229:
the benefits of the organizing model. The education program, promulgated by
Bensinger during his tenure as OI director, became an integral part of the AFLâCIO's organizing push after Sweeney named Bensinger director of the AFLâCIO Organizing Department in 1996. But a number of elected union leaders perceived the program as a thinly-veiled attempt to interfere in their internal politics. In August 1998, Bensinger resigned as director of the Organizing Department after only 18 months in the position. The education program continued to create problems over the next five years. Bensinger's replacement, Kirk Adams (the AFLâCIO's southern regional director and a former organizing director at SEIU) resigned in January 2000 after only 16 months on the job. Adams' successor, Mark Splain (the federation's Western regional director and a former SEIU organizing director in California), was named as Adams' replacement in May 2000. But Splain resigned in October 2003. Stewart Acuff, deputy director of the organizing department, was named Splain's replacement.
48:
to the workplace, and a three-day training program for union members and others who wish to become full-time organizers. Attendees in the two-day program are usually "sponsored" by an AFLâCIO union, which pays for their tuition, room and board. Most attendees in the three-day program are not sponsored by an AFLâCIO union. During the training programs, attendees are assessed on their organizing skills and ability to learn by OI staff and other experienced union organizers. Sponsoring unions are encouraged to utilize OI graduates in ongoing internal and external organizing campaigns. Participants not sponsored by a union are given career counseling regarding job prospects and additional training and/or education upon graduation.
128:
often too old, too discouraged, and too committed to the existing political goals of their unions (which focused on contract servicing rather than organizing) to be effective. Additionally, many of these veteran staff were experienced only in older methods of union organizing, and did not have the skills or inclination to effectively combat new anti-union strategies and tactics utilized by employers. Bensinger and his immediate successors made a significant effort to recruit activists from the
716:
188:
major success of his administration. Kirkland later abandoned the race and resigned as president of the federation. His successor and presidential candidate, Thomas
Donahue, was able to lay a stronger claim on organizing success because of his role as the primary backer of the OI in 1989. But Donahue's claims were rejected by AFLâCIO member unions, and Sweeney won the presidential race.
105:) concluded that the primary problem with the Houston Organizing Project was not the coalition nature of the project or the recession but that few unions utilized rigorous organizing methods. Although it is not clear when the decision was made to found the OI, the organization was officially launched in the spring of 1989. The AFLâCIO and five unionsâSEIU,
213:
recruited from outside the ranks of the membership. The staff-driven organizing model, critics say, fails to empower workers, contributes to weak elected leadership, does not educate members about the nature and role of unions, fails to prepare members for effective collective bargaining, and leads to worker dependence on regional or national staff.
143:
The establishment of the OI angered some AFLâCIO staff, particularly those in the organizing department. They felt that the organization duplicated their efforts. But they also resented the ways in which AFLâCIO elected leaders and appointed staff denigrated their efforts and promoted the leaders and
51:
Graduates of the three-day training program who receive a high assessment from evaluators are eligible to participate in the OI's three-month field training program. Within nine months following graduation from the three-day training program, the graduate will be placed in an actual union organizing
228:
The OI has also been criticized for meddling in affiliate politics. In the early 1990s, OI leaders began to realize that many AFLâCIO affiliate unions gave only lip-service to aggressive organizing. The OI subsequently developed a program to "educate" national, regional and local union leaders about
191:
Once in office, John
Sweeney significantly promoted the OI. Sweeney split the organizing and field services function, and created an independent Organizing Department within the AFLâCIO. Bensinger was appointed the new department's first director. The OI became part of the new department. Its budget
220:
Other critics contend the OI training programs do not go far enough in terms of mentoring and real-world skill-building. The OI, these critics claim, often place new organizers in positions with unions not committed to the organizing model. Without full financial, staff and political support, these
200:
and others argued that large-scale union organizing depended less on organizing methods and more on wholesale restructuring of the labor movement. Other labor leaders and organizers contended that federal labor law was too weak and ill-enforced to adequately protect workers and organizers under the
127:
One of the primary goals of the OI in its first years was not only to promote the organizing model but to reinvigorate the labor movement. An essential element in achieving this goal was the recruitment of non-union people into the labor movement. OI staff came to believe that labor organizers were
47:
The
Organizing Institute was created in the spring of 1989 to promote and foster union organizing. The OI's primary program is to train union members and non-members to be labor organizers. The OI currently provides two training programs: A two-day training program for union members who will return
187:
criticized the
Kirkland administration for failing to boost union organizing, and pointed to the small budget and lack of focus on the OI as one example. Sweeney promised to dramatically boost the OI's funding and importance. For his part, Lane Kirkland pointed to the establishment of the OI as a
144:
staff in the OI. Many veteran staff members felt that the years which they had spent gaining experience and building skills were being dismissed, while inexperienced OI staff with little or no experience in union organizing union-building were being held up as the salvation of the labor movement.
