as Neem Oil)" 7081: 6830: 6027: 5886: 5873:

Moyer, Jeff (2013). "Perspective on Rodale Institute's Farming Systems Trial".

5777: 2978: 2811: 2607: 2432: 2403: 2395: 2379: 1963: 1872: 1825: 1648: 1594:

is used for pest management in organic rice cultivation in Chhattisgarh, India.

1553: 1387: 1259: 1144:"Organic agriculture is a production system that sustains the health of soils, 995: 969: 953: 888: 853: 357: 9375: 8334: 7653: 7592: 6364:

Dimitri, Carolyn; Oberholtzer, Lydia; Wittenberger, Michelle (December 2010).

6224:"Marketing U.S. Organic Foods: Recent Trends From Farms to Consumers (EIB-58)" 2871:“Higher Value Added Trade from the Organic and Dairy Sector in Ukraine” (QFTP) 948:

was practiced for thousands of years without the use of artificial chemicals.

11737: 11628: 11583: 11563: 11385: 11160: 10811: 10676: 10634: 10580: 10402: 10225: 9829: 9762: 9741: 9634: 9583: 9456: 9383: 9331: 9285: 9196: 8915: 8865: 8434: 8388: 8380: 8342: 7256:

Experte zur Nachhaltigkeit in der Landwirtschaft: „Bio ist auch keine Lösung"

7090: 7001: 6835:"Is organic really better for the environment than conventional agriculture?" 6606: 5938: 5326:"Is organic really better for the environment than conventional agriculture?" 5249: 4571:

By Laurent Belsie (edition of 20 February 2003) The Christian Science Monitor

3275: 3035: 2938:, have also declared their intentions to shift to fully organic cultivation. 2423: 2419: 2285: 2088: 1818: 1814: 1640: 1494: 1367: 1344: 1318: 1294: 1290: 1186: 1182: 1108: 877: 837: 833: 789: 630: 563: 345: 246: 239: 9575: 7823: 7144: 7065:"Strategies for feeding the world more sustainably with organic agriculture" 7049: 5929: 5695: 5676: 4620: 4458:"Developing weed-suppressive soils through improved soil quality management" 4014:"Biodynamic Agriculture: The Journey from Koberwitz to the World, 1924-1938" 3978: 3717:. Oxfordshire, UK & Cambridge, Massachusetts: CAB International (CABI). 2006: 11321: 11316: 11304: 11264: 11249: 10937: 10731: 10590: 10565: 10407: 10367: 10312: 10270: 9591: 9339: 9097:"USDA Rural Development to Hold Office Day in Palacios | Rural Development" 8998: 8873: 8277: 8259: 8244:"Organic fields sustain weed metacommunity dynamics in farmland landscapes" 8040: 7748:

Johnston, A. E. (1986). "Soil organic-matter, effects on soils and crops".

7708: 7661: 7610: 7502: 7380: 7152: 7108: 6366:"The Role of Contracts in the Organic Supply Chain: 2004 and 2007 (EIB-69)" 6130: 5956: 5742: 5475:

Helga Willer, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, Switzerland.

5127: 4845: 4762: 4713: 4704: 4687: 4082: 3345: 3185: 3120: 2741: 2733: 2637: 2599: 2578: 2545: 2428: 2017: 2013: 1565: 1557: 1466: 1446: 1371: 1310: 1190: 1149: 1049: 1041: 1023: 973: 965: 912: 908:

farmed organically, representing approximately 2% of total world farmland.

904: 869: 781: 568: 526: 471: 429: 386: 362: 9642: 7529: 5091: 4608: 4104: 3944: 3931: 3864: 3633:"The World of Organic Agriculture - Statistics & Emerging Trends 2024" 2362:

were highest for bread wheat (200+ % more) and potatoes (160% more).

11435: 11390: 11259: 11232: 10721: 10656: 10639: 10612: 10585: 10570: 10546: 10417: 10260: 10188: 9612: 9243:

Weerahewa, Jeevika; Kodithuwakku, Sarath S.; Ariyawardana, Anoma (2010).

6872: 4502: 4259:

Crop diversity: A Distinctive Characteristic of an Organic Farming Method

4065: 3115: 2664: 2625:, and that is being depleted ten times faster than it is being replaced. 2531: 2169: 2162: 1975: 1933: 1849: 1841: 1717: 1660: 1632: 1591: 1587: 1576: 1545: 1507: 1438: 1279: 1275: 1263: 1174: 945: 881: 809: 578: 404: 394: 335: 320: 229: 214: 188: 82: 9445:"A rush to farm organically has plunged Sri Lanka's economy into crisis" 7882:"A Giant Organic Farm Faces Criticism That It's Harming The Environment" 6333:"Direct and Intermediated Marketing of Local Foods in the United States" 5734: 4213: 2245:

hosted more than 170 free manuals and 75 training opportunities online.

1564:

have also been developed. At this time, however, organic herbicides and

852:

husbandry are prohibited. Organic farming advocates claim advantages in

11500: 10412: 10362: 10357: 10240: 9505:"Prof. Vandana Shiva hails Lanka's decision to ban chemical fertilizer" 8990: 8923: 8891: 7947:"USDSA Guidance Natural Resources and Biodiversity Conservation"(PDF). 7943: 7941: 7939: 7925: 5647:"The World of Organic Agriculture. Statistics and Emerging Trends 2016" 3603:

The World of Organic Agriculture: Statistics & Emerging Trends 2013

3401:"USDA List of Allowed and Prohibited Substances in Organic Agriculture" 3338:"Organic Agriculture in Australia: Attaining the Global Majority (51%)" 3053: 2854: 2791: 2630: 2584:

claims that organic food is safer or healthier than conventional food.

2495: 2293: 1810: 1729: 1644: 1521: 1498: 1483: 1348: 1326: 1322: 1314: 1246: 1166: 1145: 573: 521: 516: 409: 399: 288: 266: 261: 8820:"Ethical, Sustainable and Organic Farming - Long road ahead for India" 6471: 5240: 4152:"Controlled Microbial Composting and Humus Management: Luebke Compost" 3620:"The Uptake of Organic Agriculture: A Decade of Worldwide Development" 2617:, geomorphologist David Montgomery outlines a coming crisis from soil 11623: 11269: 10622: 10352: 10015: 9990: 8553: 6122: 5538: 3405:

USDA List of Allowed and Prohibited Substances in Organic Agriculture

2935: 2931: 2737: 2704:

Percentage of World area using organic agriculture by country in 2021

2660: 2556: 2551: 2508:

is used as a fungicide and is also used in conventional agriculture (

2016:

in 1991, agricultural inputs that had previously been purchased from

1979: 1925: 1697: 1670: 1609: 1487: 1454: 1441:, whereby the land gathers fertility through growing nitrogen-fixing 1430: 1267: 1214: 1178: 957: 813: 805: 797: 785: 511: 8892:"The South Korean Green Revolution: Induced or Directed Innovation?" 7936: 7808: 7573: 6707:"Organic Farming: Should Government Give it More Technical Support?" 6683: 5905:"Financial competitiveness of organic agriculture on a global scale" 3525:

H. Martin, '’Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs

3465:(2nd ed.), Chelsea Green Publishing Company, pp. 65, 108, 3337: 1867:

trend toward legislated standards began, most notably with the 1991

1536:- Blocking weed emergence with organic materials, plastic films, or 891:) and many nations, based in large part on the standards set by the 10317: 9976:

Brown, R. W. (1999b). "Margin/field interfaces and small mammals".

9855:

From the Good Earth: A Celebration of Growing Food Around the World

8907: 7974:, second edition, September 2015 (page visited on 8 November 2015). 6775: 4323:"Organic agriculture and its benefits for climate and biodiversity" 3016:

In Chiang Mai Province, there are 18 organic markets. (ISAC-linked)

2891:

Project “German-Ukrainian Cooperation in Organic Agriculture” (COA)

2803: 2716:

The following is a selected list of support given in some regions.

2541: 2517: 2402:

providing the capacity to mitigate and even reverse the effects of

1682: 1674: 1636: 1625: 1617: 1561: 1363: 1360: 1356: 1340: 1298: 1210: 988: 900:

fertilizers, genetically modified organisms, and growth hormones".

865: 857: 476: 5143:

Tomorrow's Table: Organic Farming, Genetics and the Future of Food

4799:

OGA. 2004. OGA standard. Organic Growers of Australia. Inc. 32 pp.

4066:

The Farm as Organism: The Foundational Idea of Organic Agriculture

1643:(which tend to fly away), all of which eat a wide range of pests. 11450: 11400: 10671: 10627: 10595: 9657:"Organic food revolution in Sri Lanka threatens its tea industry" 9242: 9042:"Fighting Thailand's drought with biodiversity | DW | 28.06.2016" 8780:"Global Data Reveals Another Record Year for Organic Agriculture" 8758:"More than 30 per cent of world's organic producers are in India" 7965:« 100 arguments en faveur de l’agriculture biologique » 6532:"Report submitted by the Special Rapporteur on the right to food" 5171: 4729:"Mechanism of toxicity in rotenone models of Parkinson's disease" 3622:, Journal of Social and Development Sciences, 2 (3), pp. 111-120. 2923: 2862: 2858: 2782: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2516:). Conventional agriculture has the option to use the less toxic 2440: 2289: 1725: 1517: 1450: 1434: 1383: 1359:), which fix nitrogen from the atmosphere through symbiosis with 1206: 1202: 1194: 845: 325: 271: 8214:"USDSA Guidance Natural Resources and Biodiversity Conservation" 8018: 7121: 7062: 7052:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2015. 5399:

Atlas of Organics: Four Maps of the World of Organic Agriculture

3809:

Gabrielle Howard had died while the Howards were still in India.

2855:

State Institution “Entrepreneurship and Export Promotion Office”

2487:

A non-exhaustive list of organic approved pesticides with their

2268:

The value of organic agriculture (OA) in the achievement of the

1608:

Organisms aside from weeds that cause problems on farms include

11274: 10649: 10575: 10245: 10235: 10152: 10136: 8014: 8012: 4355:

Watson CA, Atkinson D, Gosling P, Jackson LR, Rayns FW (2002).

2962: 2919: 2915: 2848:

State Service of Ukraine on Food Safety and Consumer Protection

2740:

products and how to label them. In the EU, organic farming and

1686: 1621: 1462: 1458: 1442: 1407: 1395: 1379: 1375: 1352: 873: 821: 777: 224: 10157: 9910:

The Economics of Organic Farming: An International Perspective

7228:"Grassland Birds: Fostering Habitats Using Rotational Grazing" 6363: 5613:"U.S. organic sales post new record of $ 43.3 billion in 2015" 5510: 4195:

Use of potassium bicarbonate as a fungicide in organic farming

3486: 2479:, reminding orchardists not to spray pesticides on these trees 1879:(NOP). As of 2007 over 60 countries regulate organic farming ( 1735:

Synthetic pesticides allowed for use on organic farms include

1382:, certain processed fertilizers such as seed meal and various 10666: 9898:, Berkeley and London: University of California Press. 2004. 9896:

Agrarian Dreams: The Parodox of Organic Farming in California

9875:(Volume 1, Series 1). Henderson Communications, L.L.C. 2006. 8185: 6094: 4388: 3932:"Koberwitz (Kobierzyce); In the footsteps of Rudolf Steiner'" 3432:"Only 60 Years of Farming Left If Soil Degradation Continues" 3342:

Journal of Environment Protection and Sustainable Development

2890: 2771: 2472: 2222: 2025:; specifically corn that is resistant to the palomilla moth. 1533: 1530:

Flame weeding and thermal weeding - Using heat to kill weeds.

1423: 1222: 1092: 1091:

derived from plant compost and animal manures to improve the

340: 9763:"Covid: Sri Lanka in economic emergency as food prices soar" 8689:"Four New Strategies to Grow the Organic Agriculture Sector" 8009: 7775:

Hepperly, Paul Reed; Setboonsarng, Sununtar (23 June 2015).

5094:"Genetically modified crops: hope for developing countries?" 4685: 4354: 2674:

The USDA's Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS) published a

2598:

Supporters claim that organically managed soil has a higher

2232: 10557: 10347: 9781: 9420:"In Sri Lanka, Organic Farming Went Catastrophically Wrong" 8033:

10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[2011:BDADSS]2.0.CO;2

6153:

Consumer surveys show slipping interest in organic products

6100: 5217: 5140: 5092:

Luis Herrera-Estrella; Ariel Alvarez-Morales (April 2001).

4436:

Staff, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.

3934:, Journal of Bio-Dynamics Tasmania, 109 (Autumn), pp. 7-11. 3365: 2987:

Special Act on Safety Management of Children's Dietary Life

2767: 2544:

is used as an insect repellant in India; since it contains

2105:

meta-analysis of studies conducted across five continents.

