7212:
154:
186:
6452:
7224:
3889:
7174:
716:
4656:
3913:
5612:
7200:
3901:
465:
133:
159:
158:
155:
160:
702:
157:
1911:
compressed femoral neck, asymmetric distribution of cortex in the femoral neck, shallow superior notch, and a well developed gluteal tuberosity which coalesces vertically with the crest that descends the femoral shaft posteriorly." It does, however, also share many of such properties with several
841:
After the fossils were found in 2000, they were held at the
Kipsaraman village community museum, but the museum was subsequently closed. Since then, according to the Community Museums of Kenya chairman Eustace Kitonga, the fossils are stored at a secret bank vault in Nairobi.
156:
2342:
1920:
is a basal hominid that adapted an early form of bipedalism. Based on the structure of its femoral head it still exhibited some arboreal properties, likely to forage and build shelters. The length of the femoral neck in
1955:
shares an early hominin feature in which their iliac blade is flared to help counter the torque of their body weight, this shows that they adapted bipedalism around 6 MYA. These features are shared with many species of
1945:
is more closely related to humans than Lucy is have addressed this by asserting that the male australopithicine femurs in question in fact belong to a different species than Lucy.
838:
phalanx is of human proportions and has thus been associated with toolmaking, but should probably be associated with grasping abilities useful for tree-climbing in this context.
2896:
Senut, Brigitte; Pickford, Martin; Gommery, Dominique; Mein, Pierre; Cheboi, Kiptalam; Coppens, Yves (January 2001). "First hominid from the
Miocene (Lukeino Formation, Kenya)".
2015:
is uncertain, the evidence of the evolution of bipedalism is an invaluable discovery from this early fossil hominin. A recent phylogenetic analysis also recovered
2011:
is a basal hominin and that bipedalism developed early in the hominin clade and successfully evolved down the human evolutionary tree. While the phylogeny of
1868:
apes, rather than extant great apes, which shows instead that the femur shows itself as an intermediate between that of
Australopiths and said earlier apes.
5958:
5900:
5838:
578:
429:
865:, being 6.05 million years old. However, there is no consensus that these impressions are distinct enough to confidently assign to a primate or even a
618:
were collected between 2005 and 2011 by the Franco-Kenyan Kenya
Palaeontology Expedition and they, alongside the Tabarin mandible, were classified by
6678:
6372:
5865:
5831:
5767:
5256:
4994:
4871:
4819:
3758:
6389:
5997:
4939:
4583:
4473:
4341:
4207:
4071:
2643:
Pickford, Martin; Senut, Brigitte; Gommery, Dominique; Treil, Jacques (September 2002). "Bipedalism in
Orrorin tugenensis revealed by its femora".
7313:
6047:
5893:
5879:
5710:
4885:
4849:
4729:
4464:
4334:
4285:
4165:
3786:
2877:
1937:, this claim has been challenged by some researchers who have noted that the femoral heads of male australopithicines are more akin to those of
6254:
5982:
5212:
5041:
4610:
4593:
4369:
4221:
4214:
4193:
4094:
2470:
6159:
5774:
4966:
4480:
4320:
4299:
4179:
4172:
4136:
4129:
4122:
4101:
4087:
530:
5886:
5266:
5158:
5051:
4878:
4348:
4327:
4313:
4256:
4249:
4158:
2749:
Sevim-Erol, Ayla; Begun, D. R.; Sözer, Ç Sönmez; Mayda, S.; van den Hoek
Ostende, L. W.; Martin, R. M. G.; Alçiçek, M. Cihat (2023-08-23).
5872:
5031:
4439:
4425:
4376:
4292:
4275:
4228:
4186:
4115:
4080:
3634:
4446:
4411:
4355:
4263:
4242:
4200:
4060:
1647:
526:
503:
4805:
4719:
4487:
4453:
4418:
4390:
4362:
3022:
2982:
1517:
511:
7300:
4864:
4432:
4383:
3874:
3718:
3032:
1537:
906:
515:
7389:
7374:
3776:
3027:
1857:; there is, however, some debate over this point. This debate is largely centered around the fact that Lucy was female and the
1497:
774:
3781:
3659:
3037:
2866:
2839:
2583:
Almécija, Sergio; Tallman, Melissa; Alba, David M.; Pina, Marta; Moyà-Solà, Salvador; Jungers, William L. (3 December 2013).
1899:
shares several apomorphic features with modern humans, as well as some with australopithecines, including the presence of an
1975:. This would mean that Australopithecus would represent a side branch in the homin evolution that does not directly lead to
3951:
3738:
2849:
Senut, Brigitte (2007). "6 the
Earliest Putative Hominids". In Henke, Winfried; Hardt, Thorolf; Tattersall, Ian (eds.).
7359:
3847:
2954:
787:
is thicker. The dentition differs from both these species in the presence of a mesial groove on the upper canines. The
145:
17:
2125:
3713:
3905:
1477:
3857:
3753:
2028:
1687:
3852:
3153:
2940:
585:
during the early 1980s. The mandible is known as the
Tabarin mandible, which was previously classified within
2975:
2829:
2585:"The femur of Orrorin tugenensis exhibits morphometric affinities with both Miocene apes and later hominins"
7278:
3723:
3600:
3486:
2946:
1127:
899:
2881:
7204:
5364:
3917:
3821:
3639:
3160:
3014:
1941:, and by extension modern humans, than those of female australopithicines. Proponents of the notion that
876:
2878:"Martin Pickford answers a few questions about this month's fast breaking paper in field of Geosciences"
2493:
2074:"Taxonomic status of the hominid mandible KNM-ER TI 13150 from the middle pliocene of tabarin, in Kenya"
7379:
7369:
7190:
3679:
3610:
3146:
3139:
3132:
1831:
1580:
1314:
1306:
1298:
2507:
7364:
3862:
3654:
1418:
6451:
3644:
1908:
845:
More recently, in 2017, impressions resembling human-like footprints were reported on the island of
185:
3944:
3893:
3196:
2968:
2480:
7384:
7173:
6209:
6027:
5434:
3831:
3768:
3728:
3615:
3174:
2950:
1388:
892:
2304:"Origin of the hominidae: The record of african large hominoid evolution between 14 my and 4 my"
1987:
femora morphology, which weakens this claim. Another study conducted by
Almecija suggested that
1603:
807:
was more closely related to modern humans than australopithecines as early members of the genus
564:, was first described by Ward (1985) and Ward & Hill (1988), and was initially described as
7318:
7240:
5488:
5192:
4573:
3826:
3801:
3796:
3689:
3605:
3167:
1347:
800:
2303:
7331:
6274:
3210:
2394:
1119:
2424:
7287:
5508:
3791:
3694:
3595:
3556:
3501:
3406:
3110:
3103:
2905:
2707:
2652:
2596:
2519:
2260:
2186:
1756:
1557:
1404:
1273:
1258:
850:
587:
4655:
8:
7216:
6951:
6332:
5611:
5529:
5474:
3937:
3203:
1912:
Miocene ape species, even showing some transitional elements between basal apes like the
734:
are believed to be from at least five individuals. They include: the posterior part of a
2909:
2783:
2750:
2711:
2656:
2600:
2523:
2264:
2190:
811:, who were almost certainly the direct ancestors of modern humans, were also megadonts.
6594:
5784:
5724:
5404:
5320:
4566:
3748:
3590:
3466:
2921:
2731:
2543:
2452:
2284:
2210:
2155:
2101:
1667:
370:
180:
2917:
2692:
2664:
1839:
is both earlier, by almost 3 million years, and more similar to modern humans than is
1734:
7354:
7326:
6173:
6149:
5822:
5134:
3912:
3867:
3733:
3674:
3664:
3435:
3399:
3253:
3047:
2862:
2835:
2788:
2770:
2723:
2614:
2547:
2535:
2444:
2323:
2276:
2202:
2159:
2147:
2093:
1826:
858:
823:
507:
422:
2925:
2735:
2456:
2105:
760:
had small teeth relative to its body size. Its dentition differs from that found in
7081:
6725:
6618:
6301:
6084:
6020:
5990:
5927:
5014:
4930:
4775:
3743:
3496:
3313:
3275:
3122:
2913:
2854:
2778:
2762:
2715:
2660:
2604:
2527:
2436:
2315:
2288:
2268:
2214:
2194:
2137:
2085:
1929:. While it was originally claimed that its femoral head is larger in comparison to
1825:
proves to be a direct human ancestor, then according to some paleoanthropologists,
1339:
1288:
791:
are ape-like but reduced, like those found in
Miocene apes and female chimpanzees.
762:
606:
2440:
7004:
6973:
6965:
6849:
6749:
6604:
6574:
6191:
6037:
5974:
5804:
5754:
5740:
5733:
5687:
5481:
5276:
4946:
4899:
4833:
4148:
3550:
3523:
3421:
3379:
2991:
2858:
2828:
Haviland, William A.; Prins, Harald E. L.; Walrath, Dana; McBride, Bunny (2007).
2531:
1913:
1880:
1871:
Other fossils (leaves and many mammals) found in the Lukeino Formation show that
1372:
1141:
1097:
619:
499:
484:
356:
574:
by Ferguson (1989) based on specimen KNM-TH 13150, a mandible discovered in the
7228:
7130:
7091:
7022:
6879:
6869:
6839:
6816:
6806:
6796:
6708:
6657:
6642:
6627:
6564:
6543:
6533:
6200:
6180:
5795:
5522:
5499:
4957:
3370:
3074:
3060:
2999:
2766:
2693:"Orrorin tugenensis Femoral Morphology and the Evolution of Hominin Bipedalism"
2124:
Pickford, Martin; Senut, Brigitte; Gommery, Dominique; Kipkech, Joseph (2022).
