8198:
3050:
11173:
10052:
556:
980:, is one of the main Iranian languages with a sizable community of speakers in the Caucasus. As it is descended from Alanic, spoken by the Alan medieval tribes emerging from the earlier Sarmatians, it is believed to be the only surviving descendant of a Sarmatian language. The closest genetically related language may be the Yaghnobi language of Tajikistan, the only other living Northeastern Iranian language. Ossetian has a plural formed by the suffix -
506:
2905:(as they still do in the Digor dialect), and the addition of the syllable caused the stress to shift. The above patterns apply not just within the content word, rather to prosodic words, units that result from content words being joined into a single prosodic group with only one stress. Not only compound verbs, but also every noun phrase constitutes such a group containing only one stressed syllable, regardless of its length, for instance
1322:
43:
6587:. In spite of some nuances and tendencies reflecting from their historical functions, there is a lot of overlap between the uses of the 'present-future' and the 'future' subjunctive (desire, possibility etc.), but a clear contrast between the two is found in conditional clauses, where the former expresses unreal conditions and the latter – real ones.
1251:) would usually be given the value "t", it instead is "d", which is thought to be the way the early Ossetes would have pronounced it. The scholarly transliteration of the Alanic phrases is: "dӕ ban xʷӕrz, mӕ sfili, (ӕ)xsinjӕ kurθi kӕndӕ" and "du farnitz, kintzӕ mӕ sfili, kajci fӕ wa sawgin?"; equivalents in modern Ossetian would be
1301:, and were stressed on the first-occurring syllable of this type; "light-stem" nouns were stressed on their final syllable. This is precisely the situation observed in the earliest (though admittedly scanty) records of Ossetian presented above. This situation also obtains in Modern Ossetian, although the emphasis in
494:
3111:
In 1820, I. Yalguzidze published a
Georgian-script alphabetic primer, adding three letters to the Georgian alphabet. The Georgian orthography receded in the 19th century, but was made official with Georgian autonomy in 1937. The "one nation – two alphabets" issue caused discontent in South Ossetia in
4555:
which many Indo-European languages have preserved until today. According to the
Encyclopӕdia Britannica 2006 Ossetian preserves many archaic features of Old Iranian, such as eight cases and verbal prefixes. It is debated how many of these cases are actually inherited from Indo-Iranian case morphemes
4541:
In the course of centuries-long propinquity to and intercourse with
Caucasian languages, Ossetian became similar to them in some features, particularly in phonetics and lexicon. However, it retained its grammatical structure and basic lexical stock; its relationship with the Iranian family, despite
5472:
The personal pronouns mostly take the same endings as the nouns. The 1st and 2nd person singular exhibit suppletion between the stem used in the nominative case and the stem used in the other (oblique) cases; the oblique stem without other endings is the genitive case form. The 1st and 2nd persons
1385:
The first modern translation of the Qur’an into
Ossetic took place in 2007, initiated by an Ossetian Robert Bolloev, who at that time resided in St. Petersburg. The first Ossetian language Bible was published in 2010. It is currently the only full version of the Bible in the Ossetian language. In
5473:
plural have only one stem each, functioning as both nominative and genitive. The third person pronoun coincides with the demonstrative 'that'. In addition, there are enclitic non-nominative forms of the pronouns of all three persons, which are somewhat deviant. Their genitive ends in -ӕ
4564:: the number of "inherited" cases according to different scholars ranges from as few as three (nominative, genitive and inessive) to as many as six (nominative, dative, ablative, directive, inessive). Some (the comitative, equative, and adessive) are secondary beyond any doubt.
1025:
3083:
An Iron literary language was established in the 18th century, written using the
Cyrillic script in Russia and the Georgian script in Georgia. The first Ossetian book was published in Cyrillic in 1798, and in 1844 the alphabet was revised by a Russian scientist of
9263:
The Old
Ossetic Inscription from the River Zelencuk. [Illustr.] – Wien: Verl. D. Österr. Akad. D. Wiss. 1987. 68 S., 1 Bl. Kt. Gr. 8° (Veröffentlichungen D. Iranischen Kommission. 21.) (Österr. Akad. D. Wiss., Phil. -hist. Kl. Sitzungsberichte.
8579:
5032:
Since inessive and genitive show the same forms in both numbers, it is sometimes debated whether
Ossetian might possess eight case forms for each number instead of nine. If the addition of the case suffix would result in
1356:
While
Ossetian is the official language in both South and North Ossetia (along with Russian), its official use is limited to publishing new laws in Ossetian newspapers. There are two daily newspapers in Ossetian:
6851:
can express habituality in the present and either repetition or rapidity and brevity in the past. A morphophonological peculiarity of the prefixes is that when they are added to roots beginning in the vowel а
4744:: the case suffixes and the number suffix are separate, the case suffixes are the same for both numbers and the number suffix is the same for all cases (illustrated here for the Iron dialect with the noun сӕр
9181:
Nasidze, Ivan; Quinque, Dominique; Dupanloup, Isabelle; Rychkov, Sergey; Naumova, Oksana; Zhukova, Olga; Stoneking, Mark (2004). "Genetic
Evidence Concerning the Origins of South and North Ossetians".
2895:/sɐˈnɐfsir/ 'grapes'. In addition, proper names are usually stressed on the second syllable regardless of their vowels, and recent Russian loanwords retain the stress they have in the source language.
2898:
In the Iron dialect, definiteness is expressed in words with stress on second syllable by shifting the stress to the initial syllable. This reflects the fact that historically they received a
1042:
2926:
In derivation or compounding, stems containing vowels /a o / <а o> change to the central vowel /ɐ/ <ӕ>, whereas those containing /i u/ < и/I у/u> may be replaced with /ɘ/:
7143:
one used colloquially. The vigesimal system was predominant in traditional usage. The decimal one is said to have been used in pre-modern times by shepherds who had borrowed it from the
1190:(The original, following Zgusta, translates only initials; presumably this is because although the uninflected forms may be inferred, no written records of them have been found to date.)
