1309:, though there is little to suggest that Orinoco specimens in modern times can rival these species. Sexual maturity for Orinoco crocodiles is obtained for females at around 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) while that of males seems to be obtained around 3 m (9 ft 10 in) length, with most adult crocodiles of the species exceeding 93 kg (205 lb). Average length of wild adult females from 1985 to 1992 was found to be 3.06 m (10 ft 0 in) while that of males is not known to have been surveyed at that time. If not culled by humans, mature males easily exceed 3.6 m (12 ft) and attain a length of as much as 4.1 to 4.8 m (13 to 16 ft) as they grow throughout life, perhaps weighing 500 to 700 kg (1,100 to 1,500 lb) in big specimens, while females may grow over the expected size of 3.25 m (10 ft 8 in) in length and may sometimes exceed 225 kg (496 lb). According to
1317:, males have been reported to reach at least 4.1 m (13 ft 5 in) in length and weigh 380 kg (840 lb), while females reach up to 3.2 m (10 ft 6 in) and weigh up to 210 kg (460 lb). The largest specimen historically reported was shot in 1800, and allegedly measured at 6.78 m (22 ft 3 in), although the source is considered reliable, unfortunately, no voucher specimen is known from this. Because of extensive hunting for their skins in the 20th century, such giants do not exist today, and modern Orinoco crocodiles have not been reported to exceed 5.1 m (16 ft 9 in) in length. Merchán listed the maximum total length attainable for a male as 5.2 m (17 ft 1 in) and the maximum length of a female as 3.6 m (11 ft 10 in).
1265:
1507:
1454:
1465:, Orinoco crocodiles retreat to burrows they excavate into the riverbanks. The adult pair mates during the drier period of the year. Adult males attract the females by roaring. The females often outnumber the males two to one and appear to select the males with the deepest roars. In a reintroduced population, only 6 of 14 potential adult males parented over 90% of eggs laid. Usually 14 weeks after mating, the female crocodile will dig a nest and lay about 40 eggs. It is a hole-nester, as are all crocodilians, and it usually makes its nest on a sand bank. The eggs incubate under a mixture of soil and rotting vegetation for around three months. The most common predator of buried eggs are
1371:
1498:, though these species are sometimes also caught and killed by the defending mother crocodile. Adults have no predators except for humans. Females have defended pods of juveniles for over three years, though closer to one year to independence is generally most common. A study of captive Orinoco crocodiles noted the aggressive behavior of adults while nesting and noted that the normally relatively docile crocodilians could not be approached while they were actively brooding. Without persecution, it is possible that Orinoco crocodiles may reach a lifespan of 70–80 years.
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1561:. Additionally, a large number of individuals are held at captive-breeding facilities in Venezuela. Since the early 1990s, a large number of hatchlings have been released both into private ranchlands (especially in the Llanos where nature-oriented tourism is important for the local economy) and in national parks in Venezuela. While six Venezuelan captive-breeding programs continue today, many are plagued by lack of funds or staff, as well as conflicts between private and state-owned facilities.
186:
330:
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1313:, the average length of adults that they were able to examine was only 3 m (9 ft 10 in) and the largest specimen found firsthand was 4.2 m (13 ft 9 in). In captivity, at the Roberto Franco Tropical Biological Station (EBTRF), the largest male was recorded at 4.2 m (13 ft 9 in) and weighed 428 kg (944 lb), and maximum size recorded for females was 3.9 m (12 ft 10 in) long and 195 kg (430 lb) in weight. In
376:; males have been reported up to 6.8 m (22 ft 4 in) in the past, weighing over 900 kg (2,000 lb), but such sizes do not exist today, 5.2 m (17 ft 1 in) being a more widely accepted maximum size. A large male today may attain 4.2 m (13 ft 9 in) in length and can weigh up to 450 kg (1,000 lb), while females are substantially smaller with the largest likely to weigh around 225 kg (496 lb).