1193:
1180:
1110:
1084:
658:
495:
330:
169:
2073:
803:. However, some researchers have denied that this is compelling evidence that
7348:
7263:
7109:
6944:
6935:
6664:
6634:
6584:
6554:
6396:
6362:
6294:
6216:
6166:
6125:
6104:
5703:
5663:
5384:
5347:
5303:
5296:
5246:
5222:
4842:
4765:
4532:
3538:
3391:
3081:
2774:
2539:
2327:
2280:
2206:
2151:
2097:
1925:
fossils is elongated and is similar in shape and length to modern humans and
1712:
1380:
834:
indicates it climbed trees. While the proximal phalanx is curved, the distal
751:
83:
2719:
2319:
1903:
groove, elongated femoral neck, anteriorly twisted head (posterior twist in
506:. Starting from 17 October 2000, 20 fossils were found at four sites in the
7141:
7070:
6981:
6958:
6906:
6889:
6859:
6701:
6649:
6503:
6284:
6237:
6142:
6077:
6067:
6057:
5967:
5849:
5811:
5696:
5543:
5536:
5444:
5182:
5168:
5101:
4980:
4750:
4708:
4506:
4045:
3544:
3532:
3474:
3348:
3296:
3261:
3186:
3093:
2792:
2727:
2618:
2475:
2448:
2248:
1849:
1788:
1362:
1329:
1243:
1167:
1154:
788:
784:
779:
315:
41:
7272:
7047:
6230:
6111:
6094:
5858:
5464:
5374:
5239:
5202:
5122:
5061:
4782:
4235:
3428:
3355:
3327:
3320:
3268:
2812:
2142:
1895:
share no derived features of hominoid great-ape relatives. In contrast, "
1691:
1434:
1058:
831:
796:
767:
670:
569:
383:
58:
2175:"Late Miocene sediments and fossils from the Northern Kenya Rift Valley"
7305:
6523:
6315:
5642:
5629:
5579:
5515:
5454:
5357:
5340:
5232:
5175:
5148:
5111:
5081:
5071:
4796:
4522:
4404:
4108:
4053:
4005:
3960:
3413:
3334:
2609:
2584:
2089:
866:
819:
815:
404:
247:
103:
68:
7223:
2174:
6992:
6922:
6896:
6765:
6715:
6352:
6342:
6265:
6118:
6008:
5907:
5673:
5427:
5330:
4544:
4306:
4022:
3480:
3385:
2272:
2198:
1835:("Lucy") may be considered a side branch of the hominid family tree:
1772:
1449:
739:
715:
535:
520:
464:
415:
277:
267:
197:
108:
52:
7234:
2751:"A new ape from Türkiye and the radiation of late Miocene hominines"
7257:
7058:
7034:
6827:
6786:
6732:
6671:
6244:
5394:
5287:
4987:
4912:
4812:
4397:
4037:
3978:
3341:
3306:
3283:
3004:
1623:
1071:
1045:
735:
575:
480:
469:
426:
287:
217:
98:
93:
78:
73:
63:
45:
2960:
1964:
shares with modern humans show that it is more closely related to
1864:
Another point of view cites comparisons between Orrorin and other
7012:
6739:
6379:
6308:
5560:
5553:
5415:
5310:
5092:
4973:
4919:
4739:
4600:
4557:
3990:
3491:
1876:
1865:
1030:
747:
662:
419:
411:
237:
113:
88:
7292:
7199:
6689:
6513:
6322:
6223:
5944:
5141:
4857:
4687:
4674:
4626:
3984:
3972:
771:
678:
257:
227:
207:
132:
4016:
3929:
3566:
3457:
3447:
854:
846:
835:
743:
674:
582:
433:
407:
7099:
6132:
3225:
2827:
2381:
2123:
1960:. It has been suggested by Pickford that the many features
627:
566:
380:
2559:
2557:
1949:
appears to have developed bipedalism 6 million years ago.
6482:
6469:
6419:
2748:
2642:
2126:"New Pliocene hominid fossils from Baringo County, Kenya"
1805:
2895:
2425:"Scientists Spar over Claims of Earliest Human Ancestor"
2057:
701:
307:
2582:
2554:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2628:
799:, like modern humans, whereas australopithecines were
7188:
2943:- The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program
1995:. An analysis of the BAR 10020' 00 femur showed that
1875:
lived in a dry evergreen forest environment, not the
7137:
7126:
7115:
7105:
7087:
7077:
7066:
7018:
7000:
6932:
6902:
6885:
6875:
6865:
6855:
6845:
6835:
6812:
6802:
6792:
6782:
6745:
6721:
6697:
6615:
6600:
6590:
6580:
6570:
6560:
6550:
6539:
6529:
6519:
6509:
6499:
6385:
6368:
6358:
6348:
6338:
6328:
6290:
6280:
6250:
6155:
6138:
6100:
6090:
6073:
6063:
6053:
6043:
6033:
6016:
5955:
5940:
5780:
5751:
5721:
5684:
5669:
5659:
5549:
5470:
5460:
5450:
5440:
5423:
5400:
5390:
5380:
5370:
5353:
5336:
5326:
5316:
5272:
5262:
5252:
5228:
5218:
5208:
5198:
5188:
5164:
5154:
5130:
5107:
5077:
5067:
5057:
5047:
5037:
5027:
4896:
4830:
4793:
4762:
4746:
4735:
4725:
4715:
4704:
4606:
4589:
4579:
4539:
4528:
4518:
4018:
2898:
Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série IIA
2494:
Oldest footprints of pre-humans identified in Crete.
2377:
2375:
2813:"Orrorin Tugenensis: Pushing back the hominin line"
2625:
871:
3470:(archaic homo sapiens, anatomically modern humans)
2686:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2674:
1991:is more closely related to early hominins than to
1916:and Australopithecus. According to recent studies
1861:femur it has been compared to belonged to a male.
2691:Richmond, B. G.; Jungers, W. L. (21 March 2008).
2508:"Comments on possible Miocene hominin footprints"
2372:
1933:and is much closer in shape and relative size to
688:means roughly “group of people who came before.”
7346:
2506:Meldrum, Jeff; Sarmiento, Esteban (2018-08-01).
2505:
853:", found in fossilized beach sediments near the
533:are found in the upper levels of the formation (
490:The team that found the rest of the holotype of
2690:
2671:
742:and several isolated teeth; three fragments of
2880:. Essential Science Indicators. Archived from
861:, have been dated to a similar time period as
3945:
2976:
2831:Evolution and prehistory: the human challenge
2578:
2576:
2574:
2572:
900:
869:, or that they are indeed footprints at all.
826:protrudes medially. While these suggest that
2230:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2047:
27:Postulated early hominin discovered in Kenya
3455:
2471:"Whereabouts of fossil treasure sparks row"
2395:"Orrorin tugenensis essay | Becoming Human"
1847:femur is morphologically closer to that of
487:in 1974 and described by Pickford (1975).
4685:
3952:
3938:
2983:
2969:
2569:
2512:Proceedings of the Geologists' Association
1886:
907:
893:
152:
131:
6480:
6418:
5640:
5578:
2782:
2608:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2308:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
2221:
2141:
2044:
822:is elongated and oval in section and the
818:is spherical and rotated anteriorly; the
3875:Human evolutionary developmental biology
2875:
2563:
2301:
2172:
2071:
2007:. The current prevailing theory is that
463:
452:
445:, named in 2001, and a second species,
14:
7347:
2422:
2411:
1801:
7239:
7238:
6467:
5627:
4672:
4003:
3933:
3660:Evolutionary models of human drug use
2964:
2848:
2340:
2234:
885:
457:
3900:
2246:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2067:
2065:
1744:
1722:
1700:
1676:
1656:
1636:
1612:
1592:
1569:
1546:
1526:
1506:
1486:
1466:
874:
2990:
2302:Hill, Andrew; Ward, Steven (1988).
2249:"Early hominid from Baringo, Kenya"
1979:. However the femora morphology of
553:
483:, a lower molar, was discovered by
24:
2955:National Museum of Natural History
2876:Pickford, Martin (December 2001).
2810:
1843:. The main similarity is that the
510:, Kenya: of these, the fossils at
504:National Museum of Natural History
146:National Museum of Natural History
25:
7401:
2934:
2112:
2062:
1816:
631:, so they were classified within
546:was named and described by Senut
449:, assigned to the genus in 2022.
7222:
7210:
7198:
7172:
6450:
5610:
4654:
3911:
3899:
3888:
3887:
714:
700:
184:
56:
4673:
2742:
2499:
2487:
2463:
2387:
2341:Hawks, John (10 October 2023).
2029:List of human evolution fossils
795:had small post-canines and was
770:are smaller and less elongated
6468:
5628:
4004:
3959:
2479:. May 19, 2009. Archived from
2334:
2295:
2240:
2166:
1983:shares many similarities with
1465:
754:; and a distal thumb phalanx.
730:The 20 specimens belonging to
625:(2022) as being separate from
13:
1:
7390:Taxa named by Martin Pickford
7375:Fossil taxa described in 2001
2918:10.1016/S1251-8050(01)01529-4
2851:Handbook of Paleoanthropology
2665:10.1016/s1631-0683(02)00028-3
2441:10.1126/science.291.5508.1460
2037:
830:was bipedal, the rest of the
721:
707:
2947:Human Timeline (Interactive)
2859:10.1007/978-3-540-33761-4_49
2532:10.1016/j.pgeola.2018.05.006
2072:Ferguson, Walter W. (1989).
