421:. While the movement had a broadly anticommunist and authoritarian base, in common with the political outlook of many colonists, it also included many ex-communists and a number of members who saw its struggle in terms of defending fraternal bonds between Algerians and the colonists against the FLN. In France the OAS mainly recruited amongst overtly fascist political groups. In Algeria its makeup was more politically diverse, and included a group of Algerian Jews, led by Jean Guenassia, who began armed resistance after a series of FLN attacks on the Jewish quarter in Oran. Some Algerian OAS members conceived of the conflict in terms of the
358:
145:
48:
3444:
156:
679:, who had attempted the Petit-Clamart assassination on de Gaulle, but was not formally a member of the OAS, was also executed, on 11 March 1963. With the arrest of Gilles Buscia in 1965, the organisation effectively ceased to exist. The jailed OAS members were amnestied by De Gaulle under a July 1968 act. Putschist generals still alive in November 1982 were reintegrated into the Army by another amnesty law: Raoul Salan,
132:
120:
3455:
2468:
239:
605:: 25 killed in Oran on 28 February 1962 and 62 killed in Algiers on 2 May, among others. On 22 March, they took control of Bab el-Oued and attacked French soldiers, killing six of them. The French military then surrounded them and stormed the neighbourhood. The battle killed 15 French soldiers and 20 OAS members, and injured 150 more. On 26 March, the leaders of the OAS proclaimed a
829:
The financial crime expert Veit
Buetterlin named the OAS as an example of a terror group which committed bank robberies to finance its operations. In a CNN interview, Buetterlin mentioned the attempted assassination of Charles de Gaulle as a historic example and related it to cases of the recent past
592:
of 19 March 1962 and the referendum of June 1962, so during these three months, the OAS unleashed a new terrorist campaign to force the FLN to abandon the ceasefire. Over 100 bombs a day were detonated by the OAS in March in pursuit of this goal. OAS operatives set off an average of 120 bombs per day
307:
By acts of bombings and targeted assassinations in both metropolitan France and French
Algerian territories, which are estimated to have resulted in 2,000 deaths between April 1961 and April 1962, the OAS attempted to prevent Algerian independence. This campaign culminated in a wave of attacks that
1552:'s future father-in-law Marc-Ange, the head of a Corsican crime faction known as Union Corse, refers to the OAS in chapter 24, due to the OAS having a French military helicopter in their possession. Because of the OAS indebtedness to Marc-Ange and the Union Corse, the helicopter is loaned to the
638:
was captured. Despite the OAS bombing campaign, the FLN remained resolute in its agreement to the ceasefire; further, on 17 June 1962, the OAS also began a ceasefire. The
Algerian authority officially guaranteed the security of the remaining Europeans, but in early July 1962 the
630:
units led by
Colonel Albert Brothier after several days of fighting. Some clashes between the French army and the OAS involving grenades and mortar fire took place at Oran as late as 10 April. At least one Lieutenant and one Second-Lieutenant were killed by the OAS during the fighting.
574:(the MPC). Originally a political movement in Algiers, the MPC eventually became a paramilitary force in response to OAS violence. The group obtained valuable information which was routinely passed on to the French secret services, but was eventually destroyed by OAS assassinations.
625:
marched from
Algiers to Ouarsenis, a mountainous region between Oran and Algiers. They tried to overrun two French military outposts and gain support for local Muslim tribes loyal to France, but instead they were harassed and eventually defeated by
1829:" Translation: "The last year of the French Algeria is marked, on both sides of the Mediterranean, by the murderous folly of the OAS led by Salan. Serial bombings, executions of personalities judged too 'liberal' and of Algerian Muslims ..."
619:(Muslim troops in the French Army) fired on the demonstrators, killing 54, injuring 140, and traumatising the settlers' population in what is known as the "gunfight of the Rue d'Isly". In coincidence with the uprising of Bab-el Oued, 200 OAS
1649:
The 2002 movie Legion of Honor is about an
Englishman who joins the Foreign Legion and is set in Algeria shortly before their independence and "OAS" is mentioned numerous times as well as shown in graffiti outside a number of structures.
1826:
La dernière année de l’Algérie française est marquée, des deux côtés de la Méditerranée, par la folie meurtrière de l’O.A.S. dirigée par Salan. Plasticages en série, exécutions de personnalités jugées trop «libérales» et d’Algériens
1615:, where the organisation hires a British contract killer (the Jackal) to kill de Gaulle. Bastien-Thiry and the Petit-Clamart plot figure prominently in the early sections of the story. Forsyth also mentions the OAS in his 1974 novel
643:
occurred; hundreds of armed people came down to
European areas of the city, attacking European civilians. The violence lasted several hours, including lynching and acts of torture in public places in all areas of
1988:
Universalis, Encyclopaedia; Grands
Articles, Les (28 October 2015). Algérie (Les Grands Articles d'Universalis): Géographie, économie, histoire et politique (French Edition) (Kindle Locations 1158–1159).
570:
and in mainland France. As a result, the OAS eventually found itself in violent clandestine conflict with not only the FLN but also French secret services and with a
Gaullist paramilitary, the
2927:
593:
in March, with targets including hospitals and schools. Dozens of Arab residents were killed at Place du
Gouvernement when 24 mortar rounds were fired from the European stronghold of
3020:
458:
in both metropolitan France and French Algerian territories, the OAS attempted to prevent Algerian independence. The first victim was Pierre Popie, attorney and president of the
1671:) is a member of OAS. Guido mentions OAS multiple times and together with Mesrine he assassinates another OAS member, who in his last moments declares: "De Gaulle killed us".
532:, an Algerian writer, etc. It is estimated that the assassinations carried out by the OAS between April 1961 and April 1962 left 2,000 people dead and twice as many wounded.
447:, were involved, but no definitive proof has been found. Both of these insurrections were swiftly suppressed and many of the leaders who had created the OAS were imprisoned.
2356:
826:. Perseval, who lives today in Thailand, denied any links with the abduction, but did admit being a former OAS member who escaped to Argentina after the Evian agreements.
