581:. Owners of inactive wells can choose to suspend operations indeterminately, without going through the costly process of decommissioning, remediation and reclamation. Many suspended wells are orphaned, or simply deserted. They may still have oil, but are rarely recertified. They are mainly on private property whose landowners have limited recourse for having them removed, maintaining the site, or collecting surface rights access fees. Suspended wells have the highest risk of methane gas leaks, which increases with the age of the well. Of all the inactive wells in Alberta, 29% â27,532 wellsâhave been suspended for more than a decade without being either "abandoned" or reactivated, as of March 25, 2021. There is no limit on the amount of time an inactive well can remain suspended under existing AER regulations, even though the danger of leakage increases with the age of the well. The lack of a time limit favours well owners who can avoid paying $ 75,000 to $ 100,000 to reclaim a wellsite, by paying only several thousand a year in surface rights access and municipal taxes. It is a liability for the ranchers on whose lands the wells are left. These suspended, inactive, "zombie" wells have become a "hazardous threat to public safety."
93:
indefinitely, this is not the case in some oil producing states, such as North Dakota. Daryl
Bennett, who represents landowners through both My Landman Group and Action Surface Rights "in disputes involving resource companies", said that there were 170,000 unreclaimed sites that require cleaning. These unreclaimed wells were licensed by the province to oil and gas operators under Alberta's mineral rights provision, by which landowners only have surfaceânot below the surface mineral rightsâand have no right of refusal to prevent a well being drilled on their property. When the wells were producing, landowners benefitted, as operators pay an annual fee to lease and access the site. When operators go bankrupt or simply cannot be relocated, landowners are left with these aging wells with no recourse. By 2001, there were about 59,000 farms with at least one well on their property. By 2023, wells and pumpjacks dot the landscape across much of rural Alberta with a well for almost every 1.4 km (0.54 sq mi).
518:, now called Ministry of Environment and Protected Areas. Not all orphan and legacy wells are managed by the OWA. The regulator and the ministry also manage legacy and orphan wells that existed prior to the enactment of environmental legislation in 2000. The AER and the ministryâboth under the jurisdiction of the government of Albertaâinterpret their responsibilities differently. Each says the other has the responsibility to pay for and clean up oil and gas sites liabilities. This resulted in neither the regulatory nor the ministry taking "responsibility "for sites, even when evidence showed otherwise." There was a lack of information on funding sources for cleaning up sites as well as a lack of up-to-date cost estimates, and site prioritization. While regulatory AER staff maintained a list of legacy and orphan sites under its management, the list was not shared with AER's own financial staff until the list was uncovered through the OAG's audit. The list also included cost estimates with other similar sites.
204:
589:
be reactivated. These wells may also be relicensed by AER as "re-entered" if a new owner takes over the site. The risk of leakage is higher in a suspended inactive well than in a well that the AER calls, "responsibly abandoned"â"rendered permanently incapable of flow and capped". Suspended inactive older wells present the highest risk of leakage. The risk of leakage in an inactive well increases with the amount of time it has been inactive without being properly closed down. Twenty-nine percent of all inactive wells in
Albertaâ27,532 wellsâhave been suspended for more than a decade without being either "abandoned" or reactivated, as of March 25, 2021. AER's Directive 020: Well Abandonment deals with suspended wells.
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contamination, and loss of compensation from bankrupt companies. Insolvent operators owe landowners "tens of millions" in unpaid surface rights lease payments, and/or transfer costs, such as taxes onto the landowners. These delinquent operators owe municipalities $ 268 million in unpaid taxes Rural
Municipalities of Alberta (RMA) says this represents an increase of 261%, since 2018âdespite industry recording multi-billions in profits. This will result in service cuts or tax increases at the municipal level. The level of unpaid taxes reported in was "unprecedented" and presented a "unique challenge that has not been experienced by municipalities in Alberta before."
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677:, who own some of Lexin Resources Ltd. assets, may share the responsibility for Lexin's AROs. Lexin had said that it would not be able to maintain its sour gas wells as of mid-February. The enforcement effectively placed Lexin in receivership with these wells and the Mazeppa Gas Plant being added to OWA's Inventory of orphan wells. AER sued Lexin to "recover money it is allegedly owed" saying that, "It is not open for a licensee, when times get tough, to transfer the burdens associated with holding AER licenses to the AER and/or the OWA." About 50% of the newly orphaned wells were the result of 2017 MFC/Lexin 1,400 wells OWA transfer.
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from bankruptcies. The AER says that it is the RMA's role to collect taxes. A lawyer representing Action
Surface Rights, a landowners group, Christine Laing, called on the AER to use the power it has more often and in a timely fashion to "protect the public interest". Cases, such as Lexin and Sequoia, shed light on the complexity and opacity of ownership groups. It also drew attention to the way in which AER licensed, and ATB Financial provided loans, to small limited liability companies that had insufficient financing. This allowed them to take on risky legacy wells, then declare bankruptcy and avoid paying for clean up.
731:
967:'s (UCP) neglect of orphan wells and other oil patch liabilities in the province. The report said that even though the number of inactive wells increased every year since 2000âexcept for the year that the federal government provided $ 1.2 billion dollarsâoperators still have no timelines for site remediation. Two major issues have not been dealt withâ"so-called 'legacy sites' and "inadequate security collected". Current AER liability management processes to mitigate risks "associated with closure of oil and gas infrastructure" are not "well-designed" and are not effective. Martin Olszynski, a
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decommissioning and restoration work for which they were responsible. Many of these wells become orphan wells. In this way, companies misuse the bankruptcy process to keep their valuable assets. The OWA says as owners shirk their responsibility the collective becomes responsible for the liabilities. Fifty percent of the delinquent wells are owned by small companies that have insufficient finances but are still able to produce and collect revenue. There is a direct correlation between these abandoned wells' environmental liabilities, unpaid taxes, and unpaid surface payments to landowners.
76:
22:
616:âa provincial Crown corporation and financial service that lends money to oil and gas companies, including Redwaterâwent to court to recover its investments through Redwater's assets. Redwater's bankruptcy trustee agreed that the banks and other creditors should collect first and any environmental liabilities, such as orphan wells, should get the leftovers. When two lower courts agreed with the trustee in 2016 and 2016, both the OWA and AER appealed their decisions before the Supreme Court of Canada. The SCC overturned the lower court decisions in
858:, a total of 617 billion m of methane was released into atmosphere through venting (GM and SCVF) and flaring in Alberta during 2016, which has been constantly decreasing since 2012. Among the total emitted gas, 81 âŁâŁâŁâŁmillion m originated from 9,972 unrepaired wells by GM and SCVF. Historically, there are 18,829 repaired and unrepaired wells reported with SCVF, GM, or both in Alberta, with 7.0% of them being inactive (9,530 wells suspended and orphaned). Wells with reported gas migration issues within Alberta are shown by Bachu in 2017.
822:
175:
405:(CAPP) and Explorers and Producers Association of Canada (EPAC). CAPP's members produce about 80% of oil and gas in Canada. The levy is based on the "estimated cost of decommissioning and reclamation activities for the upcoming fiscal year". Prior to 2017, the energy industry paid $ 15 million a year into the fund. It doubled to $ 30 million in 2017. For the fiscal year 2021/2022 it was set at $ 65 million. Critics say that this levy is inadequate to cover the costs of the orphan wells clean up.
510:"growing number of licensees abandoning wells in an unprofitable market in bankruptcy proceedings." The changes gave AER the authority to refuse or grant licenses based on past behaviour, for example licensees with a "history, or a higher risk, of non-compliance". Previously, energy companies could get a license by paying a small down payment as long as they had an address, and some insurance. Revised compliance rules cover operational, pipeline, and emission issues.
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global oil prices in 2014. Crude oil prices dropped to near ten-year low prices. There were concerns that nearly a third of oil companies could go bankrupt. It was the longest oil price decline since the 1980s. That downturn resulted in what the CBC described in 2019 as a "tsunami" of orphaned oil and gas wells. By 2017, there were "3,127 wells that need to be plugged or abandoned, and a further 1,553 sites that have been abandoned but still need to be reclaimed".
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797:(IPCC) scientists warned that methane gas leakage from abandoned oil and gas wells were a serious contributing factor in climate change. The IPCC recommended that United Nations member countries track and publish methane leakage from abandoned oil and gas wells as this represented a "global warming risk." By 2020, only Canada and the United States had begun to monitor methane leakage from abandoned wells. Over a period of two decades, in terms of
89:(FOIP) request, estimated that Alberta had 300,000 unreclaimed wells and that it would cost from $ 40 to $ 70 billion to clean them up. This cost estimate does not include unreclaimed pipelines and pumping stations. The ALDP, an independent, nonpartisan research organization that provides "government-level data" on liabilities related to the oil and gas industry in Alberta, seeks solutions toâwhat they describe asâa "growing liabilities crisis".
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OWA is also not responsible for wells that were orphaned prior to its establishment in 2002. These wells are the responsibility of the regulatory and ministerial bodies, the AER and the
Department of Energy. A 2021 Office of the Auditor General (OAG) report said that the regulator and ministry failed to prioritize sites and rejected responsibility for funding and cleaning well sites "even when evidence showed otherwise."
120:(PB0) report on the cost of cleaning Canada's orphan oil and gas wells said that, in spite of the 1.7 billion federal money provided during the pandemic, the cost of cleaning up orphan well sites nationally will require funding sources from industry, the provinces, and the federal government. By January 2022, Alberta had given about 50% of the allocated funding to viable energy companies, not companies "with an acute
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private property owned by ranchers, farmers, and others. By 2001, there were about 59,000 farm or ranch properties in the province that had at least one well on their property. While the AER and CAPP were pleased with the 2019 Supreme Court ruling on orphan wells, landowners with orphan wells left by defunct energy companies, are concerned about the impact of the orphan wells on "crops, water and the environment".
189:
467:. The piloting of RStar was in Minister Guthrie's mandate letter. Critics include "nvironmentalists, economists, landowners and analysts within Alberta Energy." Some also question how this could apply to orphan wells as, by definition, there is no legal party to be incentivized. In a February 22 statement, Premier Smith said that Minister Guthrie's consultation process would take a number of months to complete.
620:. This benchmark ruling led to changes in the way in which bankruptcies were handled when orphan wells were at stake. Prior to the 2019 SCC ruling, bankrupt energy companies were able to avoid paying for their abandoned wells. The SCC clarified that in the case of a bankruptcy, a company's first priority is to fulfil its environmental obligationsânot as a debtâbut as a duty to "citizens and communities."
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proactive in establishing public policies that would remediate the situation. Suggested solutions to the orphaned and abandoned well crisis, include ensuring that there is enough funding attached to each wellsite for its cleanup paid by those who profited from oil and gas revenue for decades, and enforcing a "use-it-or-lose-it policy as is the case in the neighbouring oil-producing state, North Dakota.
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work"; some sold these wells "strategically to insolvent operators". Landowners suffer both "environmental and economic consequences" of having these wells on their property. OWA funding is underfunded by at least several hundred million. The total estimate for cleaning up all existing sites is as much as $ 260 billion. Remediation is paid for through federal and provincial bailouts, a PPP violation.
632:(IISD) report said that many of the orphan well sites were sold "strategically to insolvent operators". These owners avoid PPP responsibilities which included paying the hefty price of "end-of-life decommissioning and restoration work". Citing the case of the insolvent Bellatrix Exploration Ltd, which sold its unwanted wells to a numbered shell companyâalso under threat of insolvencyâa 2021
488:(AER). The AER, which replaced the Energy Resources Conservation Board (ERCB) in 2013âfollowing the passing of the Responsible Energy Development Actâoperates at arm's length from the provincial government. AER regulations based on PPP, require energy companies to safely retire their inactive wells following provincial guidelines as a legal
790:
3,400 posed a health risk. Of the 335 abandoned urban wells studied, there were 36 that were leaking and nine of these posed a risk to those who lived nearby. Most were in
Medicine Hat, a city that now owns and operates 4,000 gas wells. The city's history is tied to the natural gas boom in the early 1900s which left many abandoned wells.