1905: 1716:. These are mainly effective for diseases affecting roots. 1678: 1613: 1479: 1286: 1271: 1226: 1064:) in the United Kingdom, and many others across the world. 506: 206: 8972: 8290: 8223:. United States Department of Agriculture. 15 January 2016 7988: 6276:"USDA Economic Research Service - Organic Market Overview" 5488: 5442: 5264:"Organic food: the hidden dangers that might surprise you" 1266:(multiple crops in the same space). Planting a variety of 16:

Method of agriculture meant to be environmentally friendly

9925:

Organic Agriculture: Sustainability, Markets and Policies

9790:"Sri Lanka's Plunge Into Organic Farming Brings Disaster" 9730:"Explained | What caused the Sri Lankan economic crisis?" 9010: 9008: 8053: 6976:"Organic Agriculture, Food Security, and the Environment" 6931:. University of Oxford. 12 September 2004. Archived from 6067: 6065: 6063: 5477:

Organic Agriculture in Europe 2009: Production and Market

3089:, which are a staple food and major export respectively. 3027:

United States Department of Agriculture Rural Development

2927: 2847: 2749:

International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements

2554:

comes from chemicals extracted from flowers of the genus

2333:(Note that the impacts on biodiversity are not compared). 2316:

emissions tend to be higher in organic farming systems."

2243:

International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements

1185:

flower. The principal methods of organic farming include

1159:

International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements

893:

International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements

9360: 8635:"Sikkim 'livelihood schools' to promote organic farming" 8221:

Agricultural Marketing Service, National Organic Program

7949:

Agricultural Marketing Service, National Organic Program

5640: 5638: 5636: 5634: 5632: 5630: 5628: 5626: 5624: 5622: 5382:"Organic Agriculture Worldwide 2016: Current Statistics" 5167:"Organically grown agricultural products and foodstuffs" 4419: 4417: 4415: 2985:

the world face forms of malnutrition. Then in 2009, the

2879:“Organic Trade for Development in Eastern Europe” (OT4D) 979:

In 1921 the founder and pioneer of the organic movement

952:

were first developed during the mid-19th century. These

10034:"Insect pollinated plants benefit from organic farming" 9417: 8953:

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

6222:

Dimitri, Carolyn; Oberholtzer, Lydia (September 2009).

5763: 5513:"The organic food market in Poland: Ready for take-off" 4787:

Canadian General Standards Board. CAN/CGSB-32.311-2006.

3945:"Breslau (Wrocław): In the footsteps of Rudolf Steiner" 3904:

Kirchmann, Holger; Bergstrom, Lars (16 December 2008).

3764:

Cultural Boundaries of Science: Credibility on the Line

2870: 2695: 1830:

regulation of the release of genetic modified organisms

1568:

play a minor role in the organic weed control toolbox.

1399: 9930:

Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development

9005: 8721:"CM: Will Get Total Organic Farming State Tag by 2016" 8179: 6926:"Organic farms not necessarily better for environment" 6060: 5712: 5700:

Henry A. Wallace Institute for Alternative Agriculture

4726: 4068:

Elementals ~ Journal of Bio-Dynamics Tasmania 83:14–18

3910:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 2–. 3768:. Chicago, Il.: University of Chicago Press. pp. 3203: 3201: 2766:" according to data from the end of 2014 published by 1700:

allowed for use on organic farms include the bacteria

1402:

may need to be amended. Natural pH amendments include

11711: 8737:

Balk, Sabine; Dembowski, Hans; Thallam, Vijay Kumar.

8603:"Sikkim to become a completely organic state by 2015" 6186:

Dimitri, Carolyn; Oberholtzer, Lydia (October 2008).

5998:

Understanding Organic Pricing and Costs of Production

5903:

Crowder, David W.; Reganold, John P. (16 June 2015).

5898: 5896: 5619: 5605: 4412: 3456: 3454: 2747:

The regulation is derived from the guidelines of the

2744:

are more commonly known as ecological or biological.

2368: 1289:

fertility by promoting the growth of beneficial soil

9788:

Wipulasena, Aanya; Mashal, Mujib (7 December 2021).

7984: 7982: 7980: 7774: 7369:

International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability

7198:"Pastures for Profit: A Guide to Rotational Grazing" 6803:

New Zealand's Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry.

4921: 4357:"Managing soil fertility in organic farming systems" 3595: 3029:(USDARD) was created in 1994 as a subsection of the 2349:

in the UK found that it is difficult to compare the

10922: 7963:Institut de recherche de l'agriculture biologique, 7676: 7115: 7029:

Regenerative Organic Agriculture and Climate Change

6387:"Number of U.S. farmers' markets continues to rise" 6071: 5599:Andrea Swenson for Modern Farmer. 17 November 2014 5587:Anna Glayzer for The Food Commission. 19 July 2010 3907:

Organic Crop Production - Ambitions and Limitations

3198: 1969: 9478:"Sri Lanka's organic revolution hits farmers hard" 9309: 9174: 9123:"Organic Certification Cost Share Program (OCCSP)" 8703:"State to switch fully to organic farming by 2016" 8500:"Danish Crown-datter vil slagte langt flere grise" 8474:"Første gang i ti år: Økologer tjener færre penge" 8320: 8054:Bengtsston, J.; Ahnström, J.; Weibull, A. (2005). 7906:Pilgeram, Ryanne; Amos, Bryan (7 September 2015). 7296:"Allan Savory: How livestock can protect the land" 6221: 6185: 6040: 5893: 4817: 4667:. Colorado State University Cooperative Extension. 4559:. University of Missouri Extension Bulletin G8922. 4245:". Pages 156-206 In U. Sommer and B Worm editors, 3903: 3761: 3451: 3059:4% of food sales in the U.S. are of organic goods. 3000:Institute for Sustainable Agricultural Communities 2568:). Its potent toxicity is used to control insects. 2347:Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs 2254:United Nations Conference on Trade and Development 1527:Mowing and cutting - Removing top growth of weeds. 10031: 7977: 7633: 7515: 5972:"USDA Economic Research Service - Organic Prices" 5826:"The Farming Systems Trial Rodale 30 year report" 5687: 5601:Photo Essay: Cuban Farmers Return to the Old Ways 5417:. European Commission. p. 30. Archived from 4808:7 CFR, part 205. U.S. Code of Federal Regulations 4236:Competition and coexistence in terrestrial plants 3682:Integrated pest management for crops and pastures 2961:has successfully converted a large amount of its 2873:, financed by Switzerland and implemented by the 1631:Examples of predatory beneficial insects include 1067:The term "eco-agriculture" was coined in 1970 by 11735: 9787: 8782:. organicwithoutboundaries.bio. 28 February 2019 6217: 6215: 4521: 4497: 4495: 4427:. Iowa State University Extension Bulletin 1883. 4350: 4348: 4346: 4107:, Journal of Organic Systems (2007) 2 (1): 1-11. 3361:"Organic 101: Allowed and Prohibited Substances" 2732:that sets rules about the production of organic 2443:are harmful to aquatic organisms by themselves. 8671:. 12 December 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2012. 8609:. 9 September 2010. Retrieved 29 November 2012. 8366: 7747: 7258:, Westfälischen Nachrichten, 19 November 2012. 6894:"Can Organic Farming Solve the Climate Crisis?" 6668: 5909:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 5902: 4035: 4033: 4031: 3947:, Journal of Bio- Dynamics Tasmania, 110:10-15. 2824:Ministry of Agrarian Policy and Food of Ukraine 2263: 2070:Another meta-analysis published in the journal 1651:tend to move more slowly and eat less heavily. 1148:and people. It relies on ecological processes, 10102: 7468:New York State Agricultural Experiment Station 6829: 6714:Review of Marketing and Agricultural Economics 6242: 6041:Martin, Andrew; Kim Severson (18 April 2008). 5583: 5581: 4665:Some Pesticides Permitted in Organic Gardening 4401: 4399: 4397: 3704: 3702: 1582: 10908: 10173: 9558:Priyadarshana, Tharaka S. (3 December 2021). 9557: 9245:"The Fertilizer Subsidy Program in Sri Lanka" 8683: 8681: 8679: 8677: 6698: 6212: 6164:The Hartman Group Organic Marketplace Reports 6013: 5644: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4562: 4492: 4343: 4278:. Food and organization of the united nations 2621:. Agriculture relies on roughly one meter of 1994:farmland is pasture, like that of Australia ( 1817:write that many agricultural applications of 1628:. Practices include, but are not limited to: 746: 9257: 9152:"Organic farming is on the rise in the U.S." 8739:"Four wheels of Zero Budget Natural Farming" 8691:, Agrofor International Journal, 2(3):61-70. 8648:. 6 August 2010. Retrieved 29 November 2012. 7905: 7842: 6957: 6955: 6953: 6951: 6949: 6652: 6236: 5479:BioFach Congress, Nürnberg, 18 February 2011 5141:Pamela Ronald; Raoul Adamchak (April 2018). 5075:"Home | Agricultural Marketing Service" 5005:"European organic farming research projects" 4783: 4781: 4028: 3950: 3899: 3897: 3708: 3601:Helga Willer, Julia Lernoud and Robert Home 3151:List of organic gardening and farming topics 2109:farmers can often get more for their yield. 2037:Organic farmland by world region (2000–2008) 1840:Organic farmers use a number of traditional 10103:Wickramasinghe, L. P.; et al. (2003). 7056: 7021: 6973: 6461: 6459: 5706: 5693: 5578: 5491:"Bio hat Zukunft, aber auch viele Probleme" 4896: 4894: 4892: 4423:Kathleen Delate and Robert Hartzler. 2003. 4394: 4119:"Second Thoughts About Organic Agriculture" 4011: 3699: 3668:. Wageningen Plant Research. 23 April 2021. 3304:"Clean & Organic Agricultural Products" 2548:its use is restricted in the UK and Europe. 2175: 1128:Organic cultivation of mixed vegetables in 10915: 10901: 10180: 10166: 9988: 9418:Ted Nordhaus; Saloni Shah (5 March 2022). 9264:Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 8889: 8674: 7733:. UK Food Standards Agency. Archived from 7050:"Crop production and natural resource use" 7042: 6920: 6918: 6916: 6914: 6586: 6410: 6408: 5662:Paull, John & Hennig, Benjamin (2018) 5658: 5656: 5397:Paull, John & Hennig, Benjamin (2016) 5373: 4795: 4793: 4638: 4574: 3781: 3779: 2572: 2406:and that organic agriculture can decrease 1647:are also effective, but tend to fly away. 788:and places emphasis on techniques such as 753: 739: 11426:Environmental issues in the United States 10120: 10014: 9305: 9303: 9275: 8625:. 7 May 2010. Retrieved 29 November 2012. 8412: 8267: 8158: 8143: 8125: 8093:Biological Agriculture & Horticulture 8086: 8071: 7838:The lowdown on topsoil: it's disappearing 7600: 7567: 7432: 7346:"Why Pasture Cropping is such a Big Deal" 7287: 7098: 7080: 6991: 6946: 6778:Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 6760: 6742: 6729: 6727: 6613: 6075:Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 5946: 5928: 5850:Research Institute of Organic Agriculture 5239: 5117: 4835: 4778: 4752: 4703: 4124:. Soil And Health Library. Archived from 4043:, Journal of Organic Systems, 6(2):13-26. 4005: 3894: 3821:Organic Farming: An International History 3715:Organic Farming: An International History 3640:Research Institute of Organic Agriculture 3607:Research Institute of Organic Agriculture 2914:In India, in 2016, the northern state of 2875:Research Institute of Organic Agriculture 2233:Capacity building in developing countries 1663:allowed for use on organic farms include 1426:products are allowed in organic farming. 1410:, but in the U.S. some compounds such as 65:Learn how and when to remove this message 11411:Effects of climate change on agriculture 9039: 8896:Economic Development and Cultural Change 8806:Council on Energy, Environment and Water 7175:"Rodale Institute Farming Systems Trial" 6974:Meemken, Eva-Marie; Qaim, Matin (2018). 6704: 6646: 6456: 6181: 6179: 5664:Maps of Organic Agriculture in Australia 5557: 5387:. FiBL and IFOAM Organics International. 5345: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5256: 4949: 4889: 4548:Glenn Geiger and Harold Biellier. 1993. 4455: 3753: 2707: 2699: 2466: 2327: 2205: 2192: 2165:to market their goods more effectively. 2032: 1763: 1586: 1134: 1123: 10081: 10041:Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 9946: 9852: 9728:Perumal, Prashanth (6 September 2021). 9727: 9527: 9525: 9146: 9144: 8943: 8941: 8885: 8883: 8843: 8841: 8241: 8188:Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 8161:Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 7701:10.7326/0003-4819-157-5-201209040-00007 7617: 7343: 7225: 7195: 6911: 6653:Setboonsarng, Sununtar (23 June 2015). 6529: 6436: 6434: 6432: 6405: 5653: 5412:"Organic Farming in the European Union" 5352: 4858: 4802: 4790: 4456:Kremer, Robert J.; Li, Jianmei (2003). 3983:Journal of Social Research & Policy 3776: 3749:. Glasgow, Great Britain: Floris Books. 3744: 3738: 3491:Journal of Social Research & Policy 3460: 3251:"Biological Farming/Ecological Farming" 2835:(the Ukrainian Parliament) adopted the 2629:farming, which some claim depends upon 1798:Genetically modified food controversies 1783: 1398:that provides potassium. In some cases 1018:), came to the UK at the invitation of 11736: 11416:Effects of climate change on livestock 9975: 9697: 9695: 9413: 9411: 9409: 9407: 9405: 9403: 9401: 9364:Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 9300: 8700: 8523: 8521: 8408: 8406: 8362: 8360: 8316: 8314: 7850:"No Shortcuts in Checking Soil Health" 7639: 7366: 6993:10.1146/annurev-resource-100517-023252 6724: 6470:. World Watch Magazine. Archived from 6243:Dimitri, Carolyn; Oberholtzer, Lydia. 6009: 6007: 5645:Willer, Helga; Lernoud, Julia (2016). 5379: 5282:"National Organic Program Regulations" 4587: 4216:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 3843: 3818: 3759: 3672: 3358: 2250:United Nations Environmental Programme 2138: 1999: 1995: 1983: 1880: 10896: 10161: 7495:10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.151146 7480: 6569:. University of Essex. Archived from 6384: 6176: 6043:"Sticker Shock in the Organic Aisles" 5872: 5391: 5336: 5308:"Organic Food Production Act of 1990" 4058: 3976: 3678: 3429: 3335: 3141:List of countries by organic farmland 2952: 1010:, the author of the standard work on 911:Organic farming can be beneficial on 11670: 11526:Tropical cyclones and climate change 10864: 10032:Gabriel, D.; Tscharntke, T. (2007). 9813: 9560:"Sri Lanka's hasty agrochemical ban" 9522: 9211: 9168: 9141: 8938: 8880: 8847: 8838: 8284: 7723: 7344:Bradley, Kirsten (7 December 2010). 7293: 7016:The Organic Answer to Climate Change 6891: 6429: 5995: 5666:, Journal of Organics. 5 (1): 29–39. 5511:SixtyTwo International Consultants. 4054:Sir Albert Howard's Deed for Science 3812: 3407:. USDA. 4 April 2016. Archived from 3253:. USDA National Agricultural Library 2696:Regional support for organic farming 2587: 2413: 2341:A 2003 to 2005 investigation by the 2123: 2078: 1351:") help to provide nitrogen through 18: 11559:Alternative fuel vehicle propulsion 10876: 9701: 9692: 9398: 8760:. downtoearth.org. 21 February 2018 8518: 8403: 8357: 8311: 7954: 7899: 7404:"New record in Bihar thanks to SRI" 7249: 6980:Annual Review of Resource Economics 6967: 6641:Organic farming 'could feed Africa' 6465: 6330: 6004: 5681:State of Sustainability Initiatives 4818:Scheuerell SJ, Mahaffee WF (2004). 4425:Weed Management for Organic Farmers 4249:. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany. 4206: 4173:"Definition of Organic Agriculture" 3747:The Origins of the Organic Movement 2686: 2388:Annual Review of Resource Economics 1844:to do farming, and may make use of 1020:Walter James, 4th Baron Northbourne 13: 10727:Environmental impact of irrigation 9846: 9702:P, Samyak; ey (5 September 2021). 9686:International Trade Administration 9502: 8578:PhD Thesis, University of Waterloo 8248:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 7762:10.1111/j.1475-2743.1986.tb00690.x 7549:webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk 7316: 7237:. Cooperative extension publishing 7207:. Cooperative extension publishing 6468:"Can Organic Farming Feed Us All?" 6448:. 10 December 2007. Archived from 6273: 5969: 5482: 5380:Willer, Helga (10 February 2016). 5007:. Organic Research. Archived from 4745:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-34-10756.2003 4597:Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 4376:10.1111/j.1475-2743.2002.tb00265.x 4116: 3853:Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 3823:. CABI Publishing. pp. 9–30. 2615:Dirt: The Erosion of Civilizations 2427:rivers, and groundwater can cause 2422:of 71 studies, nitrogen leaching, 2369:Environmental impact and emissions 1928:of organic farming, a subfield of 1473: 1304: 1181:, which is found naturally in the 14: 11770: 11206:pharmaceuticals and personal care 10130: 10076:Organic Crop Production Overview. 9908:Lampkin, N. and S. Padel. (eds.) 9814:Watt, Louise (21 November 2021). 9127:temp_FSA_02_Landing_InteriorPages 8701:Martin, K. A. (20 October 2014). 7401: 6446:Food and Agriculture Organization 5589:Cuba's food production revolution 5401:Journal of Organics. 3(1): 25-32. 4234:Fargione J, and D Tilman. 2002. " 4149: 3993:from the original on 8 March 2016 3359:McEvoy, Miles (27 October 2020). 