1879:assumed by many theories of
642:
614:Several referred remains of
7:
3918:Evolutionary biology Portal
2496:OCTOBER 11, 2021 - phys.org
2022:
1999:is an intermediate between
1802:
1024:
10:
7406:
2803:
2767:10.1038/s42003-023-05210-5
2005:Australopithecus afarensis
1832:Australopithecus afarensis
691:
657:) means "original man" in
7360:Neogene mammals of Africa
7247:
7169:
7057:
7042:
7033:
6991:
6931:
6920:
6826:
6778:
6774:
6763:
6688:
6614:
6495:
6491:
6476:
6463:
6448:
6414:
6264:
6199:
6190:
6007:
5954:
5936:
5925:
5848:
5821:
5794:
5762:
5750:
5720:
5683:
5655:
5651:
5636:
5623:
5608:
5574:
5498:
5414:
5286:
5121:
5091:
5023:
5012:
4956:
4929:
4907:
4895:
4829:
4792:
4761:
4700:
4696:
4681:
4668:
4651:
4625:
4556:
4514:
4505:
4501:
4463:
4273:
4146:
4070:
4032:
4012:
3999:
3967:
3883:
3863:Evolutionary anthropology
3840:
3814:
3767:
3705:
3624:
3583:
3576:
3522:
3446:
3369:
3294:
3248:
3241:
3224:
3184:
3120:
3091:
3055:
3046:
3013:
2998:
376:
369:
346:
341:
321:
314:
181:Scientific classification
179:
167:
151:
139:
130:
34:
2423:Balter, Michael (2001).
917:
3769:Origin of modern humans
2720:10.1126/science.1154197
2320:10.1002/ajpa.1330310505
1887:Evolution of bipedalism
1789:P a r a n t h r o p u s
1648:Dispersal beyond Africa
601:"Ardipithecus" praegens
2853:. pp. 1519–1538.
2755:Communications Biology
2645:Comptes Rendus Palevol
920:−10 —
479:The first part of the
476:
3777:Recent African origin
3015:Last common ancestors
2589:Nature Communications
2399:www.becominghuman.org
2247:Hill, Andrew (1985).
2173:Pickford, M. (1975).
1010:−1 —
1000:−2 —
990:−3 —
980:−4 —
970:−5 —
960:−6 —
950:−7 —
940:−8 —
930:−9 —
708:Location of discovery
467:
144:femur (BAR 1002'00),
7205:Evolutionary biology
3792:Behavioral modernity
3782:Multiregional origin
3562:archaic Homo sapiens
3557:Homo heidelbergensis
3502:Red Deer Cave people
2834:. Cengage Learning.
2382:Haviland et al. 2007
2143:10.37520/fi.2022.020
1604:Earliest stone tools
851:Trachilos footprints
588:Ardipithecus ramidus
560:The second species,
453:Discovery and naming
439:The type species is
6333:Paradolichopithecus
3429:H. neanderthalensis
3349:H. e. tautavelensis
2910:2001CRASE.332..137S
2712:2008Sci...319.1662R
2706:(5870): 1662–1665.
2657:2002CRPal...1..191P
2601:2013NatCo...4.2888A
2524:2018PrGA..129..577M
2435:(5508): 1460–1461.
2265:1985Natur.315..222H
2191:1975Natur.256..279P
681:was found in 2000.
7279:Orrorin tugenensis
7249:Orrorin tugenensis
5959:Victoriapithecidae
5901:Plesiopliopithecus
5839:Platodontopithecus
3616:Self-domestication
3407:H. heidelbergensis
3356:H. e. yuanmouensis
3321:H. e. lantianensis
3048:Australopithecines
2941:Orrorin tugenensis
2610:10.1038/ncomms3888
2090:10.1007/BF02381261
2009:Orrorin tugenensis
1931:Australopithicines
1927:Australopithicines
1923:Orrorin tugenensis
1918:Orrorin tugenensis
1901:obturator externus
1893:Orrorin tugenensis
1827:australopithecines
1405:H. heidelbergensis
863:Orrorin tugenensis
849:in Greece. These "
814:In the femur, the
677:, where the first
647:The name of genus
544:Orrorin tugenensis
525:), while those in
477:
459:Ororrin tugenensis
325:Orrorin tugenensis
18:Orrorin tugenensis
7380:Prehistoric Kenya
7370:Pliocene primates
7342:
7341:
7327:Open Tree of Life
7241:Taxon identifiers
7186:
7185:
7182:
7181:
7167:
7166:
7163:
7162:
7159:
7158:
7155:
7154:
7151:
7150:
6916:
6915:
6759:
6758:
6459:
6458:
6446:
6445:
6442:
6441:
6438:
6437:
6410:
6409:
6406:
6405:
5921:
5920:
5917:
5916:
5823:Dionysopithecidae
5725:Propliopithecidae
5619:
5618:
5606:
5605:
5602:
5601:
5598:
5597:
5570:
5569:
5008:
5007:
5004:
5003:
4664:
4663:
4649:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4621:
4620:
4497:
4496:
3927:
3926:
3868:Paleoanthropology
3810:
3809:
3787:Archaic admixture
3665:Stoned ape theory
3601:Endurance running
3518:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3365:
3364:
3328:H. e. nankinensis
3284:H. tsaichangensis
3220:
3219:
2868:978-3-540-32474-4
2841:978-0-495-38190-7
2259:(6016): 222–224.
2237:, pp. 1527–9
2185:(5515): 279–284.
2058:Senut et al. 2001
1985:Australopithicine
1909:anteroposteriorly
1814:
1813:
1806:million years ago
1765:
1764:
1743:
1742:
1721:
1720:
1713:Earliest rock art
1699:
1698:
1675:
1674:
1668:Earliest language
1655:
1654:
1635:
1634:
1611:
1610:
1591:
1590:
1581:Earliest sign of
1568:
1567:
1558:Earliest sign of
1545:
1544:
1525:
1524:
1505:
1504:
1485:
1484:
1128:Ou. macedoniensis
824:lesser trochanter
738:in two pieces; a
579:Mabaget Formation
508:Lukeino Formation
430:Mabaget Formation
423:Lukeino Formation
396:
395:
390:
363:
310:
308:Senut et al. 2001
161:
16:(Redirected from
7397:
7365:Miocene primates
7335:
7334:
7322:
7321:
7309:
7308:
7296:
7295:
7283:
7282:
7281:
7268:
7267:
7266:
7236:
7235:
7227:
7226:
7215:
7214:
7213:
7203:
7202:
7194:
7177:
7176:
7139:
7128:
7117:
7107:
7089:
7082:Australopithecus
7079:
7068:
7040:
7039:
7020:
7002:
6934:
6929:
6928:
6904:
6887:
6877:
6867:
6857:
6847:
6837:
6814:
6804:
6794:
6784:
6776:
6775:
6772:
6771:
6747:
6723:
6699:
6619:Dendropithecidae
6617:
6602:
6592:
6582:
6572:
6562:
6552:
6541:
6531:
6521:
6511:
6501:
6493:
6492:
6489:
6488:
6478:
6477:
6465:
6464:
6454:
6416:
6415:
6387:
6370:
6360:
6350:
6340:
6330:
6292:
6282:
6252:
6197:
6196:
6157:
6140:
6102:
6092:
6075:
6065:
6055:
6045:
6035:
6021:Cercopithecoides
6018:
5991:Victoriapithecus
5957:
5942:
5934:
5933:
5928:Cercopithecoidea
5782:
5760:
5759:
5753:
5723:
5686:
5671:
5661:
5653:
5652:
5649:
5648:
5638:
5637:
5625:
5624:
5614:
5576:
5575:
5551:
5472:
5462:
5452:
5442:
5425:
5402:
5392:
5382:
5372:
5355:
5338:
5328:
5318:
5274:
5264:
5254:
5230:
5220:
5210:
5200:
5190:
5166:
5156:
5132:
5109:
5079:
5069:
5059:
5049:
5039:
5029:
5021:
5020:
4931:Proteopithecidae
4905:
4904:
4898:
4832:
4795:
4764:
4748:
4737:
4727:
4717:
4706:
4698:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4683:
4682:
4670:
4669:
4659:
4658:
4608:
4591:
4581:
4541:
4530:
4520:
4512:
4511:
4503:
4502:
4030:
4029:
4020:
4014:
4013:
4001:
4000:
3954:
3947:
3940:
3931:
3930:
3915:
3903:
3902:
3891:
3890:
3827:Human prehistory
3802:Recent evolution
3797:Early migrations
3739:Thermoregulation
3640:Expensive tissue
3611:Sexual selection
3581:
3580:
3453:
3452:
3335:H. e. pekinensis
3246:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3154:A. bahrelghazali
3123:Australopithecus
3053:
3052:
3023:Chimpanzee–human
3011:
3010:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2962:
2961:
2929:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2872:
2845:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2797:
2796:
2786:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2697:
2688:
2669:
2668:
2640:
2623:
2622:
2612:
2580:
2567:
2561:
2552:
2551:
2503:
2497:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2420:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2391:
2385:
2379:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2273:10.1038/315222a0
2244:
2238:
2232:
2219:
2218:
2199:10.1038/256279a0
2170:
2164:
2163:
2145:
2121:
2110:
2109:
2069:
2060:
2055:
1973:Australopithecus
1958:Australopithecus
1905:Australopithecus
1794:
1792:
1791:
1777:
1775:
1759:
1750:
1745:
1737:
1735:Earliest clothes
1728:
1723:
1715:
1706:
1701:
1682:
1677:
1662:
1657:
1642:
1637:
1624:Earliest sign of
1618:
1613:
1598:
1593:
1583:Australopithecus
1575:
1570:
1552:
1547:
1538:Earliest bipedal
1532:
1527:
1518:Chimpanzee split
1512:
1507:
1492:
1487:
1472:
1467:
1453:
1452:
1438:
1437:
1421:
1407:
1393:
1365:
1352:
1332:
1319:
1291:
1289:Australopithecus
1278:
1263:
1246:
1233:
1209:
1196:
1183:
1170:
1157:
1144:
1132:
1113:
1100:
1087:
1075:
1061:
1048:
1035:
1033:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
909:
902:
895:
889:
879:
878:Hominin timeline
872:
763:Australopithecus
718:
704:
555:Orrorin praegens
539:
524:
518:are the oldest (
502:from the French
388:
355:
306:
299:
189:
188:
172:of the thumb of
163:
162:
135:
125:
55:
40:Temporal range:
32:
31:
21:
7405:
7404:
7400:
7399:
7398:
7396:
7395:
7394:
7345:
7344:
7343:
7338:
7330:
7325:
7317:
7312:
7304:
7299:
7291:
7286:
7277:
7276:
7271:
7262:
7261:
7256:
7243:
7233:
7221:
7211:
7209:
7197:
7189:
7187:
7178:
7171:
7147:
7053:
7029:
7005:Chororapithecus
6987:
6974:Pierolapithecus
6966:Hispanopithecus
6925:
6912:
6850:Gigantopithecus
6822:
6768:
6755:
6750:Yuanmoupithecus
6684:
6679:Turkanapithecus
6610:
6605:Samburupithecus
6575:Nacholapithecus
6485:
6472:
6455:
6434:
6402:
6373:Procynocephalus
6260:
6192:Cercopithecinae
6186:
6038:Dolichopithecus
6003:
5975:Nsungwepithecus
5950:
5930:
5913:
5866:Barberapithecus
5844:
5832:Dionysopithecus
5817:
5805:Epipliopithecus
5790:
5768:Krishnapithecus
5755:Pliopithecoidea
5746:
5741:Propliopithecus
5734:Aegyptopithecus
5716:
5688:Oligopithecidae
5679:
5645:
5632:
5615:
5594:
5566:
5494:
5410:
5282:
5257:Proteropithecia
5117:
5087:
5017:
5000:
4995:Ucayalipithecus
4952:
4925:
4900:Parapithecoidea
4891:
4872:Myanmarpithecus
4834:Amphipithecidae
4825:
4820:Phenacopithecus
4788:
4757:
4690:
4677:
4660:
4653:
4641:
4617:
4552:
4493:
4459:
4269:
4149:Anaptomorphinae
4142:
4066:
4026:
4008:
3995:
3963:
3958:
3928:
3923:
3879:
3836:
3822:Human evolution
3806:
3763:
3707:
3701:
3680:Cooperative eye
3625:Specific models
3620:
3572:
3551:Homo antecessor
3506:
3442:
3436:H. rhodesiensis
3400:H. floresiensis
3361:
3342:H. e. soloensis
3314:H. e. georgicus
3290:
3254:H. gautengensis
3229:
3227:
3216:
3180:
3116:
3087:
3042:
3033:Orangutan–human
3002:
2994:
2992:Human evolution
2989:
2937:
2932:
2887:
2885:
2869:
2842:
2818:
2816:
2806:
2801:
2800:
2747:
2743:
2695:
2689:
2672:
2641:
2626:
2581:
2570:
2562:
2555:
2504:
2500:
2492:
2488:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2421:
2412:
2403:
2401:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2380:
2373:
2363:
2361:
2339:
2335:
2300:
2296:
2245:
2241:
2233:
2222:
2171:
2167:
2122:
2113:
2070:
2063:
2056:
2045:
2040:
2025:
1914:Aegyptopithecus
1891:The fossils of
1889:
1881:human evolution
1819:
1810:
1809:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1773:H o m i n i d s
1771:
1769:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1748:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1726:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1704:
1695:
1694:
1680:
1671:
1670:
1660:
1651:
1650:
1640:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1616:
1607:
1606:
1596:
1587:
1586:
1573:
1564:
1563:
1550:
1541:
1540:
1530:
1521:
1520:
1510:
1501:
1500:
1490:
1481:
1480:
1470:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1403:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1385:
1377:
1369:
1368:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1344:
1336:
1335:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1311:
1303:
1295:
1294:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1225:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1205:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1192:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1179:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1166:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1153:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1142:Chororapithecus
1140:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1124:
1116:
1115:
1109:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1098:Samburupithecus
1096:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1083:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1057:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1044:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1031:
1029:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
913:
887:
881:
877:
728:
727:
726:
725:
724:
723:
719:
711:
710:
709:
705:
694:
684:The epithet of
645:
558:
534:
519:
500:Martin Pickford
485:Martin Pickford
462:
455:
337:
328:
305:
297:
183:
153:
126:
124:
123:
122:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
50:
49:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7403:
7393:
7392:
7387:
7385:Baringo County
7382:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7340:
7339:
7337:
7336:
7323:
7310:
7297:
7284:
7269:
7253:
7251:
7245:
7244:
7232:
7231:
7219:
7207:
7184:
7183:
7180:
7179:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7164:
7161:
7160:
7157:
7156:
7153:
7152:
7149:
7148:
7146:
7145:
7135:
7131:Sahelanthropus
7124:
7113:
7103:
7096:
7092:Graecopithecus
7085:
7075:
7063:
7061:
7055:
7054:
7052:
7051:
7043:
7037:
7031:
7030:
7028:
7027:
7023:Nakalipithecus
7016:
7009:
6997:
6995:
6989:
6988:
6986:
6985:
6978:
6970:
6962:
6955:
6948:
6940:
6938:
6926:
6921:
6918:
6917:
6914:
6913:
6911:
6910:
6900:
6893:
6883:
6880:Lufengpithecus
6873:
6870:Khoratpithecus
6863:
6853:
6843:
6840:Ankarapithecus
6832:
6830:
6824:
6823:
6821:
6820:
6817:Ouranopithecus
6810:
6807:Nakalipithecus
6800:
6797:Graecopithecus
6790:
6779:
6769:
6764:
6761:
6760:
6757:
6756:
6754:
6753:
6743:
6736:
6729:
6719:
6712:
6705:
6694:
6692:
6686:
6685:
6683:
6682:
6675:
6668:
6661:
6658:Rangwapithecus
6654:
6646:
6643:Nyanzapithecus
6639:
6631:
6628:Dendropithecus
6623:
6621:
6612:
6611:
6609:
6608:
6598:
6588:
6578:
6568:
6565:Morotopithecus
6558:
6548:
6544:Kamoyapithecus
6537:
6534:Griphopithecus
6527:
6517:
6507:
6496:
6486:
6481:
6474:
6473:
6461:
6460:
6457:
6456:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6443:
6440:
6439:
6436:
6435:
6433:
6432:
6431:
6430:
6424:
6422:
6412:
6411:
6408:
6407:
6404:
6403:
6401:
6400:
6393:
6390:Soromandrillus
6383:
6376:
6366:
6356:
6346:
6336:
6326:
6319:
6312:
6305:
6298:
6288:
6278:
6270:
6268:
6262:
6261:
6259:
6258:
6248:
6241:
6234:
6227:
6220:
6213:
6210:Allenopithecus
6205:
6203:
6201:Cercopithecini
6194:
6188:
6187:
6185:
6184:
6181:Trachypithecus
6177:
6170:
6163:
6153:
6146:
6136:
6129:
6122:
6115:
6108:
6098:
6088:
6081:
6071:
6061:
6051:
6041:
6031:
6024:
6013:
6011:
6005:
6004:
6002:
6001:
5998:Zaltanpithecus
5994:
5987:
5979:
5971:
5963:
5961:
5952:
5951:
5949:
5948:
5937:
5931:
5926:
5923:
5922:
5919:
5918:
5915:
5914:
5912:
5911:
5904:
5897:
5890:
5883:
5876:
5869:
5862:
5854:
5852:
5846:
5845:
5843:
5842:
5835:
5827:
5825:
5819:
5818:
5816:
5815:
5808:
5800:
5798:
5796:Pliopithecidae
5792:
5791:
5789:
5788:
5778:
5771:
5763:
5757:
5748:
5747:
5745:
5744:
5737:
5729:
5727:
5718:
5717:
5715:
5714:
5707:
5700:
5692:
5690:
5681:
5680:
5678:
5677:
5667:
5656:
5646:
5641:
5634:
5633:
5621:
5620:
5617:
5616:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5603:
5600:
5599:
5596:
5595:
5593:
5592:
5591:
5590:
5584:
5582:
5572:
5571:
5568:
5567:
5565:
5564:
5557:
5547:
5540:
5537:Leontopithecus
5533:
5526:
5519:
5512:
5504:
5502:
5500:Callitrichidae
5496:
5495:
5493:
5492:
5485:
5478:
5468:
5458:
5448:
5438:
5431:
5420:
5418:
5412:
5411:
5409:
5408:
5398:
5388:
5378:
5368:
5361:
5351:
5344:
5334:
5324:
5314:
5307:
5300:
5292:
5290:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5280:
5270:
5260:
5250:
5243:
5236:
5226:
5216:
5206:
5196:
5186:
5179:
5172:
5162:
5152:
5145:
5138:
5127:
5125:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5115:
5105:
5097:
5095:
5089:
5088:
5086:
5085:
5075:
5065:
5055:
5045:
5035:
5024:
5018:
5013:
5010:
5009:
5006:
5005:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4998:
4991:
4984:
4977:
4970:
4962:
4960:
4958:Parapithecidae
4954:
4953:
4951:
4950:
4943:
4940:Proteopithecus
4935:
4933:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4923:
4916:
4908:
4902:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4889:
4882:
4875:
4868:
4861:
4854:
4846:
4838:
4836:
4827:
4826:
4824:
4823:
4816:
4809:
4801:
4799:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4786:
4779:
4771:
4769:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4755:
4744:
4733:
4723:
4713:
4701:
4691:
4686:
4679:
4678:
4666:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4639:
4638:
4637:
4631:
4629:
4623:
4622:
4619:
4618:
4616:
4615:
4604:
4597:
4587:
4584:Hesperotarsius
4577:
4570:
4562:
4560:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4537:
4526:
4515:
4509:
4499:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4491:
4484:
4477:
4469:
4467:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4457:
4450:
4443:
4436:
4429:
4422:
4415:
4408:
4401:
4394:
4387:
4380:
4373:
4366:
4359:
4352:
4345:
4342:Gunnelltarsius
4338:
4331:
4324:
4317:
4310:
4303:
4296:
4289:
4281:
4279:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4267:
4260:
4253:
4246:
4239:
4232:
4225:
4218:
4211:
4208:Pseudotetonius
4204:
4197:
4190:
4183:
4176:
4169:
4162:
4154:
4152:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4133:
4126:
4119:
4112:
4105:
4098:
4091:
4084:
4076:
4074:
4072:Microchoerinae
4068:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4057:
4050:
4042:
4033:
4027:
4017:
4010:
4009:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3987:
3981:
3975:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3957:
3956:
3949:
3942:
3934:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3909:
3897:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3877:
3872:
3871:
3870:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3844:
3842:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3832:Human timeline
3829:
3824:
3818:
3816:
3812:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3773:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3710:
3708:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3697:
3692:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3677:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3655:Drunken monkey
3649:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3628:
3626:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3587:
3585:
3584:General models
3578:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3528:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3477:
3472:
3463:
3461:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3432:
3425:
3418:
3410:
3403:
3396:
3388:
3383:
3375:
3373:
3371:Archaic humans
3367:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3352:
3345:
3338:
3331:
3324:
3317:
3310:
3302:
3300:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3280:
3276:H. rudolfensis
3272:
3265:
3258:
3249:
3243:
3236:
3222:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3207:
3200:
3197:P. aethiopicus
3192:
3190:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3171:
3164:
3157:
3150:
3143:
3136:
3128:
3126:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3107:
3099:
3097:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3078:
3075:Sahelanthropus
3071:
3064:
3061:Nakalipithecus
3056:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3019:
3017:
3008:
2996:
2995:
2988:
2987:
2980:
2973:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2957:(August 2016).