139:. The increase in the price of oil resulting record profits for Canadian oil companies, with some of them earning billions. In Alberta, Canadian Natural Resources, Cenovus Energy, Paramount Resources and Whitecap Resources earned a combined net income approximately $ 5 billion in the fourth quarter alone of the fiscal year 2022.
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gap in the system" that needed to be fixed. Sequoia's owners took
Perpetual to court in an attempt to unwind the original 2016 saleâthe first time such an attempt was made by a bankruptcy trustee in the province. Were it to succeed it would increase risks to oil and gas companies buying and selling assets.
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billion, up to $ 1.2 billion was available to the
Alberta government and $ 200 million was made available in the form of a loan to the Orphan Wells Association. By January 2022, Alberta had given about 50% of the allocated funding to viable energy companies, not companies "with an acute financial risk."
601:
Historian David Finch, whose research focused on the oil industry in
Western Canada, said that Alberta experienced three significant downturns in the oil industry since it first became commercially viableâthe first in the 1960s; the second in the 1980s, and the third that started with the collapse of
62:
Once the current environmental legislation was in place, and the industry-led and industry-funded Orphan Wells
Association (OWA), was established in 2002, some orphan wells became the OWA's responsibility. OWA's Inventory does not include legacy wells which are more complex, time-intensive and costly
834:
According to a 2015 conference presentation, the primary factors that should be considered in the evaluation of gas emissions from oil and gas wells are cementing, drilling orientation, geological conditions, well age, and reservoir depth. They reported on three types of wellbore leakageâ8% of leaks
829:
in orphaned and abandoned wells: 1. Cement/rock formation 2. Casing/encompassing cement 3. Casing/cement plug 4. Cement plug 5. Between casing/rock formation 6. between cavities 7. In the casing or well bore. Not all abandoned wells have been plugged like this one.
785:
The Energy Resources Conservation Board (ERCB) first identified surface casing vent flow (SCVF) and gas migration (GM) issues as a "significant concern" in the Lloydminster, Alberta area in the 1980s. The ERCB said that 5% of the approximately 90,000 wells or 4,500 wells in the province had SCVF and
660:
employees in early 2016. These were forwarded to Occupational Health and Safety. In February 2017, in response to concerns about public safety, environmental and financial risks, AER suspended Lexin's 1,600 or more licenses in a rare enforcement actionâthe largest suspension AER ever made. According
608:
The media brought attention to four cases where bankruptcies threatened to increase the inventory of orphan wells: Redwater Energy, Sequoia Resources, Trident Exploration, and Lexin Resources. Trident Exploration's receivership in May 2019 resulted in 3,650 wells that no longer had a solvent owners,
444:
In 2020, Alberta established the Alberta Site Rehabilitation Program (ASRP) through which applicants could apply for grants of up to $ 30,000. The province also loaned the OWA $ 100-million for 1,000 environmental site assessments, as part of the process of decommissioning 800 to 1,000 orphan wells.
382:
The OWA manages the potential environmental and public safety risks that these orphaned properties represent. It also maintains an inventory, and oversees the decommissioning, remediation, and reclamation of these sites. The OWA's mandate includes the management of the "decommissioning (abandonment)
347:
Based on a survey in early January 2019, the Rural Municipalities of Alberta's (RMA) reported an "unprecedented" unpaid $ 81 million in property taxes from oil and gas companies that presented a "unique challenge that has not been experienced by municipalities in Alberta before." According
92:
Unreclaimed wells are inactive wells that may be orphaned or legally-licensed. Some unreclaimed wells may have been sealed off, while some have begun or completed remediation or reclamation of the well site. Under current AER regulations, it is legal for operators to leave well reclamation suspended
66:
As of March 2023, oil and gas companies owe rural municipalities $ 268 million in unpaid taxes; they owe landowners "tens of millions in unpaid lease payments". Original owners of what are now orphan wells "failed to fulfill their responsibility for costly end-of-life decommissioning and restoration
721:
is not reported annually, statistical data was not available as of 2018. In comparison, gas emissions are more easily monitored and tracked by operators. Despite the lack of groundwater contamination data, gas emission data collected by AER from oil and gas industry may potentially reflect areas of
689:
interview, a lawyer for landowners said that unlike CNRL and Sunoco, who take responsibility for their end-of-life wells, other major companies have been known to repackage liability wells with producing wells to sell to junior companies, with limited financial means. Premier Smith compared this to
684:
In 2021, in response to the concerns filed by he OWA, CNRL, Sunoco, and dozens of landowners, in an "unusual step" AER called for a public hearing on Shell's application to transfer hundreds of its oil well licenses to a junior player with questionable. Landowners said that Shell was "shirking" its
680:
Two years after purchasing 2,300 well licences in 2016 from Perpetual Energy Inc., Sequoia Resources entered receivership. Its liabilities including 4,000 wells, pipelines and other facilities". Then veteran AER CEO Jim Ellis, admitted in a public statement that the Sequoia "situation has exposed a
640:
Fifty percent of the delinquent wells are owned by small junior companies that have insufficient finances but are still able to produce and collect revenue. The RMA says that the AER "props" up small companies to avoid increasing the already concerning number of orphan wells which results primarily
588:
In contrast, in Alberta, owners of inactive wells can choose to suspend operations indeterminately, without going through the costly process of decommissioning, remediation and reclamation. AER has set no time limit requirement on suspended wells. A suspended well is only closed temporarily and may
506:
development in municipalities that have abandoned wells. This includes identification of wells through the Subdivision and Development Regulation (SDR) and requirements to identify abandoned wells located near developments. Directive 079 also requires oil and gas companies to locate and test wells.
457:
report, the incentive program "goes against the core capitalist principle that private companies should take full responsibility for the liabilities they willingly accept." Their analysts cautioned that the program could result in the public viewing the oil and gas sector negatively. The Scotiabank
318:
There are thousands of oil and gas well in municipalities and on landowners properties that require plugging or reclamation and have no solvent owner, but have not yet transitioned to orphan status. They represent environmental and public safety liabilities but are not designated as orphaned by AER
267:
The federal government provided a grant of $ 1.2 billion through the COVID-19 Economic Response Plan announced in 2020. Using the federal grant, in 2020, the province funded the Alberta Site Rehabilitation Program (ASRP) with $ 1 million in provincial loans. The oil and gas industry paid almost the
254:
Based on the OWA's 2018 data, at the current level of the orphan well inventory, the cost of well abandonment and reclamation of their inventory of orphan wells was expected to be around $ 611 million. However, this estimate of $ 611 million does not include potential orphan wells. In this context,
127:
The CAPP says that most of their member companies pay taxes and clean up their own wells and that the bankruptciesâone of the prime factors in the increase in orphan wells. were the result of the "lagging effects of this multi-year downturn for the oil and gas sector." The increase in the number of
112:
says that this has led to "countless confusing headlines." There are numerous inactive well sites that are neither sealed nor officially designated as orphans by AER. The annual inventory of the OWA does not include orphaned wells that AER has identified but not transitioned into orphan status. The
311:(PB0) report on the cost of cleaning Canada's orphan oil and gas wells, estimated that it would cost $ 361 million just to clean traditional orphan wells nationally, which does not include the cost of oil sands operations. By 2025, the forecast is $ 1.1 billion in clean up costs for orphan wells.
789:
In 2014, new regulation directed industry to "locate and test" any abandoned wells that were close to houses, airports, businesses, etc. that may pose a risk due to gas leakage. The resulting 33-page 2016 AER unpublished study showed that of the estimated 170,000 abandoned wells in Alberta, up to
505:
In March 2014, AER took over Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development's (ESRD) responsibilities to regulate reclamation and remediation activities resulting from fossil fuel extraction operations in Alberta. AER's Directive 079 provides guidelines and regulations regarding surface
448:
In early February 2023, the Premier of Alberta introduced a controversial $ 100 million dollar Royalty Credit System as part of a new Liability Management Incentive Program (LMIP). If fully enacted, it would provide individual oil and gas companies with royalty credits for cleaning their own well
436:
In 2017, the Government of Canada provided Alberta with a one-time grant of $ 30 million for "activities associated with decommissioning and reclamation". In that year, the provincial government used the federal funds to "cover the interest on a $ 235 million repayable loan" which the oil and gas
584:
As of 2016, North Dakotaâwhich shares a border with Alberta and also has a large oil sectorâas of 2016, the state had no unfunded orphan or inactive well liabilities. They learned the "hard lessons" following previous boom and bust cycles. Starting in 2001, as the number of orphan wells began to
150:
The AER has the authority to enforce the rules. The RMA says that the AER "props" up small companies to avoid increasing the already concerning number of orphan wells which results primarily from bankruptcies. The AER says that it is the RMA's role to collect taxes. A lawyer representing Action
959:
Critics blame the self-regulating nature of energy industry and its close relationship with provincial regulatory bodies for the lack of enforcement of existing regulations which allows oil and gas companies to avoid paying for the clean up. Others say it is a lack of political will to be more
462:
professor, Duane Bratt, said that there was an element of "corporate welfare" in the program, but there was also the "corruption element"âin 2022, Smithâas paid lobbyist for dozens of Calgary companies in the Alberta Enterprise Groupâhad promoted "$ 20 billion of R-Star credits" to then-energy
440:
As part of the federal government's COVID-19 Economic Response Plan, in April 2020, new financial aid was announced to help sustain employment in the energy sector that also served to respond to environmental concerns in provinces with orphan and inactive oil and gas wells. Of the total $ 1.72
335:
In contrast to Texas, where private property owners own both the mineral and surface rights, in Alberta, landowners only own surface rights, and they do not have the right of refusal to prevent extraction companies from operating wells on their private property. Many of the orphan wells are on
509:
On February 6, 2017, the Alberta Energy Regulator and the Alberta government revised Directive 67, which sets the "eligibility requirements for obtaining or continuing to hold a licence for energy development" in Alberta. The new requirements came in to place in response to concerns about the
364:, that was established in 2002 with a mandate to protect public safety and to manage the "environmental risks of oil and gas properties that do not have a legally or financially responsible party that can be held to account." The OWA is responsible for orphan wells, pipelines, and facilities.
146:
Concerns have been raised about the "murky practice" of offloading liabilities strategically to smaller, junior operators with insufficient funds that are likely to face future insolvency. This practice allows original owners of what are now orphan wells to avoid paying for costly end-of-life
386:
The OWA is also responsible for orphaned pipelines and orphan facilities, which now includes the newly-established Large Facility Liability Management Program (LFP). The LFP operates with separate financing from orphan wells and has its own levy set at $ 3 million a year. By 2022, its first
232:
Between 1955 and 2017, approximately 580,000 wells were drilled in Canada, according to a Natural Resources Canada (NRC) report on wellbore integrity in the oil and gas industry in Canada. Of these, 400,000 were in Alberta and the NRC anticipated that there would be 100,000s more drilled.
84:
In 2017, of the estimated 450,000 AER oil and gas registered wells in the province, 150,000 were no longer producing but were not remediated, and 92,000 were inactive with no set value. A 2021 Alberta Liabilities Disclosure Project report, "The Big Clean", that accessed AER data through a
131:
As of 2022, most orphan wells were still not remediated. Farmers and ranchers suffer both "environmental and economic consequences" as the wells on their land, which are licensed as active, are not. They face decades-long challenges including land devaluation because of orphan wells, and
569:, the SCC described the Polluter Pays Principle, saying that, in order to "encourage sustainable development, that principle assigns polluters the responsibility for remedying contamination for which they are responsible and imposes on them the direct and immediate costs of pollution."