3136:Holistic management (agriculture) 2212:Food and Agriculture Organization 1885:Principles of Organic Agriculture 1253: 1139:Organic farming in Virginia, USA. 1016:Bio-Dynamic Farming and Gardening 11721: 11681: 11680: 11669: 11357:decline in amphibian populations 11062:Deforestation and climate change 10875: 10863: 10851: 10840: 10839: 10135: 10122:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2003.00856.x 9961:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.01228.x 9807: 9755: 9721: 9674: 9649: 9606: 9551: 9496: 9470: 9437: 9354: 9251: 9236: 9219:"USDA ERS - Organic Agriculture" 9115: 9089: 9059: 9033: 8966: 8812: 8794: 8772: 8750: 8731: 8713: 8694: 8651: 8628: 8612: 8596: 8582: 8568: 8546: 8492: 8466: 8441: 8235: 8206: 8152: 8119: 8080: 8073:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2005.01005.x 8047: 7874: 7864: 7830: 7802: 7790: 7768: 7741: 7581:The British Journal of Nutrition 7536: 7509: 7474: 7453: 7426: 7395: 7360: 7337: 7310: 7268: 7219: 7189: 7167: 7033: 7027:Rodale Institute 18 April 2014. 7008: 6938:on 29 November 2014 – via 6885: 6866: 6847: 6823: 6796: 6769: 6762:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2005.01005.x 6736: 6677: 6633: 6580: 6556: 6537:. United Nations. Archived from 6523: 6498: 6486: 6420: 6378: 6357: 6324: 6298: 6267: 6157: 6145: 6034: 5989: 5963: 5866: 5842: 5818: 5804: 5784: 5757: 5669: 5593: 5551: 5531: 5504: 5489:Bauernzeitung (RollAMA survey). 5445:"Eurostat press release 80/2007" 5443:European Commission – Eurostat. 5031:"Agricultural Marketing Service" 4261:- Organic Farming; 15 April 2013 3711:"The Science of Organic Farming" 3570: 3020: 2757:The World of Organic Agriculture 2726:EU-organic production-regulation 2650:Organic farming and biodiversity 2279: 2172:, and other marketing channels. 2099: 1970:Geographic producer distribution 1894:EU-organic production-regulation 1394:, a naturally occurring form of 1233:seeds and animals are excluded. 1225:are used to control disease and 722: 89: 23: 11491:Land surface effects on climate 10948:Environmental impact assessment 10924:Human impact on the environment 10795:Agriculture and the environment 10532:British Agricultural Revolution 10187: 8744:D+C - Development + Cooperation 8658:"Sikkim races on organic route" 8619:"Sikkim makes an organic shift" 7542: 7321:. Man in Nature. Archived from 6892:HELD, LISA (15 December 2020). 6493:Meeting Africa's Food Challenge 5702:. Policy Studies Report No. 13. 5469: 5436: 5404: 5318: 5300: 5274: 5211: 5192: 5179: 5159: 5134: 5085: 5067: 5048: 5023: 4997: 4988: 4979: 4970: 4942: 4915: 4859:Brinton W, et al. (2004). 4852: 4811: 4769: 4720: 4692:Journal of Biological Chemistry 4679: 4670: 4657: 4542: 4515: 4503:An Organic Weed Control Toolbox 4449: 4430: 4407:The Truth About Organic Farming 4315: 4290: 4264: 4252: 4228: 4187: 4165: 4143: 4110: 4097: 4071: 4046: 3970: 3937: 3924: 3837: 3803: 3791: 3685:. CSIRO Publishing. p. 2. 3658: 3625: 3612: 3564: 3541: 3528:Introduction to Organic Farming 3519: 3496: 3479: 3423: 2643: 2183:community supported agriculture 2147: 2057: 1988:Latin America and the Caribbean 1579:to eat both weeds and insects. 808:are permitted, while synthetic 708:Agriculture and the environment 174:British Agricultural Revolution 10739:Climate change and agriculture 10512:Agriculture in the Middle Ages 10096:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.05.014 9991:"Going one better than nature" 9040:(www.dw.com), Deutsche Welle. 8427:10.1016/j.geoforum.2007.01.002 8242:Henckel, Laura (20 May 2015). 7798:Organic Farming Beats No-Till? 7226:Undersander, Dan; et al. 7196:Undersander, Dan; et al. 6385:Vogel, Stephen (August 2014). 3713:. In William Lockeretz (ed.). 3644:IFOAM - Organics International 3393: 3380: 3352: 3329: 3296: 3268: 3243: 3215: 2968: 2883:IFOAM – Organics International 2398:, biodiversity, and effective 1082: 830:Genetically modified organisms 154:Agriculture in the Middle Ages 1: 11362:decline in insect populations 9873:The Truth About Organic Foods 9627:10.1016/S0277-9536(97)00193-7 9615:Social Science & Medicine 9277:10.15666/aeer/1706_1380313815 9189:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.04.160 9177:Journal of Cleaner Production 8890:Burmeister, Larry L. (1987). 8173:10.1016/S0167-8809(99)00096-1 8126:Blakemore, Robert J. (2018). 8105:10.1080/01448765.2000.9754876 7518:Indian Journal of Malariology 7447:10.1016/S1672-6308(12)60010-9 6790:10.1016/S0167-8809(00)00257-7 5232:10.1016/j.foodpol.2016.12.009 4936:10.1016/S0308-521X(00)00045-7 4837:10.1094/PHYTO.2004.94.11.1156 4528:. Globe-Pequot. p. 343. 4474:10.1016/s0167-1987(03)00088-6 3577:National Agricultural Library 3573:"What is organic production?" 3192: 3156:List of pest-repelling plants 3006:Much progress has been made: 2498:is used as an insecticide (LD 2471:A sign outside of an organic 2462: 2385:A 2018 review article in the 2284:Agriculture imposes negative 1899: 1883:). In 2005 IFOAM created the 1034:In 1940 Howard published his 10517:Arab Agricultural Revolution 9682:"Sri Lanka Commercial Guide" 9503:Mendis, Bakthi Dharmapriya. 8323:Agriculture and Human Values 8305:10.1016/j.biocon.2004.07.018 8003:10.1016/j.biocon.2004.07.018 6331:Low, Sarah (November 2011). 6088:10.1016/0167-8809(83)90021-X 4964:10.1016/j.cropro.2004.01.009 4389:Preprint with free full-text 4214:"Integrated Pest Management" 4105:"China's Organic Revolution" 4081:. Acres, USA. Archived from 3679:Horne, Paul Anthony (2008). 3504:Cooperative Extension System 3223:"History of Organic Farming" 3166:Organic farming by continent 3063: 3043:Fourth Industrial Revolution 2270:Millennium Development Goals 2264:Millennium Development Goals 1919: 1855: 1759: 1355:(more precisely, the family 159:Arab Agricultural Revolution 7: 10074:Kuepper, G. and L. Gegner. 9912:, CAB International. 1994. 9891:. National Academies Press. 7689:Annals of Internal Medicine 7483:Annual Review of Entomology 5450:. p. 1. Archived from 5360:"Organic farming in the EU" 5145:. Oxford University Press. 5110:10.1093/embo-reports/kve075 4733:The Journal of Neuroscience 4462:Soil & Tillage Research 4247:Competition and Coexistence 3146:List of organic food topics 3108: 2992: 2446: 2210:In 2007 the United Nations 1743:for insect management; and 1673:(a chrysanthemum extract), 1583:Controlling other organisms 1258:Organic farming encourages 903:Since 1990, the market for 850:antibiotic use in livestock 10: 11775: 10477:Agriculture in Mesoamerica 10109:Journal of Applied Ecology 10053:10.1016/j.agee.2006.04.005 9978:Aspects of Applied Biology 9853:Ableman, M. 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Pfeiffer, 3553:What is organic farming? 3549:Purdue Extension Service 3508:What is organic farming? 2943:regenerative agriculture 2909: 2900: 2808:regenerative agriculture 2762:11 November 2017 at the 2375:greenhouse gas emissions 2351:Global warming potential 2176:Direct-to-consumer sales 1877:National Organic Program 1835: 1548:(concentrated vinegar), 1215:natural insect predators 929:negative climate effects 917:environmental protection 631:Agriculturist profession 450:Agricultural engineering 435:Agricultural cooperative 37:may need to be rewritten 11759:Sustainable food system 11651:Sustainable consumption 10992:Social ecology (ethics) 10717:Agricultural wastewater 10440:Sustainable food system 10435:Sustainable agriculture 10328:Animal-free agriculture 10296:Agricultural technology 9888:Alternative Agriculture 9576:10.1126/science.abm9186 8293:Biological Conservation 8021:Ecological Applications 7991:Biological Conservation 7824:10.2134/agronj2006.0061 7235:University of Wisconsin 7205:University of Wisconsin 7145:10.1126/science.1057544 6940:Oregon State University 6626:17 January 2009 at the 6416:Organic Agriculture FAQ 5930:10.1073/pnas.1423674112 5812:"Farming Systems Trial" 4870:: 36–45. Archived from 4651:24 January 2014 at the 4364:Soil Use and Management 4200:11 January 2014 at the 3461:Coleman, Eliot (1995), 3171:Organic lawn management 3126:Biological pest control 2573:Food quality and safety 2005:In the European Union ( 1946:information asymmetries 1942:unintended consequences 1910:thermophilic composting 1600:Biological pest control 1238:biological pest control 1199:biological pest control 842:plant growth regulators 802:Biological pest control 601:Sustainable food system 596:Sustainable agriculture 487:Animal-free agriculture 455:Agricultural technology 11594:Ecological engineering 11374:runaway climate change 10817:Agricultural machinery 10775:History of agriculture 10760:Agriculture by country 10755:Agricultural machinery 10712:Agricultural pollution 10707:Agricultural expansion 10482:Austronesian expansion 10395:Mechanised agriculture 8848:Moon, Manyong (2012). 8725:The New Indian Express 8369:Politics & Society 8260:10.1098/rspb.2015.0002 7784:Asian Development Bank 7642:Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 7381:10.3763/ijas.2003.0105 6743:Bengtsson, J. (2005). 6692:Asian Development Bank 6662:Asian Development Bank 6530:De Schutter, Olivier. 6389:. USDA. Archived from 6338:. USDA. Archived from 6193:. USDA. Archived from 4705:10.1074/jbc.M508628200 4508:28 August 2010 at the 3579:. USDA. Archived from 2713: 2705: 2480: 2334: 2038: 1930:agricultural economics 1916:prohibited materials. 1846:agricultural machinery 1769: 1666:Bacillus thuringiensis 1595: 1429:Mixed farms with both 1163: 1140: 1132: 1114: 1022:as a presenter at the 1012:biodynamic agriculture 1001:The Agriculture Course 950:Artificial fertilizers 729:Agriculture portal 688:History of agriculture 673:Agriculture by country 668:Agricultural machinery 636:Agricultural machinery 554:Mechanised agriculture 124:Austronesian expansion 10977:List of global issues 10822:Government ministries 10765:Agriculture companies 10601:Convertible husbandry 10281:Agricultural supplies 10231:Agricultural Engineer 10144:at Wikimedia Commons 9067:"CREATIVE CHIANG MAI" 8449:"Økologiens historie" 7408:Agri Cultures Network 7319:"Convincing Evidence" 7280:18 April 2013 at the 7069:Nature Communications 6859:29 March 2014 at the 6705:Marshall, G. (1991). 6591:. Wallingford: CABI. 5187:NOP Program Standards 4609:10.1300/J064v21n04_06 4590:"Organic Agriculture" 4569:How to feed the world 3865:10.1300/J064v21n04_06 3846:"Organic agriculture" 3844:Lotter, D.W. (2003). 3760:Gieryn, T.F. (1999). 3709:Stinner, D.H (2007). 2865:certification body. 2711: 2703: 2526:4,500 to 11,200 mg/kg 2470: 2408:fossil fuel emissions 2331: 2206:World's food security 2193:Labour and employment 2036: 1862:Organic certification 1852:powered water pumps. 1767: 1713:Trichoderma harzianum 1681:(a tree extract) and 1669:(a bacterial toxin), 1590: 1470:organically managed. 1219:potassium bicarbonate 1142: 1138: 1127: 1100: 897:umbrella organization 678:Agriculture companies 641:Government ministries 440:Agricultural supplies 277:Convertible husbandry 11579:Community resilience 11379:in the United States 11347:Biodiversity threats 11020:cannabis cultivation 10987:Planetary boundaries 10953:Environmental issues 10943:Ecological footprint 10472:Neolithic Revolution 10333:Cellular agriculture 10286:Agricultural science 10084:Ecological Economics 9949:Conservation Biology 9688:. 28 September 2021. 7970:5 March 2016 at the 7930:Wiley Online Library 7414:on 11 September 2013 5996:Post, Emily (2012). 5859:10 July 2012 at the 5848:Fliessbach, et al. 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(2001). 3558:10 June 2016 at the 3493:, 2010, 1(2):93-102. 3336:Paull, John (2019). 3181:Organic food culture 2418:According to a 2012 2343:Cranfield University 2072:Agricultural Systems 1826:heirloom seed stocks 1784:Genetic modification 1331:carbon sequestration 1231:Genetically modified 1054:Emmaus, Pennsylvania 1046:The Rodale Institute 925:loss of biodiversity 492:Cellular agriculture 445:Agricultural science 114:Neolithic Revolution 11641:Restoration ecology 11574:Climate engineering 11511:Ocean acidification 11501:Loss of green belts 11471:Holocene extinction 11466:Habitat destruction 11141:Environmental crime 10062:on 15 December 2014 10007:2001Natur.410..633E 9821:The Daily Telegraph 9155:Pew Research Center 9129:. 22 September 2020 8747:, 10 November 2019. 8687:Paull, John (2017) 8663:9 July 2014 at the 8646:Hindu Business Line 8640:28 May 2013 at the 8592:New York: Routledge 7836:Seattle PI (2008). 7786:. pp. 293–321. 7750:Soil Use Management 7683:Smith-Spangler, C; 7294:Coughlin, Chrissy. 7262:9 June 2015 at the 7137:2001Sci...292..281T 6833:(19 October 2017). 6587:Lockie, S. (2006). 6576:on 1 December 2007. 6274:Greene, Catherine. 6169:17 May 2008 at the 6115:2001Natur.410..926R 5970:Greene, Catherine. 5921:2015PNAS..112.7611C 5797:1 June 2013 at the 5735:10.1038/nature11069 5727:2012Natur.485..229S 5457:on 29 November 2007 5424:on 6 September 2012 5288:on 11 December 2007 4588:Lotter, D. (2003). 4443:6 June 2015 at the 4405:Gillman J. (2008). 