6282:
The construction appears to be, in origin, a periphrastic combination of the past passive participle and the copula; that is why the endings are similar to the ones added to -дзы(н)-
7059:
may mean '(which is) burning', etc. To receive an unambiguously adverbial, i.e. gerundial interpretation, it needs to be declined in the ablative case, as does an adjective: бадгӕйӕ
4620:'heads'. Nevertheless, the complexity of the system is increased to some extent by the fact that this suffixation may be accompanied by a number of morphophonemic alternations. A
2913:/mɐˈgwɘr zɐrond lɐg/ 'a poor old man'. Since an initial particle and a conjunction are also included in the prosodic group, the single stress of the group may fall on them, too:
1950:
postulates 26 plain consonants for
Ossetian, to which five labialized consonants and two semivowels may be added. Unusually for an Indo-European language, there is a series of
6887:
Iterativity or habituality may be expressed with the separate particle иу iw. To make a prefixed form receive imperfective meaning, the article цӕй cӕj is inserted: рацӕйцыди
7029:'who will write / will be written'. Together with the copula used as an auxiliary, it forms a periphrastic immediate future tense. The dedicated active participles in -ӕг
7932:
One of them was born at the first crowing of the rooster, and the other was born at the second crowing of the rooster, before the rising of Bonvarnon (the Morning Star).
7019:'written'); it is often nominalised to a verbal noun. All the other participles, as well as the gerund, are formed from the present stem. The future participle in -инаг -
4692:'sides'; this happens regularly in polysyllabic words, but with many exceptions in monosyllabic ones. Finally, the suffix consonant is geminated after sonorants: хӕдзар
1024:
9311:
9226:
10040:
1037:
7147:, but it came into more general use only after its introduction in Ossetian schools in 1925 to facilitate the teaching of arithmetic. For example, 40 is цыппор
10018:
4575:
in the Iron dialect is, according to Abaev, only expressed by shift of word accent from the second to the first syllable (which is not possible in all nouns):
6363:
rather than the indicative (which is why the endings still almost entirely coincide with those of the future subjunctive, apart from the initial consonant т
6729:, and the aspects are most commonly expressed by prefixes of prepositional origin, which simultaneously express direction or other abstract meanings: цӕуын
10688:
9782:
11910:
1386:
May, 2021, the Russian Bible Society announced the completion of a Bible translation into Ossetian; fundraising continues in order to have it printed.
1369:(Хурзӕрин, "The Sun") in the South. Some smaller newspapers, such as district newspapers, use Ossetian for some articles. There is a monthly magazine
8219:
89:
4592:
Erschler reported in 2021 that he has been unable to replicate Abaev's observations of a distinction between definite and indefinite nouns in Iron.
1285:
9379:
3119:. Di- and tri-graphs in parentheses are not officially letters of the alphabet, but are listed here to represent phonemically distinctive sounds:
984:, a feature it shares with Yaghnobi, Sarmatian and the now-extinct Sogdian; this is taken as evidence of a formerly wide-ranging Iranian-language
11511:
10185:
9222:. Alan S. Kaye and Peter T. Daniels (eds.), Phonologies of Asia and Africa: Winona Lake: Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. pp. 707–732.
6214:
The past tense uses the past stem. The endings, however, are different for intransitive and transitive verbs. The intransitive endings are:
6142:(originally a separate root meaning 'wish' according to Fredrik Thordarson) and endings which appear to derive from encliticised copula уын
10033:
1345:
909:
From the 7th–8th centuries BCE, the languages of the Iranian group were distributed across a vast territory spanning present-day
8603:
10708:
9411:
516:
10650:
1365:
9306:
7996:
Celestial Kurdalagon bestowed special names on Warkhag's beloved boys: on the elder one – Akhsar, and on the younger one – Akhsartag.
10655:
1371:
9078:. Geoffrey Haig and Geoffrey Khan (eds.), The Languages and Linguistics of Western Asia: Berlin: DeGruyter Mouton. pp. 851–881.
7033:
and receive 'present' or 'past', or more accurately, imperfective or perfective meaning depending on the aspect of the stem: фыссӕг
9142:
Ivanov, Sergey A.; Lubotsky, Alexandr (2010). "An Alanic Marginal Note and the Exact Date of John II's Battle with the Pechenegs".
10642:
In Russia, the Cyrillic alphabet is officially supported. For other, non-Cyrillic alphabets, separate federal laws are required.
5729:). However, there are usually various other vowel and consonant changes as well. Some of the most common vowel alternations are ӕ
11946:
10681:
10026:
7051:'(while) sitting'), can be used adverbially, as a gerund, but also attributively like a participle with absolutive voice: кӕрдгӕ
1280:
of Greek religious books, with some parts (such as headlines) of the book translated into Old Ossetic, have recently been found.
1240:
The portions in bold face above are Ossetian. Going beyond a direct transliteration of the Greek text, scholars have attempted a
390:
10048:
8465:
5667:), the latter normally being identical to the past participle. The past stem commonly differs from the present stem by adding т
11874:
8773:
Ossetic language. (2006). In Encyclopӕdia Britannica. Retrieved August 26, 2006, from Encyclopӕdia Britannica Premium Service:
3085:
2692:
6371:
of the transitive as well as the intransitive past endings appear in verbs whose present stem ends in vowels and sonorants (й
5918:
There are also many related transitive-intransitive verb pairs, which also differ by means of a vowel alternation (commonly а
9272:
9247:
9064:
8812:
8497:
5631:
Verbs distinguish six persons (1st, 2nd and 3rd, singular and plural), three tenses (present, past and future, all expressed
8334:
4652:, the vowel is usually elided in the plural, making the stem eligible for the above-mentioned svarabhakti insertion: барӕг
1283:
It is theorized that during the Proto-Ossetic phase, Ossetian underwent a process of phonological change conditioned by a
11569:
8982:Багаев, Н. К. 1963. Современный осетинский язык, ч. 1. Орджоникидзе, Северо-Осетинское книжное издательство, стр. 211–212
2736:
2700:
538:
3112:
the year 1951 demanding reunification of the script, and in 1954 Georgian was replaced with the 1937 Cyrillic alphabet.