2944:
2936:
2935:External links
2933:
2931:
2930:
2904:(2): 137–144.
2893:
2873:
2867:
2846:
2840:
2825:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2741:
2670:
2651:(4): 191–203.
2624:
2568:
2553:
2518:(4): 577–580.
2498:
2486:
2483:on 2019-04-30.
2462:
2410:
2386:
2371:
2345:Sahelanthropus
2333:
2294:
2239:
2220:
2165:
2136:(2): 451–488.
2130:Fossil Imprint
2111:
2084:(3): 383–387.
2061:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2024:
2021:
2019:as a hominin.
1888:
1885:
1818:
1817:Classification
1815:
1812:
1811:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1741:
1740:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1719:
1718:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1697:
1696:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1673:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1653:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1633:
1632:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1609:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1589:
1588:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1566:
1565:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1543:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1523:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1503:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1483:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1464:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1340:H. rudolfensis
1325:
1324:
1323:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1194:Graecopithecus
1190:
1189:
1188:
1181:Sahelanthropus
1177:
1176:
1175:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1111:Ouranopithecus
1107:
1106:
1105:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1085:Nakalipithecus
1081:
1080:
1079:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1020:0 —
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
915:
914:
912:
911:
904:
897:
886:
883:
882:
875:
720:
713:
712:
706:
699:
698:
697:
696:
695:
693:
690:
644:
641:
557:
552:
496:Brigitte Senut
461:
456:
454:
451:
442:O. tugenenesis
394:
393:
392:
391:
389:Ferguson, 1989
374:
373:
367:
366:
365:
364:
344:
343:
342:Other species
339:
338:
329:
319:
318:
312:
311:
295:
291:
290:
285:
281:
280:
275:
271:
270:
265:
261:
260:
255:
251:
250:
245:
241:
240:
235:
231:
230:
225:
221:
220:
215:
211:
210:
205:
201:
200:
195:
191:
190:
177:
176:
170:distal phalanx
165:
164:
149:
148:
137:
136:
128:
127:
119:
118:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
39:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7402:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7352:
7350:
7333:
7328:
7324:
7320:
7315:
7311:
7307:
7302:
7298:
7294:
7289:
7285:
7280:
7274:
7270:
7265:
7259:
7255:
7254:
7252:
7250:
7246:
7242:
7237:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7218:
7208:
7206:
7201:
7196:
7195:
7192:
7175:
7144:
7143:
7136:
7133:
7132:
7125:
7122:
7121:
7114:
7112:
7111:
7110:Kenyanthropus
7104:
7102:
7101:
7097:
7094:
7093:
7086:
7084:
7083:
7076:
7073:
7072:
7065:
7064:
7062:
7060:
7056:
7050:
7049:
7045:
7044:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7032:
7025:
7024:
7017:
7015:
7014:
7010:
7007:
7006:
6999:
6998:
6996:
6994:
6990:
6984:
6983:
6979:
6976:
6975:
6971:
6968:
6967:
6963:
6961:
6960:
6956:
6954:
6953:
6949:
6947:
6946:
6945:Anoiapithecus
6942:
6941:
6939:
6937:
6936:Dryopithecini
6930:
6927:
6924:
6919:
6909:
6908:
6901:
6899:
6898:
6894:
6892:
6891:
6884:
6882:
6881:
6874:
6872:
6871:
6864:
6862:
6861:
6854:
6852:
6851:
6844:
6842:
6841:
6834:
6833:
6831:
6829:
6825:
6819:
6818:
6811:
6809:
6808:
6801:
6799:
6798:
6791:
6789:
6788:
6781:
6780:
6777:
6773:
6770:
6767:
6762:
6752:
6751:
6744:
6742:
6741:
6737:
6735:
6734:
6730:
6728:
6727:
6720:
6718:
6717:
6713:
6711:
6710:
6706:
6704:
6703:
6696:
6695:
6693:
6691:
6687:
6681:
6680:
6676:
6674:
6673:
6669:
6667:
6666:
6665:Rukwapithecus
6662:
6660:
6659:
6655:
6652:
6651:
6647:
6645:
6644:
6640:
6637:
6636:
6635:Micropithecus
6632:
6630:
6629:
6625:
6624:
6622:
6620:
6613:
6607:
6606:
6599:
6597:
6596:
6589:
6587:
6586:
6585:Otavipithecus
6579:
6577:
6576:
6569:
6567:
6566:
6559:
6557:
6556:
6555:Kenyapithecus
6549:
6546:
6545:
6538:
6536:
6535:
6528:
6526:
6525:
6518:
6516:
6515:
6508:
6506:
6505:
6498:
6497:
6494:
6490:
6487:
6484:
6479:
6475:
6471:
6466:
6462:
6453:
6428:
6427:
6426:
6425:
6423:
6421:
6417:
6413:
6399:
6398:
6397:Theropithecus
6394:
6392:
6391:
6384:
6382:
6381:
6377:
6375:
6374:
6367:
6365:
6364:
6363:Procercocebus
6357:
6355:
6354:
6347:
6345:
6344:
6337:
6335:
6334:
6327:
6325:
6324:
6320:
6318:
6317:
6313:
6311:
6310:
6306:
6304:
6303:
6299:
6297:
6296:
6295:Gorgopithecus
6289:
6287:
6286:
6279:
6277:
6276:
6272:
6271:
6269:
6267:
6263:
6257:
6256:
6249:
6247:
6246:
6242:
6240:
6239:
6235:
6233:
6232:
6228:
6226:
6225:
6224:Cercopithecus
6221:
6219:
6218:
6217:Allochrocebus
6214:
6212:
6211:
6207:
6206:
6204:
6202:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6189:
6183:
6182:
6178:
6176:
6175:
6171:
6169:
6168:
6167:Semnopithecus
6164:
6162:
6161:
6154:
6152:
6151:
6150:Rhinopithecus
6147:
6145:
6144:
6137:
6135:
6134:
6130:
6128:
6127:
6123:
6121:
6120:
6116:
6114:
6113:
6109:
6107:
6106:
6105:Parapresbytis
6099:
6097:
6096:
6089:
6087:
6086:
6082:
6080:
6079:
6072:
6070:
6069:
6062:
6060:
6059:
6052:
6050:
6049:
6048:Kuseracolobus
6042:
6040:
6039:
6032:
6030:
6029:
6025:
6023:
6022:
6015:
6014:
6012:
6010:
6006:
6000:
5999:
5995:
5993:
5992:
5988:
5985:
5984:
5980:
5977:
5976:
5972:
5970:
5969:
5965:
5964:
5962:
5960:
5953:
5947:
5946:
5939:
5938:
5935:
5932:
5929:
5924:
5910:
5909:
5905:
5903:
5902:
5898:
5896:
5895:
5894:Laccopithecus
5891:
5889:
5888:
5884:
5882:
5881:
5880:Egarapithecus
5877:
5875:
5874:
5870:
5868:
5867:
5863:
5861:
5860:
5856:
5855:
5853:
5851:
5847:
5841:
5840:
5836:
5834:
5833:
5829:
5828:
5826:
5824:
5820:
5814:
5813:
5809:
5807:
5806:
5802:
5801:
5799:
5797:
5793:
5787:
5786:
5779:
5777:
5776:
5772:
5770:
5769:
5765:
5764:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5749:
5743:
5742:
5738:
5736:
5735:
5731:
5730:
5728:
5726:
5719:
5713:
5712:
5711:Talahpithecus
5708:
5706:
5705:
5704:Oligopithecus
5701:
5699:
5698:
5694:
5693:
5691:
5689:
5682:
5676:
5675:
5668:
5666:
5665:
5664:Micropithecus
5658:
5657:
5654:
5650:
5647:
5644:
5639:
5635:
5631:
5626:
5622:
5613:
5588:
5587:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5563:
5562:
5558:
5556:
5555:
5548:
5546:
5545:
5541:
5539:
5538:
5534:
5532:
5531:
5527:
5525:
5524:
5520:
5518:
5517:
5513:
5511:
5510:
5506:
5505:
5503:
5501:
5497:
5491:
5490:
5486:
5484:
5483:
5479:
5477:
5476:
5469:
5467:
5466:
5459:
5457:
5456:
5449:
5447:
5446:
5439:
5437:
5436:
5432:
5430:
5429:
5422:
5421:
5419:
5417:
5413:
5407:
5406:
5399:
5397:
5396:
5389:
5387:
5386:
5385:Protopithecus
5379:
5377:
5376:
5369:
5367:
5366:
5362:
5360:
5359:
5352:
5350:
5349:
5345:
5343:
5342:
5335:
5333:
5332:
5325:
5323:
5322:
5315:
5313:
5312:
5308:
5306:
5305:
5301:
5299:
5298:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5289:
5285:
5279:
5278:
5271:
5269:
5268:
5261:
5259:
5258:
5251:
5249:
5248:
5247:Plecturocebus
5244:
5242:
5241:
5237:
5235:
5234:
5227:
5225:
5224:
5223:Miocallicebus
5217:
5215:
5214:
5207:
5205:
5204:
5197:
5195:
5194:
5187:
5185:
5184:
5180:
5178:
5177:
5173:
5171:
5170:
5163:
5161:
5160:
5153:
5151:
5150:
5146:
5144:
5143:
5139:
5137:
5136:
5129:
5128:
5126:
5124:
5120:
5114:
5113:
5106:
5104:
5103:
5099:
5098:
5096:
5094:
5090:
5084:
5083:
5076:
5074:
5073:
5066:
5064:
5063:
5056:
5054:
5053:
5046:
5044:
5043:
5036:
5034:
5033:
5026:
5025:
5022:
5019:
5016:
5011:
4997:
4996:
4992:
4990:
4989:
4985:
4983:
4982:
4978:
4976:
4975:
4971:
4969:
4968:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4959:
4955:
4949:
4948:
4944:
4942:
4941:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4932:
4928:
4922:
4921:
4917:
4915:
4914:
4910:
4909:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4894:
4888:
4887:
4886:Siamopithecus
4883:
4881:
4880:
4876:
4874:
4873:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4862:
4860:
4859:
4855:
4852:
4851:
4850:Bugtipithecus
4847:
4845:
4844:
4843:Amphipithecus
4840:
4839:
4837:
4835:
4828:
4822:
4821:
4817:
4815:
4814:
4810:
4808:
4807:
4803:
4802:
4800:
4798:
4791:
4785:
4784:
4780:
4778:
4777:
4773:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4766:Afrotarsiidae
4760:
4753:
4752:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4734:
4732:
4731:
4730:Aseanpithecus
4724:
4722:
4721:
4714:
4711:
4710:
4703:
4702:
4699:
4695:
4692:
4689:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4671:
4667:
4657:
4635:
4634:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4628:
4624:
4613:
4612:
4605:
4603:
4602:
4598:
4596:
4595:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4578:
4576:
4575:
4574:Cephalopachus
4571:
4569:
4568:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4559:
4555:
4548:
4546:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4533:Afrotarsiidae
4527:
4525:
4524:
4517:
4516:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4490:
4489:
4485:
4483:
4482:
4478:
4476:
4475:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4466:
4465:Tarkadectinae
4462:
4456:
4455:
4451:
4449:
4448:
4444:
4442:
4441:
4437:
4435:
4434:
4430:
4428:
4427:
4423:
4421:
4420:
4416:
4414:
4413:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4402:
4400:
4399:
4395:
4393:
4392:
4388:
4386:
4385:
4381:
4379:
4378:
4374:
4372:
4371:
4367:
4365:
4364:
4360:
4358:
4357:
4353:
4351:
4350:
4346:
4344:
4343:
4339:
4337:
4336:
4335:Ekwiiyemakius
4332:
4330:
4329:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4318:
4316:
4315:
4311:
4309:
4308:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4297:
4295:
4294:
4290:
4288:
4287:
4286:Ageitodendron
4283:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4272:
4266:
4265:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4254:
4252:
4251:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4217:
4216:
4212:
4210:
4209:
4205:
4203:
4202:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4191:
4189:
4188:
4184:
4182:
4181:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4166:Anaptomorphus
4163:
4161:
4160:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4145:
4139:
4138:
4134:
4132:
4131:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4120:
4118:
4117:
4113:
4111:
4110:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4099:
4097:
4096:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4085:
4083:
4082:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4073:
4069:
4063:
4062:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4035:
4034:
4031:
4028:
4024:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4002:
3998:
3992:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3974:
3970:
3969:
3966:
3962:
3955:
3950:
3948:
3943:
3941:
3936:
3935:
3932:
3920:
3919:
3914:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3886:
3885:
3882:
3876:
3873:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3839:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3813:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3766:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3704:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3686:Life history
3685:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3623:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3579:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3552:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3540:
3539:Homo ergaster
3535:
3534:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3468:H. s. sapiens
3465:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3448:Modern humans
3445:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3422:H. luzonensis
3419:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3380:H. antecessor
3377:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3307:H. e. erectus
3304:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3223:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3161:A. deyiremeda
3158:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3082:Kenyanthropus
3079:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3028:Gorilla–human
3026:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2986:
2981:
2979:
2974:
2972:
2967:
2966:
2963:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2894:
2884:on 2002-06-02
2883:
2879:
2874:
2870:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2847:
2843:
2837:
2833:
2832:
2826:
2814:
2809:
2808:
2794:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2745:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2565:
2564:Pickford 2001
2560:
2558:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2502:
2495:
2490:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2466:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2384:, p. 122
2383:
2378:
2376:
2360:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2337:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2314:(S9): 49–83.