142:
The OWA funding is "grossly inadequate" by at least several hundred million. The total estimate for cleaning up all existing sites is as much as $ 260 billion. Taxpayers have paid the difference through federal and provincial bailouts in the form of grants and loans, a PPP violation.
288:
The OWA spent $ 161.5 million in the fiscal year 2021/2022 on decommissioning wells, pipelines, and facilities. In 2021/22 42% of this total went going towards well decommissioning, 30% towards site reclamation, 13% to facilities decommissioning, and 5% to pipeline decommissioning.
314:
According to AER, as of December 2022, of the 463,000 oil and gas wells in Alberta, 33.7% or 156,031 were active and 28% or 129,640 were reclaimed. There were 172,236 wells that were either abandoned or inactiveâ19% or 88,433 were abandoned and 18.1% or 83,803 were inactive.
597:
Bankruptcies are prime factors in the increase in orphan wells. In the last decade, companies have become insolvent because of the "multi-year downturn for the oil and gas sector." This downturn or bust is part of the well-known cyclical nature of the oil and gas industry.
944:. Previous projects in the United States have shown that temperatures around 80 °C are feasible for direct heating of institutions and district heating. Another studyâŻalso reported the use of a low-temperature geothermal well in China for heating within its proximity.
474:
is one of OWA's "largest single funders." Canadian Natural, which "produces more than one million barrels of oil and gas per day, is also one of the most active at cleaning up." Of the 1,293 wells abandoned in 2018, the company "submitted 1,012 reclamation certificates."
107:
It is uncertain how many of the roughly 300,000 inactive wells belong to the various classifications that describe oil and gas wells in Alberta. The oil and gas industry refer to wells that have been sealed as "abandoned", or to be exact, "responsibly abandoned".
636:
article also said that this "murky practice" of misusing the bankruptcy process to get rid of liabilities while keeping valuable assets is raising concerns. The OWA says as owners shirk their responsibility the collective becomes responsible for the liabilities.
971:
resource law professor said the audit shows that this is more than mere "bureaucratic incompetence"; it reveals that the AER has been "captured" by the oil and gas industry. He said the UCP has refused "to do anything that might cost the industry money".
319:
and are not being addressed. Liabilities and taxes for these wells become the responsibility of municipalities and landowners depending on where the wells are located. The 2023 OWA Inventory included only 3,114 orphan sites for which it was responsible.
585:
increase, the state enacted a use-it-or-lose-it policy. Operators are required to either pump oil or plug their wells. After a year of nonproduction, the state's industrial commission "calls the company's bond, levies fines and plugs the well itself."
400:
Because orphan wells are the entire responsibility of the oil and gas industry, they are also responsible for funding OWA's operations. Industry funding for the OWA includes an annual Orphan Wells Levy prescribed by the AER, in consultation with the
343:
to a February 9, 2023 meeting on Premier's Smith proposed Liability Management Incentive Program. While Bennett acknowledged that it was "somewhat regrettable" that taxpayers would fund the LMIP, and oil companies would see their royalties reduced.
250:
As of 2018, 37.8% of all inactive wellsâ89,217âhad been inactive for up to 5 years; 29.8% had been inactive for 5 to 10 years; 16% from 10 to 15 years; 8.2% from 15 to 20 years; 3.9% from 20 to 25 years; and 4.5% had been inactive for over 25 years.
4751:
with links to China's ruling Communist Party is suing its former top executives for misappropriation of funds and fraud in the latest twist in the saga of bankrupt Sequoia Resources Corp...claim former Shanghai Energy chief executive officer Wentao
5331:"North Dakota's last orphan: Why is America so much better at cleaning up the oil bust?: The collapse of oil prices has left Canada's west littered with thousands of abandoned wells. So why is North Dakota so good a keeping a lid on the problem?"
4805:
King, George E.; King, Daniel E. (November 1, 2013). "Environmental Risk Arising From Well-Construction Failure--Differences Between Barrier and Well Failure, and Estimates of Failure Frequency Across Common Well Types, Locations, and Well Age".
919:
The flow of formation waters is the main controlling factor of the geothermal field, where low geothermal gradient areas coincide with water recharge areas (major upland areas) and high geothermal gradient with discharge areas (major lowland
408:
As of 2022, the annual Orphan Fund Levy on oil and gas companies set by the industry-funded Alberta Energy Regulator (AER) is very low in relation to the OWA's responsibilities. The OWA Levy is prescribed by the AER, in consultation with the
562:(EPEA) enacted in 2000, is the only statute in Alberta that references the polluter pays principle directly. The PPP is integrated in a variety of EPEA provisions but it does not have "an express statutory commitment to the principle."
542:
Alberta's Environmental Law Centre (ELC) said that while the polluter pays principle appears to be simple and straightforward, its evolution, operationalization, and application in Alberta is complex, as it is often politically charged.
79:
Many of the skyscrapers in downtown Calgary are head offices for Alberta's oil and gas sector, to which the city and the province owe their rapid growth and status as the centre of Canada's oil industry. Alberta provides 80% of Canada's
939:
The bottom hole temperatures (BHT) of wells within reasonable proximity to Albertan communities are, at best, sufficient for heating. Communities on the western side of Alberta are more likely to benefit from geothermal conversion for
1018:
Hardie and Lewis reported that as of 2015, there were 600,000 wells drilled in Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba based on a AER presentation at a meeting of Oklahoma's Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission meeting on SCVF and
483:
In Alberta, the sole regulator of the province's energy developmentâfrom a project's first application, licensing and production, through to its decommissioning, closure, and reclamationâis the 100% industry-funded corporation, the
35:
are inactive oil or gas well sites that have no solvent owner that can be held legally or financially accountable for the decommissioning and reclamation obligations to ensure public safety and to address environmental liabilities.
813:(IEA)'s "Global Methane Tracker 2022", if all countries adopted well-known and effective methane reduction policy measures using existing technologies, it would decrease global methane emissions from the oil and gas sector by 50%.
303:
AER reported that, as of July 2022, there were about 170,000 abandoned wells in the province that are the responsibility of the licensees for all abandonment and reclamation costs. This represents 37% of all the wells in Alberta.
458:
report said that "Canadian Natural Resources, Cenovus Energy, Paramount Resources and Whitecap Resources" would benefit most from the incentive programâtheir combined net income in fiscal year 2022 Q4 was almost $ 5 billion.
282:(PB0) report on the cost of cleaning Canada's orphan oil and gas wells, estimated that it would cost $ 361 million just to clean traditional orphan wells nationally, which does not include the cost of oil sands operations.
5394:"'Blindsided': Alberta farmers fret as regulator eyes moving bankrupt company's idle oil wells to new insolvent firm: Ongoing pattern of companies trading environmental liabilities rather than cleaning up after themselves"
240:(NDP) provincial government began consulting with the energy industry in 2017 to "introduce new rules that might limit a multi-billion-dollar public liability for reclaiming about 80,000 inactive wells around Alberta."
352:, then Associate Minister of Natural Gas, said that the solution to unpaid taxes lies in the province helping the "battered" oil and gas industry so they can "pay their municipal taxes and contribute to the economy."
5051:
742:
in 4,500 out of the 90,000 oil and gas wells in the province. The ERCB raised concerns of the increase in orphan wells in the 1980s and of the significant risks of GM in terms of contaminating useable groundwater.
1028:
Jacobson said that the oil and gas industry was the source of about 50% of Canada's annual emissions of methane and that Alberta had set a goal of a 45% decrease in methane leakage from "active infrastructure by
376:
246:
In 2017, the federal government provided Alberta with a one-time grant of $ 30 million for "decommissioning and reclamation" which the province used to "cover the interest on a $ 235 million repayable loan".
513:
The 2021 report submitted by Alberta's Office of the Auditor General (OAG), Doug Wylie, examined the provincial government's environmental liabilities and the roles of the Alberta Energy Regulator (AER) and
5250:
59:(ARO). An operator's liability for surface reclamation issues continues for 25 years following the issuance of a site reclamation certificate. There is also a lifelong liability in case of contamination.
391:
pumping station facilities south of Calgaryâwas almost completed. Critics say that the annual Orphan Wells Levy decided by the industry and set by AER is too low to cover the actual size of the problem.
413:(CAPP) and Explorers and Producers Association of Canada (EPAC)âbased on the "estimated cost of decommissioning and reclamation activities for the upcoming fiscal year". The 2021 levy was $ 65 million.
196:
grew rapidly after Pembina oil was discovered in 1954, and became Alberta's first model oil town. This was the period when many wells were drilled; by 2017, there were approximately 400,000 in Alberta.
5393:
300:
The oil and gas sector provided 22% of the Government of Alberta's total estimated revenue for the fiscal year 2021/22. Since 2012, the Alberta government has received $ 66 billion from the sector.
6156:
Landowners' Primer: What you need to know about unreclaimed oil and gas wells: A tool for landowners who find themselves with inactive, suspended, abandoned or orphaned wells on their property
296:
While Alberta produces over 2.8 million barrels a day of unconventional oil; conventional oil production is less than 500,000 barrels per day.. This chart shows percentages of global reserves.
226:
The average cost of reclamation/remediation (R/R) site services in 2015 was $ 180,000 per site and range from $ 20,000 to $ 1 million. This provides work during downturns in the oil industry.
6127:
Watson, Theresa; Getzlaf, Don; Griffith, James E. (January 1, 2002). "Specialized Cement Design and Placement Procedures Prove Successful for Mitigating Casing Vent Flows - Case Histories".
5372:
348:
to RMA president, Paul McLauchlin, by 2023, the oil and gas industry owed $ 268 million in unpaid property taxes to towns and villages across Alberta. In response to their concerns in 2021,
5235:"What would it cost to clean up Alberta's oilpatch? $ 260 billion, a top official warns: Internal regulatory documents reveal staggering estimate of the cost to clean up Alberta's oilpatch"
5214:"Methane emissions from abandoned oil and gas wells underestimated: Uncertainty about annual methane emissions from abandoned wells in US and Canada highlights need for better measurements"
264:
As part of Alberta's Area-Based Closure program (ABC), which represented 70% of the provinces remediation activity, the oil and gas industry spent approximately $ 340 million on clean up.
100:(IPCC) warned that methane gas leakage from abandoned oil and gas wells represented a serious risk to climate change and recommended the monitoring of these wells. Canada began to monitor
5346:
128:
insolvencies and wells with no solvent owner was the result of the "largest oil price declines in modern history" in 2014 to 2016 and the longest decline in oil prices since the 1980s.
445:
The loan was intended to "create 500 direct and indirect jobs in the oil services sector." The loan was intended to enable the OWA to double its activity in 2020 to nearly 2,000 wells.
5473:"Energy Industry Legacy: Hundreds of Abandoned Wells Leaking Methane in Alberta Communities: The Tyee obtains unreleased report that shows leaks pose threats to health, explosion risk"
258:
The cost of abandonment and remediation per well can be estimated from reviewing the OWA's annual report; those costs are estimated to be $ 61,000 and $ 20,000 per well respectively.
3753:"Calgary-based Houston Oil & Gas ceases operations, leaving almost 1,300 wells needing cleanup: Another company folds as sector struggles with low prices, less investor interest"
4664:
Jones FW, Lam HL, Majorowicz JA (1985). "Temperature distributions at the Paleozoic and Precambrian surfaces and their implications for geothermal and energy recovery in Alberta".