11936:
10674:
8288:
2806:
2401:
9333:
3115:
The table below shows the modern Cyrillic alphabet, used since 1937, with phonetic values for the Iron dialect in the
11504:
10178:
9097:
9041:
8549:
3101:
2874:
2858:
1525:
674:
636:
598:
7199:('5 times twenty'). An additional difference is that the decimal system places tens before units (35 is ӕртын фондз
3097:
2790:
2580:
2248:
1411:
1399:
883:
11905:
11776:
11589:
9404:
8339:
5516:
Reflexive forms are constructed from the enclitic forms of the personal pronouns and the reflexive pronoun хӕдӕг
4708:
Nouns and adjectives share the same morphology and distinguish two numbers (singular and plural) and nine cases:
4389:
4055:
3679:
3339:
3116:
2842:
2554:
1712:
1550:
770:
528:
384:
6677:'be built'; causative meaning is also expressed periphrastically by combining the infinitive and the verb кӕнын
11864:
11614:
11473:
10056:
8036:
The Narts put the magic flute on their table, and it sang to them a marvellous song with the voice of a flute:
875:
9444:
6399:, which would normally arise from the combinations of the dentals of the stem and the ending: e.g. кал-д-т-он
3053:
Ossetic text written with Georgian script, from a book on Ossetian folklore published in 1940 in South Ossetia
11786:
11418:
11112:
10784:
9362:
2798:
2493:
2123:
484:
419:
437:
11941:
11879:
11831:
11701:
11696:
11497:
10645:
10171:
9449:
9296:
8473:. Scythians, Sarmatians, Alans – Iranian-Speaking Nomads of the Eurasian Steppes. Barcelona. pp. 21–22
2572:
2467:
2232:
1730:
1568:
1343:
The first printed book in Ossetian was a short catechism published in Moscow in 1798. The first newspaper,
4501:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
1047:) which dates back to the 10th–12th centuries and named after the river near which it was found: the
10948:
7100:
2850:
2385:
1671:
1482:
7993:
Wærxædžy warzon læpputyl buc næmttæ sæværdta wælarv Kwyrdalægon: xistæryl — Æxsar, kæstæryl — Æxsærtæg.
7987:Уӕрхӕджы уарзон лӕппутыл буц нӕмттӕ сӕвӕрдта уӕларв Куырдалӕгон: хистӕрыл — Æхсар, кӕстӕрыл — Æхсæртæг.
11931:
11836:
11661:
10586:
9397:
8703:
7990:Ўӕрхӕԫѵ ўарзон лӕппутѵл буц нӕмттӕ сӕвӕрдта ўӕларв Кўѵрдалӕгон: хістӕрѵл — Æхсар, кӕстӕрѵл — Æхсæртæг.
2718:
2600:
2216:
2192:
1782:
1620:
798:
only 36% of North Ossetians claimed to be fluent in Ossetian, with the number decreasing year by year.
7063:'(while) sitting'. There are also verbal nouns: one derived from the present stem with the suffix -ӕн
1378:
Ossetian is taught in secondary schools for all pupils. Native Ossetian speakers also take courses in
11841:
11803:
10697:
9859:
9684:
9459:
9360:
Laboratory of Field Linguistics: Ossetic (studies on Ossetic grammar, modern spoken texts in Ossetic)
9114:
8709:
8701:
8693:
8677:
8669:
8411:
Kim, Ronald (2003). "On the Historical Phonology of Ossetic: The Origin of the Oblique Case Suffix".
7112:
7108:
2880:
2872:
2856:
2848:
2840:
2832:
2824:
2816:
2804:
2796:
2788:
2763:
2734:
2716:
2698:
2690:
2653:
2637:
2614:
2598:
2578:
2570:
2552:
2527:
2511:
2491:
2485:
2483:
2465:
2431:
2415:
2399:
2383:
2367:
2351:
2326:
2310:
2294:
2286:
2270:
2262:
2246:
2230:
2214:
2206:
2190:
2182:
2153:
2137:
2121:
2107:
2105:
2089:
2073:
1963:
1780:
1753:
1728:
1710:
1687:
1669:
1618:
1591:
1566:
1548:
1523:
1498:
1480:
1422:), spoken by one-sixth and five-sixths of the population, respectively. A third dialect of Ossetian,
1194:
The only other extant record of Proto-Ossetic are the two lines of "Alanic" phrases appearing in the
871:
717:
235:
8197:
6899:
There is an infinitive, four participles (present and past active, past passive, and future), and a
5477:; not only the inessive, but also the ablative coincides with the genitive; the allative ends in -м
11761:
11408:
10795:
10579:
10503:
10496:
8695:
8612:
Translatio of the Bible into Ossetian is Completed: Fundraising for Publication Announced (Russian)
4561:
2312:
1689:
1500:
819:
752:
478:
372:
68:
7960:
To (bring) good fortune for the day of his boys' birth, Warkhag made a Nartic feast of game meat.
11731:
11691:
11671:
11651:
11554:
11468:
11236:
11181:
10550:
10529:
10510:
10414:
10254:
10247:
9924:
9439:
9119:
8711:
8671:
8007:
Nomæværædžy lævaræn Kwyrdalægon radta Wærxægæn udævdz jæ kwyrdadzy fætygæj, bolat ændonæj aræzt.
8001:Номӕвӕрӕджы лӕварӕн Куырдалӕгон радта Уӕрхӕгӕн удӕвдз йӕ куырдадзы фӕтыгӕй, болат ӕндонӕй арӕзт.
2882:
2818:
2787:
Voiceless consonants become voiced word-medially (this is reflected in the orthography as well).
2513:
2272:
2091:
2075:
1755:
1593:
1244:
973:
855:
498:
Latin-script Ossetian text from a book published in 1935; part of an alphabetic list of proverbs.
220:
17:
5655:). The person, tense and mood morphemes are mostly fused. The following description is of Iron.
5053:
There is no morphological distinction between adjectives and nouns in Ossetian. The suffix -дӕр
3089:
11869:
11666:
10841:
10543:
10536:
10292:
10152:
9434:
7929:
Iw dzy rajgwyrdis fyccag kærkwasæny, innæ ta rajgwyrdis dykkag kærkwasæny, Bonværnony skastmæ.
7923:Иу дзы райгуырдис фыццаг кӕркуасӕны, иннӕ та райгуырдис дыккаг кӕркуасӕны, Бонвӕрноны скастмӕ.
2369:
2353:
1989:
225:
85:
9018:
8393:
8378:
8004:Номӕвӕрӕԫѵ лӕварӕн Кўѵрдалӕгон радта Ўӕрхӕгӕн удӕвꚉ јӕ кўѵрдаꚉѵ фӕтѵгӕј, болат ӕндонӕј арӕзт.
7926:Іў ꚉѵ рајгўѵрдіс фѵццаг кӕркўасӕнѵ, іннӕ та рајгўѵрдіс дѵккаг кӕркўасӕнѵ, Бонвӕрнонѵ скастмӕ.
6640:
A special future imperative form can be formed by the addition of the independent particle иу
11889:
11821:
11791:
11746:
11741:
11716:
11574:
11451:
10518:
10005:
9134:
9029:
Abaev, V. I. Ossetian Language and Folklore, USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow-Leningrad, 1949
6738:
6395:), since only these consonants are phonotactically compatible with a following sequence -дт-
2765:
2655:
2639:
1060:
784:
11859:
8804:
7946:
The bright rays of the sun glanced down at Warkhag – he knew how dear the child was to him.