2313:
2309:
2305:
2298:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2243:
2236:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2169:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2068:
2066:
2059:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2043:
2033:
2032:(with images)
2030:
2027:
2026:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1981:O. tugenensis
1978:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1953:O. tugenensis
1950:
1948:
1947:O. tugenensis
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1867:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1790:
1776:
1774:
1758:
1757:Modern humans
1752:
1747:
1746:
1736:
1730:
1725:
1724:
1714:
1708:
1703:
1702:
1693:
1689:
1688:Earliest fire
1684:
1679:
1678:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1658:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1638:
1629:
1628:
1620:
1615:
1614:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1594:
1585:
1584:
1577:
1572:
1571:
1562:
1561:
1554:
1549:
1548:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1528:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1508:
1499:
1498:Gorilla split
1494:
1489:
1488:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1468:
1451:
1436:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1408:
1406:
1392:
1390:
1384:
1382:
1376:
1374:
1373:H. antecessor
1367:
1366:
1364:
1351:
1349:
1343:
1341:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1318:
1316:
1315:Au. anamensis
1310:
1308:
1307:Au. afarensis
1302:
1300:
1299:Au. africanus
1293:
1292:
1290:
1277:
1275:
1262:
1260:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1232:
1230:
1229:O. tugenensis
1224:
1222:
1210:
1208:
1197:
1195:
1184:
1182:
1171:
1169:
1158:
1156:
1145:
1143:
1131:
1129:
1123:
1121:
1114:
1112:
1101:
1099:
1088:
1086:
1074:
1073:
1062:
1060:
1049:
1047:
1036:
1034:
916:
910:
905:
903:
898:
896:
891:
890:
884:
880:
873:
870:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
843:
839:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
812:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
781:
776:
773:
769:
765:
764:
759:
755:
753:
750:; a proximal
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
732:O. tugenensis
717:
703:
689:
687:
682:
680:
676:
672:
669:derives from
668:
667:O. tugenensis
664:
660:
656:
652:
651:
640:
638:
634:
630:
629:
624:
621:
617:
612:
610:
608:
607:Praeanthropus
602:
598:
594:
590:
589:
584:
580:
577:
573:
571:
568:
563:
556:
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
532:
528:
522:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
492:O. tugenensis
488:
486:
482:
475:
474:O. tugenensis
471:
466:
460:
450:
448:
444:
443:
437:
435:
431:
428:
424:
421:
417:
413:
409:
406:
402:
401:
387:
385:
382:
378:
377:
375:
372:
368:
361:
358:
354:
353:
348:
347:
345:
340:
335:
332:
327:
326:
320:
317:
313:
309:
304:
303:
296:
293:
292:
289:
286:
283:
282:
279:
276:
273:
272:
269:
266:
263:
262:
259:
256:
253:
252:
249:
246:
243:
242:
239:
236:
233:
232:
229:
226:
223:
222:
219:
216:
213:
212:
209:
206:
203:
202:
199:
196:
193:
192:
187:
182:
178:
175:
174:O. tugenensis
171:
166:
150:
147:
143:
142:O. tugenensis
138:
134:
129:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
54:
51:6.1–4.5
47:
43:
37:
33:
30:
19:
7248:
7217:Paleontology
7142:Paranthropus
7140:
7129:
7119:
7118:
7108:
7098:
7090:
7080:
7071:Ardipithecus
7069:
7046:
7021:
7011:
7003:
6982:Rudapithecus
6980:
6972:
6964:
6959:Dryopithecus
6957:
6950:
6943:
6907:Sivapithecus
6905:
6895:
6890:Meganthropus
6888:
6878:
6868:
6860:Indopithecus
6858:
6848:
6838:
6815:
6805:
6795:
6785:
6748:
6740:Symphalangus
6738:
6731:
6724:
6714:
6707:
6702:Bunopithecus
6700:
6677:
6670:
6663:
6656:
6650:Oreopithecus
6648:
6641:
6633:
6626:
6603:
6593:
6583:
6573:
6563:
6553:
6542:
6532:
6522:
6512:
6504:Afropithecus
6502:
6395:
6388:
6378:
6371:
6361:
6351:
6341:
6331:
6321:
6314:
6307:
6300:
6293:
6285:Dinopithecus
6283:
6273:
6255:Nanopithecus
6253:
6243:
6238:Erythrocebus
6236:
6229:
6222:
6215:
6208:
6179:
6172:
6165:
6158:
6148:
6143:Rhinocolobus
6141:
6131:
6124:
6117:
6112:Piliocolobus
6110:
6103:
6093:
6083:
6078:Microcolobus
6076:
6068:Mesopithecus
6066:
6058:Libypithecus
6056:
6046:
6036:
6026:
6019:
5996:
5989:
5983:Prohylobates
5981:
5973:
5968:Noropithecus
5966:
5943:
5906:
5899:
5892:
5885:
5878:
5871:
5864:
5857:
5850:Crouzeliidae
5837:
5830:
5812:Pliopithecus
5810:
5803:
5783:
5773:
5766:
5739:
5732:
5709:
5702:
5697:Catopithecus
5695:
5672:
5662:
5559:
5552:
5542:
5535:
5528:
5521:
5514:
5507:
5487:
5480:
5473:
5463:
5453:
5445:Dolichocebus
5443:
5433:
5426:
5403:
5393:
5383:
5373:
5363:
5356:
5346:
5339:
5329:
5319:
5309:
5302:
5295:
5275:
5265:
5255:
5245:
5238:
5231:
5221:
5213:Mazzonicebus
5211:
5201:
5191:
5181:
5174:
5169:Cebupithecia
5167:
5157:
5147:
5140:
5135:Antillothrix
5133:
5110:
5100:
5080:
5070:
5060:
5050:
5042:Perupithecus
5040:
5030:
4993:
4986:
4981:Parapithecus
4979:
4972:
4965:
4945:
4938:
4918:
4911:
4884:
4877:
4870:
4863:
4856:
4848:
4841:
4818:
4811:
4804:
4781:
4774:
4751:Phileosimias
4749:
4738:
4728:
4718:
4709:Altiatlasius
4707:
4611:Xanthorhysis
4609:
4599:
4594:Oligotarsius
4592:
4582:
4572:
4565:
4542:
4531:
4521:
4507:Tarsiiformes
4486:
4479:
4472:
4452:
4445:
4438:
4431:
4424:
4417:
4410:
4403:
4396:
4389:
4382:
4375:
4370:Macrotarsius
4368:
4361:
4354:
4347:
4340:
4333:
4326:
4319:
4312:
4305:
4298:
4291:
4284:
4262:
4255:
4248:
4241:
4234:
4227:
4222:Strigorhysis
4220:
4215:Sphacorhysis
4213:
4206:
4199:
4194:Chlororhysis
4192:
4185:
4178:
4171:
4164:
4157:
4135:
4128:
4121:
4114:
4107:
4100:
4095:Microchoerus
4093:
4086:
4079:
4059:
4052:
4046:Altiatlasius
4044:
4036:
3916:
3904:
3892:
3759:Gender roles
3754:Intelligence
3567:Homo sapiens
3565:
3561:
3555:
3549:
3545:Homo erectus
3543:
3537:
3533:Homo habilis
3531:
3492:Manot people
3481:H. s. idaltu
3479:
3475:Jebel Irhoud
3467:
3458:Homo sapiens
3456:
3434:
3427:
3420:
3412:
3405:
3398:
3390:
3378:
3354:
3347:
3340:
3333:
3326:
3319:
3312:
3305:
3297:Homo erectus
3295:
3282:
3274:
3267:
3260:
3252:
3242:Proto-humans
3231:
3228:proto-humans
3209:
3202:
3195:
3187:Paranthropus
3185:
3173:
3166:
3159:
3152:
3147:A. anamensis
3145:
3140:A. africanus
3138:
3133:A. afarensis
3131:
3121:
3109:
3102:
3094:Ardipithecus
3092:
3080:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3059:
3038:Gibbon–human
2901:
2897:
2886:. Retrieved
2882:the original
2850:
2830:
2817:. Retrieved
2758:
2754:
2744:
2703:
2699:
2648:
2644:
2592:
2588:
2515:
2511:
2501:
2489:
2481:the original
2476:Daily Nation
2474:
2465:
2432:
2428:
2402:. Retrieved
2398:
2389:
2362:. Retrieved
2358:
2353:Ardipithecus
2352:
2348:
2344:
2336:
2311:
2307:
2297:
2256:
2252:
2242:
2182:
2178:
2168:
2133:
2129:
2081:
2077:
2031:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1935:Homo sapiens
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1890:
1872:
1870:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1850:Homo sapiens
1848:
1844:
1841:A. afarensis
1840:
1836:
1830:
1822:
1820:
1785:
1770:
1626:
1582:
1560:Ardipithecus
1559:
1478:Earlier apes
1435:Neanderthals
1419:Homo sapiens
1416:
1415:
1402:
1386:
1378:
1370:
1360:
1359:
1345:
1337:
1327:
1326:
1312:
1304:
1296:
1286:
1285:
1271:
1256:
1244:Ardipithecus
1241:
1240:
1228:
1226:
1220:
1218:
1206:
1204:
1191:
1178:
1168:Sivapithecus
1165:
1155:Oreopithecus
1152:
1139:
1125:
1117:
1108:
1095:
1082:
1070:
1056:
1043:
1028:
862:
844:
840:
827:
813:
808:
804:
792:
783:in that its
780:Ardipithecus
778:
766:in that its
761:
757:
756:
746:; a partial
731:
729:
685:
683:
666:
654:
649:
648:
646:
636:
632:
626:
622:
615:
613:
604:
600:
596:
592:
586:
565:
561:
559:
554:
547:
543:
542:
491:
489:
478:
473:
458:
446:
441:
440:
438:
399:
398:
397:
379:
359:
351:
350:
333:
324:
323:
316:Type species
301:
300:
254:Infraorder:
173:
141:
42:Late Miocene
35:
29:
7273:Wikispecies
6690:Hylobatidae
6380:Rungwecebus
6245:Miopithecus
6231:Chlorocebus
6160:Sawecolobus
6095:Paracolobus
5859:Anapithecus
5775:Paidopithex
5530:Leontocebus
5465:Panamacebus
5375:Paralouatta
5311:Brachyteles
5203:Insulacebus
5123:Pitheciidae
5062:Canaanimico
5015:Platyrrhini
4967:Abuqatrania
4783:Afrotarsius
4688:Simiiformes
4675:Simiiformes
4627:Simiiformes
4481:Tarkadectes
4321:Diablomomys
4300:Brontomomys
4236:Teilhardina
4180:Arapahovius
4173:Anemorhysis
4137:Vectipithex
4130:Quercyloris
4123:Pseudoloris
4102:Nannopithex
4088:Melaneremia
3690:Grandmother
3645:Shore-based
3606:Aquatic ape
3497:Tam Pa Ling
3392:H. ergaster
3211:P. robustus
2951:Smithsonian
2819:December 1,
2595:(1): 2888.
2566:, Interview
1381:H. ergaster
1274:Ar. ramidus
1259:Ar. kadabba
1221:O. praegens
1059:Pleistocene
888:This box:
857:village of
855:west Cretan
832:postcranium
768:cheek teeth
686:O. praegens
671:Tugen Hills
637:O. praegens
616:O. praegens
562:O. praegens
531:Kapcheberek
494:was led by
447:O. praegens
352:O. praegens
274:Subfamily:
258:Simiiformes
7349:Categories
6524:Equatorius
6483:Hominoidea
6470:Hominoidea
6429:see below↓
6420:Hominoidea
6316:Mandrillus
6302:Lophocebus
6275:Cercocebus
6126:Procolobus
5887:Fanchangia
5643:Catarrhini
5630:Catarrhini
5589:see below↓
5580:Catarrhini
5516:Callithrix
5455:Killikaike
5358:Mohanamico
5341:Chilecebus
5267:Soriacebus
5233:Nuciruptor
5193:Homunculus
5183:Chiropotes
5176:Cheracebus
5159:Carlocebus
5149:Callicebus
5112:Tremacebus
5082:Lagonimico
5072:Branisella
5052:Szalatavus
4879:Pondaungia
4797:Eosimiidae
4636:see below↓
4523:Archicebus
4405:Shoshonius
4349:Hemiacodon
4328:Dyseolemur
4314:Chumashius
4257:Trogolemur
4250:Tetonoides
4159:Absarokius
4109:Necrolemur
4054:Bownomomys
4006:Haplorhini
3961:Haplorhini
3729:Skin color
3714:Bipedalism
3675:Killer ape
3487:Cro-Magnon
3386:Denisovans
3262:H. habilis
3226:Humans and
3111:A. ramidus
3104:A. kadabba
2888:2002-04-07
2761:(1): 842.