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120:
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1240:. This species generally has a pale tan hide, though at least three coloration variations are known, with some almost completely yellowish, and some a dark brownish-gray. The skin can change colour over long periods of time; this phenomenon has been recorded in other species that can gradually change the amount of
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Little study has gone into the dietary biology of
Orinoco crocodiles but from eye-witness accounts and partial studies from captivity and crocodile farms, the majority of the Orinoco crocodile's diet appears to consists of large fish. The species' relatively narrow snout is ideally suited to minimize
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although the tegus are sometimes caught and killed by the mother crocodile. During the night the young hatch and call to their mother; she digs them out of the nest and carries them to the water, which is considerably higher at this point. Young
Orinoco crocodiles are often at risk from predation by
2276:
Gorzula, S., & Seijas, A. E. (1986). "The Common Caiman", p. 44 in
Crocodiles: Proceedings of the 7th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Caracas, Venezuela, 21 to 28
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that two or three adult people were killed per year by
Orinoco crocodiles. A small number of better documented fatal attacks were reported in the 1900s–1930s when the species was still relatively common. The only well-documented recent attack, on a fisherman in 2009, was serious but not fatal. A
1435:
Attacks on humans have been reported, but this is highly unlikely to be a common behavior today, given the very small population of the species and its relative isolation from large human settlements. Historically attacks were not unusual and on his trip to the region in 1800, natives told
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in their skin. These crocodiles have dark-brown markings, which present as more pronounced bands in younger specimens and as scattered markings on mature ones. One individual measuring 3.4 m (11 ft 2 in) and weighing 182 kg (401 lb) had a bite force of
1379:
water resistance in capturing such aquatic prey. However, as an opportunistic apex predator, virtually any animal living within its range could be considered a potential meal, such as invertebrates, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Despite having a rather elongated
1514:
The
Orinoco crocodile is highly endangered due to excessive hunting for its hide. During the 1940s to the 1960s, thousands of these animals were slaughtered in the Orinoco River and the Llanos wetlands, and the species came very close to
1296:
may approach similar dimensions, the
Orinoco crocodile may be (or had been, when in healthy numbers) slightly longer. Given its possible maximum sizes, the Orinoco crocodile may rank as the third largest extant true crocodile, after the
1416:, and even occasionally other large predators if the opportunity arises. Similar to many of the larger crocodile species, the Orinoco crocodile has also been observed catching and eating smaller species of crocodilians, such as adult
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diet. Additionally, as they age, mature males in particular appear to manifest a broadened snout, presumably due to a shift to being able to take larger prey as is seen in several other large crocodile species. It stalks both
3629:
1519:. The Orinoco crocodile was given protected status in the 1970s, but has yet to recover. Today, it is protected both in Colombia and Venezuela, and also included on Appendix I by
1341:, but this has not been confirmed, and witnesses may have mistaken an American crocodile for the rarer species. This crocodile was once thought to have inhabited a wide range of
2502:) in Venezuela", pp. 267–285 in Crocodiles: Proceedings of the 5th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN–The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland.
1510:
A Orinoco crocodile near its wild range in Los Llanos, Venezuela in a captive breeding program intended to bolster the severely depleted population of these crocodiles.
1718:
Hekkala, E.; Gatesy, J.; Narechania, A.; Meredith, R.; Russello, M.; Aardema, M. L.; Jensen, E.; Montanari, S.; Brochu, C.; Norell, M.; Amato, G. (27 April 2021).
2078:
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372:. Extensively hunted for their skins in the 19th and 20th centuries, it is one of the most endangered species of crocodiles. It is a very large species of
1595:"Phylogenetic analysis of a new morphological dataset elucidates the evolutionary history of Crocodylia and resolves the long-standing gharial problem"
1535:, a smaller crocodilian that can outcompete the Orinoco crocodile for fish due to its much larger population and much more accelerated breeding rates.
1905:
Erickson, G. M.; Gignac, P. M.; Steppan, S. J.; Lappin, A. K.; Vliet, K. A.; Brueggen, J. A.; Inouye, B. D.; Kledzik, D. & Webb, G. J. W. (2012).
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2380:
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1305:(which is closely related to it, despite its substantially different range), and additionally rank 4th amongst all extant crocodilians behind the
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2518:
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Lafferriere, N. A. R.; Antelo, R.; Alda, F.; Mårtensson, D.; Hailer, F.; Castroviejo-Fisher, S.; Doadrio, I.; Vilá, C. & Amato, G. (2016).
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419:, challenging the general view by locals complaining about crocodiles hunting local fish to very low numbers. Reproduction takes place in the
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It's unclear how many individuals remain in the wild, but estimates range between 250 and 1500. The largest subpopulation in
Venezuela is in
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1687:
1268:
In spite of its somewhat narrow snout, the
Orinoco crocodile is both a formidable apex predator and one of the world's largest reptiles.
383:
The ecology of the
Orinoco crocodile is poorly documented in the wild, mostly due to its small population. It is thought to have a more
3103:
3507:
1907:"Insights into the ecology and evolutionary success of crocodilians revealed through bite-force and tooth-pressure experimentation"
1554:
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1523:. In addition to hunting for its hide, more recent threats include the collection of juveniles for sale in the live animal trade,
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The
Orinoco crocodile can be recognised by its relatively long snout, which is narrower than that of the somewhat similar-looking
3546:
3690:
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2136:
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1984:
1697:
3551:
2551:
1720:"Paleogenomics illuminates the evolutionary history of the extinct Holocene "horned" crocodile of Madagascar, Voay robustus"
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1832:
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392:
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1828:"Tip-dating and homoplasy: reconciling the shallow molecular divergences of modern gharials with their long fossil"
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outwards towards Southeast Asia and the Americas, although an Australia/Asia origin has also been considered.