6579:
is added before the ending in transitive verbs. The future forms derive from the historical
11781:
11771:
11721:
11681:
11639:
11634:
11629:
11619:
11604:
11599:
11594:
11579:
11564:
11559:
11549:
11544:
11539:
11534:
11463:
11368:
11139:
10721:
10360:
10267:
10091:
9842:
9777:
9564:
8679:
8240:
7104:
5034:
2826:
2139:
1290:
1179:ΣΑΧΗΡΗ ΦΟΥΡΤ ΧΟΒΣ ΗΣΤΟΡΗ ΦΟΥΡΤ ΠΑΚΑΘΑΡ ΠΑΚΑΘΑΡΗ ΦΟΥΡΤ ΑΝΠΑΛΑΝ ΑΝΠΑΛΑΝΗ ΦΟΥΡΤ ΛΑΚ ΑΝΗ ΤΖΗΡΘΕ
8760:
Correspondence table between the Georgian-based and the modern script with examples of use
790:
Despite Ossetian being the official languages of both North and South Ossetia, since 2009
8:
11956:
11884:
11826:
11766:
11756:
11736:
11726:
11711:
11706:
11686:
11656:
11624:
11609:
11584:
11520:
11478:
10765:
10731:
10368:
10194:
10111:
9998:
9528:
9481:
2834:
2446:
2417:
2264:
2208:
2184:
2054:
1419:
1379:
795:
559:
Ethnolinguistic groups in the Caucasus region. Ossetian-speaking regions are shaded gold.
367:
6146:'be' (see above table) used as an auxiliary. Thus, the resulting composite endings are:
11796:
11751:
11676:
11646:
11266:
11149:
10937:
10573:
10439:
10409:
10353:
10307:
9913:
9890:
9880:
9615:
9501:
9318:
9206:
9169:
8428:
8392:
Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum, ed. by Rudiger Schmitt, 456-479. Wiesbaden: Reichert.
7092:
5632:
4552:
2433:
2338:
2017:
1984:
1955:
1403:
930:
733:
240:
98:
1289:
or "Rhythm-law" whereby nouns were divided into two classes, those heavily or lightly
1182:
Saxiri Furt Xovs Istori Furt Bӕqӕtar Bӕqӕtari Furt Æmbalan Æmbalani Furt Lak Ani čirtī
470:
11403:
11327:
11282:
11192:
11093:
11068:
11015:
10836:
10831:
10818:
10736:
10480:
10070:
10051:
9905:
9885:
9820:
9815:
9810:
9804:
9699:
9668:
9557:
9506:
9476:
9420:
9268:
9243:
9198:
9194:
9173:
9093:
9060:
9053:
9037:
8808:
8545:
8284:
7971:Ærxwydta wælarvæj Kwyrdalægony, furdæj — Donbettyry, Nartæj ta — Boræjy æmæ ændærty.
7968:Ӕрхўѵдта ўӕларвӕј Кўѵрдалӕгонѵ, фурдӕј — Донбеттѵрѵ, Нартӕј та — Борӕјѵ ӕмӕ ӕндӕртѵ.
7965:Ӕрхуыдта уӕларвӕй Куырдалӕгоны, фурдӕй — Донбеттыры, Нартӕй та — Борӕйы ӕмӕ ӕндӕрты.
2452:
2060:
1994:
1048:
985:
969:
899:
851:
847:
780:
378:
230:
9108:
8774:
8625:"Holy Scripture Fully Translated into Ossetian Language, Completing 19-Year Project"
6410:
The subjunctive mood has its own forms for each tense. The endings are as follows:
534:
11951:
11378:
11373:
11318:
11299:
11292:
11287:
11261:
11253:
11217:
11200:
11122:
11051:
11027:
10988:
10932:
10908:
10893:
10858:
10827:
10813:
10620:
10610:
10558:
10490:
10475:
10455:
10424:
10342:
10287:
10282:
10272:
10208:
10126:
10096:
9934:
9919:
9895:
9830:
9825:
9765:
9760:
9745:
9739:
9723:
9717:
9704:
9662:
9570:
9511:
9496:
9210:
9190:
9159:
9151:
8800:
8420:
6580:
5664:
4636:'flowers'), but there are also numerous exceptions from this. This insertion of ы
4556:
and how many have re-developed, after the loss of the original case forms, through
3077:
2902:
2749:
2004:
1979:
1974:
783:). Ossetian-speakers number about 614,350, with 451,000 recorded in Russia per the
725:
648:
610:
569:
333:
31:
8010:
As a godfather's ('name-giver's') present, Kurdalagon gave Warkhag a magic flute (
7203:'30 + 5'), whereas the vigesimal uses the opposite order (35 is фынддӕс ӕмӕ сӕндз
6136:
The future tense forms consist of the present stem, the element -дзы(н)- ~ -дзӕн-
1375:(Мах дуг, "Our era"), mostly devoted to contemporary Ossetian fiction and poetry.
11426:
11360:
11335:
11222:
11144:
11132:
11064:
11060:
11039:
10961:
10898:
10888:
10883:
10871:
10866:
10803:
10741:
10625:
10605:
10563:
10485:
10470:
10460:
10434:
10381:
10322:
10317:
10302:
10297:
10277:
10241:
10231:
10086:
9875:
9847:
9837:
9790:
9733:
9728:
9709:
9590:
9585:
9533:
9468:
9366:
9337:
9261:
9257:
9237:
9087:
8539:
8211:
8027:Удӕвдзы Нарт сӕвӕрдтой сӕ фынгыл, ӕмӕ сын кодта диссаджы зарӕг уадындз хъӕлӕсӕй:
7167:'six') in the decimal system, whereas the vigesimal designations are дыууиссӕдзы
7116:
5644:
3073:
2871:
Stress normally falls on the first syllable, unless it contains a central vowel (
1999:
1739:
1577:
1509:
989:
977:
811:
327:
212:
8033:
Udævdzy Nart sæværdtoj sæ fyngyl, æmæ syn kodta dissadžy zaræg wadyndz qælæsæj:
5721:'sing'; nonetheless, the past participle of this type is still formed with -д/т
3069:
906:) show certain commonalities, but also deep-reaching divergences from Ossetian.
11445:
11345:
11340:
11157:
11127:
11073:
11002:
10983:
10966:
10927:
10916:
10822:
10523:
10429:
10419:
10404:
10399:
10389:
10374:
10332:
10236:
10226:
9994:
9952:
9939:
9642:
9631:
9580:
9523:
9517:
9491:
9486:
9380:
Ossetic (Iron and Digor) basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
9374:
6718:
6660:
3839:
loans. The Ossetian Knowledge uses the Latin 'æ' instead of the Cyrillic 'ӕ'.