216:
Another problem of "staffing up" is the "churn 'em and burn 'em" effect. New
Organizers are being recruited into an already crowded marketplace, creating what the AFLâCIO has termed, the "race to the bottom" (competition resulting in wage-undercutting). With unions lacking in real political and
212:
Some labor union organizers point out that the organizing model contains a notable flaw. The model has a tendency to promote "staffing up"âan organizing approach which relies on hiring and training large numbers of full-time staff organizers and researchers. These staff organizers are often
195:
The OI began to wane in influence in the late 1990s. The OI continued to emphasize the organizing model and promote an activist approach to union organizing. However, many of the labor leaders and staff most prominent in organizing began to de-emphasize the organizing model. SEIU president
179:
administration did not place a major emphasis on the OI. Its budget remained small relative to the organizing department's, and it was not promoted in significant ways to AFLâCIO member unions. Nevertheless, AFLâCIO member unions held the OI and its staff in very high regard.
35:
Since its inception, the OI has trained more than 7,000 union members as "member-organizers" and another 3,000 staff organizers (1,000 of whom were new to the labor movement). Nearly a third of its new staff organizers are college-age or college graduates.
78:
Partly in response to the collapse of the
Houston Organizing Project, in 1983 the AFLâCIO executive council began an extensive strategic planning project. A plan was adopted two years later which, among other things, endorsed higher levels of organizing.
1186:
1206:
31:
Despite its small budget, size and organizational status, the OI has played a major role in the history of the AFLâCIO. The OI has been described as the "AFLâCIO's most innovative initiative on the external organizing front".
152:
Although the "organizing model" did not originate from the OI, the method quickly became associated with it. OI staff adopted the organizing model and strongly advocated its use in both internal and external organizing.
1300:
1315:
1099:
217:
financial support of organizing programs, there is no demand for the perpetual supply of entry-level staff. Simply put, supply exceeds demand. Permanent job placement and career development are lacking.
1089:
156:
The OI helped train and organize some of the most prominent and effective labor actions of the 1990s. In the early 1990s, the OI recruited and trained activists for the highly effective and public
97:
initiated discussions which led to the founding of the OI. Donahue, Donahue's assistant, a former director of organizing and field services at the AFLâCIO, the leaders of five AFLâCIO unions, and
1290:
1154:
124:
The OI was established as an autonomous entity under the supervision of the AFLâCIO Organizing and Field
Services Department. Bensinger was named the unit's first executive director.
86:." The organizing model was introduced to AFLâCIO member unions in a massive, two-day telephone and video conference call on February 29 to March 1, 1988. An AFLâCIO training manual,
1196:
1164:
1211:
1054:
114:
71:. Known as the Houston Organizing Project, the multi-union effort was budgeted at $ 1 million a year (nearly $ 2.5 million in inflation-adjusted 2007 dollars). But as the
1340:
1129:
90:, was then published. The manual concluded unions were more effective when they used external, new-member organizing techniques with members who were already organized.
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140:
which caught the eye of the press and the public. OI staff believed that these young activists would bring a new level of commitment and energy to the labor movement.
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1511:
168:
OI staff also helped recruit and train staff for UNITE's national campaign to organize industrial laundries, and began the first tentative steps toward building a
106:
1295:
1285:
63:
The OI has its roots in a failed organizing drive conducted by the AFLâCIO in the early 1980s. In 1979, the AFLâCIO began a large organizing project in the
52:
campaign. Successful completion of the field training is highly valued by AFLâCIO unions, and placement rates for field-trained organizers tops 90 percent.