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148:
2613:
Promise for the Survival of the Orinoco Crocodile: a strong commitment from the private sector in Venezuela
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1453:
3333:
1649:
Balaguera-Reina, S.A.; Espinosa-Blanco, A.; Antelo, R.; Morales-Betancourt, M. & Seijas, A. (2020) .
1572:. Thanks to that program, between May 2015 and February 2016, 41 orinoco crocodiles were reintroduced at
1648:
3328:
605:
185:
2511:
2328:
2311:
585:
2864:
2632:
2341:
Thorbjarnarson, J. B., & Hernández, G. (1993). "Reproductive ecology of the Orinoco crocodile (
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641:
3616:
1779:"A time-calibrated species tree of Crocodylia reveals a recent radiation of the true crocodiles"
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Does skull morphology constrain bone ornamentation? A morphometric analysis in the Crocodylia
2003:
Thorbjarnarson, J. B.; Hernández, G. (1993). "Reproductive ecology of the Orinoco crocodile (
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is not as profound as in other crocodilian species. The coloration is light even in adults.
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3002:
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2966:
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2473:
2414:
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Clarac, F., Souter, T., Cubo, J., De Buffrénil, V., Brochu, C., & Cornette, R. (2016).
1918:
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Crocodile Specialist Group – Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan, 2nd edition.
8:
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Ramo, C.; Busto, B. & Utrera, A. (1992). "Breeding and rearing the Orinoco crocodile
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813:
133:
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1922:
1546:, with fewer than 500 adults remaining. A number of other smaller subpopulations exist.
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when the water level is low. It is a hole nester and digs holes in the sand for its
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2016:
1936:
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1445:, but any details of this attack (including when exactly it happened) are lacking.
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866:
253:
240:
28:
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1895:. IUCN/SSC Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
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in the upper Orinoco River region. Another problem is the increased population of
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1931:
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1431:
An Orinoco crocodile splashes into the water in the savanna near Mani, Colombia.
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3263:
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2789:
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Greer, A. E. (1974). "On the Maximum Total Length of the Salt-Water Crocodile (
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153:
70:
2250:
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2399:"Multiple paternity in a reintroduced population of the Orinoco crocodile (
1950:
1865:
1846:
1804:
1763:
1632:
1289:
525:
453:
2340:
2063:
2042:
Cohen, M. M.; Gans, C. (1970). "The chromosomes of the order Crocodilia".
1568:, a program launched in 2014 to protect 10 wildlife species of Colombia's
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486:
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283:
263:
90:
55:
2079:"Critically Endangered Orinoco Crocodiles Coming to Gladys Porter Zoo"
2055:
2007:) in Venezuela. I. Nesting ecology and egg and clutch relationships".
1893:
Crocodiles: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. Second Edition
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3295:
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3205:
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1524:
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365:
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95:
39:
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2020:
1557:, of which the largest population, 35 individuals, were kept in the
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1230:
369:
217:
85:
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65:
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50:
32:
2251:"Crocodilian Species - Orinoco Crocodile (Crocodylus intermedius)"
2002:
1441:
second survivor was reported in 2011 to live in La Palmita at the
360:. Its population is very small, and they can only be found in the
3299:
3190:
2700:
1409:
1306:
1241:
475:
408:
227:
100:
75:
2292:
Barrio-Amoros, C.L. (February 2011). "Orinoco Croc Encounters".
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1221:
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170:
164:
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Natural history and conservation of the Orinoco crocodile (
2098:"Journey of 7 Orinoco Crocodiles from Venezuela to Denmark"
1405:
1401:
539:
514:
462:
428:
416:
400:
2903:
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1528:
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in the Americas. It is arguably, on average, the largest
1592:
1337:. They have been occasionally reported on the island of
460:
diverging from its closest recent relative, the extinct
2599:. Fox News (15 February 2016). Retrieved on 2019-01-25.
2345:) in Venezuela. II. Reproductive and social behavior".
2125:
Biología y conservación de los Crocodylia de Colombia
1396:
prey. As a large adult, terrestrial prey may include
415:
on occasion. Its prey base is mostly large predatory
2578:"Venezuela's Fitful Effort to Save a Scaly Predator"
2498:
Blohm, T. (1982). "Husbandry of Orinoco crocodiles (
2041:
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foothills. Today, this species is restricted to the
953:
933:
664:
645:
609:
589:
543:
2291:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2597:Endangered Colombian crocodiles get a helping hand
2095:
1972:
2323:CrocBITE, Worldwide Crocodilian Attack Database:
2306:CrocBITE, Worldwide Crocodilian Attack Database:
2076:
1998:
1996:
1826:Michael S. Y. Lee; Adam M. Yates (27 June 2018).
3657:
2280:
2204:
2121:
2403:) at the El Frío Biological Station, Venezuela"
2647:
2392:
2390:
1993:
1776:
1549:In November 2007, 50 individuals were held in
489:study by Lee & Yates simultaneously using
3271:
2633:
2198:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1374:The hunting strategy of the Orinoco crocodile
2379:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2165:
3666:IUCN Red List critically endangered species
3104:Central African slender-snouted crocodile (
2387:
2230:
2111:(2). IUCN - Species Survival Commission: 8.