3058:
2049:
1951:
1423:
1310:
1056:
933:. The Scythian group included numerous tribes, known in ancient sources as the
922:
837:
766:
311:
297:
287:
9347:
History of the Ossetian writing system and a comprehensive table of characters
8795:
Erschler, David (January 13, 2021), "Iron Ossetic", in Polinsky, Maria (ed.),
8604:"ПЕРЕВОД БИБЛИИ НА ОСЕТИНСКИЙ ЯЗЫК ЗАВЕРШЕН: ОБЪЯВЛЕН СБОР СРЕДСТВ НА ИЗДАНИЕ"
8467:
Some New Observations on the Zelenchuk Inscription and Tzetzes' Alanic Phrases
8082:
1305:
is also affected by the "openness" of the vowel. The trend is also found in a
11925:
11350:
11228:
11077:
11010:
10876:
10848:
10808:
10774:
10755:
10568:
10465:
10347:
10327:
10262:
10136:
10131:
10101:
9900:
9854:
9770:
9653:
9636:
9083:
8642:
8535:
8030:Удӕвꚉѵ Нарт сӕвӕрдтој сӕ фѵнгѵл, ӕмӕ сѵн кодта діссаԫѵ зарӕг ўадѵнꚉ qӕлӕсӕј:
6693:'to seat'. Reflexive meaning is expressed by adding the reflexive pronoun хи
6652:
6584:
4741:
4733:
2616:
2539:
2529:
2328:
2296:
2288:
2169:
2155:
2041:
2029:
1959:
1947:
1645:
1456:
1415:
1395:
1302:
993:
833:
762:
396:
292:
58:
10666:
9055:
Dictionary of Languages: The Definitive Reference to More Than 400 Languages
8565:
8132:
Before a nasal, word-finally or within a word-final nasal-obstruent cluster.
3028:
consonant gemination in certain grammatical forms, such as after the prefix
1359:
1327:
1271:"Aren't you ashamed, my lordly lady, that you are having sex with a priest?"
929:. Ossetian is the sole survivor of the branch of Iranian languages known as
11398:
11304:
11098:
11032:
10971:
10942:
10760:
10747:
10629:
10615:
10337:
10312:
10121:
10106:
9330:
9202:
9048:
7124:
7088:
6726:
6656:
5652:
4572:
4534:
4268:
4245:
4222:
4209:
3093:
3076:. The father of the modern Ossetian literary language is the national poet
1407:
1199:
918:
914:
346:
321:
78:
9155:
8185:
8101:
The original Ossetian expression is profane and thus has been paraphrased.
454:
9945:
8624:
8307:
7957:
Wærxæg jæ læpputy rajgwyrdy bony farnæn skodta nærton kwyvd syrdy fydæj.
7954:Ўӕрхӕг јӕ лӕппутѵ рајгўѵрдѵ бонѵ фарнӕн скодта нӕртон кўѵвд сѵрдѵ фѵдӕј.
7951:Уӕрхӕг йӕ лӕппуты райгуырды боны фарнӕн скодта нӕртон куывд сырды фыдӕй.
5640:
4621:
2676:
1657:
1640:
1468:
1451:
1350:
1331:
in 1923, illustrating Sjögren's Cyrillic alphabet, including the letters
1210:
891:
7937:Рухс хуры тынтӕ ныккастис Уӕрхӕгмӕ, базыдта, хъӕбул куыд адджын у, уый.
5595:, respectively. Negatives are formed similarly, but with the prefix ни-
3539:
3168:
3049:
9608:
9001:
8432:
8312:
8190:
7975:
7943:
Ruxs xury tyntæ nykkastis Wærxægmæ, bazydta, qæbul kwyd addžyn u, wyj.
7096:
7091:(derived from nouns), although two prepositions exist in the language.
6987:
6865:
6722:
6717:
Somewhat similarly to the Slavic languages, verbs belong to one of two
6590:
The imperative consists of the present stem and the following endings:
5648:
5636:
4737:
4709:
4600:
There is only one plural suffix for the nominal parts of speech, -т(ӕ)
2812:
2625:
1766:
1650:
1604:
1461:
1277:
1267:"Good day to you my lord's lady, where are you from?" and other things:
946:
938:
903:
879:
737:
11489:
10163:
9384:
9323:
9164:
7940:Рухс хурѵ тѵнтӕ нѵккастіс Ўӕрхӕгмӕ, базѵдта, ԛӕбул кўѵд адԫѵн у, ўѵј.
5505:
everywhere outside of the ablative and inessive, which appears as дзы
493:
11241:
11172:
9797:
8580:"Russian Censorship: Ossetian & Russian Bibles, Bible Literature"
8157:
caused palatalization and labialization on preceding velar consonant.
7979:
7140:
6994:, which phonologically coincides with the 1st person singular: цӕуын
5663:
Each verb has a present stem and a past stem (similar in practice to
3105:
1698:
1536:
1298:
1273:"Aren't you ashamed, my lady, to have a love affair with the priest?"
1241:
1203:
1033:
934:
807:
729:
555:
463:
447:
429:
411:
193:
9389:
9307:
Genetic Evidence Concerning the Origins of South and North Ossetians
8424:
6831:
In addition, these prefixes may express small aspectual nuances: а-
505:
11205:
10700:
9750:
8377:
Translated by Stephen P. Hill and edited by Herbert H. Paper, 1964
4729:
4725:
4721:
4713:
4640:
regularly palatalises preceding velars to affricates in Iron: чызг
2899:
1306:
958:
954:
926:
895:
828:
815:
757:
712:
546:
182:
161:
155:
9359:
1269:
When an Alan woman takes a priest as a lover, you might hear this:
1185:"K., son of S., son of I., son of B., son of A.; their monument."
11021:
9975:
9595:
9550:
9346:
8685:
8060:
7136:
7120:
6737:'go out (perf.). The directional prefixes simultaneously express
5907:, whereas the present forms are highly irregular and begin in д-
3564:
3552:
3531:
3523:
3500:
3478:
3068:
Written Ossetian may be immediately recognized by its use of the
1427:
842:
775:
721:
542:
172:
9354:
9288:
8785:Т. Т. Камболов. 2006 Очерк истории осетинского языка. p. 330–339
1321:
9755:
9602:
9575:
8717:
7144:
7119:: rather, the direct object is in the nominative (typically if
6900:
5903:'give'. It is also seen in the copula, whose past stem is уыд-
4717:
4557:
3836:
1257:"(De’) f(s)arm neč(ij), kinźi ӕfšini xӕcc(ӕ) (ku) fӕwwa sawgin"
1052:
962:
887:
823:
791:
748:
513:
9289:
Web portal on documentation and grammatical studies of Ossetic
9180:
8610:. Russian orthodox Church, Moscow Patriarchate. May 29, 2021.