2242:
288:
The OAS was formed from existing networks, calling themselves "counter-terrorists", "self-defence groups", or "resistance", which had carried out attacks on the Algerian
1646:) is alleged to have business connections with them. The plot to assassinate De Gaulle at the Paris suburb of Petit-Clamart is also mentioned several times in the film.
774:
1155:
2499:
1370:
2203:
432:
Resistance against Algerian independence commenced in January 1960, with further violence breaking out in 1961 during the General's Uprising. Daniele Ganser of the
1098:
547:. Bastien-Thiry was executed in March 1963 after de Gaulle refused to grant him amnesty. A fictionalised version of this attack was recreated in the 1971 book by
520:
The Delta commandos engaged in indiscriminate killing sprees, on 17 March 1962; against cleaning-ladies on 5 May; on 15 March 1962 against six inspectors of the
921:
3159:
2472:
1437:
1383:
1240:
1082:
815:
366:
3186:
796:
297:
3074:
1031:
1074:
2932:
2865:
1227:
1123:
700:
609:
in Algiers and called for the European settlers to come to Bab el-Oued in order to break the blockade by military forces loyal to de Gaulle and the
1569:. Two minutes later, following the second appearance of the exterior, similar graffiti appears to have been removed from the facade of the bakery.
1202:
1059:
414:
1257:
2330:
1215:
1090:
964:
883:
2492:
2279:
1396:
879:
761:
itself. Gardes arrived in Argentina in 1963, a year after the end of the Algerian War. There, he delivered counter-insurgency courses at the
746:
3238:
1683:(OAS) emerged in France. The acronym was a nod to the original Organisation Armée Secrète. It was inspired by Norwegian far-right terrorist
3025:
2304:
2186:
3484:
1544:
494:
on 31 May 1961 (Piegts and Dovecar were executed by a firing-squad on 7 June 1962; Degueldre on 6 July). The OAS became notorious for
341:
The OAS still has admirers in French nationalist movements. In July 2006, some OAS sympathisers attempted to relight the flame of the
3417:
1703:
were specific targets. The group was taken down by French authorities in November 2017 before it was able to accomplish any attacks.
3479:
2485:
1993:. Kindle Edition. Quote: "En un an, d’avril 1961 à avril 1962, les attentats de l’O.A.S. font 2 000 morts et le double de blessés."
1880:
1582:, in which the organization fictionally manages to suborn the crew of a French Navy submarine and use it for missions of revenge.
2878:
425:, and in contrast to later Gaullist depictions of the movement, it included a number of former Resistance members in addition to
3196:
2522:
695:
struggles around the world. Following the disbandment of the organisation, and the execution of several of its members, the OAS
3524:
3504:
2788:
2578:
2250:
1954:
1472:
588:
The main hope of the OAS was to prove that the FLN was secretly restarting military action after a ceasefire was agreed in the
3494:
3489:
3303:
3203:
2394:
2090:
1802:
1778:
3291:
3255:
3529:
3330:
289:
3335:
1753:
649:
3509:
3286:
3276:
3064:
3059:
2999:
2451:
2156:
2110:
2026:
1021:
1818:
Algérie: Géographie, économie, histoire et politique (Les Grands Articles d'Universalis): Universalis, Encyclopaedia
19:
This article is about French far-right paramilitary organisation. For the American anti-communist organization, see
3499:
2888:
2527:
3539:
3534:
3519:
3281:
3106:
792:
459:
3250:
3164:
707:
and finally to Argentina. Grasset arrived in 1962 in Buenos Aires to take charge of the Argentine branch of the
3514:
3037:
2443:
2152:
2140:
2055:
1961:
521:
3459:
3298:
1064:
342:
2750:
2653:
1492:
725:. This anti-communist religious organisation was formed of many Algerian war veterans and close to the OAS.
3396:
2713:
1712:
1608:
1357:
783:
558:
167:
2948:
296:, in Madrid in January 1961, as a response by some French politicians and French military officers to the
1160:
3342:
2828:
2823:
2781:
1565:
762:
323:
269:. The OAS carried out several attacks, including bombings and assassinations, in an attempt to prevent
2921:
2700:
3427:
3221:
3111:
3079:
1990:
1821:
811:
270:
3347:
3116:
2973:
2845:
2221:
843:
The secret army was a three-part organisation, each segment having its own action commando squads.
20:
2289:
791:, during which the fictional Lieutenant-Colonel Mathieu and his paratroops make systematic use of
3049:
2833:
2728:
1617:
1621:, with several of its protagonists having joined the movement. The fictional Colonel Rodin from
3368:
3121:
3086:
2981:
2745:
2643:
1684:
1467:
807:
394:
198:
172:
160:
601:
where they proclaimed that the French military had become an "occupation force." It organized
374:
3448:
3226:
2774:
2721:
2707:
2532:
2183:
1603:
754:
640:
621:
610:
583:
553:
398:
346:
202:
124:
1743:
1696:
505:
following the 1960 barricades week, was arrested in Madrid, along with the Italian activist
3243:
3154:
2870:
2755:
1557:
1183:
830:
where sanctioned parties are conducting cyber attacks on banks to acquire funds illegally.
357:
274:
1838:
8:
3379:
3373:
2987:
2813:
2603:
2429:
2128:
1700:
1655:
1512:
1415:
1332:
909:
410:
402:
386:
292:(FLN) and their perceived supporters since early in the war. It was officially formed in
73:
1688:
1668:
1598:
as a deserter from the French Foreign Legion who joins the OAS on a kidnapping mission.