1975:The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats
1970:
1819:
1357:and associated seasonal freshwater rivers.
1320:
512:study using DNA extracted from the extinct
127:Orinoco crocodile in Los Llanos, Venezuela
3278:
3264:
2640:
2626:
2552:"Captives held in zoos registered by ISIS"
2151:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1706:
505:age) data, as revised by the 2021 Hekkala
328:
142:
118:
2928:
2436:
2426:
1940:
1930:
1855:
1845:
1794:
1753:
1735:
1622:
1612:
3095:West African slender snouted crocodile (
2733:
1593:Rio, J. P. & Mannion, P. D. (2021).
1505:
1452:
1426:
1369:
1263:
1220:
470:, around 25 million years ago, near the
2528:
1770:
1692:. Oxford University Press. p. 76.
1689:The Amazon: What Everyone Needs to Know
1685:
1383:, its base snout is wide, hinting to a
1360:
3658:
2505:
2267:. Journal of Anatomy, 229(2), 292-301.
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1644:
1642:
1586:
1501:
1272:The Orinoco crocodile ranks among the
3397:
3396:
3259:
3166:
3165:
2902:
2699:
2621:
2214:Crocodile Specialist Group Newsletter
2105:Crocodile Specialist Group Newsletter
1564:The Orinoco crocodile became part of
1424:smaller individuals of its own kind.
2544:
2205:Whitaker, R.; Whitaker, N. (2008).
1957:
1872:
1660:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1639:
1365:
13:
1833:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
1325:This species is restricted to the
1216:
14:
3707:
2606:
3377:Famous crocodiles and alligators
3239:
2331:, Northern Territory, Australia.
2314:, Northern Territory, Australia.
1796:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01373.x
1574:El Tuparro National Natural Park
1128:
1071:
1015:
869:
846:
816:
725:
448:likely originated in Africa and
184:
43:
2590:
2570:
2492:
2453:
2334:
2325:Orinoco crocodile, 15 June 2009
2317:
2300:
2270:
2257:
2243:
2224:
2159:
2115:
2089:
2070:
2035:
1448:
2239:. Madrid: Asociación Chelonia.
1898:
1679:
395:predatory behaviour. It is an
1:
3691:Crocodilians of South America
2949:Hall's New Guinea crocodile (
1579:
431:and young for several years.
2486:10.1016/0006-3207(92)91160-T
2428:10.1371/journal.pone.0150245
1932:10.1371/journal.pone.0031781
7:
3334:Madras Crocodile Bank Trust
2096:Alvaro Velasco, B. (2023).
434:
10:
3712:
3686:Reptiles described in 1819
3329:List of crurotarsan genera
3137:Osborn’s dwarf crocodile (
2077:Gladys Porter Zoo (2011).
1737:10.1038/s42003-021-02017-0
1461:When water recedes in the
606:Crocodylus thorbjarnarsoni
399:and preys on a variety of
3405:
3347:
3306:
3235:
3203:
3179:
3175:
3161:
3116:
3083:
3073:
2919:
2915:
2898:
2853:
2829:
2787:
2770:
2716:
2712:
2695:
2657:
2329:Charles Darwin University
2312:Charles Darwin University
2237:Graves, 1819) in Colombia
2122:Carlos A. Lasso. (2013).
1686:Plotkin, Mark J. (2020).
1276:, as well as the largest
1120:
1102:
1095:
1063:
1045:
1038:
1031:
1007:
1000:
982:
975:
946:
926:
919:
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838:
831:
808:
801:
765:
747:
740:
717:
710:
703:
695:
658:
638:
631:
602:
586:Crocodylus anthropophagus
582:
575:
568:
561:
536:
529:
336:
327:
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305:
181:Scientific classification
179:
162:
140:
131:
126:
117:
23:
3057:West African crocodile (
2706:(Alligators and caimans)
2207:"Who's got the biggest?"
1527:, and the proposal of a
1457:Orinoco crocodile's head
1321:Distribution and habitat
427:. The females guard the
3357:Fatal alligator attacks
3106:Mecistops leptorhynchus
2874:Smooth-fronted caiman (
2865:Cuvier's dwarf caiman (
2466:Biological Conservation
1979:. Sterling Pub Co Inc.
1777:Oaks, Jamie R. (2011).