527:
in a 2018 interview that, "The system is not achieving anything. If anything, it's creating a false sense of comfort that this problem is being addressedâand we know it's not."
502:(CAPP) and Explorers and Producers Association of Canada (EPAC). It is based on the "estimated cost of decommissioning and reclamation activities for the upcoming fiscal year".
5359:
6019:
5234:
4786:
535:
Oil and gas companies that have profited from Alberta's energy revenue are liable for the responsible and safe closure and clean-up of their oil and gas well sites under the
430:
The ballooning costs of decommissioning and reclamation were transferred from the oil and gas industry to the public which many see as corporate welfare and a PPP violation.
6035:
4439:
3602:
Bachu, Stefan (1985). "Influence of lithology and fluid flow on the temperature distribution in a sedimentary basin: A case study from the Cold Lake area, Alberta, Canada".
492:(ARO). This includes the proper plugging of inactive wells as well as performing remediation to return the site to the condition it was in prior to extraction operations.
915:
The controlling factors for this broad geothermal range in Alberta are poorly understood.âŻTwo main reasons have been proposed up to date to explain the observed patterns.
644:
While Lexin is described in the media as a small Calgary-based limited liability company, its ownership group is MFC Resource Partnership of fifty-one companiesâincluding
4507:
243:
The C.D. Howe Institute report estimated that the social cost of orphan wells, including those incurred by financially insolvent firms, could be more than $ 8.6 billion.
5092:
Majorowicz JA, Jones FW, Lam HL, Jessop AM (1984). "The Variability of beat flow both regional and with depth in southern Alberta, Canada: effect of groundwater flow?".
901:, and elimination of geothermal drilling costsâa significant component in geothermal projects. Several studies propose the conversion of existing wells into double pipe
605:
Since the downturn in the oil industry in 2014, many companies became insolvent and went into receivership while holding costly liabilities, including abandoned wells.
6218:
5330:
427:
Although the OWA is meant to be funded entirely by the oil and gas industry, it is also subsidized by the federal and provincial governments through grants and loans.
63:
to remediate. Following the 2014 downturn in the global price of oil, there was a "tsunami" of orphaned wells, facilities, and pipelines resulting from bankruptcies.
6252:
897:. The prospect of geothermal conversion of depleted wells is attractive for several reasons including potential recovery of abandonment costs, reduced consumption of
151:
Surface Rights, a landowners group, Christine Laing, called on the AER to use the power it has more often and in a timely fashion to "protect the public interest".
6239:
3831:
976:
the official opposition energy critic, said that the UCP has failed to protect taxpayers and is damaging the reputation of Alberta's energy industry's reputation.
5310:
5158:"From well cleanups to Sovereignty Act, Danielle Smith's big ideas keep deflating Premier's key aides are also the guys behind her most controversial policies"
3416:
200:
Canada's oil production in 1946 was only 21,000 barrels (3,300 m) of oil per day. By 1956, Alberta was producing 400,000 barrels (64,000 m) per day.
3881:
4022:
3366:
453:, said advocates for the oil industry were the original authors of the generous incentives-based royalty credit program, then called R-Star. According to a
5591:
4715:
3791:
990:
3832:"Well-intentioned? Danielle Smith's new plan hits a nerve in Alberta: Pilot project to clean up oil wells taps into province's cherished energy royalties"
6273:
4004:
629:
155:
4862:
Kujawa, Tomasz; Nowak, WĹadysĹaw; Stachel, Aleksander A. (2006). "Utilization of existing deep geological wells for acquisitions of geothermal energy".
4460:
4351:
6292:
5713:
5177:
4694:
4043:"In Western Canada, surge of inactive wells a brewing 'disaster': Idle oil and gas wells have increased by tens of thousands, a Globe analysis reveals"
3722:
Bachu, Stefan (2017). "Analysis of gas leakage occurrence along wells in Alberta, Canada, from a GHG perspective â Gas migration outside well casing".
685:
responsibilities by transferring dozens of wells to Pieridae, a small company that might not be able to cover the cost of cleaning up wells. In a 2020
271:
As of 2020, there were about 97,000 inactive wells that were not properly closed and another 71,000 abandoned wells requiring clean-up, according to a
223:
In 2012, the OWA only had 14 classified orphan wells; in 2013 there were 74; in 2014 there were 162; in 2015 there were 705; in 2024 there were 2,647.
185:
Some of the legacy sites were in operation in the 1920s or earlier, and have no known operator and no "financial security to cover the cleanup costs."
43:(AER)âthe sole regulator of the province's energy sectorâmanages licensing and enforcement related to the full lifecycle of oil and gas wells based on
4525:
985:
5197:
4371:
609:
and the loss of 94 jobs. Houston Oil & Gas entered receivership In November 2019, leaving behind 1,264 wells, 41 facilities and 251 pipelines.
1009:
The oil and gas industry uses the counter-intuitive term "abandoned" to refer to plugged wells, which has led to "countless confusing headlines."
786:
that 150 wells had GM. In the 1980s, GM concerns included an increase in the number of orphan wells and the "protection of useable groundwater."
713:, shallow aquifers can also be contaminated by gas, causing very serious issues. Groundwater contamination can be caused by casing leaksâsuch as
5679:
4042:
3454:
495:
AER wellbore licensing status includes abandoned, amended; cancelled; issued, re-entered, rec-certified; recexempt, rescinded; and suspension.
5773:
3944:
6343:
4936:
4735:
4223:
3778:
842:
SCVF and Gas Migration are two commonly recognized gas contamination mechanisms. SCVF is defined as the flow of gas and/or liquid along the
734:
An International Energy Agency graphic showing the potential of various emission reduction policies for addressing global methane emissions.
5271:
5157:
207:
The area in green, as of 2010, shows only a fraction of the oil fields in Alberta, where 400,000 wells dot the entire provinceâdrilled for
577:
As of 2020, there were 97,920 wells that were "licensed as temporarily suspended" in Alberta. They were labelled as "zombie wells" by the
6400:
5640:
617:
499:
410:
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372:
135:
Starting in March 2022, the industry experienced the "largest 23-month increase in energy prices since the 1973 oil price" following the
4095:
2080:
6155:
4055:
5999:
5753:
4835:
King, George Everette; Valencia, Randy L. (October 27, 2014). "Environmental Risk and Well Integrity of Plugged and Abandoned Wells".
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3996:
794:
97:
6415:
5872:"Fight over bankrupt oil company lands at Supreme Court. Who gets paid first? Creditors, or the cleanup efforts on orphaned wells?"
4308:
3922:
6042:
5052:
Canada: Supreme Court Of Canada Allows Redwater Appeal: Regulator Entitled To Super-Priority For Abandonment And Reclamation Costs
3900:
559:
515:
44:
6240:"Unpaid municipal taxes from the Alberta oilpatch keep rising despite the industry's boom, the province's rural communities say"
3652:
Bachu, Stefan; Cao, S. (1992). "Present and past geothermal regimes and source-rock maturation, Peace River Arch area, Canada".
6330:
5413:
657:
388:
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of upstream oil and gas 'orphan' wells, pipelines, facilities and the remediation and reclamation of their associated sites."
51:. Oil and gas licensees are liable for the responsible and safe closure and clean-up of their oil and gas well sites under the
6061:
5443:
3321:
Abboud, J. M.; Watson, T. L.; Ryan, M. C. (February 2020). "Fugitive methane gas migration around Alberta's petroleum wells".
6144:
5940:
5454:
4852:
4070:
555:
3765:
3497:
229:
Prior to 2017, the energy industry paid $ 15 million a year into the Orphan Fund Levy. It doubled to $ 30 million in 2017.
4645:
203:
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4392:
3811:
1043:
948:
28:
are leaking from this "abandoned" plugged well, which may be licensed to an operator and suspended, or simply orphaned.
4558:
5958:
5568:
3852:
3526:
865:
concluded that gas migration mainly occurs within the central-northeastern part of the province, focusing around the
546:
As of, 2014, the EPEA "requires operators to conserve and reclaim specified land and get a reclamation certificate".
5908:
5530:
6020:"What triggered the oil price plunge of 2014-2016 and why it failed to deliver an economic impetus in eight charts"
4461:"Shell's proposal to transfer licences to Pieridae sparks outcry over ability of small firm to cover cleanup costs"
3752:
714:
379:(EPAC) serve on the OWA's board of directors. Brad Herald is the Chair of the OWA and is also CAPP vice-president.
6197:
5978:
5484:
5251:"Oilsands waste is collected in sprawling toxic ponds. To clean them up, oil companies plan to pour water on them"
498:
Industry funding for the OWA includes an annual Orphan Wells Levy prescribed by the AER, in consultation with the
5871:
3370:
6062:"Secured Creditors' Right Threatened: Oil and Gas Wells Must be Made Environmentally Safe Before Creditors Paid"
5602:
3406:"Upstream petroleum industry flaring and venting report: industry performance for year ending December 31, 2016"
738:
In the 1980s, Alberta's Energy Resources Conservation Board (ERCB)âthe AER's precursorâwarned of the dangers of
6410:
4321:
368:
6303:
4787:"'Corporate welfare and misguided': Criticism continues about Alberta's proposed oil well cleanup incentive"
4509:
Understanding and mitigating well integrity challenges in a mature basin. Presentation Made at IOGGC Meeting
6395:
308:
279:
117:
5063:
Majorowicz JA, Jessop AM (1981). "Regional heat flow patterns in the western Canadian sedimentary basin".
3698:. Special Report. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists and Alberta Research Council. pp. 447â454.
877:
areas. This observation is in agreement with the total gas flaring and venting conditions reported by the
839:(GM); 2% were the result of failures in the casing, and 2% were due to failures in the abandonment plugs.
5810:
Update on Directive 067: Eligibility Requirements for Acquiring and Holding Energy Licences and Approvals
5373:"Alberta ranchers, farmers furious over oil and gas companies' failure to clean up their geriatric wells"
3631:
Bachu, Stefan (1988). "Analysis of heat transfer processes and geothermal pattern in the Alberta Basin".
810:
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136:
56:
5830:
4624:
4340:
666:
645:
471:
340:
292:
5347:"Lexin Resources documents recovered from women's washrooms, garbage bins as AER suit heads to appeal"
3868:
3792:"Anxiety was running high among oil and gas industry executives after a stunning court ruling in 1991"
5864:
Soaring number of abandoned wells will see industry levies jump to $ 45M this year â triple from 2014
5809:
4176:
964:
718:
6176:
5621:
3350:
255:
potential candidates include wells owned by financially insolvent firms and nearly insolvent firms.
5008:
Lopez, M.; Sherwood, O.A.; Dlugokencky, E.J.; Kessler, R.; Giroux, L.; Worthy, D.E.J. (June 2017).
4596:
4420:
Groundwater Flow Model Development for Cumulative Effects Management within the Athabsaca Oil Sands
3961:
Sequoia Resources ceasing operations 'imminently' and won't be able to maintain wells and pipelines
878:
855:
798:
485:
450:
40:
5888:
5851:
4557:
Ho, Jacqueline; Krupnick, Alan; McLaughlin, Katrina; Munnings, Clayton; Shih, Jhih-Shyang (2016).
3694:
Bachu, Stefan; Burwash, R.A.; Mossop, G.D.; Shetsen, I. (1994). Mossop, G.D.; Shetsen, I. (eds.).
3478:
912:
is commonly recognized with geothermal gradients ranging between 10 °C/km and 55 °C/km.
656:âwho are also responsible for Levin's ARO. AER had begun to receive concerns submitted by Lexin's
285:
More than 50% of Alberta's wells are not producing oil or gas, yet they have not been cleaned up.