721:
3054:
2633:
2593:
2433:
1877:
1721:, a similar organisation established earlier, sponsored by French intelligence agencies
1487:
1442:
1307:
1128:
738:
676:
544:
370:
319:
207:
188:
183:
176:
2902:
1925:
1103:
708:
312:, which granted independence to Algeria and marked the beginning of the exodus of the
3149:
3069:
2993:
2668:
2628:
2439:
2390:
2171:
2148:
2136:
2106:
2051:
2022:
1933:
1798:
1774:
1749:
1612:
1578:
1563:
OAS graffiti appears outside a bakery approximately eight minutes into the 1963 film
1522:
548:
536:
506:
422:
301:
211:
1262:
3144:
3137:
2683:
2673:
2588:
1902:
1517:
1507:
1301:
788:
726:
598:
589:
510:
437:
335:
3191:
1771:
This Pilgrim Nation The Making of the Portuguese Diaspora in Postwar North America
819:
309:
3043:
2895:
2648:
2638:
2623:
2558:
2402:
Challenging De Gaulle: The O.A.S and the Counter-Revolution in Algeria, 1954–1962
2284:
2190:
1884:
1664:
1643:
1477:
1447:
969:
770:
730:
716:
704:
672:
529:
502:
479:
293:
149:
3233:
2857:
2840:
2658:
2583:
2563:
2553:
2537:
2418:
2387:
The Battle of the Casbah: Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism in Algeria, 1955–1957
2019:
Challenging De Gaulle: The OAS and the counterrevolution in Algeria (1954–1962)
1585:
1482:
1452:
1432:
1401:
1295:
1013:
982:
974:
692:
680:
664:
606:
514:
491:
483:
382:
331:
136:
65:
3473:
3388:
2663:
2477:
2357:"Projets d'attentats : huit personnes de l'ultra-droite mises en examen"
2179:
2135:, 453 pages. La Découverte (15 September 2004). Collection: Cahiers libres. (
1718:
1590:
1527:
1497:
1167:
750:
660:
653:
627:
487:
471:
455:
543:, a Paris suburb, planned by a military engineer who was not an OAS member,
2915:
2797:
2766:
2678:
1629:
1573:
800:
668:
659:
By 1963, the main OAS operatives were either dead, in exile, or in prison.
426:
266:
262:
2359:[Planned attacks: eight ultra-right-wingers under investigation].
2226:
2184:
Breaking the silence: the Catholic Church in Argentina and the "dirty war"
1965:(LDH, Human Rights League), article based on sources from Benjamin Stora,
1679:
In November 2016, an extreme right-wing terrorist cell calling itself the
577:
47:
3352:
2908:
2883:
2598:
2573:
1595:
1560:'s plot to unleash biological warfare in the UK's agricultural industry.
1539:
1502:
1462:
1320:
823:
712:
635:
615:
602:
594:
566:
440:
390:
378:
69:
61:
1878:
Chronology from The Parallel History Project on NATO and the Warsaw Pact
1695:, places of worship (especially mosques), drug dealers and politicians:
1611:. The story deals primarily with a fictional assassination plot against
703:, organised the flight of OAS members, from a route going from Paris to
16:
1961–1962 French far-right paramilitary organisation in the Algerian War
2568:
1888:
1692:
1634:
1549:
1457:
1344:
433:
2331:"Groupe d'ultradroite "OAS": la plupart des suspects remis en liberté"
2942:
2333:[Far-right group "OAS": Most suspects released from prison].
2207:
1639:
766:
314:
258:
1290:
Short living dissident group claiming the organisation's direction.
564:
The OAS use of extreme violence created strong opposition from some
2968:
1921:
758:
696:
451:
155:
1820:(28 October 2015). (French Edition) (Kindle Locations 1157–1158).
818:, had participated in the "disappearance" of the two French nuns,
539:. The most prominent attempt was a 22 August 1962 ambush at Petit-
1741:
1273:
1142:
1138:
734:
540:
475:
327:
749:, who had first theorised counter-insurgency tactics during the
535:
The OAS attempted several times to assassinate French president
369:. It was founded in Spain, in January 1961, by former officers,
2467:
1179:
757:" referring to an essential enemy threatening the existence of
131:
119:
417:. These officers united earlier anti-FLN networks such as the
3422:
2268:(in French). preface by Col. Argoud. Alain Lefeuvre Editions.
778:
144:
2305:"Extreme Right Terrorist Radicalization in post-2015 France"
2086:
1691:
activist Logan Nisin. The cell had planned attacks against
1553:
645:
444:
238:
3264:
652:—the armed wing of the FLN, at the time evolving into the
2438:. Collection: Cahiers libres (in French). La Découverte.
1996:
1840:
Les nostalgiques de l'Algérie française ont la dent dure
1556:– Marc-Ange/Union Corse coalition endeavoring to thwart
2204:"l'Disparitions: un ancien agent français mis en cause"
578:
March 1962 Evian agreements and the struggle of the OAS
501:
In October 1961 Pierre Lagaillarde, who had escaped to
3187:
1961 French referendum on Algerian self-determination
1674:
2428:
466:, MRP), who stated on TV, "French Algeria is dead" (
365:
The OAS was created in response to the January 1961
2083:
Cinq Colonnes à La Une, rushes: interview Pied-Noir
1956:
26 mars 1962, la fusillade de la rue d’Isly à Alger
1390:
ORO Director, replacing Dr. Perez on 1 January 1962
753:(1947–1954), Jean Ousset developed the concept of "
326:against president de Gaulle in the Paris suburb of
2349:
1768:
743:Modern Warfare: A French View of Counterinsurgency
683:, and six other generals benefited from this law.
1762:
419:Organisation de Résistance de L'Algérie Française
3471:
2145:Los Escuadrones De La Muerte/ the Death Squadron
300:concerning Algeria, which had been organised by
2413:Wolves in the City: The Death of French Algeria
2178:, extract transl. in English made available by
1975:Histoire de la guerre d'indépendance algérienne
1601:The OAS features prominently in the 1971 novel
777:, an Argentine naval lieutenant commander, the
524:, who directed the "Educative Social Centres" (
298:8 January 1961 referendum on self-determination
109:Opposition to Algerian independence from France
2507:
2323:
2243:"Fighting the war against terrorist financing"
1745:The Psychology of Radicalization and Terrorism
2856:
2782:
2493:
1871:
1190:
361:Demonstration against the OAS in January 1962
2796:
2167:
2165:
1773:. University of Toronto Press. p. 299.
691:Many OAS members later took part in various
367:referendum on self-determination for Algeria
279:
2309:Illiberalism Studies Program Working Papers
318:(ethnic Europeans born in Algeria), and in
2789:
2775:
2500:
2486:
2263:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1742:Willem Koomen, Joop Van Der Pligt (2015).