2404:2022-06-10
2364:1 February
2359:John Hawks
2343:"Guide to
2235:Senut 2007
2038:References
1450:Denisovans
1389:Au. sediba
1363:H. erectus
1330:H. habilis
1120:Ou. turkae
867:vertebrate
722:Map detail
661:, and the
609:" praegens
432:, both of
248:Haplorhini
244:Suborder:
6993:Gorillini
6923:Homininae
6766:Hominidae
6716:Hylobates
6595:Proconsul
6353:Pliopapio
6343:Parapapio
6266:Papionini
6133:Pygathrix
6119:Presbytis
6009:Colobinae
5908:Pliobates
5873:Crouzelia
5674:Saadanius
5509:Callimico
5428:Acrecebus
5405:Stirtonia
5348:Lagothrix
5331:Cartelles
5277:Xenothrix
5032:Parvimico
4558:Tarsiidae
4545:Omomyidae
4440:Washakius
4426:Uintanius
4377:Nesomomys
4307:Chipetaia
4293:Asiomomys
4276:Omomyinae
4229:Tatmanius
4187:Aycrossia
4116:Paraloris
4081:Indusomys
4023:Omomyidae
3971:Kingdom:
3848:Theorists
3815:Timelines
3695:Patriarch
3671:Behavior
3596:Gathering
3524:Ancestors
3269:H. naledi
3204:P. boisei
3175:A. sediba
2775:2399-3642
2548:134963777
2540:0016-7878
2328:0002-9483
2281:0028-0836
2207:0028-0836
2160:255055545
2152:2533-4069
2098:0032-8332
1348:Au. garhi
859:Trachilos
797:microdont
777:and from
740:symphysis
643:Etymology
418:from the
416:Homininae
278:Homininae
268:Hominidae
204:Kingdom:
198:Eukaryota
7355:Hominini
7319:11320418
7258:Wikidata
7059:Hominina
7035:Hominini
6952:Danuvius
6828:Ponginae
6787:Buronius
6733:Nomascus
6672:Simiolus
5561:Saguinus
5523:Cebuella
5475:Patasola
5395:Solimoea
5297:Alouatta
5288:Atelidae
5240:Pithecia
4988:Qatrania
4913:Arsinoea
4813:Eosimias
4447:Wyomomys
4412:Steinius
4398:Rooneyia
4356:Jemezius
4264:Walshina
4243:Tetonius
4201:Gazinius
4061:Kohatius
4038:Altanius
3991:Primates
3985:Mammalia
3979:Chordata
3977:Phylum:
3973:Animalia
3894:Category
3749:Language
3719:Skeleton
3414:H. longi
3168:A. garhi
3005:Hominins
3000:Taxonomy
2926:14235881
2811:CogWeb.
2793:37612372
2784:10447513
2736:20971393
2728:18356526
2619:24301078
2457:43010058
2449:11234056
2106:38147495
2078:Primates
2023:See also
1971:than to
1853:than is
1829:such as
1072:Hominini
1046:Pliocene
836:pollical
801:megadont
775:distally
736:mandible
655:Orroriek
653:(plural
620:Pickford
591:(or cf.
576:Pliocene
572:praegens
570:antiquus
550:(2001).
527:Kapsomin
481:holotype
470:holotype
427:Pliocene
386:praegens
384:antiquus
371:Synonyms
357:Pickford
288:Hominini
264:Family:
238:Primates
228:Mammalia
218:Chordata
214:Phylum:
208:Animalia
194:Domain:
140:Cast of
46:Pliocene
7332:3607732
7306:4827659
7293:8824351
7264:Q311630
7229:Science
7191:Portals
7120:Orrorin
7013:Gorilla
6709:Hoolock
6085:Nasalis
6028:Colobus
5554:Micodon
5489:Sapajus
5482:Saimiri
5416:Cebidae
5365:Oreonax
5321:Caipora
5142:Cacajao
5093:Aotidae
4974:Apidium
4947:Serapia
4920:Biretia
4806:Bahinia
4776:Afrasia
4740:Nosmips
4720:Amamria
4601:Tarsius
4567:Carlito
4488:Tarkops
4454:Yaquius
4419:Stockia
4391:Ourayia
4363:Loveina
3989:Order:
3983:Class:
3906:Commons
3858:Fossils
3724:Muscles
3635:Cooking
3591:Hunting
3068:Orrorin
2906:Bibcode
2804:Sources
2708:Bibcode
2700:Science
2653:Bibcode
2597:Bibcode
2520:Bibcode
2429:Science
2349:Orrorin
2289:4353464
2261:Bibcode
2215:4149259
2187:Bibcode
2017:Orrorin
2013:Orrorin
1997:Orrorin
1989:Orrorin
1969:sapiens
1962:Orrorin
1943:Orrorin
1939:Orrorin
1897:Orrorin
1877:savanna
1873:Orrorin
1866:Miocene
1859:Orrorin
1845:Orrorin
1837:Orrorin
1823:Orrorin
1749:←
1727:←
1705:←
1692:cooking
1681:←
1661:←
1641:←
1617:←
1597:←
1574:←
1551:←
1531:←
1511:←
1491:←
1471:←
1207:Orrorin
1032:Miocene
1015:–
1005:–
995:–
985:–
975:–
965:–
955:–
945:–
935:–
925:–
828:Orrorin
805:Orrorin
793:Orrorin
789:canines
758:Orrorin
752:phalanx
748:humerus
692:Fossils
663:epithet
650:Orrorin
633:Orrorin
597:ramidus
512:Cheboit
420:Miocene
414:within
412:primate
405:extinct
400:Orrorin
302:Orrorin
294:Genus:
284:Tribe:
234:Order:
224:Class:
120:↓
36:Orrorin
6514:Ekembo
6309:Macaca
6174:Simias
5945:Alophe
5304:Ateles
4865:Krabia
4858:Ganlea
4433:Utahia
4384:Omomys
3841:Others
3744:Speech
3706:Topics
3651:Drugs
3577:Models
2924:
2865:
2838:
2815:. UCLA
2791:
2781:
2773:
2734:
2726:
2617:
2546:
2538:
2455:
2447:
2326:
2287:
2279:
2253:Nature
2213:
2205:
2179:Nature
2158:
2150:
2104:
2096:
1855:Lucy's
1460:
785:enamel
744:femora
679:fossil
623:et al.
548:et al.
516:Aragai
403:is an
362:, 2022
360:et al.
336:, 2001
334:et al.
7314:IRMNG
6897:Pongo
6726:Junzi
6323:Papio
5435:Cebus
5102:Aotus
4474:Tarka
3853:Books
3631:Diet
2922:S2CID
2732:S2CID
2696:(PDF)
2544:S2CID
2453:S2CID
2285:S2CID
2211:S2CID
2156:S2CID
2102:S2CID
847:Crete
772:mesio
675:Kenya
659:Tugen
583:Kenya
434:Kenya
408:genus
331:Senut
7301:GBIF
7100:Homo
5785:Kapi
5544:Mico
3734:Hair
3554:) →
3232:Homo
2863:ISBN
2836:ISBN
2821:2010
2789:PMID
2771:ISSN
2724:PMID
2615:PMID
2536:ISSN
2445:PMID
2366:2024
2351:and
2324:ISSN
2277:ISSN
2203:ISSN
2148:ISSN
2094:ISSN
2003:and
1993:Homo
1977:Homo
1966:Homo
1627:Homo
908:edit
901:talk
894:view
820:neck
816:head
809:Homo
628:Homo
595:cf.
567:Homo
540:).
529:and
514:and
498:and
468:The
425:and
381:Homo
168:The
59:PreꞒ
7288:EoL
7048:Pan
3548:(→
3439:(?)
3417:(?)
3395:(?)
3287:(?)
3279:(?)
3257:(?)
2914:doi
2902:332
2855:doi
2779:PMC
2763:doi
2716:doi
2704:319
2661:doi
2605:doi
2528:doi
2516:129
2437:doi
2433:291
2316:doi
2269:doi
2257:315
2195:doi
2183:256
2138:doi
2086:doi
2001:Pan
1907:),
1821:If
673:in
665:of
635:as
603:or
599:),
581:of
536:5.7
521:6.1
472:of
410:of
7351::
7329::
7316::
7303::
7290::
7275::
7260::
3564:→
3560:→
3542:/
3536:→
2953:,
2949:–
2920:.
2912:.
2900:.
2861:.
2787:.
2777:.
2769:.
2757:.
2753:.
2730:.
2722:.
2714:.
2702:.
2698:.
2673:^
2659:.
2647:.
2627:^
2613:.
2603:.
2591:.
2587:.
2571:^
2556:^
2542:.
2534:.
2526:.
2514:.
2510:.
2473:.
2451:.
2443:.
2431:.
2427:.
2413:^
2397:.
2374:^
2357:.
2347:,
2322:.
2312:31
2310:.
2306:.
2283:.
2275:.
2267:.
2255:.
2251:.
2223:^
2209:.
2201:.
2193:.
2181:.
2177:.
2154:.
2146:.
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