1566:Proyecto Vida Silvestre
1472:American black vultures
1284:in the Americas; while
1274:largest living reptiles
1259:
750:Crocodylus novaeguineae
642:Crocodylus palaeindicus
3464:crocodylus-intermedius
3451:Crocodylus_intermedius
3437:Crocodylus intermedius
3407:Crocodylus intermedius
3097:Mecistops cataphractus
3003:New Guinea crocodile (
2976:Philippine crocodile (
2967:Freshwater crocodile (
2808:Broad-snouted caiman (
2537:Crocodylus intermedius
2514:Crocodylus intermedius
2500:Crocodylus intermedius
2462:Crocodylus intermedius
2401:Crocodylus intermedius
2347:Journal of Herpetology
2343:Crocodylus intermedius
2235:Crocodylus intermedius
2172:Journal of Herpetology
2009:Journal of Herpetology
2005:Crocodylus intermedius
1847:10.1098/rspb.2018.1071
1724:Communications Biology
1653:Crocodylus intermedius
1511:
1458:
1438:Alexander von Humboldt
1432:
1375:
1349:to the streams of the
1269:
1233:
1105:Crocodylus intermedius
988:West African crocodile
950:Crocodylus falconensis
910:Africa+New World
768:Crocodylus mindorensis
350:Crocodylus intermedius
316:Crocodylus intermedius
3681:Reptiles of Venezuela
3612:Paleobiology Database
3021:Saltwater crocodile (
2985:Morelet's crocodile (
1576:in eastern Colombia.
1559:Dallas World Aquarium
1509:
1456:
1430:
1373:
1267:
1225:Orinoco crocodile in
1224:
391:nature, resulting in
355:critically endangered
149:Critically Endangered
3676:Reptiles of Colombia
3286:Related articles on
2940:American crocodile (
2745:American alligator (
2231:Merchán, M. (2011).
1971:Wood, G. L. (1983).
1361:Behavior and ecology
1066:Crocodylus rhombifer
1048:Crocodylus moreletii
1010:Crocodylus niloticus
930:Crocodylus checchiai
864:Crocodylus palustris
841:Crocodylus siamensis
771:Philippine crocodile
753:New Guinea crocodile
723:Freshwater crocodile
720:Crocodylus johnstoni
3246:Reptiles portal
3048:Siamese crocodile (
2958:Orinoco crocodile (
2799:Spectacled caiman (
2754:Chinese alligator (
2747:A. mississippiensis
2478:1992BCons..60..101R
2419:2016PLoSO..1150245R
2277:October 1984. IUCN.
1923:2012PLoSO...731781E
1667:: e.T5661A181089024
1614:10.7717/peerj.12094
1502:Conservation status
1299:saltwater crocodile
1286:American crocodiles
1051:Morelet's crocodile
814:Saltwater crocodile
298:C. intermedius
134:Conservation status
3319:Foramen of Panizza
3030:Borneo crocodile (
3012:Mugger crocodile (
2586:, 25 December 2013
2583:The New York Times
2558:on 9 February 2008
2521:1 May 2006 at the
2168:Crocodylus porosus
1891:Ross, R.P. (1998)
1533:spectacled caimans
1512:
1459:
1433:
1376:
1294:American alligator
1270:
1238:American crocodile
1234:
1126:American crocodile
811:Crocodylus porosus
456:evidence supports
16:Species of reptile
3653:
3652:
3599:Open Tree of Life
3399:Taxon identifiers
3390:
3389:
3362:Crocodile attacks
3339:The Croc Festival
3314:Crocodilian armor
3253:
3252:
3231:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3157:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3128:Dwarf crocodile (
3069:
3068:
3039:Cuban crocodile (
2910:
2909:(True crocodiles)
2894:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2781:
2766:
2765:
2727:
2707:
2308:Orinoco crocodile
2294:Reptiles Magazine
2138:978-958-8343-87-7
2131:. . p. 113.
2056:10.1159/000130080
1986:978-0-85112-235-9
1789:(11): 3285–3297.