4064:Paull, John (2006) 4039:Paull, John (2011) 3963:26 May 2011 at the 3943:Paull, John (2013) 3930:Paull, John (2013) 3618:Paull, John (2011) 3437:Scientific American 3411:on 28 December 2015 3386:Paull, John (2011) 3095:self-sustainability 2502:: 2660 mg/kg). 2489:median lethal doses 2477:Pateros, Washington 2139:Sales and marketing 1347:and green manure (" 1209:are planted to fix 1171:traditional farming 1062:Haughley Experiment 1008:Ehrenfried Pfeiffer 373:Steam sterilization 11656:Waste minimization 11614:Mitigation banking 11609:Industrial ecology 11569:Cleaner production 11521:Resource depletion 11057:Corporate behavior 11015:animal agriculture 10606:Rotational grazing 10522:Columbian exchange 9932:. 1 January 2003. 9794:The New York Times 9769:. 1 September 2021 8991:10.1111/josh.12518 8533:Landbrugsstyrelsen 8254:(1808): 20150002. 7926:10.1111/ruso.12054 7555:on 23 October 2015 7177:. Rodale Institute 6811:on 15 October 2008 6643:. The Independent. 6474:on 9 February 2014 5011:on 10 January 2014 4550:Weeding With Geese 3799:The Work At Indore 3513:3 May 2016 at the 3430:Arsenault, Chris. 3099:economic emergency 3078:Gotabaya Rajapaksa 2959:Dominican Republic 2953:Dominican Republic 2714: 2706: 2506:Copper(II) sulfate 2481: 2335: 2298:nutrient pollution 2258:drought resistance 2039: 1950:economies of scale 1770: 1753:sodium bicarbonate 1741:horticultural oils 1737:insecticidal soaps 1696:Naturally derived 1659:Naturally derived 1633:minute pirate bugs 1596: 1573:cotton patch geese 1556:. A few selective 1141: 1133: 794:companion planting 774:biological farming 770:ecological farming 282:Rotational grazing 164:Columbian exchange 11709: 11708: 11531:Water degradation 11406:Ecological crisis 11352:biodiversity loss 11151:Industrialisation 11136:Genetic pollution 10982:Impact assessment 10890: 10889: 10450:Urban agriculture 10423:Rice-duck farming 10373:Intensive farming 10343:Extensive farming 10140:Media related to 10001:(6829): 633–634. 9939:978-92-64-10150-0 9904:978-0-520-24094-0 9864:978-0-8109-2517-5 9103:. 2 February 2015 7629:978-0-8138-1217-5 6840:Our World in Data 6694:. pp. 49–78. 6286:on 26 August 2014 6109:(6831): 926–930. 5915:(24): 7611–7616. 5721:(7397): 229–232. 5677:"Market Coverage" 5330:Our World in Data 5270:. 29 August 2014. 4830:(11): 1156–1163. 4535:978-1-59228-043-8 4438:Organic Standards 3917:978-1-4020-9316-6 3797:Yeshwant D. Wad, 3724:978-1-84593-289-3 3692:978-0-643-09257-0 3280:Lexicon Wein‑Plus 3276:"Organic farming" 3227:biocyclopedia.com 2997:In Thailand, the 2728:is a part of the 2594:Soil conservation 2588:Soil conservation 2538:: 820 mg/kg) 2435:, and subsequent 2414:Nutrient leaching 2124:Energy efficiency 2079:Long term studies 1957:methane emissions 1938:opportunity costs 1869:EU-Eco-regulation 1710:; and the fungus 1703:Bacillus subtilis 1420:magnesium sulfate 1201:, and mechanical 1130:Capay, California 954:early fertilizers 921:intensive farming 763: 762: 611:Urban agriculture 584:Rice-duck farming 532:Intensive farming 502:Extensive farming 75: 74: 67: 47:lead layout guide 11766: 11726: 11725: 11724: 11717: 11684: 11683: 11673: 11672: 11506:Phosphorus cycle 11486:Land consumption 11481:Land degradation 11456:Freshwater cycle 11255:Overexploitation 11228:marine pollution 11035:cocoa production 10917: 10910: 10903: 10894: 10893: 10879: 10878: 10867: 10866: 10855: 10843: 10842: 10687:Wildlife farming 10537:Green Revolution 10488:Ancient history 10428:Rice-fish system 10338:Contract farming 10323:Animal husbandry 10182: 10175: 10168: 10159: 10158: 10139: 10126: 10124: 10099: 10071: 10069: 10067: 10061: 10055:. Archived from 10038: 10028: 10018: 10016:10.1038/35070632 9985: 9972: 9943: 9868: 9841: 9840: 9838: 9836: 9811: 9805: 9804: 9802: 9800: 9785: 9779: 9778: 9776: 9774: 9759: 9753: 9752: 9750: 9748: 9725: 9719: 9718: 9716: 9714: 9699: 9690: 9689: 9678: 9672: 9671: 9669: 9667: 9653: 9647: 9646: 9610: 9604: 9603: 9555: 9549: 9548: 9546: 9544: 9529: 9520: 9519: 9517: 9515: 9500: 9494: 9493: 9491: 9489: 9474: 9468: 9467: 9465: 9463: 9441: 9435: 9434: 9432: 9430: 9415: 9396: 9395: 9358: 9352: 9351: 9307: 9298: 9297: 9279: 9255: 9249: 9248: 9240: 9234: 9233: 9231: 9229: 9223:www.ers.usda.gov 9215: 9209: 9208: 9172: 9166: 9165: 9163: 9161: 9148: 9139: 9138: 9136: 9134: 9119: 9113: 9112: 9110: 9108: 9093: 9087: 9086: 9084: 9082: 9073:. 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Archived from 4453: 4447: 4434: 4428: 4421: 4410: 4403: 4392: 4387: 4361: 4352: 4341: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4327: 4319: 4313: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4298:"Why Diversify?" 4294: 4288: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4268: 4262: 4256: 4250: 4232: 4226: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4210: 4204: 4191: 4185: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4169: 4163: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4147: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4131:on 1 August 2014 4130: 4123: 4117:Nayler, Justin. 4114: 4108: 4101: 4095: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4085:on 23 April 2018 4075: 4069: 4062: 4056: 4050: 4044: 4037: 4026: 4025: 4009: 4003: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3974: 3968: 3954: 3948: 3941: 3935: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3901: 3892: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3882:on 9 August 2017 3881: 3875:. Archived from 3850: 3841: 3835: 3834: 3816: 3810: 3807: 3801: 3795: 3789: 3785:Joseph Heckman, 3783: 3774: 3773: 3767: 3757: 3751: 3750: 3742: 3736: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3706: 3697: 3696: 3676: 3670: 3669: 3662: 3656: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3637: 3629: 3623: 3616: 3610: 3599: 3593: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3583:on 7 August 2007 3568: 3562: 3545: 3539: 3523: 3517: 3500: 3494: 3483: 3477: 3476: 3458: 3449: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3427: 3421: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3397: 3391: 3384: 3378: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3356: 3350: 3349: 3333: 3327: 3326: 3320: 3318: 3308: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3288: 3286: 3272: 3266: 3265: 3260: 3258: 3247: 3241: 3240: 3235: 3233: 3219: 3213: 3205: 3176:Organic movement 3002: 3001: 2975:Green Revolution 2889:, Switzerland); 2863:Organic Standard 2687:Labour standards 2676:Federal Register 2085:Rodale Institute 1749:copper hydroxide 1745:Bordeaux mixture 1708:Bacillus pumilus 1691:nicotine sulfate 1653:Parasitoid wasps 1612:(e.g., insects, 1560:based on fungal 1550:corn gluten meal 1538:landscape fabric 1445:grasses such as 1416:aluminum sulfate 1386:powders such as 1161: 1112: 1058:Lady Eve Balfour 1029:Look to the Land 985:Gabrielle Howard 862:self-sufficiency 826:veterinary drugs 768:, also known as 755: 748: 741: 727: 726: 725: 589:Rice-fish system 497:Contract farming 482:Animal husbandry 220:Animal husbandry 179:Green Revolution 130:Ancient history 93: 79: 78: 70: 63: 59: 56: 50: 43:improve the lead 27: 26: 19: 11774: 11773: 11769: 11768: 11767: 11765: 11764: 11763: 11744:Organic farming 11734: 11733: 11732: 11722: 11720: 11712: 11710: 11705: 11660: 11619:Organic farming 11545: 11536:Water pollution 11516:Ozone depletion 11496:Loss and damage 11396:Desertification 11333: 11245:Overconsumption 11166:cleaning agents 11067:Energy industry 11030:meat production 10996: 10926: 10921: 10891: 10886: 10832: 10831: 10830: 10799: 10790:Poultry farming 10743: 10698: 10691: 10662:Poultry farming 10552: 10528:Modern history 10508:Post-classical 10456: 10455: 10454: 10399:Organic farming 10255: 10254: 10250: 10214: 10191: 10186: 10149:Organic Farming 10142:Organic farming 10133: 10065: 10063: 10059: 10036: 9940: 9922: 9865: 9849: 9847:Further reading 9844: 9834: 9832: 9812: 9808: 9798: 9796: 9786: 9782: 9772: 9770: 9761: 9760: 9756: 9746: 9744: 9726: 9722: 9712: 9710: 9700: 9693: 9680: 9679: 9675: 9665: 9663: 9655: 9654: 9650: 9611: 9607: 9556: 9552: 9542: 9540: 9531: 9530: 9523: 9513: 9511: 9501: 9497: 9487: 9485: 9476: 9475: 9471: 9461: 9459: 9443: 9442: 9438: 9428: 9426: 9416: 9399: 9359: 9355: 9308: 9301: 9256: 9252: 9241: 9237: 9227: 9225: 9217: 9216: 9212: 9173: 9169: 9159: 9157: 9150: 9149: 9142: 9132: 9130: 9121: 9120: 9116: 9106: 9104: 9101:www.rd.usda.gov 9095: 9094: 9090: 9080: 9078: 9065: 9064: 9060: 9050: 9048: 9038: 9034: 9024: 9022: 9014: 9013: 9006: 8971: 8967: 8957: 8955: 8947: 8946: 8939: 8888: 8881: 8846: 8839: 8829: 8827: 8818: 8817: 8813: 8800: 8799: 8795: 8785: 8783: 8778: 8777: 8773: 8763: 8761: 8756: 8755: 8751: 8736: 8732: 8719: 8718: 8714: 8699: 8695: 8686: 8675: 8669:Telegraph India 8665:Wayback Machine 8656: 8652: 8642:Wayback Machine 8633: 8629: 8617: 8613: 8601: 8597: 8587: 8583: 8573: 8569: 8559: 8557: 8552: 8551: 8547: 8537: 8535: 8527: 8526: 8519: 8509: 8507: 8504:LandbrugsAvisen 8498: 8497: 8493: 8483: 8481: 8478:LandbrugsAvisen 8472: 8471: 8467: 8457: 8455: 8447: 8446: 8442: 8411: 8404: 8365: 8358: 8319: 8312: 8289: 8285: 8240: 8236: 8226: 8224: 8216: 8212: 8211: 8207: 8184: 8180: 8157: 8153: 8124: 8120: 8085: 8081: 8052: 8048: 8017: 8010: 7987: 7978: 7972:Wayback Machine 7960: 7959: 7955: 7946: 7937: 7913:Rural Sociology 7904: 7900: 7890: 7888: 7880: 7879: 7875: 7869: 7865: 7855: 7853: 7848: 7847: 7843: 7835: 7831: 7807: 7803: 7795: 7791: 7773: 7769: 7746: 7742: 7737:on 5 June 2011. 7729: 7728: 7724: 7681: 7677: 7638: 7634: 7622: 7618: 7572: 7568: 7558: 7556: 7541: 7537: 7514: 7510: 7479: 7475: 7463: 7459: 7458: 7454: 7431: 7427: 7417: 7415: 7402:Piras, Nicola. 7400: 7396: 7365: 7361: 7351: 7349: 7342: 7338: 7328: 7326: 7325:on 6 March 2001 7315: 7311: 7301: 7299: 7292: 7288: 7282:Wayback Machine 7273: 7269: 7264:Wayback Machine 7254: 7250: 7240: 7238: 7230: 7224: 7220: 7210: 7208: 7200: 7194: 7190: 7180: 7178: 7173: 7172: 7168: 7131:(5515): 281–4. 7120: 7116: 7061: 7057: 7048: 7047: 7043: 7038: 7034: 7026: 7022: 7014:Meleca (2008). 7013: 7009: 6972: 6968: 6960: 6947: 6935: 6928: 6924: 6923: 6912: 6902: 6900: 6890: 6886: 6880:Wayback Machine 6871: 6867: 6861:Wayback Machine 6852: 6848: 6828: 6824: 6814: 6812: 6801: 6797: 6774: 6770: 6741: 6737: 6732: 6725: 6709: 6703: 6699: 6682: 6678: 6673: 6669: 6651: 6647: 6638: 6634: 6628:Wayback Machine 6618: 6614: 6599: 6585: 6581: 6573: 6566: 6562: 6561: 6557: 6547: 6545: 6544:on 8 March 2014 6541: 6534: 6528: 6524: 6514: 6512: 6504: 6503: 6499: 6491: 6487: 6477: 6475: 6464: 6457: 6440: 6439: 6430: 6425: 6421: 6413: 6406: 6396: 6394: 6383: 6379: 6362: 6358: 6348: 6346: 6342: 6335: 6329: 6325: 6315: 6313: 6304: 6303: 6299: 6289: 6287: 6272: 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(2005). 5197: 5193: 5184: 5180: 5165: 5164: 5160: 5153: 5139: 5135: 5090: 5086: 5073: 5072: 5068: 5063:Wayback Machine 5053: 5049: 5039: 5037: 5029: 5028: 5024: 5014: 5012: 5003: 5002: 4998: 4993: 4989: 4984: 4980: 4975: 4971: 4952:Crop Protection 4947: 4943: 4920: 4916: 4906: 4904: 4900: 4899: 4890: 4880: 4878: 4874: 4863: 4857: 4853: 4816: 4812: 4807: 4803: 4798: 4791: 4786: 4779: 4774: 4770: 4725: 4721: 4684: 4680: 4675: 4671: 4662: 4658: 4653:Wayback Machine 4643: 4639: 4629: 4627: 4623: 4592: 4586: 4575: 4567: 4563: 4557:Wayback Machine 4547: 4543: 4536: 4520: 4516: 4510:Wayback Machine 4500: 4493: 4483: 4481: 4480:on 3 March 2016 4454: 4450: 4445:Wayback Machine 4435: 4431: 4422: 4413: 4404: 4395: 4359: 4353: 4344: 4334: 4332: 4330:Organics Europe 4325: 4321: 4320: 4316: 4306: 4304: 4296: 4295: 4291: 4281: 4279: 4270: 4269: 4265: 4257: 4253: 4243:Wayback Machine 4233: 4229: 4219: 4217: 4212: 4211: 4207: 4202:Wayback Machine 4192: 4188: 4178: 4176: 4171: 4170: 4166: 4156: 4154: 4148: 4144: 4134: 4132: 4128: 4121: 4115: 4111: 4102: 4098: 4088: 4086: 4077: 4076: 4072: 4063: 4059: 4051: 4047: 4038: 4029: 4010: 4006: 3996: 3994: 3975: 3971: 3965:Wayback Machine 3955: 3951: 3942: 3938: 3929: 3925: 3918: 3902: 3895: 3885: 3883: 3879: 3848: 3842: 3838: 3831: 3817: 3813: 3808: 3804: 3796: 3792: 3784: 3777: 3758: 3754: 3743: 3739: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3707: 3700: 3693: 3677: 3673: 3664: 3663: 3659: 3649: 3647: 3635: 3631: 3630: 3626: 3617: 3613: 3600: 3596: 3586: 3584: 3569: 3565: 3560:Wayback Machine 3546: 3542: 3524: 3520: 3515:Wayback Machine 3501: 3497: 3484: 3480: 3473: 3459: 3452: 3442: 3440: 3428: 3424: 3414: 3412: 3399: 3398: 3394: 3385: 3381: 3371: 3369: 3357: 3353: 3334: 3330: 3316: 3314: 3306: 3302: 3301: 3297: 3284: 3282: 3274: 3273: 3269: 3256: 3254: 3249: 3248: 3244: 3231: 3229: 3221: 3220: 3216: 3206: 3199: 3195: 3190: 3161:Natural Farming 3111: 3066: 3023: 2999: 2998: 2995: 2971: 2955: 2912: 2903: 2820: 2814:organic label. 