773:and torture center. Soon after Gardes met
765:(ESMA), which became infamous during the "
285:("Algeria is French and will remain so").
3418:Defectors from the French army to the ALN
2296:
2162:
2147:539 pages. Sudamericana (October 2005). (
1663:, describing the life of French criminal
1148:
1001:
939:Organisation, Intelligence & Planning
745:(1961), were members, along with Colonel
656:—resulting in 3,000 missing people:
2423:A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962
2124:
2122:
1737:
1735:
1715:, an earlier pied-noir nationalist group
1687:and consisted of 9 people led by former
1653:The OAS is referred to in the 2008 film
356:
2435:Escadrons de la mort, l'école française
2425:, New York: New York Review Books, 1977
2415:. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1970.
2302:
2133:Escadrons de la mort, l'école française
1853:
711:, an integral Catholic group formed by
478:, was assassinated at the direction of
3472:
2264:Buscia, Gilles; Zehr, Patrice (1980).
2222:"Impartí órdenes que fueron cumplidas"
2002:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1924:-éditions, 1992, p. 91. Monzat quotes
1313:
902:Psychological Warfare & Propaganda
763:Higher School of Mechanics of the Navy
3304:Memorial to the Liberation of Algeria
2770:
2481:
2196:
2119:
1732:
1533:
1251:
436:Parallel History Project claims that
281:L’Algérie est française et le restera
3454:
2523:1961 Vitry-Le-François train bombing
2101:Duranton-Crabol, Anne-Marie (1995).
1795:Exile Cultures, Misplaced Identities
1667:. The character of Guido (played by
1114:
935:Organisation-Renseignement-Opération
769:" in the 1970s for being used as an
733:, who theorised the systemic use of
634:In April 1962, the OAS leader,
498:, attacks using plastic explosives.
257:, "Secret Army Organisation") was a
2214:
1939:
838:
719:, as an offshoot of the monarchist
330:. Another prominent target was the
13:
2379:
2007:. London: Oxford University Press.
1675:Subsequent groups with ties to OAS
1426:
1006:
486:, with the actual killing done by
389:, along with other members of the
14:
3551:
3485:Far-right terrorist organizations
3000:Massacre of 14 July 1953 in Paris
2461:
2389:. (New York: Enigma Books, 2010)
2303:Nicolas, Lebourg (January 2021).
1280:
810:testified in January 2007 that a
3453:
3443:
3442:
2528:1962 Issy-les-Moulineaux bombing
2473:Organisation armée secrète (OAS)
2466:
2288:. 9 October 1973. Archived from
2240:
1866:Algeria: France's Undeclared War
1572:The OAS featured prominently in
1195:
988:(D for Roger Degueldre, founder)
781:at the ESMA were shown the film
597:. On 21 March, the OAS issued a
237:
154:
143:
130:
118:
46:
2272:
2257:
2234:
2095:
2076:
2060:
2040:
2031:
2011:
1982:
1967:Histoire de la guerre d'Algérie
1545:On Her Majesty's Secret Service
898:Action-Psychologique-Propagande
833:
474:, head of the French police in
464:Mouvement Républicain Populaire
3038:Declaration of 1 November 1954
2230:(in Spanish). 2 February 2007.
2091:National Audiovisual Institute
1918:Enquêtes sur la droite extrême
1910:
1894:
1832:
1811:
1787:
1681:Organisation d’armées sociales
1607:by Frederick Forsyth, and its
1110:Revolutionary Directory member
1095:Revolutionary Directory member
1087:Revolutionary Directory member
1079:Revolutionary Directory member
1071:Revolutionary Directory member
648:by civilians supported by the
1:
3525:Christian terrorism in Europe
3505:Terrorism in the Algerian War
3160:Proposed partition of Algeria
2363:(in French). 22 November 2017
2105:. Editions Complexe, p. 232.
2005:The Passing of French Algeria
1905:. Terrorism in Western Europe
1725:
1628:The OAS is referenced in the
1285:
468:L’Algérie française est morte
385:or "Generals' Uprising") and
3495:Far-right politics in Africa
3490:Far-right politics in France
3251:Effects in Algerian politics
2017:Harrison, Alexander (1989).
1907:, Franck Cass, London, 2005.
1797:. Brill. 2015. p. 118.
715:, the personal secretary of
572:Mouvement pour la Communauté
460:People's Republican Movement
397:, and former members of the
7:
2866:Algerian popular resistance
2385:Aussaresses, General Paul.
2021:. Greenwood press, p. 118.
1962:Ligue des droits de l'homme
1769:Gilberto Fernandes (2020).
1706:
1638:, as suspected conspirator
947:Intelligence Central Bureau
787:(1966) by Italian director
522:National Education Ministry
381:(who took part in the 1961
343:Tomb of the Unknown Soldier
37:Organisation armée secrète
10:
3556:
3530:Insurgent groups in Africa
3480:Organisation armée secrète
3402:Organisation armée secrète
3343:Algerian National Movement
3065:Hijacking of the FLN plane
2824:French conquest of Algeria
2751:Besançon courthouse attack
2654:Jean-Pierre Maïone-Libaude
2509:Organisation armée secrète
2404:. New York: Praeger, 1989
2337:(in French). 18 April 2019
2070:. Grasset, pp. 1020–1032.
1824:. Kindle Edition. Quote: "
1656:Mesrine: Public Enemy No.1
1566:The Bakery Girl of Monceau
1493:Jean-Pierre Maïone-Libaude
1191:Metropolitan French branch
581:
559:1973 film of the same name
352:
250:Organisation armée secrète
86:11 February 1961
18:
3440:
3410:
3361:
3331:National Liberation Front
3323:
3316:
3273:1 November 1954 Stadiums
3212:
3179:
3130:
3112:Killing of Saadia Mebarek
3095:
3019:
3012:
2961:
2949:Sétif and Guelma massacre
2812:
2805:
2738:
2692:
2612:
2546:
2515:
2068:Histoire secréte de L'OAS
2003:Gordon, David C. (1966).