1699:978-0-19-066829-7
1213:
1212:
1204:
1203:
1195:
1194:
1186:
1185:
1177:
1176:
1168:
1167:
1159:
1158:
1150:
1149:
1141:
1140:
1123:Crocodylus acutus
1108:Orinoco crocodile
1084:
1083:
985:Crocodylus suchus
964:
963:
900:
899:
891:
890:
882:
881:
844:Siamese crocodile
790:
789:
781:
780:
684:
683:
675:
674:
620:
619:
378:Sexual dimorphism
345:Orinoco crocodile
341:
340:
174:
157:
24:Orinoco crocodile
3703:
3646:
3645:
3633:
3632:
3620:
3619:
3607:
3606:
3594:
3593:
3581:
3580:
3568:
3567:
3555:
3554:
3542:
3541:
3529:
3528:
3516:
3515:
3503:
3502:
3490:
3489:
3480:
3479:
3467:
3466:
3454:
3453:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3426:
3425:
3424:
3394:
3393:
3280:
3273:
3266:
3257:
3256:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3177:
3176:
3163:
3162:
3081:
3080:
2994:Nile crocodile (
2926:
2925:
2917:
2916:
2908:
2900:
2899:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2714:
2713:
2705:
2697:
2696:
2642:
2635:
2628:
2619:
2618:
2600:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2554:. Archived from
2548:
2542:
2532:
2526:
2509:
2503:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2440:
2430:
2394:
2385:
2384:
2378:
2370:
2338:
2332:
2321:
2315:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2289:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2211:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2150:
2142:
2130:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2102:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2000:
1991:
1990:
1978:
1968:
1955:
1954:
1944:
1934:
1902:
1896:
1889:
1870:
1869:
1859:
1849:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1798:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1757:
1739:
1715:
1704:
1703:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1646:
1637:
1636:
1626:
1616:
1590:
1414:domestic animals
1366:Hunting and diet
1347:tropical forests
1311:Guinness Records
1132:
1098:
1097:
1075:
1041:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1019:
1003:
1002:
978:
977:
955:
935:
922:
921:
915:
914:
873:
867:Mugger crocodile
850:
834:
833:
820:
804:
803:
743:
742:
729:
713:
712:
706:
705:
698:
697:
666:
647:
634:
633:
611:
591:
578:
577:
571:
570:
564:
563:
545:
532:
531:
522:
521:
485:based on a 2018
332:
318:
254:Archosauriformes
241:Archosauromorpha
189:
188:
168:
151:
146:
145:
122:
112:
42:
29:Late Pleistocene
27:Temporal range:
21:
20:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3649:
3641:
3636:
3628:
3623:
3615:
3610:
3602:
3597:
3589:
3586:Observation.org
3584:
3576:
3571:
3563:
3558:
3550:
3545:
3537:
3532:
3524:
3519:
3511:
3506:
3498:
3493:
3485:
3483:
3475:
3470:
3462:
3457:
3449:
3444:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3401:
3391:
3386:
3382:Sewer alligator
3372:Crocodile tears
3349:
3343:
3302:
3284:
3254:
3249:
3240:
3238:
3223:
3215:False gharial (
3199:
3171:
3145:
3112:
3077:
3065:
3005:C. novaeguineae
2911:
2882:
2849:
2825:
2817:Yacare caiman (
2777:
2776:
2774:
2762:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2708:
2691:
2687:Crocodylomorpha
2653:
2646:
2609:
2604:
2603:
2595:
2591:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2561:
2559:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2533:
2529:
2523:Wayback Machine
2512:Information on
2510:
2506:
2497:
2493:
2464:in Venezuela".
2458:
2454:
2413:(3): e0150245.
2395:
2388:
2372:
2371:
2359:10.2307/1564822
2339:
2335:
2322:
2318:
2305:
2301:
2290:
2281:
2275:
2271:
2262:
2258:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2229:
2225:
2209:
2203:
2199:
2184:10.2307/1562913
2164:
2160:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2128:
2120:
2116:
2100:
2094:
2090:
2075:
2071:
2040:
2036:
2021:10.2307/1564821
2001:
1994:
1987:
1969:
1958:
1903:
1899:
1890:
1873:
1824:
1820:
1775:
1771:
1716:
1707:
1700:
1684:
1680:
1670:
1668:
1647:
1640:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1504:
1451:
1368:
1363:
1345:habitats, from
1323:
1262:
1254:
1219:
1217:Characteristics
1214:
1205:
1196:
1187:
1178:
1169:
1160:
1151:
1142:
1085:
1069:Cuban crocodile
1029:New World
965:
901:
892:
883:
791:
782:
701:Asia+Australia
685:
676:
621:
437:
323:
320:
314:
301:
183:
175:
158:
147:
143:
136:
113:
111:
110:
109:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
37:
36:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3709:
3699:
3698:
3696:Apex predators
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3634:
3621:
3608:
3595:
3582:
3569:
3556:
3543:
3530:
3517:
3504:
3491:
3481:
3468:
3455:
3442:
3427:
3411:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3367:Crocodile farm
3364:
3359:
3353:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3303:
3283:
3282:
3275:
3268:
3260:
3251:
3250:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3211:
3209:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3187:
3185:
3173:
3172:
3159:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3134:
3124:
3122:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3101:
3091:
3089:
3078:
3071:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3054:
3045:
3036:
3027:
3018:
3009:
3000:
2991:
2982:
2978:C. mindorensis
2973:
2964:
2960:C. intermedius
2955:
2946:
2936:
2934:
2923:
2913:
2912:
2896:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2871:
2867:P. palpebrosus
2861:
2859:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2841:Black caiman (
2837:
2835:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2814:
2810:C. latirostris
2805:
2795:
2793:
2782:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2751:
2741:
2739:
2728:
2710:
2709:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2683:
2677:
2671:
2665:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2645:
2644:
2637:
2630:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2608:
2607:External links
2605:
2602:
2601:
2589:
2569:
2543:
2527:
2504:
2491:
2472:(2): 101–108.
2452:
2386:
2353:(4): 371–379.