8335:"One Nation, Two Polities, Two Endangered Ossetian Languages?"
5956:'be heard') and sometimes by the addition of the consonant -с
5587:
are formed from the interrogatives by means of the prefix ис-
5061:'more beautiful'. It, too, can be added to typical nouns: лӕг
992:. The names of ancient Iranian tribes (as transmitted through
666:
660:
628:
622:
590:
11413:
8759:
8689:
8019:
3062:
1294:
1217:
950:
741:
8281:
Van Sanskriet tot Spijkerschrift Breinbrekers uit alle talen
5607:
is used adjectivally. Other pronouns meaning 'all' are ӕгас
5057:
can express the meaning of a comparative degree: рӕсугъддӕр
3072:(Ӕ ӕ), a letter to be found in no other language using
3017:
the voicing of voiceless consonants in voiced environments:
2994:
before the (currently or historically) front vowels, namely
2887:), in which case stress falls on the second syllable. Thus,
1325:
The first page of the first issue of the Ossetian newspaper
9929:
9023:
7207:'15 + 20'). Ordinal numbers are formed with the suffix -ӕм
7043:'having written'. The participle-gerund form ending in -гӕ
4628:
is normally inserted after stems ending in a cluster (цӕст
4542:
considerable individual traits, does not arouse any doubt.
1230:οὐκ αἰσχύνεσαι αὐθέντρια μου νά μου γαμῇ τὸ μουνί σου παπᾶς
1206:
942:
910:
651:
587:
581:
6359:
Remarkably, these forms actually derive from the old past
3100:
in the 1920s, but in 1937 a revised Cyrillic alphabet was
732:, and a relative and possibly a descendant of the extinct
663:
625:
613:
572:
545:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
7127:) or in the genitive (typically if animate or definite).
6876:
also causes gemination of the following consonant: кӕлын
5980:
The present and future tense forms use the present stem.
4517:
were used to transcribe Russian words. The "weak" vowels
3065:, the oldest known attestation of the Ossetian language.
1248:
9227:
Thordarson, Fridrik. Ossetic. In Rüdiger Schmitt (ed.),
7904:
At that time, the most senior of the Narts was Warkhag.
7195:'one hundred' has the vigesimal equivalent фондзыссӕдзы
2863:; this alternation is still retained to a large extent.
9355:
Ossetic language materials in English and partly French
7191:'twenty'). In the same way, the inherited decimal сӕдӕ
6835:
is used for rapid, brief and superficial motion, арба-
7154:
7148:
7038:
7024:
7010:
6704:
6698:
6688:
6682:
6668:
6283:
6137:
5967:
5961:
5951:
5945:
5927:
5874:
5716:
5690:
5684:
5558:
5548:
865:
703:
8668:
Despite the transcription used here, Abaev refers to
8444:
8442:
8283:. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. p. 34.
5619:
for 'another of two, a definite other one' and ӕндӕр
1265:"Good day to you my lord's lady, where are you from?"
675:
657:
637:
619:
599:
578:
8888:
8886:
8788:
8516:
8504:
7067:
with the meaning 'fit to be X-ed' – e.g. зын ссарӕн
7023:
may have either active or passive meaning: фыссинаг
6990:
is formed from the present stem with the ending -ын
4664:, but the consonant is also labialised there: мӕсыг
3061:
inscription of the 10th–12th centuries was found in
1032:
The earliest known written sample of Ossetian is an
806:
Ossetian is the spoken and literary language of the
584:
300:
27:
Eastern Iranian language of Ossetia, in the Caucasus
8245:
7982:(the sea god), and of the Narts – Bora and others.
6129:The copula also has a special iterative stem вӕйй-
5497:). The 3rd singular stem has the doublet forms йV-
1363:(Рӕстдзинад / Рӕстꚉінад, "Truth") in the North and
1011:
1001:
747:The northern half of the Ossetia region is part of
654:
616:
575:
9107:
9052:
8485:
8439:
7135:For numerals above 20, two systems are in use – a
4660:'riders'. The same happens in words ending in -ыг
4525:are among the most common vowels in the language.
1219:Τοῖς ἀλανοῖς προσφθέγγομαι κατὰ τὴν τούτων γλῶσσαν
965:were also closely affiliated in linguistic terms.
9089:The Ossetes: Modern-Day Scythians of the Caucasus
8883:
8775:https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ossetic-language
8541:The Ossetes: Modern-Day Scythians of the Caucasus
5647:), and belong to one of two grammatical aspects (
1221:Καλὴ ἡμέρα σου αὐθέντα μου ἀρχόντισσα πόθεν εἶσαι
1019:
84:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate
11923:
9375:Omniglot – Ossetian (Ирон ӕвзаг / Дигорон ӕвзаг)
8797:The Oxford Handbook of Languages of the Caucasus
8728:
8726:
8257:
6291:The transitive endings, on the other hand, are:
8767:
5983:The indicative present endings are as follows:
5895:). Suppletion is found in the stem pair дӕттын
5615:. There are two pronouns meaning 'other': иннӕ
1958:) stops and affricates. This may constitute an
9141:
8369:
8367:
8365:
8363:
8361:
8359:
8357:
5509:, and the comitative, which can only have йV-
2920:
2757:
2728:
2710:
2684:
2647:
2631:
2608:
2592:
2564:
2546:
2521:
2505:
2477:
2459:
2425:
2409:
2393:
2377:
2361:
2345:
2320:
2304:
2280:
2256:
2240:
2224:
2200:
2176:
2147:
2131:
2115:
2099:
2083:
2067:
1774:
1747:
1722:
1704:
1681:
1663:
1612:
1585:
1560:
1542:
1517:
1492:
1474:
1293:. "Heavy-stem" nouns possessed a "heavy" long
886:. The other Eastern Iranian languages such as
859:
137:
126:
11505:
10696:
10682:
10179:
10034:
9405:
8799:, Oxford University Press, pp. 639–685,
8723:
7915:Wærxægæn rajgwyrdis dywwæ læppujy, fazzættæ.
7912:Ўӕрхӕгӕн рајгўѵрдіс дѵўўӕ лӕппујѵ, фаззӕттӕ.