1991:Encyclopaedia Universalis
1934:Edition les Sept Couleurs
1822:Encyclopaedia Universalis
1538:The OAS is referenced in
979:
961:
958:
955:Operational Action Bureau
929:
913:
908:
905:
892:
887:
878:
875:
862:
812:French intelligence agent
775:Federico Lucas Roussillon
686:
671:on 7 June 1962, and
526:Centres sociaux éducatifs
338:, who supported the FLN.
290:National Liberation Front
233:
225:
217:
194:
182:
166:
113:
105:
80:
57:
45:
35:
30:
3510:Anti-communist terrorism
3348:Algerian Communist Party
3336:National Liberation Army
3117:Charonne subway massacre
2974:Decolonisation of Africa
2189:22 November 2006 at the
2050:. Facts on File, p. 50.
2046:Diamond, Robert (1970).
1748:. Routledge. p. 2.
308:followed the March 1962
265:organisation during the
31:Secret Army Organisation
21:Secret Army Organization
3500:Rebel groups in Algeria
3397:Front Algérie Française
3050:Battle of Philippeville
2037:Harrison (1989), p. 120
1713:Front Algérie Française
959:OAS field ops planning
868:Organisation-Des-Masses
513:then exiled him to the
184:Political position
3540:Anti-Arabism in Africa
3535:Insurgencies in Africa
3520:Anti-Arabism in Europe
2982:Brazzaville Conference
2746:Algiers putsch of 1961
2280:"Objective: De Gaulle"
2048:France under De Gaulle
1971:La gangrène et l'oubli
1685:Anders Behring Breivik
1222:ODM-Métropole Director
1149:Constantinois district
1048:replacing Gen. Jouhaud
1002:French Algerian branch
806:The Argentine admiral
443:networks, directed by
362:
280:
271:Algeria's independence
199:Algiers putsch of 1961
52:Emblem of the movement
3515:Nationalist terrorism
3227:French Fifth Republic
3204:Algerian independence
2722:Objectif 500 millions
2708:The Day of the Jackal
2533:Battle of Bab El Oued
2475:at Wikimedia Commons
2400:Harrison, Alexander.
1973:and Sylvie Thénault,
1868:. Oxford: OUP, p. 306
1604:The Day of the Jackal
1156:Pierre Château-Jobert
784:The Battle of Algiers
675:on 6 July 1962.
584:Battle of Bab El Oued
554:The Day of the Jackal
413:, was led by captain
399:French Foreign Legion
375:1960 Siege of Algiers
360:
324:assassination attempt
203:Battle of Bab El Oued
3244:1962 Algerian crisis
3239:Aftermath in Algeria
3155:Manifesto of the 121
3139:Communauté française
2871:Algerian nationalism
2756:Charles Martel Group
2701:Le Combat dans l'île
2430:Robin, Marie-Monique
2292:on 14 December 2008.
1889:ETH Zurich Institute
1625:is also alluded to.
1558:Ernst Stavro Blofeld
1438:Bertrand de Perseval
1384:Jean-Marie Curutchet
1241:Jean-Marie Curutchet
1176:chouan de la Mitidja
1083:Jean-Marie Curutchet
849:Section (Divisions)
816:Bertrand de Perseval
482:, leader of the OAS
275:French colonial rule
3380:Commandos de Chasse
3374:French Armed Forces
2988:First Indochina War
2829:Invasion of Algiers
2604:Jean-Jacques Susini
2253:on 14 January 2020.
2129:Marie-Monique Robin
1883:18 May 2008 at the
1701:Christophe Castaner
1513:Jean-Jacques Susini
1416:Jean-Jacques Susini
1333:Louis XIV of France
1331:("Sun" surname for
1314:Commanding officers
910:Jean-Jacques Susini
880:Colonel Jean Gardes
797:block warden system
411:metropolitan France
403:First Indochina War
387:Jean-Jacques Susini
345:to commemorate the
302:President de Gaulle
114:Active regions
76:, Jean-Claude Perez
74:Jean-Jacques Susini
3075:Week of barricades
3055:Soummam conference
2875:Attempted reforms
2634:Jean-Pierre Cherid
2594:Pierre Lagaillarde
2266:Au Nom De l'O.A.S.
2210:. 6 February 2007.
2066:Fleury, G. (2002)
1930:L’Ascension du MSI
1847:, 13 October 2007
1827:musulmans ...
1697:Jean-Luc Mélenchon
1661:L'Instinc de Mort)
1534:In popular culture
1488:Pierre Lagaillarde
1443:Jean-Pierre Cherid
1308:Pierre Lagaillarde
1252:France-Mission III
1032:Charles Micheletti
922:Jean-Marcel Zagamé
739:counter-insurgency
677:Jean Bastien-Thiry
613:. A detachment of
545:Jean Bastien-Thiry
371:Pierre Lagaillarde
363:
320:Jean Bastien-Thiry
177:French nationalism
173:French colonialism
82:Dates of operation
3467:
3466:
3436:
3435:
3362:Anti-independence
3312:
3311:
3299:Martyrs' Memorial
3175:
3174:
3150:FLN football team
3070:Operation Corsica
3060:Battle of Algiers
3008:
3007:
2994:Malagasy Uprising
2957:
2956:
2764:
2763:
2669:Jacques Soustelle
2644:Yves Guérin-Sérac
2629:Dominique Borella
2471:Media related to
2411:Henissart, Paul.