2333:
2316:
2299:
2279:
2269:
2256:
2242:
2223:
2197:
2178:(4): 381–384.
2158:
2137:
2114:
2088:
2083:prnewswire.com
2069:
2034:
2015:(4): 363–370.
1992:
1985:
1956:
1897:
1871:
1818:
1769:
1705:
1698:
1678:
1638:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1553:registered by
1503:
1500:
1450:
1447:
1420:and sometimes
1418:common caimans
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1355:Llanos savanna
1322:
1319:
1303:Nile crocodile
1261:
1258:
1252:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1013:Nile crocodile
1006:
1001:
999:
996:
995:
992:
991:
981:
976:
974:
971:
970:
967:
966:
962:
961:
958:
957:
945:
942:
941:
938:
937:
925:
920:
918:
913:
911:
907:
906:
903:
902:
898:
897:
894:
893:
889:
888:
885:
884:
880:
879:
876:
875:
860:
857:
856:
853:
852:
837:
832:
830:
827:
826:
823:
822:
807:
802:
800:
797:
796:
793:
792:
788:
787:
784:
783:
779:
778:
775:
774:
764:
761:
760:
757:
756:
746:
741:
739:
736:
735:
732:
731:
716:
711:
709:
704:
702:
696:
694:
691:
690:
687:
686:
682:
681:
678:
677:
673:
672:
669:
668:
657:
654:
653:
650:
649:
637:
632:
630:
627:
626:
623:
622:
618:
617:
614:
613:
601:
598:
597:
594:
593:
581:
576:
574:
569:
567:
562:
560:
552:
551:
548:
547:
535:
530:
528:
520:
495:DNA sequencing
436:
433:
425:clutch of eggs
339:
338:
337:Range (green)
334:
333:
325:
324:
321:
310:
309:
303:
302:
295:
293:
289:
288:
281:
277:
276:
271:
267:
266:
261:
257:
256:
251:
244:
243:
238:
231:
230:
225:
221:
220:
215:
211:
210:
205:
201:
200:
195:
191:
190:
177:
176:
163:
160:
159:
141:
138:
137:
132:
129:
128:
124:
123:
115:
114:
106:
105:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3708:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3644:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3482:
3478:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3447:
3443:
3438:
3432:
3428:
3423:
3417:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3395:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3346:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3281:
3276:
3274:
3269:
3267:
3262:
3261:
3258:
3248:
3247:
3234:
3220:
3218:
3217:T. schlegelii
3213:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3196:
3194:
3193:G. gangeticus
3189:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3160:
3142:
3140:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3115:
3109:
3107:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3075:Osteolaeminae
3072:
3062:
3060:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2907:
2901:
2897:
2879:
2877:
2876:P. trigonatus
2872:
2870:
2868:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2846:
2844:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2822:
2820:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2801:C. crocodilus
2797:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2783:
2773:
2769:
2759:
2757:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2729:
2719:
2718:Alligatorinae
2715:
2711:
2704:
2703:Alligatoridae
2698:
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2045:
2038:
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1327:Orinoco river
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1290:black caimans
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663:Tirari Desert
662:
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550:
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533:
527:
524:
523:
519:
517:
516:
511:
510:paleogenomics
508:
504:
500:
499:stratigraphic
496:
493:, molecular (
492:
491:morphological
488:
484:
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
464:
459:
455:
451:
447:
446:
442:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
397:apex predator
394:
390:
389:opportunistic
387:diet with an
386:
381:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
362:Orinoco river
359:
356:
352:
351:
346:
335:
331:
326:
319:
317:
311:
308:
307:Binomial name
304:
300:
299:
294:
291:
290:
287:
286:
282:
279:
278:
275:
272:
269:
268:
265:
262:
259:
258:
255:
252:
249:
246:
245:
242:
239:
236:
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229:
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223:
222:
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209:
206:
203:
202:
199:
196:
193:
192:
187:
182:
178:
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161:
155:
150:
139:
135:
130:
125:
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116:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
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22:
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3671:Crocodylidae
3406:
3237:
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3192:
3180:
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3130:O. tetraspis
3129:
3117:
3105:
3096:
3084:
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3050:C. siamensis
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3041:C. rhombifer
3040:
3031:
3022:
3014:C. palustris
3013:
3004:
2996:C. niloticus
2995:
2987:C. moreletii
2986:
2977:
2969:C. johnstoni
2968:
2959:
2957:
2950:
2941:
2929:
2921:Crocodylinae
2906:Crocodylidae
2875:
2866:
2854:
2842:
2832:Melanosuchus
2830:
2818:
2809:
2800:
2788:
2755:
2746:
2734:
2724:(Alligators)
2685:Superorder:
2679:(unranked):
2592:
2581:
2572:
2560:. Retrieved
2556:the original
2546:
2536:
2530:
2513:
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2494:
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2375:cite journal
2350:
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2108:
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2082:
2072:
2047:
2044:Cytogenetics
2043:
2037:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1974:
1914:
1910:
1900:
1892:
1837:
1831:
1821:
1786:
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1772:
1727:
1723:
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1681:
1669:. Retrieved
1664:
1658:
1652:
1604:
1598:
1588:
1565:
1563:
1548:
1537:
1513:
1494:, and other
1476:tegu lizards
1467:tegu lizards
1460:
1449:Reproduction
1434:
1377:
1324:
1271:
1249:(1,411
1235:
1122:
1121:
1107:
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640:
639:
604:
603:
584:
583:
555:
538:
537:
526:Crocodylinae
513:
506:
480:
461:
457:
454:Phylogenetic
443:
438:
411:, including
382:
349:
348:
344:
342:
322:Graves, 1819
315:
313:
297:
296:
284:
274:Crocodylidae
247:
234:
18:
3630:intermedius
3521:iNaturalist
3431:Wikispecies
3350:interaction
3119:Osteolaemus
2856:Paleosuchus
2756:A. sinensis
2681:Archosauria
2650:Crocodilian
2220:(4): 26−30.