2780: 2764:Wayback Machine 2722: 2698: 2689: 2652: 2646: 2604:water retention 2596: 2590: 2581: 2575: 2565: 2537: 2525: 2513: 2501: 2465: 2449: 2439:. In addition, 2416: 2400:soil management 2396:nutrient cycles 2371: 2360: 2356: 2326: 2315: 2311: 2282: 2266: 2252:(UNEP) and the 2235: 2208: 2195: 2178: 2150: 2141: 2126: 2102: 2081: 2060: 2031: 1972: 1922: 1902: 1864: 1858: 1838: 1800: 1788:Main articles: 1786: 1762: 1606: 1585: 1476: 1474:Weed management 1437:can operate as 1307: 1305:Soil management 1256: 1213:into the soil, 1162: 1157: 1122: 1113: 1107: 1085: 1069:Charles Walters 987:, accomplished 962:soil compaction 943: 937: 766:Organic farming 759: 723: 721: 716: 715: 714: 713: 712: 703:Poultry farming 660: 652: 651: 650: 625: 617: 616: 615: 559:Organic farming 424: 416: 415: 414: 389: 379: 378: 377: 209: 199: 198: 197: 196: 195: 170:Modern history 150:Post-classical 103: 71: 60: 54: 51: 40: 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 11772: 11762: 11761: 11756: 11751: 11746: 11731: 11730: 11707: 11706: 11704: 11703: 11698: 11693: 11688: 11677: 11665: 11662: 11661: 11659: 11658: 11653: 11648: 11646:Sustainability 11643: 11638: 11637: 11636: 11626: 11621: 11616: 11611: 11606: 11601: 11596: 11591: 11586: 11581: 11576: 11571: 11566: 11561: 11555: 11553: 11547: 11546: 11544: 11543: 11541:Water scarcity 11538: 11533: 11528: 11523: 11518: 11513: 11508: 11503: 11498: 11493: 11488: 11483: 11478: 11476:Nitrogen cycle 11473: 11468: 11463: 11458: 11453: 11448: 11443: 11441:Forest dieback 11438: 11433: 11428: 11423: 11418: 11413: 11408: 11403: 11398: 11393: 11388: 11383: 11382: 11381: 11376: 11369:Climate change 11366: 11365: 11364: 11359: 11354: 11343: 11341: 11335: 11334: 11332: 11331: 11326: 11325: 11324: 11314: 11313: 11312: 11307: 11302: 11297: 11287: 11282: 11277: 11272: 11267: 11262: 11257: 11252: 11247: 11242: 11237: 11236: 11235: 11230: 11225: 11220: 11210: 11209: 11208: 11203: 11198: 11193: 11188: 11186:nanotechnology 11183: 11178: 11173: 11168: 11158: 11153: 11148: 11143: 11138: 11133: 11132: 11131: 11126: 11121: 11116: 11111: 11106: 11101: 11091: 11090: 11089: 11084: 11079: 11074: 11064: 11059: 11054: 11049: 11048: 11047: 11042: 11037: 11032: 11027: 11022: 11017: 11006: 11004: 10998: 10997: 10995: 10994: 10989: 10984: 10979: 10974: 10973: 10972: 10970:on marine life 10962: 10961: 10960: 10958:list of issues 10950: 10945: 10940: 10934: 10932: 10928: 10927: 10920: 10919: 10912: 10905: 10897: 10888: 10887: 10885: 10873: 10861: 10849: 10837: 10834: 10833: 10829: 10824: 10819: 10814: 10809: 10808: 10807: 10805: 10801: 10800: 10798: 10797: 10792: 10787: 10782: 10777: 10772: 10767: 10762: 10757: 10751: 10749: 10745: 10744: 10742: 10741: 10736: 10735: 10734: 10724: 10719: 10714: 10709: 10703: 10701: 10693: 10692: 10690: 10689: 10684: 10679: 10674: 10669: 10664: 10659: 10654: 10653: 10652: 10642: 10637: 10632: 10631: 10630: 10620: 10618:Insect farming 10615: 10610: 10609: 10608: 10603: 10593: 10588: 10583: 10578: 10573: 10568: 10562: 10560: 10554: 10553: 10551: 10550: 10549: 10544: 10539: 10534: 10526: 10525: 10524: 10519: 10514: 10506: 10505: 10504: 10499: 10497:Ancient Greece 10494: 10486: 10485: 10484: 10479: 10474: 10466: 10464: 10458: 10457: 10453: 10452: 10447: 10442: 10437: 10432: 10431: 10430: 10425: 10415: 10410: 10405: 10400: 10397: 10392: 10391: 10390: 10385: 10380: 10370: 10365: 10360: 10355: 10350: 10345: 10340: 10335: 10330: 10325: 10320: 10315: 10310: 10309: 10308: 10303: 10293: 10288: 10283: 10278: 10273: 10267: 10266: 10265: 10263: 10257: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10249: 10248: 10243: 10238: 10233: 10228: 10222: 10220: 10216: 10215: 10213: 10212: 10207: 10202: 10196: 10193: 10192: 10185: 10184: 10177: 10170: 10162: 10156: 10155: 10132: 10131:External links 10129: 10128: 10127: 10100: 10079: 10072: 10047:(1–4): 43–48. 10029: 9986: 9973: 9955:(6): 1621–30. 9944: 9938: 9920: 9906: 9892: 9883: 9869: 9863: 9848: 9845: 9843: 9842: 9806: 9780: 9754: 9720: 9691: 9673: 9648: 9621:(4): 495–504. 9605: 9570:(6572): 1209. 9550: 9521: 9495: 9484:. 14 June 2022 9469: 9436: 9424:Foreign Policy 9397: 9370:(3): 246–257. 9353: 9318:(6): 787–803. 9299: 9250: 9235: 9210: 9167: 9140: 9114: 9088: 9077:on 5 July 2018 9058: 9032: 9004: 8985:(7): 498–505. 8965: 8937: 8908:10.1086/451621 8902:(4): 767–790. 8879: 8860:(3): 161–173. 8837: 8811: 8793: 8771: 8749: 8730: 8712: 8693: 8673: 8650: 8627: 8623:Times of India 8611: 8595: 8581: 8567: 8545: 8517: 8491: 8465: 8440: 8402: 8375:(4): 478–507. 8356: 8329:(4): 439–449. 8310: 8299:(1): 113–130. 8283: 8234: 8205: 8178: 8151: 8118: 8099:(2): 141–159. 8079: 8066:(2): 261–269. 8046: 8027:(5): 2011–21. 8008: 7997:(1): 113–130. 7976: 7953: 7935: 7898: 7873: 7863: 7841: 7829: 7818:(4): 960–972. 7801: 7789: 7767: 7740: 7731:"Organic food" 7722: 7695:(5): 348–366. 7675: 7632: 7616: 7587:(5): 794–811. 7566: 7535: 7508: 7473: 7470:. p. 172. 7452: 7441:(4): 311–320. 7425: 7394: 7359: 7336: 7309: 7286: 7267: 7248: 7218: 7188: 7166: 7114: 7055: 7041: 7032: 7020: 7007: 6966: 6945: 6910: 6884: 6865: 6846: 6831:Hannah Ritchie 6822: 6795: 6784:(1–2): 11–26. 6768: 6755:(2): 261–269. 6735: 6723: 6697: 6676: 6667: 6645: 6632: 6621:Free full-text 6612: 6597: 6579: 6555: 6522: 6497: 6485: 6455: 6452:on 2 May 2013. 6428: 6419: 6404: 6377: 6356: 6345:on 18 May 2016 6323: 6297: 6266: 6235: 6211: 6200:on 18 May 2016 6175: 6156: 6144: 6093: 6082:(4): 359–372. 6059: 6047:New York Times 6033: 6003: 5988: 5962: 5892: 5865: 5841: 5817: 5803: 5783: 5756: 5705: 5686: 5668: 5652: 5618: 5604: 5592: 5577: 5558:Auld, Alison. 5550: 5530: 5503: 5481: 5468: 5435: 5403: 5390: 5372: 5351: 5335: 5317: 5299: 5273: 5255: 5210: 5191: 5178: 5158: 5152:978-0199342082 5151: 5133: 5104:(4): 256–258. 5084: 5066: 5047: 5022: 4996: 4987: 4978: 4969: 4958:(9): 757–781. 4941: 4914: 4888: 4877:on 11 May 2008 4851: 4824:Phytopathology 4810: 4801: 4789: 4777: 4768: 4719: 4678: 4669: 4656: 4637: 4626:on 8 July 2018 4573: 4561: 4541: 4534: 4514: 4491: 4468:(2): 193–202. 4448: 4429: 4411: 4393: 4342: 4314: 4289: 4263: 4251: 4227: 4205: 4186: 4164: 4150:Diver, Steve. 4142: 4109: 4096: 4070: 4057: 4045: 4027: 4004: 3969: 3958:"Introduction" 3956:Diver (1999), 3949: 3936: 3923: 3916: 3893: 3836: 3829: 3811: 3802: 3790: 3775: 3752: 3737: 3723: 3698: 3691: 3671: 3657: 3624: 3611: 3594: 3563: 3540: 3518: 3495: 3478: 3472:978-0930031756 3471: 3450: 3422: 3392: 3379: 3351: 3328: 3313:. October 2000 3295: 3267: 3242: 3214: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3188: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3168: 3163: 3158: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3105:reintroduced. 3065: 3062: 3061: 3060: 3057: 3050: 3022: 3019: 3018: 3017: 3014: 3011: 2994: 2991: 2979:Park Chung Hee 2970: 2967: 2954: 2951: 2911: 2908: 2902: 2899: 2819: 2816: 2812:European Union 2779: 2776: 2721: 2718: 2697: 2694: 2688: 2685: 2648:Main article: 2645: 2642: 2608:soil fertility 2592:Main article: 2589: 2586: 2577:Main article: 2574: 2571: 2570: 2569: 2563: 2549: 2539: 2535: 2529: 2523: 2511: 2503: 2499: 2464: 2461: 2448: 2445: 2433:eutrophication 2415: 2412: 2404:climate change 2380:eutrophication 2370: 2367: 2358: 2354: 2325: 2322: 2313: 2309: 2281: 2278: 2265: 2262: 2234: 2231: 2207: 2204: 2194: 2191: 2177: 2174: 2149: 2146: 2140: 2137: 2125: 2122: 2101: 2098: 2080: 2077: 2059: 2056: 2030: 2027: 1971: 1968: 1964:European Union 1921: 1918: 1901: 1898: 1873:European Union 1871:developed for 1860:Main article: 1857: 1854: 1837: 1834: 1785: 1782: 1761: 1758: 1649:Praying mantis 1584: 1581: 1554:essential oils 1542: 1541: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1475: 1472: 1422:, and soluble 1388:rock phosphate 1319:microorganisms 1306: 1303: 1291:microorganisms 1260:crop diversity 1255: 1254:Crop diversity 1252: 1155: 1121: 1118: 1105: 1089:organic matter 1084: 1081: 1073:Acres Magazine 1006:In July 1939, 996:Rudolf Steiner 970:soil fertility 939:Main article: 936: 933: 889:European Union 854:sustainability 818:copper sulfate 761: 760: 758: 757: 750: 743: 735: 732: 731: 718: 717: 711: 710: 705: 700: 695: 690: 685: 680: 675: 670: 664: 663: 662: 661: 658: 657: 654: 653: 649: 648: 643: 638: 633: 627: 626: 623: 622: 619: 618: 614: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 592: 591: 586: 576: 571: 566: 561: 556: 551: 550: 549: 544: 539: 529: 524: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 474: 469: 468: 467: 462: 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 426: 425: 422: 421: 418: 417: 413: 412: 407: 402: 397: 391: 390: 385: 384: 381: 380: 376: 375: 370: 365: 360: 358:Slash-and-burn 355: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 312: 311: 306: 301: 291: 286: 285: 284: 279: 269: 264: 259: 254: 249: 244: 243: 242: 237: 232: 227: 217: 211: 210: 205: 204: 201: 200: 194: 193: 192: 191: 186: 181: 176: 168: 167: 166: 161: 156: 148: 147: 146: 141: 139:Ancient Greece 136: 128: 127: 126: 121: 116: 107: 106: 105: 104: 99: 98: 95: 94: 86: 85: 73: 72: 32:The article's 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11771: 11760: 11757: 11755: 11752: 11750: 11747: 11745: 11742: 11741: 11739: 11729: 11719: 11718: 11715: 11702: 11699: 11697: 11694: 11692: 11689: 11687: 11678: 11676: 11667: 11666: 11663: 11657: 11654: 11652: 11649: 11647: 11644: 11642: 11639: 11635: 11632: 11631: 11630: 11629:Reforestation 11627: 11625: 11622: 11620: 11617: 11615: 11612: 11610: 11607: 11605: 11602: 11600: 11597: 11595: 11592: 11590: 11587: 11585: 11584:Cultured meat 11582: 11580: 11577: 11575: 11572: 11570: 11567: 11565: 11564:Birth control 11562: 11560: 11557: 11556: 11554: 11552: 11548: 11542: 11539: 11537: 11534: 11532: 11529: 11527: 11524: 11522: 11519: 11517: 11514: 11512: 11509: 11507: 11504: 11502: 11499: 11497: 11494: 11492: 11489: 11487: 11484: 11482: 11479: 11477: 11474: 11472: 11469: 11467: 11464: 11462: 11459: 11457: 11454: 11452: 11449: 11447: 11444: 11442: 11439: 11437: 11434: 11432: 11429: 11427: 11424: 11422: 11419: 11417: 11414: 11412: 11409: 11407: 11404: 11402: 11399: 11397: 11394: 11392: 11389: 11387: 11386:Deforestation 11384: 11380: 11377: 11375: 11372: 11371: 11370: 11367: 11363: 11360: 11358: 11355: 11353: 11350: 11349: 11348: 11345: 11344: 11342: 11340: 11336: 11330: 11327: 11323: 11320: 11319: 11318: 11315: 11311: 11308: 11306: 11303: 11301: 11298: 11296: 11293: 11292: 11291: 11288: 11286: 11283: 11281: 11278: 11276: 11273: 11271: 11268: 11266: 11263: 11261: 11258: 11256: 11253: 11251: 11248: 11246: 11243: 11241: 11238: 11234: 11231: 11229: 11226: 11224: 11221: 11219: 11216: 11215: 11214: 11211: 11207: 11204: 11202: 11199: 11197: 11194: 11192: 11189: 11187: 11184: 11182: 11179: 11177: 11174: 11172: 11169: 11167: 11164: 11163: 11162: 11161:Manufacturing 11159: 11157: 11154: 11152: 11149: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11139: 11137: 11134: 11130: 11127: 11125: 11122: 11120: 11117: 11115: 11112: 11110: 11109:nuclear power 11107: 11105: 11104:fracking (US) 11102: 11100: 11097: 11096: 11095: 11092: 11088: 11085: 11083: 11080: 11078: 11075: 11073: 11070: 11069: 11068: 11065: 11063: 11060: 11058: 11055: 11053: 11050: 11046: 11043: 11041: 11038: 11036: 11033: 11031: 11028: 11026: 11023: 11021: 11018: 11016: 11013: 11012: 11011: 11008: 11007: 11005: 11003: 10999: 10993: 10990: 10988: 10985: 10983: 10980: 10978: 10975: 10971: 10968: 10967: 10966: 10963: 10959: 10956: 10955: 10954: 10951: 10949: 10946: 10944: 10941: 10939: 10936: 10935: 10933: 10929: 10925: 10918: 10913: 10911: 10906: 10904: 10899: 10898: 10895: 10884: 10883: 10874: 10872: 10871: 10862: 10860: 10859: 10854: 10850: 10848: 10847: 10838: 10835: 10828: 10825: 10823: 10820: 10818: 10815: 10813: 10810: 10806: 10802: 10796: 10793: 10791: 10788: 10786: 10785:Meat industry 10783: 10781: 10778: 10776: 10773: 10771: 10770:Biotechnology 10768: 10766: 10763: 10761: 10758: 10756: 10753: 10752: 10750: 10746: 10740: 10737: 10733: 10730: 10729: 10728: 10725: 10723: 10720: 10718: 10715: 10713: 10710: 10708: 10705: 10704: 10702: 10700: 10697:Environmental 10694: 10688: 10685: 10683: 10680: 10678: 10677:Sheep farming 10675: 10673: 10670: 10668: 10665: 10663: 10660: 10658: 10655: 10651: 10648: 10647: 10646: 10643: 10641: 10638: 10636: 10633: 10629: 10626: 10625: 10624: 10621: 10619: 10616: 10614: 10611: 10607: 10604: 10602: 10599: 10598: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10581:Dairy farming 10579: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10564: 10563: 10561: 10559: 10558:Farming Types 10555: 10548: 10545: 10543: 10540: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10530: 10529: 10527: 10523: 10520: 10518: 10515: 10513: 10510: 10509: 10507: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10492:Ancient Egypt 10490: 10489: 10487: 10483: 10480: 10478: 10475: 10473: 10470: 10469: 10467: 10465: 10463: 10459: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10441: 10438: 10436: 10433: 10429: 10426: 10424: 10421: 10420: 10419: 10416: 10414: 10411: 10409: 10406: 10404: 10403:Paludiculture 10401: 10398: 10396: 10393: 10389: 10386: 10384: 10381: 10379: 10376: 10375: 10374: 10371: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10339: 10336: 10334: 10331: 10329: 10326: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10311: 10307: 10306:Biotechnology 10304: 10302: 10299: 10298: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10282: 10279: 10277: 10274: 10272: 10269: 10268: 10264: 10262: 10258: 10247: 10244: 10242: 10239: 10237: 10234: 10232: 10229: 10227: 10226:Agriculturist 10224: 10223: 10221: 10217: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10197: 10194: 10190: 10183: 10178: 10176: 10171: 10169: 10164: 10163: 10160: 10154: 10150: 10147: 10146: 10145: 10143: 10138: 10123: 10118: 10115:(6): 984–93. 