7909:Уӕрхӕгӕн райгуырдис дыууӕ лӕппуйы, фаззӕттӕ.
5975:
5041:is usually inserted between them: зӕрдӕ-й-ӕн
4551:Ossetic has lost the grammatical category of
2967:assimilate, yielding the vowel /е/ <e>.
1253:"Dӕ bon xwarz, me’fšini ‘xšinӕ, kurdigӕj dӕ?"
801:
8302:
8300:
6703:'to shave (something, somebody)' – хи дасын
5563:) 'that'. The interrogative pronouns are чи
1233:τὸ φάρνετζ κίντζι μέσφιλι καίτζ φουὰ σαοῦγγε
1228:ἂν ὃ ἔχῃ ἀλάνισσα παπᾶν φίλον ἀκούσαις ταῦτα
794:has listed Ossetian as "vulnerable". In the
512:Ossetian is classified as Vulnerable by the
8459:
8457:
8354:
6847:for especially intensive action, while фӕ-
5623:for 'some other, an indefinite other one'.
1632:The Digor dialect of Ossetic has 6 vowels:
996:) in fact reflect this pluralization, e.g.
11512:
11498:
10689:
10675:
10186:
10172:
10041:
10027:
9412:
9398:
9231:, 456-479. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert.
8382:
1443:The Iron dialect of Ossetic has 7 vowels:
504:
492:
9163:
8664:
8662:
8496:sfn error: no target: CITEREFIvanov2010 (
8297:
7075:denoting permanent quality – e.g. нуазаг
1247:using the Greek as clues, thus, while τ (
818:and constituting the basic population of
755:, while the southern half is part of the
724:, a region situated on both sides of the
9235:
9106:
9073:
8794:
8463:
8454:
8413:Journal of the American Oriental Society
8278:
8251:
7055:may mean '(which has been) cut', судзгӕ
6894:
6659:with the past passive participle and an
5785:(mostly in bisyllabic stems, e.g. араз-
5777:'speak'); some other alternations are a
5599:; the totality prefix ('every-') is ал-
5489:); and the comitative has the vowel -е-
3048:
1320:
1023:
858:of languages (as hinted by its endonym:
850:). The Ossetian language belongs to the
554:
517:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
11519:
10193:
9331:Minority languages of Russia on the Net
8274:
8272:
7211:, or, for the first three numbers, -аг
1406:) which is considered more archaic and
870:). Within Iranian, it is placed in the
539:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
11924:
9267:. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press.
9256:
9217:
8659:
8522:
8510:
8491:
8448:
8406:
8404:
8402:
8400:
8332:
8110:Before a word-final consonant cluster.
8095:
7918:Two boys were born to Warkhag, twins.
7884:Cyrillic text (Sjögren alphabet 1844)
6839:also for rapid and sudden action, ба-
4680:in closed syllables are weakened to ӕ
4608:occurring in the nominative case (see
11493:
10670:
10167:
10022:
9419:
9393:
9082:
9047:
8805:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190690694.013.17
8534:
8263:
7850:('1000 + 100'), иуæндæс фондзыссӕдзы
7009:coincides with the past stem (фыссын
6872:'became (3rd person)'. The prefix ны
6856:, as well as to the copula's form ис
1971:
1055:, Russia. The text is written in the
711:
160:
154:
9135:participating institution membership
8269:
8212:"World Atlas of Languages: Ossetian"
5817:. Frequent consonant changes are -д
5520:'self' (with the oblique forms хиц-
4560:of adverbs or re-interpretations of
3843:The Latin alphabet (used 1923–1938)
2911:мӕгуы́р зӕронд лӕг/mægwýr zærond læg
1263:The Alans I greet in their language:
36:
8410:
8397:
8222:from the original on August 2, 2018
7901:Nartæn wæd sæ xistær Wærxæg wydis.
7898:Нартӕн ўӕд сӕ хістӕр Ўӕрхӕг ўѵдіс.
7895:Нартӕн уӕд сӕ хистӕр Уӕрхӕг уыдис.
6583:and the others from the historical
728:. It is the native language of the
24:
11450:Languages between parentheses are
10004:Languages between parentheses are
9385:Russian-Ossetic On-Line Dictionary
8744:
8544:. London: Bloomsbury. p. 83.
8464:Kambolov, Tamerlan (10 May 2007).
8234:
8179:
8055:Ajs æj, anaz æj — rondžy nwazæn!»
8053:«Ajs æj, anaz æj Xwycawy xælaræj,
8047:«Ајс ӕј, аназ ӕј Хўѵцаўѵ хӕларӕј,
8043:Айс ӕй, аназ ӕй — ронджы нуазӕн!»
8041:«Айс ӕй, аназ ӕй Хуыцауы хӕларӕй,
7001:The past passive participle in -т
5879:'run away'), elision of a final н
5535:There are two demonstratives – ай
1394:There are two important dialects:
1224:Ταπαγχὰς μέσφιλι χσινὰ κορθὶ κάντα
814:living in the central part of the
324:(First documented written records)
74:for transliterated languages, and
54:of its non-English content, using
25:
11968:
11911:Sovereign Military Order of Malta
9282:
8375:A Grammatical Sketch of Ossetian.
8063:'s (the supreme deity's) health,
8049:Ајс ӕј, аназ ӕј — ронԫѵ нўазӕн!»
6843:for more substantial action, ны-
6133:, which is conjugated regularly.
6057:'be' is conjugated differently:
5695:'to love'), or, more rarely, -ст
5524:in the dative and ablative, хиу-
5481:and the dative has the vowel -у-
3044:
2970:the palatalisation of the velars
2866:
11171:
10656:Mass media by language of Russia
10651:Knowledge in languages of Russia
10050:
9978:(unknown further classification)
9195:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.00131.x
8196:
7978:(the smith god), from the sea –
7099:is not rigid, but tends towards
7071:'hard to find' – and one in -аг
4648:'girls'. In words ending in -ӕг
1412:Republic of North Ossetia-Alania
1400:Republic of North Ossetia-Alania
1398:(distributed in the west of the
1349:, appeared on July 23, 1906, in
720:that is spoken predominantly in
647:
609:
568:
92:may also be used - notably
41:
9229:Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum
9019:A grammatical sketch of Ossetic
9010:
8994:
8985:
8976:
8967:
8958:
8949:
8940:
8931:
8922:
8913:
8904:
8895:
8874:
8865:
8856:
8847:
8838:
8829:
8820:
8779:
8753:
8735:
8635:
8617:
8596:
8572:
8558:
8528:
8340:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
8160:
8135:
8126:
8113:
8104:
8065:take it, drink it – the cup of
5579:). Indefinite pronouns meaning
4567:
3104:, with digraphs replacing most
385:Administration of South Ossetia
11947:Languages of Georgia (country)
11454:of the language on their left.