2395:978-1-929631-30-8
2172:Horacio Verbitsky
2103:Le temps de l'OAS
1804:978-94-012-0592-4
1780:978-1-4426-3066-6
1613:Charles de Gaulle
1579:Wrath of the Lion
1523:Jacques Soustelle
1468:Yves Guérin-Sérac
1371:Jean-Claude Perez
1228:Jacques Chadeyron
1115:Algérois district
1099:Jean-René Souètre
999:
998:
989:
962:Jean-Claude Perez
936:
925:
899:
872:Mass Organisation
869:
808:Luis María Mendía
731:Colonel Trinquier
667:were executed by
549:Frederick Forsyth
537:Charles de Gaulle
507:Guido Giannettini
423:French Resistance
395:Yves Guérin-Sérac
261:French dissident
245:
244:
212:Charles de Gaulle
3547:
3457:
3456:
3446:
3445:
3324:Pro-independence
3321:
3320:
3262:
3261:
3168:
3145:Constantine Plan
3083:
3029:
3017:
3016:
2936:
2854:
2853:
2810:
2809:
2791:
2784:
2777:
2768:
2767:
2729:The Unvanquished
2684:Dominique Venner
2674:Albert Spaggiari
2589:Charles Lacheroy
2579:Pierre Guillaume
2502:
2495:
2488:
2479:
2478:
2470:
2457:
2449:
2407:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2249:. Archived from
2238:
2232:
2231:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2200:
2194:
2169:
2160:
2126:
2117:
2116:
2099:
2093:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2064:
2058:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2029:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2000:
1994:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1952:
1937:
1914:
1908:
1903:Operation Gladio
1900:Daniele Ganser,
1898:
1892:
1875:
1869:
1862:
1851:
1850:
1836:
1830:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1739:
1689:Action Française
1669:Gérard Depardieu
1518:Dominique Venner
1508:Albert Spaggiari
1473:Pierre Guillaume
1405:
1302:Charles Lacheroy
1266:
1164:
1132:
1107:
1068:
1022:Pierre Guillaume
987:
934:
919:
897:
876:OAS recruitment
867:
846:
845:
839:Chain of command
789:Gillo Pontecorvo
727:Charles Lacheroy
722:Action Française
590:Evian agreements
409:, the branch in
349:on 5 July 1962.
336:Jean-Paul Sartre
328:Le Petit-Clamart
283:
277:. Its motto was
241:
159:
158:
148:
147:
135:
134:
123:
122:
101:
99:
93:
91:
83:
50:
41:
40:
28:
27:
3555:
3554:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3432:
3406:
3357:
3308:
3266:
3260:
3222:May 1958 crisis
3214:
3208:
3171:
3162:
3126:
3099:
3097:
3091:
3077:
3044:Toussaint Rouge
3030:
3023:
3004:
2978:
2953:
2930:
2903:Crémieux Decree
2896:Divide and rule
2852:
2815:
2801:
2795:
2765:
2760:
2734:
2714:film adaptation
2688:
2649:Roger Holeindre
2639:Pierre Descaves
2624:Georges Bidault
2617:
2615:
2608:
2559:Roger Degueldre
2542:
2511:
2506:
2464:
2450:
2446:
2419:Horne, Alistair
2405:
2382:
2380:Further reading
2377:
2376:
2366:
2364:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2340:
2338:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2314:
2312:
2301:
2297:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2262:
2258:
2247:www.cnnmoney.ch
2239:
2235:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2191:Wayback Machine
2170:
2163:
2127:
2120:
2114:
2100:
2096:
2089:, 1 July 1962,
2081:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2061:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2016:
2012:
2001:
1997:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1953:
1940:
1926:François Duprat
1915:
1911:
1899:
1895:
1885:Wayback Machine
1876:
1872:
1863:
1854:
1848:
1837:
1833:
1816:
1812:
1805:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1781:
1767:
1763:
1756:
1740:
1733:
1728:
1709:
1677:
1665:Jacques Mesrine
1644:Tommy Lee Jones
1618:The Dogs of War
1609:film adaptation
1536:
1478:Roger Holeindre
1448:Roger Degueldre
1429:
1427:Notable members
1399:
1316:
1288:
1283:
1260:
1254:
1198:
1193:
1158:
1151:
1126:
1124:Pierre Delhomme
1120:Colonel Vaudrey
1117:
1101:
1075:Christian Léger
1062:
1009:
1007:Oranie district
1004:
994:
992:
990:
986:
983:Commandos Delta
973:
970:Roger Degueldre
968:
963:
949:
941:
937:
933:
918:
906:OAS propaganda
900:
896:
882:
870:
866:
841:
836:
717:Charles Maurras
709:Cité Catholique
705:Francoist Spain
701:Georges Grasset
689:
673:Roger Degueldre
586:
580:
530:Mouloud Feraoun
503:Francoist Spain
480:Roger Degueldre
429:collaborators.
355:
294:Francoist Spain
205:
201:
195:Notable attacks
175:
153:
152:
142:
141:
129:
117:
97:
95:
89:
87:
81:
53:
38:
36:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3553:
3543:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3465:
3464:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3327:
3325:
3318:
3314:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3270:
3268:
3267:commemorations
3259:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3236:
3234:Year of Africa
3231:
3230:
3229:
3218:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3189:
3183:
3181:
3180:End of the war
3177:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3122:Paris massacre
3119:
3114:
3109:
3103:
3101:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3087:Algiers putsch
3084:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3040:
3034:
3032:
3014:
3010:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2991:
2985:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2918:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2889:1943 manifesto
2886:
2881:
2873:
2868:
2862:
2860:
2858:French Algeria
2851:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2841:Mokrani Revolt
2838:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2820:
2818:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2794:
2793:
2786:
2779:
2771:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2725:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2704:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2659:Robert Pesquet
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2620:
2618:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2584:Edmond Jouhaud
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2564:Albert Dovecar
2561:
2556:
2554:Antoine Argoud
2550:
2548:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2538:Commando Delta
2535:
2530:
2525:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2505:
2504:
2497:
2490:
2482:
2463:
2462:External links
2460:
2459:
2458:
2444:
2426:
2416:
2409:
2398:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2348:
2322:
2295:
2271:
2256:
2241:Wise, Hannah.