5213:
3562:
This includes the definitions for Orphan, Inactive, Abandoned wells, Remediation, and Reclamation
3545:
3094:
951:
to investigate the feasibility of Deep Direct-Use (DDU) of low temperature geothermal resources.
536:
361:
52:
4956:
4393:"The Surface Owner's Burden: Landowner Rights and Alberta's Oil and Gas Well Liabilities Crisis"
3470:
963:
On March 23, 2023 Alberta auditor general, Doug Wylie, published another report critical of the
5733:
836:
826:
739:
730:
710:
459:
419:
The OWA Inventory only includes orphan wells that have been designated as orphaned by the AER.
86:
25:
5792:"Rural municipalities out more than $ 81 million in unpaid taxes from oil and gas companies".
4544:
Hitchon B (1984). "Geothermal gradients, hydrodynamics and hydrocarbon occurrences, Alberta".
3386:
5472:
968:
272:
4976:
854:
usually occurring at very shallow reservoir layers. According to recent statistics from the
416:
OWA funding comes from a levy paid by the Alberta energy industry and collected by the AER.
261:
Of the 440,000 wells drilled in the province, approximately 22,000 were leaking as of 2019.
21:
5134:
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5021:
4988:
4915:
4871:
4673:
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4286:
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4127:
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3611:
3575:
3435:
898:
521:
Keith Wilson, who has been working with landowners on orphan wells for three decades, told
237:
5852:"Orphan well clean-up costs could sting Alberta taxpayers if regulator loses court battle"
5360:"Major oil companies caught in orphan wells crisis as tiny Lexin Resources goes insolvent"
850:. GM is defined as a flow of gas that is detectable at the outer surface of the outermost
182:
The province's oldest inactive well has been dormant and unreclaimed since June 30, 1918.
8:
6177:"Report calls for public takeover of old Alberta oil and gas wells to fund their cleanup"
5716:(Report). Office of the Parliamentary Budget Officer (PBO). January 25, 2022. p. 26.
5290:
Gillian McKercher (filmmaker); Nigel Bankes, Mark Taylor, Darryl Bennett, Keith Hirsche.
4116:"Methane contamination of drinking water caused by hydraulic fracturing remains unproven"
909:
212:
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4919:
4875:
4677:
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4131:
3735:
3709:. 8th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies. Trondheim, Norway
3678:
3615:
3579:
75:
6405:
5721:
5147:
5122:
4481:"Special Report: Millions of abandoned oil wells are leaking methane, a climate menace"
4299:
4274:
4158:
4115:
3338:
941:
932:
870:
216:
5774:"What the Redwater ruling means for Alberta's thousands of inactive oil and gas wells"
4937:"Danielle Smith has a big idea to clean up oil and gas wells. It's all kinds of messy"
2081:"Calgary energy company told to abandon hundreds of wells after ongoing care problems"
6219:"'Government boondoggle': Opposition mounting for plan to clean up Alberta oil wells"
6140:
6115:
5936:
5450:
5113:
5084:
4927:
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4848:
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4163:
4145:
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3623:
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928:
905:
through the installation of an insulated pipe inside the well for fluid circulation.
894:
843:
6253:"Alberta auditor general seeks reforms to how province manages oilpatch liabilities"
5660:
4023:"Federal budget's $ 30M for Alberta's oil and gas industry for orphan wells: Notley"
3665:
Bachu, Stefan (1993). "Basement heat flow in the Western Canada sedimentary basin".
3003:
1069:
6132:
6105:
5909:"How Alberta could breathe new life into old oil wells â without pumping any crude"
5754:"The story of Alberta's $ 100-billion well liability problem. How did we get here?"
5254:
5233:
McIntosh, Emma; Bruser, David; De Souza, Mike; Jarvis, Carolyn (November 2, 2018).
5142:
5109:
5080:
5034:
5029:
5009:
4996:
4923:
4879:
4840:
4815:
4681:
4646:"Supreme Court rules energy companies must clean up old wells â even in bankruptcy"
4407:
4294:
4196:
4153:
4135:
3739:
3682:
3640:
3619:
3583:
3330:
927:
thickness is responsible for the geothermal gradient distribution in Alberta since
699:
623:
268:
same amount on clean upâ$ 363âas they did in 2019, in spite of the federal grant.
208:
5889:"Why farmers' frustration with orphan wells doesn't end with Supreme Court ruling"
5714:
Estimated cost of cleaning Canada's orphan oil and gas wells: Yves Giroux's report
4262:
This is in the purposes section of the Act and is therefore directional in nature.
4246:
3845:
Alberta in the 20th Century: Leduc, Manning & the Age of Prosperity, 1946â1963
893:
become depleted, their depth and size make them good candidates for extraction of
821:
5928:
4883:
4352:"Abandoned oil and gas wells place unfair burden on landowners, taxpayers: study"
4200:
3405:
973:
902:
830:
Complete decommissioning includes removing the well head and reclaiming the site.
717:âof which orphaned wells are susceptible. However, because orphaned well-induced
166:, drew attention to ways in which Canadian producers have failed on ESG issues.
101:
4440:"Canada's COVID-19 Economic Response Plan: New Support to Protect Canadian Jobs"
3977:"Oil and gas licensing tightened to hold companies accountable for orphan wells"
3743:
6344:"How is the Orphan Fund Levy Set? Alberta's Oil and Gas Clean-up Costs in 2022"
3927:
3905:
3367:"Alberta Energy Regulator to ensure efficient, comprehensive energy regulation"
847:
802:
706:, is increasingly attracting attention from Alberta government and the public.
193:
159:
121:
5677:
This includes complete list of companies and their wells for decommissioning:
4906:
Lam HL, Jones FW (1984). "Geothermal gradients of Alberta in western Canada".
4411:
3113:
3111:
3109:
1910:
1908:
1906:
433:
Federal grants include $ 30 million in 2017 and 1.2 billion dollars in 2020.
174:
6389:
6119:
6000:"Behind the scenes: Lexin Resources, the chaos and its clash with regulators"
5929:
Global Methane Assessment: Benefits and Costs of Mitigating Methane Emissions
4891:
4827:
4759:
4208:
4149:
4080:
3882:"Orphan well Site Rehabilitation Program sees success, according to province"
884:
851:
613:
5979:"Rehabilitating problematic oil and gas sites: Statement from Premier Smith"
5511:
5123:"Regional variations of heat flow differences with depth in Alberta, Canada"
4140:
3644:
3417:"Facing the liability challenge in Alberta: AER president and CEO Jim Ellis"
437:
industry will repay over the next nine years, to support the OWA's efforts.
5549:
4167:
3810:
Boychuk, Regan; Anielski, Mark; Snow, John Jr.; Stelfox, Brad (June 2021).
3566:
Anglin FM, Beck AE (1965). "Regional heat flow pattern in western Canada".
3270:
3106:
1903:
1779:
1777:
874:
674:
653:
464:
211:. By 2022, only 156,031 of these wells were active. The area in brown, the
163:
48:
3945:"Oil firm ceasing operations, leaving thousands of untended Alberta wells"
861:
Most of the thermal wells are orphaned oil or gas wells. A study from the
749:
Sources of methane emissions due to human activity (year 2020 estimates):
449:
sites that have been inactive for two decades or more. Alberta economist,
5291:
5198:
Alberta government is 'cracking down' on oil sector, energy minister says
2616:
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2612:
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1555:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
924:
816:
523:
6094:"Exploitation and Utilization of Oilfield Geothermal Resources in China"
5933:
United Nations Environment Programme and Climate and Clean Air Coalition
2991:
1774:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
539:(PPP) as clearly defined by the Supreme Court of Canada (SCC) in 2003.
4054:
Dachis, Benjamin; Shaffer, Blake; Thivierge, Vincent (September 2017).
2007:
2005:
2003:
670:
649:
454:
349:
327:
6110:
6093:
5010:"Isotopic signatures of anthropogenic CH 4 sources in Alberta, Canada"
4844:
4819:
3997:
The Bottom Line: Why Canada Is Unlikely to Sell the Last Barrel of Oil
2807:
2609:
2377:
2282:
2146:
1552:
1502:
1500:
1326:
360:
The oil-industry led Orphan Well Association (OWA) is an independent,
6136:
6092:
Wang, Shejiao; Yan, Jiahong; Li, Feng; Hu, Junwen; Li, Kewen (2016).
3334:
3069:
3067:
2341:
2121:
2119:
2117:
1961:
1959:
1174:
890:
5296:(documentary). Alberta, Canada: Kinosum. Event occurs at 44 minutes
5000:
4685:
3766:"Alberta regulator closes loophole to reduce number of orphan wells"
3587:
2795:
2597:
2000:
698:
Gas contamination from both active and orphaned wells, particularly
367:
Representatives from the Alberta provincial government, the AER and
6041:. Alberta Agriculture, Food & Rural Development. Archived from
5178:"Public facing monetary disaster over orphaned wells, auditor says"
4760:"Ukraine war to cause biggest price shock in 50 years - World Bank"
4716:"Perpetual Energy shares slump after trustee of bankrupt firm sues"
2237:
2235:
2233:
2231:
1843:
1841:
1497:
1240:
1238:
1236:
866:
558:, provided new powers for health and environmental protection. The
6331:"Alberta's Orphan and Unreclaimed Oil and Gas Assets in July 2022"
3064:
2114:
1956:
4526:"Funding hit to rural municipalities could be issue of viability"
4041:
D'Aliesio, Renata; Lewis, Jeff; Wang, Chen (November 23, 2018) .
3847:, vol. 9, Edmonton, Alberta: United Western Communications,
3779:"Alberta to give $ 100-million loan to decommission orphan wells"
2770:
2768:
703:
6275:
Alberta auditor general launches probe into orphan wells problem
6198:"Public funds didn't increase oil well cleanups, study suggests"
4179:(2009). "Geothermal power production from abandoned oil wells".
2952:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2228:
1838:
1233:
931:
is the main mechanism of transporting terrestrial heat from the
908:
Across the province, a general northwestern trend of increasing
624:
Strategic packaging of costly liabilities with productive assets
188:
158:(IISD), which was established in 1990 during the premiership of
6018:
Stocker, Marc; Baffes, John; Vorisek, Dana (January 18, 2018).
5791:
5007:
3150:
2297:
1914:
5831:"High risk of bankruptcy for one-third of oil firms: Deloitte"
4307:
3404:
3276:
3117:
2765:
2683:
2681:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2438:
5272:"Alberta lauds court ruling but has no oil well cleanup plan"
3123:
2941:
2705:
2531:
2529:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
5690:
5232:
4556:
3968:"Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999, SC 1999, c 33"
3967:
3724:
Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists
3654:
Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists
3084:
3082:
2546:
2544:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2029:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1783:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1060:
Definitions of Orphan, Inactive, Abandoned, Remediation, and
4595:
4309:"Low Temperature Deep Direct-Use Program Draft White Paper"
4247:
Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act [EPEA]
3140:
3138:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3037:
3035:
2997:
2678:
2661:
2516:
2514:
6154:
Way, Nikki; Simpson-Marran, Morrigan (November 21, 2019).
3809:
3546:"Upstream Oil and Gas Liability and Orphan Well Inventory"
3349:
2526:
2397:
2395:
2270:
1571:
1565:
1187:
1044:"Upstream Oil and Gas Liability and Orphan Well Inventory"
885:
Potential geothermal conversion of orphan wells in Alberta
16:
Inactive oil or gas sites in Alberta with no solvent owner
5590:
5567:
5529:
5311:"Alberta non-profit funding orphan well site remediation"
5050:
Maerov, Adam C.; Rylands, Kourtney; Saini, Preet (2019).