10114: 10110: 10106: 10101: 10097: 10093: 10089: 10085: 10080: 10077: 10073: 10058: 10054: 10050: 10046: 10042: 10035: 10030: 10026: 10022: 10017: 10012: 10008: 10004: 10000: 9996: 9992: 9987: 9983: 9979: 9974: 9970: 9966: 9962: 9958: 9954: 9950: 9945: 9941: 9935: 9931: 9927: 9926: 9921: 9919: 9918:9780851989112 9915: 9911: 9907: 9905: 9901: 9897: 9893: 9890: 9889: 9884: 9882: 9881:0-9788952-0-7 9878: 9874: 9870: 9866: 9860: 9857:. HNA Books. 9856: 9851: 9850: 9831: 9827: 9823: 9822: 9817: 9810: 9795: 9791: 9784: 9768: 9764: 9758: 9743: 9739: 9735: 9731: 9724: 9709: 9705: 9698: 9696: 9687: 9683: 9677: 9662: 9658: 9652: 9644: 9640: 9636: 9632: 9628: 9624: 9620: 9616: 9609: 9601: 9597: 9593: 9589: 9585: 9581: 9577: 9573: 9569: 9565: 9561: 9554: 9539:. 8 June 2021 9538: 9534: 9528: 9526: 9510: 9506: 9499: 9483: 9479: 9473: 9458: 9454: 9450: 9449:The Economist 9446: 9440: 9425: 9421: 9414: 9412: 9410: 9408: 9406: 9404: 9402: 9393: 9389: 9385: 9381: 9377: 9373: 9369: 9365: 9357: 9349: 9345: 9341: 9337: 9333: 9329: 9325: 9321: 9317: 9313: 9306: 9304: 9295: 9291: 9287: 9283: 9278: 9273: 9269: 9265: 9261: 9254: 9246: 9239: 9224: 9220: 9214: 9206: 9202: 9198: 9194: 9190: 9186: 9182: 9178: 9171: 9156: 9153: 9147: 9145: 9128: 9124: 9118: 9102: 9098: 9092: 9076: 9072: 9068: 9062: 9047: 9043: 9036: 9021: 9017: 9011: 9009: 9000: 8996: 8992: 8988: 8984: 8980: 8976: 8969: 8954: 8950: 8944: 8942: 8933: 8929: 8925: 8921: 8917: 8913: 8909: 8905: 8901: 8897: 8893: 8886: 8884: 8875: 8871: 8867: 8863: 8859: 8855: 8851: 8844: 8842: 8826:. 7 July 2023 8825: 8821: 8815: 8807: 8803: 8797: 8781: 8775: 8759: 8753: 8746: 8745: 8740: 8734: 8726: 8722: 8716: 8708: 8704: 8697: 8690: 8684: 8682: 8680: 8678: 8670: 8666: 8662: 8659: 8654: 8647: 8643: 8639: 8636: 8631: 8624: 8620: 8615: 8608: 8604: 8599: 8593: 8590: 8585: 8579: 8576: 8571: 8555: 8549: 8534: 8530: 8524: 8522: 8505: 8501: 8495: 8479: 8475: 8469: 8454: 8450: 8444: 8436: 8432: 8428: 8424: 8420: 8416: 8409: 8407: 8398: 8394: 8390: 8386: 8382: 8378: 8374: 8370: 8363: 8361: 8352: 8348: 8344: 8340: 8336: 8332: 8328: 8324: 8317: 8315: 8306: 8302: 8298: 8294: 8287: 8279: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8261: 8257: 8253: 8249: 8245: 8238: 8222: 8215: 8209: 8201: 8197: 8193: 8189: 8182: 8174: 8170: 8166: 8162: 8155: 8146: 8141: 8137: 8133: 8129: 8122: 8114: 8110: 8106: 8102: 8098: 8094: 8090: 8083: 8074: 8069: 8065: 8061: 8057: 8050: 8042: 8038: 8034: 8030: 8026: 8022: 8015: 8013: 8004: 8000: 7996: 7992: 7985: 7983: 7981: 7973: 7969: 7966: 7957: 7950: 7944: 7942: 7940: 7931: 7927: 7923: 7919: 7915: 7914: 7909: 7902: 7887: 7883: 7877: 7867: 7851: 7845: 7839: 7833: 7825: 7821: 7817: 7813: 7805: 7799: 7793: 7785: 7781: 7780: 7771: 7763: 7759: 7756:(3): 97–105. 7755: 7751: 7744: 7736: 7732: 7726: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7706: 7702: 7698: 7694: 7690: 7686: 7679: 7671: 7667: 7663: 7659: 7655: 7651: 7647: 7643: 7636: 7630: 7626: 7620: 7612: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7594: 7590: 7586: 7582: 7578: 7570: 7554: 7550: 7546: 7539: 7531: 7527: 7524:(3): 99–103. 7523: 7519: 7512: 7504: 7500: 7496: 7492: 7488: 7484: 7477: 7469: 7462: 7456: 7448: 7444: 7440: 7436: 7429: 7413: 7409: 7405: 7398: 7390: 7386: 7382: 7378: 7374: 7370: 7363: 7347: 7340: 7324: 7320: 7317:Dagget, Dan. 7313: 7297: 7290: 7283: 7279: 7276: 7271: 7265: 7261: 7257: 7252: 7236: 7229: 7222: 7206: 7199: 7192: 7176: 7170: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7142: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7126: 7118: 7110: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7092: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7074: 7070: 7066: 7059: 7051: 7045: 7036: 7030: 7024: 7017: 7011: 7003: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6985: 6981: 6977: 6970: 6963: 6958: 6956: 6954: 6952: 6950: 6941: 6934: 6927: 6921: 6919: 6917: 6915: 6899: 6895: 6888: 6881: 6877: 6874: 6869: 6862: 6858: 6855: 6850: 6842: 6841: 6836: 6832: 6826: 6810: 6806: 6799: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6779: 6772: 6763: 6758: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6739: 6730: 6728: 6720:(3): 283–296. 6719: 6715: 6708: 6701: 6693: 6689: 6688: 6680: 6671: 6663: 6659: 6658: 6649: 6642: 6636: 6629: 6625: 6622: 6616: 6608: 6604: 6600: 6598:9781845931582 6594: 6590: 6583: 6572: 6565: 6559: 6540: 6533: 6526: 6511: 6510:Science Daily 6507: 6501: 6494: 6489: 6473: 6469: 6462: 6460: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6437: 6435: 6433: 6423: 6417: 6411: 6409: 6392: 6388: 6381: 6373: 6372: 6367: 6360: 6341: 6334: 6327: 6312:. 16 May 2014 6311: 6307: 6301: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6270: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6239: 6231: 6230: 6225: 6218: 6216: 6196: 6189: 6182: 6180: 6172: 6168: 6165: 6160: 6154: 6148: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6097: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6076: 6068: 6066: 6064: 6048: 6044: 6037: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6010: 6008: 5999: 5992: 5977: 5973: 5966: 5958: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5899: 5897: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5869: 5862: 5858: 5855: 5851: 5845: 5827: 5821: 5813: 5807: 5800: 5796: 5793: 5787: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5760: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5709: 5701: 5697: 5690: 5682: 5678: 5672: 5665: 5659: 5657: 5648: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5635: 5633: 5631: 5629: 5627: 5625: 5623: 5614: 5608: 5602: 5596: 5590: 5584: 5582: 5565: 5561: 5554: 5547: 5543: 5540: 5534: 5518: 5514: 5507: 5492: 5485: 5478: 5472: 5453: 5446: 5439: 5420: 5413: 5407: 5400: 5394: 5383: 5376: 5369: 5361: 5355: 5346: 5344: 5342: 5340: 5331: 5327: 5321: 5313: 5309: 5303: 5287: 5283: 5277: 5269: 5268:The New Daily 5265: 5259: 5251: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5214: 5208: 5204: 5201: 5195: 5188: 5182: 5174: 5173: 5168: 5162: 5154: 5148: 5144: 5137: 5129: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5088: 5080: 5076: 5070: 5064: 5060: 5057: 5051: 5036: 5032: 5026: 5010: 5006: 5000: 4991: 4982: 4973: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4945: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4918: 4903: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4873: 4869: 4862: 4855: 4847: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4814: 4805: 4796: 4794: 4784: 4782: 4772: 4764: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4723: 4715: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4682: 4673: 4666: 4663:Pottorff LP. 4660: 4654: 4650: 4647: 4641: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4591: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4570: 4565: 4558: 4554: 4551: 4545: 4537: 4531: 4527: 4526: 4518: 4511: 4507: 4504: 4498: 4496: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4452: 4446: 4442: 4439: 4433: 4426: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4408: 4402: 4400: 4398: 4390: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4358: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4331: 4324: 4318: 4303: 4299: 4293: 4277: 4273: 4267: 4260: 4255: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4237: 4231: 4215: 4209: 4203: 4199: 4196: 4190: 4174: 4168: 4153: 4146: 4127: 4120: 4113: 4106: 4100: 4084: 4080: 4074: 4067: 4061: 4055: 4049: 4042: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4008: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3973: 3966: 3962: 3959: 3953: 3946: 3940: 3933: 3927: 3919: 3913: 3909: 3908: 3900: 3898: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3859:(4): 59–128. 3858: 3854: 3847: 3840: 3832: 3830:9780851998336 3826: 3822: 3815: 3806: 3800: 3794: 3788: 3782: 3780: 3771: 3766: 3765: 3756: 3748: 3741: 3726: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3705: 3703: 3694: 3688: 3684: 3683: 3675: 3667: 3661: 3645: 3641: 3634: 3628: 3621: 3615: 3608: 3604: 3598: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3567: 3561: 3557: 3554: 3550: 3547:Dale Rhoads, 3544: 3538: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3522: 3516: 3512: 3509: 3505: 3499: 3492: 3488: 3482: 3474: 3468: 3464: 3457: 3455: 3439: 3438: 3433: 3426: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3396: 3389: 3383: 3368: 3367: 3362: 3355: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3332: 3325: 3312: 3305: 3299: 3292: 3281: 3277: 3271: 3264: 3252: 3246: 3239: 3228: 3224: 3218: 3212: 3211: 3204: 3202: 3197: 3187: 3184: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3172: 3169: 3167: 3164: 3162: 3159: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3113: 3106: 3102: 3100: 3096: 3090: 3088: 3084: 3079: 3075: 3070: 3058: 3055: 3051: 3048: 3047: 3046: 3044: 3039: 3037: 3036:United States 3032: 3028: 3021:United States 3015: 3012: 3009: 3008: 3007: 3004: 2990: 2988: 2982: 2980: 2976: 2966: 2964: 2960: 2950: 2946: 2944: 2939: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2907: 2898: 2894: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2866: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2851: 2849: 2844: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2828: 2825: 2815: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2799: 2795: 2793: 2789: 2784: 2775: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2758: 2752: 2750: 2745: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2717: 2710: 2702: 2693: 2684: 2680: 2677: 2672: 2668: 2666: 2662: 2656: 2651: 2641: 2639: 2634: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2595: 2585: 2580: 2567: 2559: 2558: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2543: 2540: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2519: 2515: 2507: 2504: 2497: 2494: 2493: 2492: 2490: 2485: 2478: 2474: 2469: 2460: 2457: 2453: 2444: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2425: 2424:nitrous oxide 2421: 2420:meta-analysis 2411: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2392: 2390: 2389: 2383: 2381: 2376: 2366: 2363: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2339: 2330: 2321: 2317: 2305: 2301: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2286:externalities 2280:Externalities 2277: 2273: 2271: 2261: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2246: 2244: 2239: 2230: 2226: 2224: 2219: 2215: 2213: 2203: 2199: 2190: 2186: 2184: 2173: 2171: 2166: 2164: 2158: 2155: 2145: 2136: 2133: 2129: 2121: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2100:Profitability 2097: 2093: 2090: 2089:fossil energy 2086: 2076: 2073: 2068: 2064: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2035: 2026: 2024: 2019: 2015: 2010: 2008: 2003: 2001: 1997: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1967: 1965: 1960: 1958: 1953: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1917: 1913: 1911: 1907: 1897: 1895: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1882: 1881:IFOAM 2007:11 1878: 1874: 1870: 1863: 1853: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1833: 1831: 1827: 1822: 1820: 1819:biotechnology 1816: 1815:Pamela Ronald 1812: 1807: 1805: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1781: 1777: 1774: 1766: 1757: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1722: 1719: 1715: 1714: 1709: 1705: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1637:big-eyed bugs 1634: 1629: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1605: 1601: 1593: 1589: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1569: 1567: 1566:bioherbicides 1563: 1559: 1558:bioherbicides 1555: 1551: 1547: 1539: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1524:of row crops. 