2233:
2213:
2195:
2193:, 28 July 2005
2161:
2118:
2094:
2075:
2059:
2039:
2030:
2010:
1995:
1981:
1938:
1909:
1893:
1870:
1852:
1831:
1810:
1803:
1786:
1779:
1761:
1755:978-1317677031
1754:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1716:
1708:
1705:
1676:
1673:
1586:Alain Cavalier
1542:'s 1963 novel
1535:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1483:Edmond Jouhaud
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1453:Albert Dovecar
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1433:Antoine Argoud
1428:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1406:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1360:
1353:
1352:
1351:Chief of Staff
1348:
1347:
1340:
1339:
1338:Chief of Staff
1336:
1324:
1323:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1296:Antoine Argoud
1287:
1284:
1282:
1281:Spanish branch
1279:
1278:
1277:
1268:
1267:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1211:
1210:
1209:Chief of Staff
1206:
1205:
1203:Pierre Sergent
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1134:
1133:
1121:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1096:
1093:
1088:
1085:
1080:
1077:
1072:
1069:
1060:Pierre Sergent
1055:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1043:Colonel Dufour
1040:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1017:
1016:
1014:Edmond Jouhaud
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
997:
996:
978:
975:Albert Dovecar
960:
957:
927:
926:
912:
907:
904:
890:
889:
886:
877:
874:
860:
859:
856:
853:
850:
840:
837:
835:
832:
693:anti-communist
688:
685:
681:Edmond Jouhaud
665:Albert Dovecar
607:general strike
579:
576:
515:Canary Islands
492:Albert Dovecar
484:Commando Delta
415:Pierre Sergent
383:Algiers putsch
354:
351:
332:existentialist
243:
242:
235:
231:
230:
227:
223:
222:
219:
215:
214:
196:
192:
191:
186:
180:
179:
170:
164:
163:
140:
139:
137:French Algeria
115:
111:
110:
107:
103:
102:
84:
78:
77:
66:Edmond Jouhaud
59:
55:
54:
51:
43:
42:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3552:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3462:
3461:
3452: /
3451:
3450:
3439:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3391:
3390:
3389:La Main Rouge
3386:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3319:
3315:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3265:Monuments and
3263:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3211:
3205:
3202:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3192:Évian Accords
3190:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3166:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3094:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3031:of key events
3027:
3022:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2962:Other factors
2960:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2934:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2879:1920 petition
2877:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2839:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2811:
2808:
2804:
2799:
2792:
2787:
2785:
2780:
2778:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2664:Claude Piegts
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2611:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2503:
2498:
2496:
2491:
2489:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2474:
2469:
2456:(in Spanish).
2455:
2454:
2447:
2441:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2383:
2362:
2358:
2352:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2310:
2306:
2299:
2291:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2275:
2267:
2260:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2237:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2217:
2209:
2206:(in French).
2205:
2199:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2180:openDemocracy
2177:
2173:
2168:
2166:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2123:
2112:
2111:2-87027-542-0
2108:
2104:
2098:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2043:
2034:
2028:
2027:0-275-92791-1
2024:
2020:
2014:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1957:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1936:, Paris, 1972
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1916:René Monzat,
1913:
1906:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1874:
1867:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1835:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1806:
1800:
1796:
1790:
1782:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1757:
1751:
1747:
1746:
1738:
1736:
1731:
1720:
1719:La Main Rouge
1717:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1657:
1651:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1588:'s 1964 film
1587:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1576:' 1964 novel
1575:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1529:
1528:Georges Watin
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1498:Claude Piegts
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1247:ORO-Métropole
1246:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1234:APP-Métropole
1233:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1196:OAS-Métropole
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1168:Robert Martel
1166:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1144:
1140:
1137:in charge of
1136:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1053:General Gardy
1052:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1010:
985:
984:
976:
971:
966:
956:
953:
948:
945:
940:
932:
928:
923:
917:
911:
903:
895:
891:
885:
881:
873:
865:
861:
857:
854:
851:
848:
847:
844:
831:
827:
825:
821:
820:Léonie Duquet
817:
813:
809:
804:
802:
801:death flights
798:
794:
790:
786:
785:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
751:Indochina War
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
723:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
661:Claude Piegts
657:
655:
654:Algerian Army
651:
647:
642:
641:Oran Massacre
637:
632:
629:
624:
623:
618:
617:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
591:
585:
575:
573:
569:
568:
562:
560:
557:, and in the
556:
555:
550:
546:
542:
538:
533:
531:
528:), including