4695:"Historian David Finch on Alberta's past booms and busts"
3696:
Geothermal regime in the Western Canada sedimentary basin
3693:
3253:
3079:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2813:
2717:
2541:
2386:
2347:
2291:
2192:
2161:
2087:
2046:
2044:
1853:
1345:
1339:
618:
Orphan Well Association v. Grant Thornton Ltd. (Redwater)
6367:"One-Third of Oil Companies Could Go Bankrupt this Year"
5808:
Sawatsky, Brendan; Hunter, Brenden (December 12, 2017).
5442:
5120:
5091:
4977:"Geothermal direct use engineering and design guidebook"
4222:
3923:"Alberta Energy Regulator CEO resigns effective January"
3258:
3181:
3176:
3135:
3047:
3032:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2851:
2849:
2693:
2620:
2603:
2511:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2353:
2331:
2329:
2011:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1713:
1711:
1485:
693:
4341:"Global Methane Emissions and Mitigation Opportunities"
4096:"Alberta Government Loan To Speed Pace Of OWA Activity"
3206:
2890:
2824:
2822:
2392:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2136:
2134:
1139:
339:
Bennett's group was invited by Alberta Energy Minister
4736:"Shanghai Energy sues former top executives for fraud"
4053:
4040:
3422:(Press release). Calgary, Alberta: AER. August 8, 2018
3295:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3285:
2974:
2907:
2905:
2801:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2125:
2041:
1988:
1965:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1506:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
817:
Surface casing vent flow (SCVF) and gas migration (GM)
801:(GWP), methane has 80 times the "heat-trapping power"
530:
6126:
4587:
4418:
3387:"Closure â Abandonment, Reclamation, and Remediation"
3073:
3022:
3020:
3018:
2929:
2861:
2846:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2450:
2326:
2204:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1878:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1728:
1726:
1708:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1244:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
6017:
4975:
Lienau, P.J.; Lunis, B.C. (1991). Lunis, B.C (ed.).
4438:
3970:. Canadian Legal Information Institute. May 1, 2021.
2819:
2785:
2783:
2741:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2472:
2470:
2247:
2241:
2131:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2017:
1847:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1743:
1741:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
991:
Selected timeline related to orphan wells in Alberta
835:
were related to surface casing vent flow (SCVF) and
215:, now produces most of the oil in Alberta, which is
5414:"80,000 Inactive oil wells: a blessing or a curse?"
5249:McIntosh, Emma; Bruser, David (November 23, 2018).
5121:Majorowicz JA, Jones FW, Lam HL, Jessop AM (1985).
4005:
International Institute for Sustainable Development
3453:
3369:(Press release). AER. June 17, 2013. Archived from
3282:
2917:
2902:
2878:
2834:
2753:
2585:
2568:
2407:
2309:
2303:
2167:
1920:
1828:
1826:
1813:
1811:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1385:
1272:
1270:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
630:
International Institute for Sustainable Development
422:
156:
International Institute for Sustainable Development
6335:University of Calgary Faculty of Law Blog (Ablawg)
6293:Report of the Auditor General of AlbertaâJune 2021
5485:"Alberta Site Rehabilitation Program Announcement"
5449:(Report). Natural Resources Canada (NRCan). 2019.
5049:
4861:
4663:
4506:Hardie, David; Lewis, Anita (September 29, 2015).
4094:
3544:
3237:
3232:
3156:
3015:
2638:
2444:
2365:
2216:
1971:
1939:
1789:
1723:
1638:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1512:
1431:
1406:
1364:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1282:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1193:
6153:
5423:. Vol. 10, no. 3. University of Calgary
5212:
3527:"Premier Smith defends orphan well pilot project"
3477:
3223:
3221:
2780:
2774:
2729:
2711:
2556:
2499:
2482:
2467:
2056:
1753:
1738:
1533:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1129:
1127:
1125:
986:Orphaned and abandoned wells in the United States
162:as part of Canada's contribution to the 2002 Rio
6387:
5444:Technology Roadmap to Improve Wellbore Integrity
5062:
4957:"It's time to freak out about methane emissions"
4372:"Canadian Oil & Gas Market Report 2021-2035"
4174:
3706:Possible indicators for CO 2 leakage along wells
3436:Directive 013: Suspension Requirements for Wells
3320:
3171:
3129:
2962:
2956:
2626:
2426:
1823:
1808:
1685:
1613:
1468:
1267:
1095:
592:
322:
4120:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3498:"2021/22 Orphan Fund Levy for Large Facilities"
1592:
1307:
1250:
863:International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control
5807:
5248:
4837:SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition
4714:Jones, Jeffrey; Lewis, Jeff (August 6, 2018).
4370:
4350:
4322:"Orphan wells: Alberta's $ 47 billion problem"
3921:
3899:
3218:
2535:
2276:
2035:
1216:
1151:
1122:
6342:Yewchuk, Drew; Wray, Chris (March 17, 2022).
5659:
5548:
4390:
4272:
4224:The Polluter Pays Principle in Alberta's Laws
3763:
3496:
3227:
2687:
2672:
2550:
2198:
2108:
1872:
1586:
1358:
377:Explorers and Producers Association of Canada
5689:
5620:
5411:
4834:
3764:Bellefontaine, Michelle (December 6, 2017).
3703:Bachu, Stefan; Watson, Theresa (June 2006).
3516:
3167:
3165:
3088:
2699:
2520:
2359:
1145:
612:When Redwater entered receivership in 2015,
560:Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act
6341:
6091:
4974:
4603:(Report). Global Methane Tracker 2022. 2022
4559:"Plugging the Gaps in Inactive Well Policy"
4505:
4444:Department of Finance, Government of Canada
4391:Goodday, Victoria; Larson, Braeden (2021).
3702:
3264:
3144:
3058:
3041:
2723:
2401:
1491:
572:
500:Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers
478:
411:Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers
403:Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers
373:Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers
5200:(Report). Special Report: The Price of Oil
4713:
3879:
3565:
3212:
2896:
2050:
549:
355:
98:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
6109:
5997:
5732:
5720:
5510:
5470:
5289:
5155:
5146:
5033:
4625:"These Zombies Threaten the Whole Planet"
4523:
4298:
4157:
4139:
3162:
3100:
3009:
2985:
2461:
2335:
2210:
1897:
1717:
795:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
725:
6059:
5926:
5828:
5195:
4905:
4804:
4622:
4400:The School of Public Policy Publications
4021:
3943:
3651:
3248:
3191:
2935:
2872:
2855:
2747:
2264:
2140:
820:
729:
326:
291:
202:
187:
173:
74:
20:
6364:
6328:
5849:
5601:. July 2021. p. 39. Archived from
5392:Morgan, Geoffrey (September 22, 2021).
5357:
5269:
5175:
4784:
4757:
4643:
4543:
4114:Davies, Richard J. (October 25, 2011).
3880:Cabradilla, Mario (December 28, 2022).
3869:"Canada Oil and Natural Gas Production"
3842:
3789:
3776:
3524:
3186:
2828:
2759:
2579:
2420:
2320:
2186:
2023:
1994:
1933:
1400:
1210:
6388:
6271:
6250:
6237:
6216:
6195:
6066:The Dalhousie Journal of Legal Studies
6033:
5906:
5886:
5869:
5829:Scheyder, Ernest (February 16, 2016).
5421:School of Public Policy Briefing Paper
5412:Muehlenbachs, Lucija (February 2017).
5391:
5371:Morgan, Geoffrey (December 18, 2019).
5370:
5344:
5328:
5156:Markusoff, Jason (February 26, 2023).
4458:
4252:(Chapter E-12). 2000. c. E-12, s. 2(i)
4113:
3994:
3974:
3415:
3299:
2923:
2911:
2884:
2840:
2655:
2371:
2222:
2073:
1950:
1732:
1679:
1527:
1462:
1425:
1379:
1301:
6365:Zillman, Claire (February 16, 2016).
6290:
6174:
5977:Smith, Danielle (February 22, 2023).
5976:
5956:
5794:Rural Municipalities of Alberta (RMA)
5772:Riley, Sharon J. (January 31, 2019).
5771:
5752:Riley, Sharon J. (November 2, 2018).
5751:
5489:North Shore Environmental Consultants
5308:
5270:McClure, Matthew (January 31, 2019).
5056:Restructuring and Insolvency Bulletin
4954:
4934:
4785:Kanygin, Jordan (February 13, 2023).
4733:
4692:
4524:Henderson, Jennifer (March 1, 2021).
4478:
4029:. The Canadian Press. March 22, 2017.
3721:
3664:
3630:
3601:
3243:
3201:
3196:
3026:
2735:
2591:
2562:
2505:
2493:
2476:
2067:
1982:
1802:
1768:
1747:
1546:
1116:
694:Environmental impacts of orphan wells
556:Canadian Environmental Protection Act
5483:
5309:Moneo, Shannon (September 8, 2015).
5196:McIntosh, Emma (November 27, 2018).
4758:Josephs, Jonathan (April 26, 2022).
4319:
4245:
4233:(Report). December 2019. p. 104
3966:
3867:
3829:
3750:
3103:, "Surface casing vent flow (SCVF)".
2802:Dachis, Shaffer & Thivierge 2017
2789:
2632:
2432:
2126:Dachis, Shaffer & Thivierge 2017
1915:Rural Municipalities of Alberta 2019
1702:
1632:
1507:Dachis, Shaffer & Thivierge 2017
1479:
1276:
6300:Office of the Auditor General (OAG)
5850:Seskus, Tony (February 21, 2018a).
5712:
5639:
5471:Nikiforuk, Andrew (June 28, 2017).
5358:Morgan, Geoffrey (April 3, 2017a).
5329:Morgan, Geoffrey (March 28, 2016).
4734:Jones, Jeffrey (October 29, 2018).
4644:Johnson, Tracy (January 31, 2019).
4623:Jacobson, Alec (October 30, 2020).
4339:
3951:. The Canadian Press. March 8, 2018
3525:Aldrich, Josh (February 11, 2023).
3504:. August 10, 2021. Bulletin 2021-32
3469:
3434:
3385:
3365:
3118:AER Flaring and Venting Report 2017
3074:Watson, Getzlaf & Griffith 2002
2968:
1832:
1817:
1607:
1320:
1261:
1227:
1168:
1133:
531:Legal and regulatory considerations
104:from abandoned wells at that time.
70:
13:
6401:Abandoned buildings and structures
6272:Wilson, Keith (January 24, 2020).
6131:. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
5998:Southwick, Rick (March 30, 2017).
5870:Seskus, Tony (February 21, 2018).
5680:"Orphan Sites for Decommissioning"
5345:Morgan, Geoffrey (April 5, 2017).
5148:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1985.tb06415.x
4955:Leber, Rebecca (August 12, 2021).
4935:Leach, Andrew (October 30, 2022).
4839:. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
4693:Jones, Jeffrey (January 1, 2016).
4546:Canada. Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull
4358:. The Canadian Press. May 20, 2021
4346:. Global Methane Initiative. 2020.
4300:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1962.tb02979.x
3975:Clancy, Clare (December 7, 2017).
3931:. Postmedia News. November 2, 2018
3277:Geothermal Technologies Office n.d
1848:Stocker, Baffes & Vorisek 2018
14:
6427:
5959:"Wellsite Cleanup Needs a Carrot"
5957:Smith, Danielle (July 23, 2022).
5887:Seskus, Tony (February 1, 2019).
5722:"Surface casing vent flow (SCVF)"
4981:NASA Sti/Recon Technical Report N
4601:International Energy Agency (IEA)
3777:Boothby, Lauren (March 2, 2020).