1394:terrestrial
1282:crocodilian
1245:6,276
481:Below is a
385:piscivorous
374:crocodilian
38:0.1–0
3660:Categories
3324:Gastralium
3296:crocodiles
3288:alligators
3169:Gavialidae
3139:O. osborni
3032:C. raninus
3023:C. porosus
2931:Crocodylus
2772:Caimaninae
2562:9 November
1730:(1): 505.
1671:22 January
1607:: e12094.
1580:References
1555:Species360
1517:extinction
1496:carnivores
1463:dry season
1385:generalist
661:Crocodylus
557:Crocodylus
487:tip dating
478:boundary.
468:Madagascar
458:Crocodylus
445:Crocodylus
421:dry season
393:generalist
285:Crocodylus
264:Crocodilia
167:Appendix I
3206:Tomistoma
3191:Gharial (
3086:Mecistops
3059:C. suchus
2942:C. acutus
2819:C. yacare
2778:(Caimans)
2736:Alligator
2661:Kingdom:
2535:IUCN/SSC
2147:cite book
1783:Evolution
1746:2399-3642
1525:pollution
1480:anacondas
1331:Venezuela
1329:basin in
1315:Venezuela
483:cladogram
472:Oligocene
366:Venezuela
364:basin in
358:crocodile
292:Species:
204:Kingdom:
198:Eukaryota
3638:Species+
3539:10368646
3416:Wikidata
3300:gharials
3182:Gavialis
2951:C. halli
2843:M. niger
2675:Reptilia
2669:Chordata
2667:Phylum:
2663:Animalia
2519:Archived
2447:26982578
2407:PLOS ONE
2296:: 48–53.
1951:22431965
1911:PLOS ONE
1866:30051855
1840:(1881).
1805:22023592
1764:33907305
1633:34567843
1410:reptiles
1408:, other
1343:riparian
1339:Trinidad
1335:Colombia
1292:and the
1278:predator
1231:Colombia
450:radiated
435:Taxonomy
409:reptiles
370:Colombia
270:Family:
228:Reptilia
218:Chordata
214:Phylum:
208:Animalia
194:Domain:
154:IUCN 3.1
3604:1035832
3513:2441344
3422:Q272395
3292:caimans
3167:Family
2904:Family
2701:Family
2673:Class:
2652:species
2648:Extant
2525:ARKIVE.
2474:Bibcode
2438:4794145
2415:Bibcode
2367:1564822
2192:1562913
2064:5461083
2029:1564821
1942:3303775
1919:Bibcode
1857:6030529
1813:7254442
1755:8079395
1624:8428266
1540:Cojedes
1492:jaguars
1484:caimans
1398:monkeys
1390:aquatic
1307:gharial
1242:melanin
497:), and
476:Miocene
413:caimans
405:mammals
353:) is a
280:Genus:
260:Order:
224:Class:
169: (
152: (
107:↓
33:Present
3617:321261
3578:184240
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3500:795281
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1570:Llanos
1544:Sarare
1488:coatis
507:et al.
503:fossil
3643:11271
3591:98390
3534:IRMNG
3526:26081
3348:Human
2363:JSTOR
2210:(PDF)
2188:JSTOR
2129:(PDF)
2101:(PDF)
2025:JSTOR
1809:S2CID
1600:PeerJ
1521:CITES
1406:birds
1381:skull
1351:Andes
441:genus
429:nests
401:birds
248:Clade
235:Clade
171:CITES
165:CITES
3573:NCBI
3565:5661
3560:IUCN
3547:ITIS
3508:GBIF
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3298:and
2564:2007
2443:PMID
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1673:2022
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1551:zoos
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1392:and
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1301:and
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463:Voay
439:The
417:fish
407:and
368:and
343:The
46:PreꞒ
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3472:CoL
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2482:doi
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2017:doi
1937:PMC
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