1181:
459:, June 2003; Bronfenbrenner and Juravich "The Evolution of Strategic and Coordinated Bargaining Campaigns in the 1990s: The Steelworkers' Experience," in
546:
Bronfenbrenner, Kate and
Juravich, Tom. "The Evolution of Strategic and Coordinated Bargaining Campaigns in the 1990s: The Steelworkersâ Experience." In
55:
The OI also offers two-to-three day training programs tailored to meet the needs of organizers and members involved in an existing organizing campaign.
848:
1236:
1231:
1174:
539:
Bronfenbrenner, Kate and Hickey, Robert. "Winning is
Possible: Successful Union Organizing in the United States -- Clear Lessons, Too Few Examples."
1191:
1310:
1004:
923:
20:(best known as "the Organizing Institute," and often as simply "the OI") is a unit within the Organizing and Field Services Department of the
853:
1345:
1270:
1265:
1216:
1049:
899:
1248:
1201:
1039:
964:
615:
Foerster, Amy. "Labor's Youth Brigade: What Can the Organizing Institute and Its Graduates Tell Us About the Future of Organized Labor?"
1501:
1226:
1221:
1159:
1064:
985:
1124:
1012:
833:
1253:
1169:
1260:
1109:
838:
1134:
1079:
884:
601:
Foerster, Amy. "Confronting the Dilemmas of Organizing: Obstacles and Innovations at the AFL-CIO Organizing Institute." In
102:
1475:
843:
1423:
1241:
858:
183:
During the contested 1995 election for the presidency of the AFLâCIO, the OI became a political football. SEIU president
1335:
1320:
1280:
889:
729:
595:
110:
1114:
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1022:
1017:
756:
680:
610:
583:
569:
555:
527:
1372:
1119:
1044:
1027:
471:, January 16, 2004; Moberg, "Organize, Strategize, Revitalize: Unions Debate Best Way to Revive Labor's Fortunes,"
1480:
1149:
1059:
24:. Founded in 1989, the OI serves as the primary training body for most organizers in the AFLâCIO and its member
1444:
1377:
954:
894:
879:
1069:
1034:
933:
643:
Hurd, Richard. "The Failure of Organizing, the New Unity Partnership, and the Future of the Labor Movement."
75:
took hold and employers vigorously resisted the AFLâCIO's efforts, the Houston Organizing Project collapsed.
1470:
1142:
874:
455:, 1987; Bronfenbrenner and Hickey "Winning is Possible: Successful Union Organizing in the United States,"
804:
184:
692:
Smucker, Sam. "Training Union Organizers in the Middle of a Fight: The AFL-CIOâs Organizing Institute."
1074:
562:
Taking Care of Business: Samuel Gompers, George Meany, Lane Kirkland, and the Tragedy of American Labor
414:
Taking Care of Business: Samuel Gompers, George Meany, Lane Kirkland, and the Tragedy of American Labor
664:
Moberg, David. "Organize, Strategize, Revitalize: Unions Debate Best Way to Revive Labor's Fortunes."
1454:
1448:
1417:
1084:
671:
Rooks, Daisy. "Sticking It Out or Packing It In?: Organizer Retention in the New Labor Movement." In
175:
Despite being one of the few concrete outcomes of the AFLâCIO's 1983 strategic planning process, the
588:
Early, Steve. "AFL-CIOâs Organizing Summit Looks at âBest Practicesâ - But Leaves Much Unexamined."
273:
Hurd, "The Failure of Organizing, the New Unity Partnership, and the Future of the Labor Movement,"
192:
increased sharply, and a separate fund was established to subsidize strategic organizing campaigns.
1439:
1434:
291:
Smucker, "Training Union Organizers in the Middle of a Fight: The AFL-CIO's Organizing Institute,"
225:, and leave the labor movement. Others learn poor organizing habits, and lose their effectiveness.
1396:
949:
721:
161:
1516:
1275:
990:
959:
238:
169:
129:
749:
133:
72:
1506:
488:
Early, "AFL-CIO's Organizing Summit Looks at 'Best Practices'âBut Leaves Much Unexamined,"
222:
157:
136:, and other progressive movements; activists who had experience in militant and disruptive
8:
1407:
1402:
1362:
1352:
1330:
605:. Lowell Turner, Harry C. Katz, and Richard W. Hurd, eds. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, 2001.
118:
44:
The following information on the OI has not been updated with the post 2005 information.