3479:"Directive 020: Well Abandonment"
1036:
665:, fifty-one companies, including
6217:Weber, Bob (February 9, 2023a).
5550:"Orphan Well Association report"
4479:Groom, Nichola (June 16, 2020).
3830:Boyd, Alex (February 21, 2023).
3790:Boychuk, Regan (April 3, 2017).
3233:Jones, Lam & Majorowicz 1985
3157:Kujawa, Nowak & Stachel 2006
2998:International Energy Agency 2022
1966:D'Aliesio, Lewis & Wang 2018
1022:
423:Federal and provincial subsidies
331:A well in rural Alberta in 2005.
6416:Environmental issues in Alberta
6329:Yewchuk, Drew (July 16, 2022).
6246:. Edmonton. The Canadian Press.
5176:McCuaig, Alex (June 11, 2021).
4808:SPE Production & Operations
3995:Cosbey, Aaron (December 2022).
3909:. February 13, 1957. p. 40
3751:Bakx, Kyle (November 6, 2019).
1012:
947:There was a recent push by the
33:Orphan wells in Alberta, Canada
6259:. Edmonton. The Canadian Press
6251:Weber, Bob (March 23, 2023c).
6225:. Edmonton. The Canadian Press
5035:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.06.021
4566:Resources for the Future (RFF)
4313:Geothermal Technologies Office
4231:Environmental Law Centre (ELC)
2957:Abboud, Watson & Ryan 2020
2814:OWA Annual Report 2018/19 2018
2387:OWA Annual Report 2020/21 2021
2348:OWA Annual Report 2017/18 2018
2292:OWA Annual Report 2020/21 2021
2162:OWA Annual Report 2017/18 2018
1340:OWA Annual Report 2017/18 2018
1003:
879:Alberta Energy Regulator (AER)
856:Alberta Energy Regulator (AER)
761: Animal Agriculture (30%)
395:
1:
6238:Weber, Bob (March 7, 2023b).
4459:Graney, Emma (June 4, 2021).
4320:Glen, Barb (March 22, 2018).
4275:"Heat flow in western Canada"
3308:
2775:Way & Simpson-Marran 2019
2621:Environmental Law Centre 2019
2604:Environmental Law Centre 2019
2012:Natural Resources Canada 2019
767: Plant Agriculture (18%)
593:Bankruptcies and orphan wells
369:Alberta Environment and Parks
323:Landowners and municipalities
6196:Weber, Bob (July 7, 2021a).
6175:Weber, Bob (June 29, 2021).
6129:SPE Gas Technology Symposium
5927:Shindell, Drew, ed. (2021).
5907:Seskus, Tony (May 1, 2020).
5114:10.1016/0040-1951(84)90219-1
5085:10.1016/0040-1951(81)90191-8
4928:10.1016/0375-6505(84)90015-4
4884:10.1016/j.energy.2005.05.002
4315:. U.S. Department of Energy.
4273:Garland G, Lennox D (1962).
4201:10.1016/j.energy.2009.03.017
3687:10.1016/0040-1951(93)90194-O
3624:10.1016/0040-1951(85)90054-X
3392:. Fact Sheet. AER. June 2014
3172:Majorowicz & Jessop 1981
3130:Davis & Michaelides 2009
1089:
954:
387:projectâdecommissioning the
309:Parliamentary Budget Officer
280:Parliamentary Budget Officer
49:orphaned and abandoned wells
45:Alberta Environment Ministry
7:
6060:Thompson, Harry J. (1992).
6034:Sutton, D. (May 28, 2001).
3744:10.1016/j.ijggc.2017.04.003
979:
811:International Energy Agency
755: Fossil Fuel Use (33%)
722:groundwater contamination.
690:2008 repackaged mortgages.
490:asset retirement obligation
178:Alberta oil derricks, 1920s
137:Russian invasion of Ukraine
118:Parliamentary Budget Office
57:asset retirement obligation
10:
6432:
6036:"Plugging Abandoned Wells"
5536:(Report). 2018. p. 32
5127:Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc
4177:Michaelides, Efstathios E.
3843:Byfield, Ted, ed. (2001),
3471:Inactive Well Licence List
3455:"How are wells abandoned?"
2536:Sawatsky & Hunter 2017
2083:. CBC News. June 10, 2024.
1245:Imperial Oil v Quebec 2003
667:Canadian Natural Resources
646:Canadian Natural Resources
565:In their 2003 decision in
472:Canadian Natural Resources
169:
6291:Wylie, Doug (June 2021).
5816:(Report). Energy Bulletin
5531:OWA Annual Report 2017/18
4412:10.11575/sppp.v14i1.70846
4056:All's Well that Ends Well
3228:Garland & Lennox 1962
2688:Goodday & Larson 2021
2673:Goodday & Larson 2021
2242:Government of Canada 2020
1873:Goodday & Larson 2021
1587:Goodday & Larson 2021
965:United Conservative Party
719:groundwater contamination
39:The 100% industry-funded
6302:(Report). Archived from
5257:. Fort McMurray, Alberta
3089:King & Valencia 2014
2304:AER Project Closure 2020
996:
799:global warming potential
573:Suspended inactive wells
486:Alberta Energy Regulator
479:Alberta Energy Regulator
47:requirements, including
41:Alberta Energy Regulator
5665:Orphan Well Association
5599:Orphan Well Association
5592:"Annual Report 2020/21"
5576:Orphan Well Association
5569:"Annual Report 2018/19"
5516:Orphan Well Association
5014:Atmospheric Environment
4141:10.1073/pnas.1113299108
3645:10.1029/JB093iB07p07767
3633:Canada. J. Geophys. Res
3484:. AER. October 19, 2022
3441:(Report). AER. May 2020
3145:Lienau & Lunis 1991
3059:Bachu & Watson 2006
3042:Hardie & Lewis 2015
3012:, "Remedial cementing".
2724:Hardie & Lewis 2015
2445:Daily Oil Bulletin 2020
2402:Yewchuk & Wray 2022
1492:Hardie & Lewis 2015
1074:Orphan Well Association
949:US Department of Energy
550:Polluter pays principle
537:Polluter Pays Principle
362:non-profit organization
356:Orphan Well Association
275:Policy School article.
53:Polluter Pays Principle
4061:(Report). Commentary.
3213:Anglin & Beck 1965
3182:Majorowicz et al. 1985
3177:Majorowicz et al. 1984
2897:Jones & Lewis 2018
2712:AER Directive 020 2022
831:
827:Fugitive gas emissions
740:fugitive gas emissions
735:
726:Fugitive gas emissions
711:fugitive gas emissions
460:Mount Royal University
332:
297:
220:
197:
179:
87:Freedom of Information
81:
29:
26:Fugitive gas emissions
6048:on September 9, 2004.
5983:Government of Alberta
5656:SCC Redwater Decision
5304:– via CBC Gems.
4589:Imperial Oil v Quebec
4424:Government of Alberta
3838:. Shouldice, Alberta.
969:University of Calgary
824:
733:
567:Imperial Oil v Quebec
516:Environment and Parks
330:
295:
273:University of Calgary
206:
191:
177:
78:
24:
6411:Petroleum technology
6309:on February 22, 2023
6204:. The Canadian Press
6183:. The Canadian Press
5734:"Remedial cementing"
5627:(Report). p. 32
4326:The Western Producer
4063:C. D. Howe Institute
3473:(Report). AER. 2021.
3249:Bachu & Cao 1992
3192:Lam & Jones 1984
2936:King & King 2013
1188:AER "Who We Are" n.d
942:direct heat purposes
899:non-renewable energy
809:). According to the
779: All Other (4%)
238:New Democratic Party
192:The small hamlet of
6396:Athabasca oil sands
5935:(Report). Nairobi.
5740:. January 15, 2018.
5641:"Redwater Decision"
5315:Journal of Commerce
5139:1985GeoJ...81..479M
5106:1984Tectp.106....1M
5077:1981Tectp..74..209M
5026:2017AtmEn.164..280L
4993:1991STIN...9224030L
4920:1984Geoth..13..181L
4876:2006Ene....31..650K
4678:1985CaJES..22.1774J
4631:. Redwater, Alberta
4591:(Court case). 2003.
4291:1962GeoJ....6..245G
4193:2009Ene....34..866D
4175:Davis, Adelina P.;
4132:2011PNAS..108E.871D
3901:"New opportunities"
3736:2017IJGGC..61..146B
3679:1993Tectp.222..119B
3616:1985Tectp.120..257B
3580:1965CaJES...2..176A
3457:. AER. July 2, 2020
3329:(1). Wiley: 37â51.
2277:Globe and Mail 2021
2036:Calgary Herald 1957
1566:Boychuk et al. 2021
923:The differences in
910:geothermal gradient
213:Athabasca oil sands
5667:. February 1, 2023
5661:"Orphan Inventory"
5646:. February 1, 2019
5608:on August 24, 2021
5578:. 2019. p. 28
5220:. January 21, 2021
4629:The New York Times
4465:The Globe and Mail
4100:Daily Oil Bulletin
3550:Alberta Government
3252: •
3247: •
3231: •
3200: •
3195: •
3190: •
3185: •
3180: •
3175: •
2551:Bellefontaine 2017
2199:OWA PG report 2018
2109:AER levy 2021 2021
1359:OWA Inventory 2023
1076:. February 1, 2023
1070:"Orphan Inventory"
1048:Alberta Government
832:
736:
715:integrity failures
333:
298:
221:
217:unconventional oil
198:
180:
82:
30:
6160:Pembina Institute
6146:978-1-55563-946-4
6111:10.3390/en9100798
5942:978-92-807-3854-4
5796:. March 18, 2019.
5685:. August 1, 2023.
5622:OWA Bulletin 2022
5554:www.orphanwell.ca
5456:978-0-660-29598-5
5276:National Observer
5182:Medicine Hat News
4854:978-1-61399-318-7
4845:10.2118/170949-ms
4820:10.2118/166142-pa
4672:(12): 1774â1780.
4666:Can. J. Earth Sci
4519:. Tulsa, OK, USA.
4072:978-1-987983-43-2
3796:National Observer
3639:(B7): 7767â7781.
3568:Can. J. Earth Sci
3373:on August 2, 2013
3254:Bachu et al. 1994
2700:Muehlenbachs 2017
2521:AER Glossary 2022
2360:OWA Bulletin 2022
1146:OWA homepage 2023
895:geothermal energy
773: Waste (15%)
671:ExxonMobil Canada
658:Mazeppa Gas Plant
650:ExxonMobil Canada
389:Mazeppa Gas Plant
307:The January 2022
278:The January 2022
116:The January 2022
55:(PPP) as a legal
6423:
6381:
6379:
6377:
6354:
6352:
6350:
6338:
6318:
6316:
6314:
6308:
6297:
6287:
6285:
6283:
6268:
6266:
6264:
6257:The Totonta Star
6247:
6244:The Totonta Star
6234:
6232:
6230:
6223:The Totonta Star
6213:
6211:
6209:
6192:
6190:
6188:
6171:
6169:
6167:
6150:
6137:10.2118/76333-ms
6123:
6113:
6081:
6079:
6077:
6049:
6047:
6040:
6030:
6028:
6026:
6014:
6012:
6010:
5994:
5992:
5990:
5973:
5971:
5969:
5953:
5951:
5949:
5923:
5921:
5919:
5903:
5901:
5899:
5883:
5881:
5879:
5866:
5861:
5859:
5846:
5844:
5842:
5825:
5823:
5821:
5814:Fasken Institute
5797:
5788:
5786:
5784:
5768:
5766:
5764:
5741:
5729:
5728:. March 2, 2016.