527:
523:
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
499:
497:
493:
489:
488:Claude Piegts
485:
481:
477:
473:
472:Roger Gavoury
469:
465:
461:
457:
456:assassination
453:
448:
446:
442:
439:
435:
430:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
405:(1946–1954).
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
373:(who led the
372:
368:
359:
350:
348:
347:Oran massacre
344:
339:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
316:
311:
310:Évian Accords
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
286:
284:
282:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
251:
240:
236:
232:
229:3,000 members
228:
224:
220:
216:
213:
209:
208:assassination
204:
200:
197:
193:
190:
187:
185:
181:
178:
174:
171:
169:
165:
162:
157:
151:
146:
138:
133:
128:
127:
126:
121:
116:
112:
108:
104:
85:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
60:
56:
49:
44:
34:
29:
26:
22:
3458:
3447:
3411:Other groups
3401:
3387:
3378:
3138:
3098:human rights
3096:War crimes /
3042:
2941:
2928:Legal status
2920:
2916:French Union
2901:
2846:Deportations
2798:Algerian War
2727:
2720:
2706:
2699:
2679:Rolf Steiner
2508:
2465:
2452:
2434:
2422:
2412:
2406:(in English)
2401:
2386:
2365:. Retrieved
2360:
2351:
2339:. Retrieved
2334:
2325:
2313:. Retrieved
2308:
2298:
2290:the original
2283:
2274:
2265:
2259:
2251:the original
2246:
2236:
2225:
2216:
2198:
2175:
2157:Presentation
2144:
2132:
2102:
2097:
2082:
2078:
2067:
2062:
2047:
2042:
2033:
2018:
2013:
2004:
1998:
1984:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1955:
1929:
1917:
1912:
1901:
1896:
1873:
1865:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1825:
1817:
1813:
1794:
1789:
1770:
1764:
1744:
1680:
1678:
1660:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1633:
1630:Oliver Stone
1627:
1622:
1616:
1602:
1600:
1589:
1584:
1577:
1574:Jack Higgins
1571:
1564:
1562:
1543:
1537:
1422:APP Director
1410:ODM Director
1377:ORO Director
1328:
1289:
1272:
1216:Daniel Godot
1175:
1091:Denis Baille
981:
965:Jean Lalanne
954:
951:
946:
943:
938:
930:
915:
901:
893:
884:Michel Leroy
871:
863:
842:
834:Organisation
828:
805:
782:
742:
741:doctrine in
720:
690:
669:firing squad
658:
633:
620:
614:
603:car bombings
587:
571:
565:
563:
552:
534:
525:
519:
500:
495:
467:
463:
449:
431:
418:
406:
393:, including
364:
340:
334:philosopher
313:
306:
287:
278:
267:Algerian War
263:paramilitary
254:
249:
248:
246:
25:
3353:Oujda Group
3163: [
3078: [
3024: [
2931: [
2909:Kabyle myth
2884:Jonnart Law
2816:colonialism
2800:(1954–1962)
2599:Raoul Salan
2574:Yves Godard
2453:translation
2361:France Info
2176:The Silence
2115:(in French)
2072:(in French)
1978:(in French)
1849:(in French)
1693:kebab shops
1642:(played by
1596:Alain Delon
1540:Ian Fleming
1503:Raoul Salan
1463:Yves Godard
1400: [
1397:Jean Gardes
1358:Yves Godard
1321:Raoul Salan
1261: [
1258:André Canal
1214:Lieutenant
1159: [
1127: [
1102: [
1063: [
916:Commandos Z
824:Alice Domon
747:Jean Gardes
713:Jean Ousset
636:Raoul Salan
616:tirailleurs
595:Bab el-Oued
567:pieds-noirs
450:By acts of
441:stay-behind
391:French Army
379:Raoul Salan
377:), General
315:pieds-noirs
70:Yves Godard
62:Raoul Salan
39:(in French)
3474:Categories
3292:Tizi Ouzou
3213:Legacy and
3197:referendum
3100:violations
3021:Chronology
2834:Atrocities
2806:Background
2693:In fiction
2569:Paul Gardy
2547:Leadership
2445:2707141631
2367:12 January
2341:12 January
2315:12 January
2153:950072684X
2143:) Transl.
2141:2707141631
2056:0871961792
1864:Evans, M.
1845:Le MatinDZ
1726:References
1591:L'Insoumis
1550:James Bond
1458:Paul Gardy
1364:Chief Aide
1345:Paul Gardy
1306:Commander
1286:OAS-Madrid
1058:Capitaine
1020:Commander
977:(Delta 1)
924:, founder)
771:internment
755:subversion
582:See also:
206:Attempted
90:1961-02-11
3215:aftermath
3131:Reactions
2996:(1947–49)
2990:(1946–54)
2943:Pied noir
2922:Indigénat
2898:policies
2335:Le Figaro
2227:Página/12
2208:Le Figaro
1640:Clay Shaw
855:Director
767:Dirty War
496:stroungas
407:OAS-Métro
401:from the
259:far-right
189:Far-right
3449:Category
2969:Cold War
2516:Activity
2432:(2004).
2187:Archived
1922:Le Monde
1881:Archived
1707:See also
1395:Colonel
1382:Captain
1356:Colonel
1343:General
1319:General
1300:Colonel
1294:Colonel
1271:aka the
1239:Captain
1201:Captain
1174:aka the
1154:Colonel
1038:civilian
1012:General
995:Delta 3
759:Occident
697:chaplain
611:Republic
452:sabotage
322:'s 1962
221:Inactive
168:Ideology
161:Portugal
3460:Commons
3287:El Oued
3277:Algiers
3107:Torture
2814:Settler
2739:Related
2616:members
2614:Notable
2311:(3): 11
1369:Doctor
1274:Monocle
1184:Mitidja
1182:of the
1143:Algiers
1141:, near
1139:El-Biar
993:Delta 2
991:Delta 1
920:(Z for
858:Squads
793:torture
735:torture
541:Clamart
476:Algiers
353:History
106:Motives
96: (
88: (
3423:Harkis
3369:France
3317:Groups
2984:(1944)
2442:
2393:
2151:
2139:
2109:
2054:
2025:
1801:
1777:
1752:
1623:Jackal
1594:stars
1329:Soleil
1180:chouan
799:, and
779:cadets
687:Legacy
628:Legion
622:maquis
511:Franco
438:Gladio
218:Status
125:France
94:– 1962
58:Leader
3428:Women
3282:Batna
3256:Films
3167:]
3082:]
3028:]
2935:]
1843:, in
1632:film
1404:]
1265:]
1163:]
1131:]
1106:]
1067:]
972:(BAO)
967:(BCR)
888:none
852:Role
599:flyer
427:Vichy
273:from
150:Spain
2440:ISBN
2391:ISBN
2369:2021
2343:2021
2317:2021
2285:Time
2149:ISBN
2137:ISBN
2107:ISBN
2087:ORTF
2052:ISBN
2023:ISBN
1799:ISBN
1775:ISBN
1750:ISBN
1699:and
1554:MI-6
1327:aka
1026:aide
822:and
729:and
663:and
646:Oran
490:and
454:and
445:NATO
247:The
234:Flag
226:Size
98:1962
3013:War
2174:in
2155:) (
1635:JFK
952:BAO
944:BCR
931:ORO
894:APP
864:ODM
737:in
650:ALN
470:).
434:ETH
255:OAS
210:of
3476::
3165:fr
3080:fr
3026:fr
2933:fr
2421:,
2307:.
2282:.
2245:.
2224:.
2182::
2164:^
2131:,
2121:^
2113:.
2085:,
1969:,
1959:,
1941:^
1932:,
1928:,
1920:,
1887:,
1855:^
1734:^
1548:.
1402:fr
1263:fr
1186:")
1178:("
1161:fr
1129:fr
1104:fr
1065:fr
814:,
803:.
795:,
699:,
561:.
551:,
517:.
509:.
304:.
72:,
68:,
64:,
2790:e
2783:t
2776:v
2501:e
2494:t
2487:v
2448:.
2408:.
2397:.
2371:.
2345:.
2319:.
2159:)
1891:.
1807:.
1783:.
1758:.
1659:(
1335:)
980:-
950:-
942:-
914:-
462:(
253:(
100:)
92:)
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