1523: 1519: 1516: 1515: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1503: 1500: 1496: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1471: 1468: 1467:Horticultural 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1427: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1372:Crop residues 1369: 1368:Intercropping 1365: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1345:Crop rotation 1342: 1338: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1302: 1300: 1296: 1295:agroecosystem 1292: 1288: 1283: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1262:by promoting 1261: 1251: 1248: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1191:green manures 1188: 1187:crop rotation 1184: 1183:Chrysanthemum 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1160: 1154: 1151: 1147: 1137: 1131: 1126: 1117: 1110: 1109:Wendell Berry 1104: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1080: 1076: 1074: 1071:, founder of 1070: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1038: 1032: 1030: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1004: 1002: 997: 992: 990: 986: 983:and his wife 982: 981:Albert Howard 977: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 942: 932: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 909: 906: 901: 898: 894: 890: 885: 883: 879: 878:food security 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 838:sewage sludge 835: 834:nanomaterials 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 790:crop rotation 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 756: 751: 749: 744: 742: 737: 736: 734: 733: 730: 720: 719: 709: 706: 704: 701: 699: 698:Meat industry 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 683:Biotechnology 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 666: 665: 656: 655: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 628: 621: 620: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 590: 587: 585: 582: 581: 580: 577: 575: 572: 570: 567: 565: 564:Paludiculture 562: 560: 557: 555: 552: 548: 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 534: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 466: 465:Biotechnology 463: 461: 458: 457: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 427: 420: 419: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 392: 388: 383: 382: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 353: 349: 347: 346:Sharecropping 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 296: 295: 292: 290: 287: 283: 280: 278: 275: 274: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 248: 245: 241: 238: 236: 233: 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Retrieved 3226: 3217: 3209: 3186:Permaculture 3121:Biointensive 3103: 3091: 3071: 3067: 3040: 3024: 3005: 2996: 2983: 2972: 2956: 2947: 2940: 2913: 2904: 2897:production. 2895: 2867: 2852: 2845: 2829: 2821: 2800: 2796: 2788:Danish Crown 2781: 2753: 2746: 2742:organic food 2734:agricultural 2723: 2715: 2690: 2681: 2675: 2673: 2669: 2657: 2653: 2644:Biodiversity 2638:South Dakota 2635: 2614: 2612: 2597: 2582: 2579:Organic food 2566:of 370 mg/kg 2555: 2546:azadirachtin 2486: 2482: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2429:algal blooms 2417: 2393: 2386: 2384: 2372: 2364: 2340: 2336: 2318: 2306: 2302: 2283: 2274: 2267: 2248:In 2008 the 2247: 2240: 2236: 2227: 2220: 2216: 2209: 2200: 2196: 2187: 2179: 2170:foodservices 2167: 2163:cooperatives 2159: 2151: 2148:Distributors 2142: 2134: 2130: 2127: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2094: 2082: 2071: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2058:Productivity 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2018:Eastern bloc 2014:Soviet Union 2011: 2004: 1992: 1973: 1961: 1954: 1934:social costs 1923: 1914: 1903: 1892: 1889: 1865: 1839: 1823: 1808: 1801: 1778: 1775: 1771: 1734: 1723: 1711: 1707: 1701: 1695: 1664: 1661:insecticides 1658: 1630: 1607: 1577:paddy fields 1570: 1543: 1512: 1504: 1492: 1477: 1447:white clover 1428: 1412:iron sulfate 1335: 1311:green manure 1308: 1284: 1280:agricultural 1257: 1235: 1164: 1153:involved..." 1150:biodiversity 1143: 1115: 1101: 1097: 1086: 1077: 1072: 1066: 1050:Rodale, Inc. 1042:J. I. Rodale 1035: 1033: 1028: 1024:Betteshanger 1015: 1005: 1000: 993: 978: 974:soil biology 944: 913:biodiversity 910: 905:organic food 902: 886: 870:independence 820:, elemental 782:green manure 773: 769: 765: 764: 569:Permaculture 558: 527:Horticulture 472:Agroforestry 430:Agribusiness 387:Hydroculture 363:Smallholding 351: 330: 144:Ancient Rome 76: 61: 52: 41:Please help 36: 34:lead section 11749:Agroecology 11436:Externality 11431:Coral reefs 11391:Defaunation 11260:Overgrazing 11233:overfishing 11213:Marine life 11087:electricity 11010:Agriculture 10882:Wikiproject 10722:Overgrazing 10657:Pig farming 10640:Paddy field 10613:Hydroponics 10586:Fur farming 10571:Aquaculture 10566:Agrivoltaic 10547:Monoculture 10468:Prehistory 10418:Polyculture 10241:Farm worker 10219:Occupations 10189:Agriculture 10090:: 145–154. 9773:5 September 9747:7 September 9713:8 September 9482:Le Monde.fr 9228:18 November 9160:18 November 8556:(in Danish) 8506:(in Danish) 8480:(in Danish) 7961:(in French) 7891:29 November 7796:ARS (2007) 7241:24 February 7211:24 February 7181:24 February 7075:(1): 1290. 6903:27 December 6898:Civile Eats 6414:Staff, FAO 5292:27 November 5220:Food Policy 5040:17 December 4868:Biodynamics 4630:13 February 4370:: 239–247. 4335:15 November 4307:15 November 4282:15 November 4024:(1): 27–41. 3650:25 February 3116:Agroecology 2969:South Korea 2665:mycorrhizae 2602:and higher 2532:Lime sulfur 2475:orchard in 1976:Australasia 1718:Compost tea 1592:Chloroxylon 1546:acetic acid 1522:cultivation 1508:germination 1499:cover crops 1349:cover crops 1337:Plants need 1276:Agroecology 1264:polyculture 1203:cultivation 1175:agroecology 1083:Terminology 946:Agriculture 882:food safety 810:fertilizers 579:Polyculture 405:Hydroponics 395:Aquaculture 336:Paddy field 321:Monoculture 215:Agrivoltaic 189:Monoculture 110:Prehistory 83:Agriculture 11738:Categories 11701:mitigation 11696:assessment 11691:by country 11589:Decoupling 11551:Mitigation 11280:Reservoirs 11201:pesticides 11146:Explosives 11124:reservoirs 11025:irrigation 10748:Categories 10413:Plantation 10363:Free range 10358:Feed ratio 10066:5 November 9984:: 203–210. 9871:Avery, A. 9835:18 January 9799:19 January 9661:Al Jazeera 9509:Daily News 9133:8 December 9107:8 December 8709:. Mohanan. 7852:. USDA ARS 7352:10 January 7348:. Milkwood 7298:. GreenBiz 6639:Howden D. 5570:4 February 5496:19 January 5428:19 January 5241:2429/70221 5015:10 January 4484:3 February 4089:15 October 3886:2 February 3193:References 3054:California 2792:free range 2661:herbicides 2631:pesticides 2496:Boric acid 2463:Pesticides 2437:dead zones 2294:pesticides 2260:improved. 1900:Composting 1842:farm tools 1811:transgenic 1730:strychnine 1698:fungicides 1610:arthropods 1598:See also: 1488:herbicides 1484:phytotoxic 1455:cash crops 1453:and grows 1392:green sand 1327:earthworms 1323:mycorrhiza 1315:composting 1247:pesticides 1167:technology 1146:ecosystems 958:pesticides 814:pesticides 659:Categories 574:Plantation 522:Free range 517:Feed ratio 410:Aeroponics 400:Aquaponics 267:Free-range 262:Fertilizer 11624:Recycling 11290:Transport 11275:Quarrying 11270:Pollution 11129:transport 11119:petroleum 11114:oil shale 11077:biodiesel 10780:Livestock 10623:Livestock 10353:Farmhouse 9830:0307-1235 9742:0971-751X 9734:The Hindu 9635:0277-9536 9600:244856651 9584:0036-8075 9514:5 October 9488:22 August 9457:0013-0613 9392:154966563 9384:1742-1705 9348:211525758 9332:1432-1009 9294:216122392 9286:1589-1623 9205:158696303 9197:0959-6526 9183:: 30–42. 8958:23 August 8932:153939024 8916:0013-0079 8866:0285-4821 8830:7 January 8786:25 August 8764:25 August 8707:The Hindu 8607:The Hindu 8453:Faktalink 8435:0016-7185 8397:154411924 8389:0032-3292 8351:154663923 8343:0889-048X 8138:(2): 33. 7856:2 October 7489:: 45–66. 7389:153721720 7375:: 38–50. 7091:2041-1723 7002:1941-1340 6607:297145982 5939:0027-8424 5523:8 October 5461:7 October 5250:0306-9192 5226:: 10–20. 4617:216090323 4603:(4): 59. 4220:1 January 3873:216090323 3536:1198-712X 3064:Sri Lanka 3052:In 2016, 2936:Meghalaya 2932:Rajasthan 2774:in 2016. 2738:livestock 2557:Pyrethrum 2552:Pyrethrin 2514:300 mg/kg 1980:rangeland 1926:economics 1920:Economics 1856:Standards 1760:Livestock 1671:pyrethrum 1645:Lacewings 1618:nematodes 1562:pathogens 1439:ley farms 1431:livestock 1361:rhizobial 1299:nutrients 1268:vegetable 1179:pyrethrin 989:botanists 806:pyrethrin 798:Australia 786:bone meal 693:Livestock 512:Farmhouse 294:Intensive 257:Extensive 11686:Category 11310:shipping 11295:aviation 11181:plastics 11171:concrete 11156:Land use 11072:biofuels 11040:palm oil 10846:Category 10672:Orchards 10645:Pastoral 10318:Agronomy 10025:31532351 9969:83914793 9767:BBC News 9708:ThePrint 9592:34855499 9340:32107569 8999:28580674 8874:22834068 8661:Archived 8638:Archived 8415:Geoforum 8278:25994672 8113:85386290 8041:17069391 7968:Archived 7779:Farmers) 7717:21463708 7709:22944875 7670:18939644 7662:16403682 7611:24968103 7503:16332203 7278:Archived 7260:Archived 7161:23847498 7153:11303102 7109:29138387 6876:Archived 6857:Archived 6815:20 April 6657:Farmers) 6624:Archived 6397:19 April 6349:18 April 6316:19 April 6290:19 April 6259:19 April 6204:19 April 6167:Archived 6131:11309616 6022:: 1–11. 5981:25 March 5957:26034271 5857:Archived 5795:Archived 5743:22535250 5542:Archived 5203:Archived 5128:11306538 5059:Archived 4881:15 April 4846:18944450 4763:14645467 4714:16243845 4649:Archived 4553:Archived 4506:Archived 4441:Archived 4384:36782412 4239:Archived 4198:Archived 3991:Archived 3961:Archived 3730:30 April 3556:Archived 3511:Archived 3324:farming. 3317:21 March 3285:21 March 3257:21 March 3232:21 March 3109:See also 2993:Thailand 2804:nitrogen 2760:Archived 2542:Neem oil 2518:Mancozeb 2447:Land use 2441:nitrates 2345:for the 2054:coffee. 1683:rotenone 1675:spinosad 1641:ladybugs 1626:bacteria 1534:Mulching 1495:rotation 1478:Organic 1376:ploughed 1364:bacteria 1357:Fabaceae 1341:nitrogen 1321:such as 1211:nitrogen 1156:— 1106:— 1103:organism 994:In 1924 866:autonomy 858:openness 846:hormones 836:, human 477:Agronomy 341:Ranching 55:May 2023 11675:Commons 11451:Erosion 11401:Ecocide 11339:Effects 11285:Tourism 11218:fishing 11176:fashion 11099:fashion 11052:Bitcoin 10931:General 10870:Commons 10682:Terrace 10628:Pasture 10596:Grazing 10542:Organic 10462:History 10378:animals 10301:Digital 10261:General 10205:History 10200:Outline 10003:Bibcode 9666:12 July 9643:9460829 9564:Science 9543:12 July 9462:12 July 9429:12 July 8924:1153892 8560:14 June 8538:14 June 8510:14 June 8484:14 June 8458:14 June 8269:4455794 8227:5 March 7886:NPR.org 7602:4141693 7530:8936291 7329:5 April 7302:5 April 7133:Bibcode 7125:Science 7100:5686079 6548:3 March 6515:2 March 6478:2 March 6139:4338786 6111:Bibcode 6052:5 March 6000:. NCAT. 5948:4475942 5917:Bibcode 5881:: 1–3. 5834:7 March 5772:: 1–9. 5751:2702124 5723:Bibcode 5537:IFOAM. 5172:EUR-Lex 5119:1083872 4907:2 April 4754:6740985 4644:IFOAM. 4175:. IFOAM 3997:6 March 3587:1 March 3415:6 April 2924:Mizoram 2859:BIOFACH 2841:by-laws 2818:Ukraine 2783:Denmark 2778:Denmark 2627:No-till 2623:topsoil 2619:erosion 2600:quality 2290:erosion 2000:2007:26 1996:2007:42 1984:2007:35 1962:In the 1726:arsenic 1518:Tillage 1459:cereals 1451:alfalfa 1384:mineral 1374:can be 1353:legumes 1223:mulches 1207:legumes 1195:compost 1120:Methods 966:erosion 935:History 537:animals 460:Digital 423:Related 368:Terrace 352:Colonia 331:Organic 326:Orchard 316:Natural 299:animals 272:Grazing 252:Dryland 235:poultry 207:On land 184:Organic 101:History 11714:Portal 11679: 11668: 11240:Mining 11094:energy 11002:Causes 10858:Portal 10699:impact 10650:Bocage 10576:Cattle 10246:Herder 10236:Farmer 10153:Curlie 10023: 9995:Nature 9967: 9936: 9916: 9902: 9879: 9861: 9828: 9740: 9641: 9633: 9598: 9590: 9582: 9455: 9390: 9382: 9346: 9338: 9330: 9292: 9284: 9203: 9195: 9081:7 June 9051:7 June 9046:DW.COM 9025:7 June 8997: 8930: 8922: 8914: 8872: 8864: 8433: 8395: 8387: 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