5717:
5702:
5700:
5698:
5686:
5684:
5676:
5674:
5672:
5655:
5653:
5651:
5645:
5636:
5634:
5632:
5626:
5617:
5615:
5613:
5607:
5596:
5587:
5585:
5583:
5573:
5564:
5562:
5560:
5545:
5543:
5541:
5535:
5526:
5524:
5522:
5500:
5498:
5496:
5491:. April 26, 2020
5480:
5467:
5465:
5463:
5448:
5432:
5430:
5428:
5418:
5408:
5406:
5404:
5388:
5386:
5384:
5367:
5354:
5341:
5339:
5337:
5325:
5323:
5321:
5305:
5303:
5301:
5286:
5284:
5282:
5266:
5264:
5262:
5255:The Price of Oil
5245:
5243:
5241:
5229:
5227:
5225:
5209:
5207:
5205:
5192:
5190:
5188:
5172:
5170:
5168:
5152:
5150:
5117:
5088:
5071:(3â4): 209â238.
5059:
5039:
5037:
5004:
4971:
4969:
4967:
4951:
4949:
4947:
4931:
4895:
4858:
4831:
4801:
4799:
4797:
4774:
4772:
4770:
4754:
4748:
4746:
4730:
4728:
4726:
4710:
4708:
4706:
4689:
4660:
4658:
4656:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4612:
4610:
4608:
4592:
4577:
4575:
4573:
4563:
4553:
4540:
4538:
4536:
4520:
4514:
4495:
4493:
4491:
4475:
4473:
4471:
4455:
4453:
4451:
4435:
4433:
4431:
4415:
4397:
4387:
4385:
4383:
4378:. April 14, 2021
4367:
4365:
4363:
4347:
4345:
4336:
4334:
4332:
4316:
4304:
4302:
4261:
4259:
4257:
4251:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4228:
4212:
4171:
4161:
4143:
4110:
4108:
4106:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4060:
4050:
4030:
4018:
4016:
4014:
4001:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3981:Edmonton Journal
3971:
3963:
3958:
3956:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3876:
3857:
3839:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3816:
3806:
3804:
3802:
3786:
3783:Edmonton Journal
3773:
3760:
3747:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3699:
3690:
3661:
3648:
3627:
3610:(3â4): 257â284.
3591:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3521:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3483:
3474:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3440:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3421:
3412:
3410:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3391:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3346:
3335:10.1002/ghg.2029
3303:
3297:
3280:
3274:
3268:
3265:Wang et al. 2016
3262:
3256:
3241:
3235:
3225:
3216:
3210:
3204:
3169:
3160:
3154:
3148:
3142:
3133:
3127:
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3104:
3098:
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3071:
3062:
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3024:
3013:
3007:
3001:
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2989:
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2927:
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2894:
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2876:
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2799:
2793:
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2778:
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2757:
2751:
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2733:
2727:
2721:
2715:
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2703:
2697:
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2659:
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2589:
2583:
2577:
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2554:
2548:
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2518:
2509:
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2480:
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2375:
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2318:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2289:
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2274:
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2245:
2239:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2202:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2165:
2159:
2144:
2138:
2129:
2123:
2112:
2106:
2085:
2084:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2054:
2048:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2009:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1969:
1963:
1954:
1948:
1937:
1931:
1918:
1912:
1901:
1895:
1876:
1870:
1851:
1845:
1836:
1830:
1821:
1815:
1806:
1800:
1787:
1781:
1772:
1766:
1751:
1745:
1736:
1730:
1721:
1715:
1706:
1700:
1683:
1677:
1636:
1630:
1611:
1605:
1590:
1584:
1569:
1563:
1550:
1544:
1531:
1525:
1510:
1504:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1466:
1460:
1429:
1423:
1404:
1398:
1383:
1377:
1362:
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1280:
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1225:
1214:
1208:
1191:
1185:
1172:
1166:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1120:
1114:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1030:
1026:
1020:
1016:
1010:
1007:
778:
772:
766:
760:
754:
700:hydrogen sulfide
375:(CAPP), and the
209:conventional oil
71:Current overview
6431:
6430:
6426:
6425:
6424:
6422:
6421:
6420:
6386:
6385:
6384:
6375:
6373:
6348:
6346:
6312:
6310:
6306:
6295:
6281:
6279:
6278:. BNN Bloomberg
6262:
6260:
6228:
6226:
6207:
6205:
6186:
6184:
6165:
6163:
6147:
6075:
6073:
6045:
6038:
6024:
6022:
6008:
6006:
5988:
5986:
5985:(Press release)
5967:
5965:
5947:
5945:
5943:
5917:
5915:
5897:
5895:
5877:
5875:
5857:
5855:
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5782:
5780:
5762:
5760:
5696:
5694:
5682:
5678:
5670:
5668:
5649:
5647:
5643:
5630:
5628:
5624:
5611:
5609:
5605:
5594:
5581:
5579:
5571:
5558:
5556:
5539:
5537:
5533:
5520:
5518:
5494:
5492:
5461:
5459:
5457:
5446:
5426:
5424:
5416:
5402:
5400:
5382:
5380:
5335:
5333:
5319:
5317:
5299:
5297:
5280:
5278:
5260:
5258:
5239:
5237:
5223:
5221:
5203:
5201:
5186:
5184:
5166:
5164:
5001:10.2172/5859999
4965:
4963:
4945:
4943:
4855:
4795:
4793:
4768:
4766:
4744:
4742:
4724:
4722:
4704:
4702:
4686:10.1139/e85-188
4654:
4652:
4634:
4632:
4606:
4604:
4571:
4569:
4561:
4534:
4532:
4512:
4489:
4487:
4469:
4467:
4449:
4447:
4429:
4427:
4395:
4381:
4379:
4376:Global Newswire
4361:
4359:
4343:
4330:
4328:
4279:Geophys. J. Int
4255:
4253:
4249:
4236:
4234:
4226:
4104:
4102:
4085:
4083:
4073:
4058:
4012:
4010:
3999:
3985:
3983:
3954:
3952:
3934:
3932:
3912:
3910:
3890:
3888:
3855:
3820:
3818:
3814:
3800:
3798:
3712:
3710:
3588:10.1139/e65-015
3555:
3553:
3535:
3533:
3507:
3505:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3460:
3458:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3425:
3423:
3419:
3408:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3376:
3374:
3356:
3354:
3311:
3306:
3298:
3283:
3275:
3271:
3263:
3259:
3251:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3230:
3226:
3219:
3211:
3207:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3170:
3163:
3155:
3151:
3143:
3136:
3128:
3124:
3116:
3107:
3099:
3095:
3087:
3080:
3072:
3065:
3057:
3048:
3040:
3033:
3025:
3016:
3008:
3004:
2996:
2992:
2984:
2975:
2967:
2963:
2955:
2942:
2934:
2930:
2922:
2918:
2910:
2903:
2895:
2891:
2883:
2879:
2871:
2862:
2854:
2847:
2839:
2835:
2827:
2820:
2812:
2808:
2800:
2796:
2788:
2781:
2773:
2766:
2758:
2754:
2746:
2742:
2734:
2730:
2722:
2718:
2710:
2706:
2698:
2694:
2686:
2679:
2671:
2662:
2654:
2639:
2631:
2627:
2619:
2610:
2602:
2598:
2590:
2586:
2578:
2569:
2561:
2557:
2549:
2542:
2534:
2527:
2519:
2512:
2504:
2500:
2492:
2483:
2475:
2468:
2460:
2451:
2443:
2439:
2431:
2427:
2419:
2408:
2400:
2393:
2385:
2378:
2370:
2366:
2358:
2354:
2346:
2342:
2334:
2327:
2319:
2310:
2302:
2298:
2290:
2283:
2275:
2271:
2263:
2248:
2240:
2229:
2221:
2217:
2209:
2205:
2197:
2193:
2185:
2168:
2160:
2147:
2139:
2132:
2124:
2115:
2107:
2088:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2066:
2057:
2051:Cabradilla 2022
2049:
2042:
2034:
2030:
2022:
2018:
2010:
2001:
1993:
1989:
1981:
1972:
1964:
1957:
1949:
1940:
1932:
1921:
1913:
1904:
1896:
1879:
1871:
1854:
1846:
1839:
1831:
1824:
1816:
1809:
1801:
1790:
1782:
1775:
1767:
1754:
1746:
1739:
1731:
1724:
1716:
1709:
1701:
1686:
1678:
1639:
1631:
1614:
1606:
1593:
1585:
1572:
1564:
1553:
1545:
1534:
1526:
1513:
1505:
1498:
1490:
1486:
1478:
1469:
1461:
1432:
1424:
1407:
1399:
1386:
1378:
1365:
1357:
1346:
1338:
1327:
1319:
1308:
1300:
1283:
1275:
1268:
1260:
1251:
1243:
1234:
1226:
1217:
1209:
1194:
1186:
1175:
1167:
1152:
1144:
1140:
1132:
1123:
1115:
1096:
1092:
1079:
1077:
1068:
1053:
1051:
1042:
1039:
1034:
1033:
1027:
1023:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1004:
999:
982:
974:Kathleen Ganley
957:
935:to the surface.
903:heat exchangers
887:
819:
808:
783:
782:
781:
780:
776:
774:
770:
768:
764:
762:
758:
756:
752:
728:
709:In addition to
696:
626:
595:
575:
552:
533:
481:
425:
398:
358:
325:
172:
102:methane leakage
73:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6429:
6419:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6383:
6382:
6356:
6355:
6339:
6320:
6319:
6288:
6269:
6248:
6235:
6214:
6193:
6172:
6151:
6145:
6124:
6083:
6082:
6051:
6050:
6031:
6015:
6004:Calgary Herald
5995:
5974:
5963:Calgary Herald
5954:
5941:
5924:
5904:
5884:
5867:
5847:
5826:
5799:
5798:
5789:
5769:
5743:
5742:
5730:
5718:
5704:
5703:
5691:"OWA homepage"
5687:
5657:
5637:
5618:
5588:
5565:
5546:
5527:
5502:
5501:
5481:
5468:
5455:
5434:
5433:
5409:
5398:Financial Post
5389:
5377:Financial Post
5368:
5364:Financial Post
5355:
5351:Financial Post
5342:
5326:
5306:
5287:
5267:
5246:
5230:
5210:
5193:
5173:
5153:
5133:(2): 479â487.
5118:
5094:Tectonophysics
5089:
5065:Tectonophysics
5060:
5041:
5040:
5005:
4972:
4952:
4932:
4914:(3): 181â192.
4897:
4896:
4870:(5): 650â664.
4859:
4853:
4832:
4814:(4): 323â344.
4802:
4776:
4775:
4755:
4740:Globe and Mail
4731:
4720:Globe and Mail
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4426:(Report). 2010
4416:
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4356:Globe and Mail
4348:
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4285:(2): 245â262.
4264:
4263:
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4187:(7): 866â872.
4172:
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4092:
4071:
4065:. p. 22.
4051:
4047:Globe and Mail
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3928:Calgary Herald
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3667:Tectonophysics
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3604:Tectonophysics
3593:
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3574:(3): 176â182.
3563:
3542:
3531:Calgary Herald
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3514:
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3323:Greenhouse Gas
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3281:
3269:
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3161:
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3101:PetroWiki 2016
3093:
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3002:
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2016:
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1987:
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3502:AER Bulletins
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2873:McIntosh 2018
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2856:CBC News 2018
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2748:Scheyder 2016
2744:
2737:
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2726:, p. 20.
2725:
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2708:
2701:
2696:
2690:, p. 14.
2689:
2684:
2682:
2675:, p. 12.
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2622:
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2211:OWA about n.d
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2141:CTV News 2017
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2038:, p. 40.
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852:casing string
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