550:. Lowell Turner, Harry C. Katz and Richard W. Hurd, eds. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, 2001.
1429:
1325:
1412:
928:
798:
676:
606:
579:
565:
551:
523:
98:
94:
742:
511:
Amber, Michelle. "Federation Adopts Strategic Plan to Promote Organizing Efforts."
165:
83:
335:, November 15, 1981; Greenhouse, "Janitors' Drive in Texas Gives Hope to Unions,"
969:
675:. Ruth Milkman and Kim Voss, eds. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2003.
603:
Rekindling the Movement: Labor's Quest for Relevance in the Twenty-First Century
548:
Rekindling the Movement: Labor's Quest for Relevance in the Twenty-First Century
82:
Between 1985 and 1988, the AFLâCIO developed what subsequently became known as "
810:
68:
1495:
1139:
904:
792:
201:
organizing model and that a new modelâthe comprehensive campaignâwas needed.
176:
137:
786:
438:
Amber, "Federation Adopts Strategic Plan to Promote Organizing Efforts,"
25:
21:
1357:
816:
197:
64:
1305:
673:
Rebuilding Labor: Organizing and Organizers in the New Union Movement
532:
Bensinger, Richard and Porter, Allison. "Labor at the Crossroads."
22:
American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations
622:
Greenhouse, Steve. "Janitors' Drive in Texas Gives Hope to Unions."
520:
Reaching Higher: A Handbook for Union Organizing Committee Members
350:
Reaching Higher: A Handbook for Union Organizing Committee Members
765:
715:
685:
Serrin, William. "Labor Faces Unmet Goals and New Challenge."
734:
475:, January 16, 2004; Johnson, "The New Unity Partnership,"
368:
Foerster, "Confronting the Dilemmas of Organizing...," in
596:"FAQs About the Organizing Institute." AFL-CIO. No date.
636:
Hayes, Christopher. "What Does the AFL-CIO Do, Anyway?"
322:"FAQs About the Organizing Institute," AFLâCIO, no date.
657:
Lynem, Julie N. "Campus Solidarity With Labor Grows."
331:
Serrin, "Labor Faces Unmet Goals and New Challenge,"
67:. The main thrust of this organizing effort came in
711:
631:
Union Power in the Future: A Union Activist's Agenda
221:new organizers often become disillusioned, suffer
209:The OI has been criticized on a number of issues.
399:Bensinger and Porter, "Labor at the Crossroads,"
1493:
633:. Ken Gagala, ed. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, 1987.
578:. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2006.
1512:History of labor relations in the United States
699:Stern, Andrew. "Change Labor, Change America."
650:Johnson, William. "The New Unity Partnership."
467:, 2006; Stern, "Change Labor, Change America,"
386:Rooks, "Sticking It Out or Packing It In?", in
924:International Labor Communications Association
522:. Arlington, Va.: Organizing Resources, 2002.
93:In 1988 and 1989, AFLâCIO secretary-treasurer
750:
629:Harbrant, Bob. "Comprehensive Campaigns." In
564:. New York City: Monthly Review Press, 1999.
304:Lynem, "Campus Solidarity With Labor Grows,"
900:Labor Council for Latin American Advancement
645:WorkingUSA: The Journal of Labor and Society
275:WorkingUSA: The Journal of Labor and Society
965:Labor and Working-Class History Association
757:
743:
364:
362:
360:
358:
287:
285:
283:
39:
451:Harbrant, "Comprehensive Campaigns," in
382:
380:
378:
355:
172:strategy for this organizing campaign.
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986:AFLâCIO Employees Federal Credit Union
280:
269:
267:
265:
263:
261:
259:
257:
255:
253:
885:Asian Pacific American Labor Alliance
738:
730:AFLâCIO Organizing Institute Web site
318:
316:
314:
103:Service Employees International Union
1476:Congress of Industrial Organizations
375:
250:
147:
101:(then organizing director with the
13:
890:Coalition of Black Trade Unionists
311:
14:
1528:
1502:Organizations established in 1989
707:
536:. 18:5 (SeptemberâOctober 1993).
504:"AFL-CIO to Beef Up Organizing."
425:"AFL-CIO to Beef Up Organizing,"
714:
1481:Directly affiliated local union
482:
445:
432:
419:
406:
955:International Rescue Committee
895:Coalition of Labor Union Women
880:Alliance for Retired Americans
393:
342:
325:
298:
1:
934:Working for America Institute
498:
204:
1471:American Federation of Labor
875:A. Philip Randolph Institute
576:Taking Back the Workers' Law
465:Taking Back the Workers' Law
73:recession of the early 1980s
18:AFLâCIO Organizing Institute
7:
764:
232:
10:
1533:
58:
1463:
1386:
1003:
978:
942:
916:
867:
826:
779:
772:
453:Union Power in the Future
403:, SeptemberâOctober 1993.
1301:Printers & Engravers
244:
121:âagreed to fund the OI.
950:American Rights at Work
722:Organized labour portal
659:San Francisco Chronicle
461:Rekindling the Movement
370:Rekindling the Movement
306:San Francisco Chronicle
277:, September 2004, p. 7.
1389:central labor councils
1387:State federations and
991:National Labor College
960:Jewish Labor Committee
909:Union Veterans Council
849:Professional Employees
239:National Labor College
170:comprehensive campaign
40:Structure and programs
854:Transportation Trades
617:Labor Studies Journal
598:Accessed May 3, 2007.
541:Multinational Monitor
508:. September 25, 1995.
457:Multinational Monitor
429:, September 25, 1995.
917:Allied organizations
689:. November 15, 1981.
626:. November 28, 2005.
518:Bensinger, Richard.
515:. February 21, 1996.
513:Labor Relations Week
442:, February 21, 1996.
440:Labor Relations Week
339:, November 28, 2005.
308:, September 2, 2002.
158:Justice for Janitors
84:the organizing model
868:Constituency groups
703:. January 16, 2004.
668:. January 16, 2004.
661:. September 2, 2002
640:. January 21, 2005.
619:. 28:3 (Fall 2003).
543:. 24:6 (June 2003).
119:United Steelworkers
88:Numbers that Count
1489:
1488:
1005:Affiliated unions
999:
998:
929:Solidarity Center
813: (2009â2021)
807: (1995â2009)
799:Thomas R. Donahue
795: (1979â1995)
789: (1955â1979)
647:. September 2004.
99:Richard Bensinger
95:Thomas R. Donahue
1524:
1445:Washington State
777:
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696:. November 2002.
592:. February 2003.
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492:, February 2003.
486:
480:
463:, 2001; Dannin,
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388:Rebuilding Labor
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295:, November 2002.
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166:Washington, D.C.
148:Impact of the OI
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970:Working America
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839:Maritime Trades
834:Building Trades
822:
805:John J. Sweeney
768:
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574:Dannin, Ellen.
506:Chicago Tribune
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490:Labor Notes
348:Bensinger,
293:Labor Notes
162:Los Angeles
1496:Categories
1422:New York (
1358:UNITE HERE
817:Liz Shuler
780:Presidents
773:Governance
652:Z Magazine
499:References
477:Z Magazine
205:Criticisms
198:Andy Stern
65:Deep South
1397:South Bay
1306:SAG-AFTRA
1271:NFLPA/FPA
1464:See also
979:Programs
766:AFL-CIO
233:See also
177:Kirkland
117:and the
1507:AFLâCIO
1408:Indiana
1403:Florida
416:, 1999.
412:Buhle,
390:, 2003.
372:, 2001.
352:, 2002.
223:burnout
59:History
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1368:UURWAW
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1212:IUANPW
1143:Locals
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26:unions
1413:Maine
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1266:NATCA
1242:NPMHU
1237:LIUNA
1232:IUPAT
1197:IFPTE
1182:IATSE
1155:GMPIU
1130:NABET
1100:BCTGM
245:Notes
107:UNITE
1449:King
1378:WGAE
1373:UWUA
1353:UMWA
1341:DWAW
1336:UFCW
1281:NTWA
1261:NALC
1254:PASS
1249:MEBA
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1222:IUOE
1217:IUEC
1192:IBEW
1175:TCIU
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1080:ATDA
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1023:AGVA
1018:AGMA
1013:AAAA
677:ISBN
607:ISBN
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164:and
111:UFCW
16:The
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1276:NNU
1202:ILA
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1140:TNG
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1120:AFA
1115:CWA
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1035:AEA
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