10449:Languages with official status
10008:of the language on their left.
9004:in Dzhanayev's 1946 collection
8326:
8204:
8166:Before a word-final consonant.
7871:
3092:. A new alphabet based on the
1020:Evidence for Medieval Ossetian
90:multilingual support templates
13:
1:
9312:An article on Ossetic grammar
9059:. Columbia University Press.
8173:
5069:'more of a man, more manly'.
5048:
1941:
1259:. The passage translates as:
337:
9036:. Paris: L'Harmattan, 2004,
8279:Lubotsky, Alexander (2010).
7812:dywwӕ fondzyssædzy ӕmӕ ssӕdz
7808:дыууӕ фондзыссӕдзы ӕмӕ ссӕдз
5485:before the ending (e.g. мын
5012:
5004:
4983:
4975:
4954:
4946:
4925:
4917:
4896:
4888:
4867:
4859:
4838:
4830:
4809:
4801:
4780:
4772:
4740:. The nominal morphology is
2560:
2473:
1433:
716:southern; northern), is an
7:
8388:Thordarson, Fridrik. 1989.
8333:Fuller, Liz (28 May 2015).
8076:
7155:
7149:
7139:one used officially, and a
7130:
7039:
7025:
7011:
6705:
6699:
6689:
6683:
6669:
6284:
6138:
5968:
5962:
5952:
5946:
5928:
5915:оr in a vowel (see below).
5875:
5717:
5691:
5685:
5559:
5549:
5072:
2921:Morphophonemic alternations
1389:
866:
704:
683:), commonly referred to as
10:
11973:
5976:Tense and mood conjugation
4528:
2891:/ˈsud͡zag/ 'burning', but
1218:
1012:
1002:
802:History and classification
771:Russian-occupied territory
391:Partially recognised state
205:490,000 (2020 census)
29:
11937:Eastern Iranian languages
11898:
11850:
11812:
11527:
11436:
11391:
11359:
11326:
11317:
11275:
11252:
11191:
11180:
11169:
11111:
11086:
11050:
11001:
10907:
10857:
10794:
10783:
10720:
10707:
10640:
10598:
10448:
10217:
10201:
10145:
10079:
10063:
9985:
9968:
9868:
9692:
9683:
9542:
9467:
9458:
9427:
9236:Windfuhr, Gernot (2013).
9144:Byzantinische Zeitschrift
9115:Oxford English Dictionary
7804:
7799:
7796:
7793:
7764:
7759:
7756:
7753:
7350:
7347:
7344:
7179:'twenty') and ӕртиссӕдзы
7109:morphosyntactic alignment
7082:
6976:
6965:
6932:
6926:
6789:
6733:'go (imperf.)' – рацӕуын
6712:
6423:
6420:
6417:
6403:'I poured', but саф-т-он
5428:
5345:
5287:
5212:
5170:
5095:
5082:
4761:
4755:
4753:
4684:before the suffix – фарс
4595:
4509:In addition, the letters
4169:
3847:
3799:In addition, the letters
3453:
3127:
3123:Modern Cyrillic alphabet
2758:
2748:
2729:
2711:
2685:
2675:
2648:
2632:
2624:
2609:
2593:
2565:
2562:
2547:
2522:
2506:
2478:
2475:
2460:
2445:
2426:
2410:
2394:
2378:
2362:
2346:
2321:
2305:
2281:
2257:
2241:
2225:
2201:
2177:
2148:
2132:
2116:
2100:
2084:
2068:
2048:
2003:
1998:
1988:
1978:
1973:
1964:languages of the Caucasus
1928:
1875:
1856:
1851:
1831:
1815:
1775:
1748:
1723:
1705:
1682:
1664:
1613:
1586:
1561:
1543:
1518:
1493:
1475:
1438:
1426:, was formerly spoken in
876:Northeastern sub-subgroup
860:
696:
525:
503:
491:
477:
461:
445:
427:
409:
404:
363:Official language in
361:
356:
308:
281:
262:
209:
199:
188:
178:
168:
150:
138:
127:
125:
120:
11409:Northeastern Neo-Aramaic
9183:Annals of Human Genetics
9074:Erschler, David (2018).
8088:
7974:From the sky he invited
7159:'four') and 60 is ӕхсӕй
6647:
5966:'to warm' : тафсын
5658:
5626:
4703:
4546:
3032:and before the suffixes
2909:/mɐˈt͡ʃinɘg/ 'my book',
1946:The Ossetian researcher
1316:
968:Ossetian, together with
718:Eastern Iranian language
162:[digoˈronɐvˈzäɡ]
30:Not to be confused with
11469:Languages of Azerbaijan
9297:Ossetic National Corpus
9120:Oxford University Press
7351:old (vigesimal) system
7115:, although there is no
6687:'to sit' – бадын кӕнын
5528:in the adessive and хи
3835:are used to transcribe
1049:Bolshoy Zelenchuk River
822:, which is part of the
11570:Bosnia and Herzegovina
10153:Georgian Sign Language
9218:Testen, David (1997).
9092:. London: Bloomsbury.
9032:Arys-Djanaieva, Lora.
8566:"Коран стал дигорским"
8059:'Take it, drink it to
7037:'writing' – ныффыссӕг
6998:'to go' (and 'I go').
6768:away from the speaker
6673:'build' – арӕзт цӕуын
5950:'hear' : хъуысын
4544:
3108:of the 1844 alphabet.
3054:
1340:
1275:
1238:
1202:, a 12th century
1029:
560:
527:This article contains
9239:The Iranian Languages
9156:10.1515/byzs.2010.017
8910:Abaev 1964, p. 52–53.
8880:Abaev 1964, p. 42–43.
8871:Abaev 1964, p. 35–42.
8716:as velar rather than
7348:new (decimal) system
7113:nominative–accusative
6895:Non-finite verb forms
6288:in the future tense.
5532:in the other cases).
4562:derivational suffixes
4539:
3052:
2955:Sequences /ɐ/ + /i/ (
1795:Vowel correspondence
1324:
1261:
1215:
1038:Zelenchuk Inscription
1028:Zelenchuk Inscription
1027:
713:[iˈronɐvˈzäɡ]
558:
156:[iˈronɐvˈzäɡ]
11521:Languages of Europe
11474:Languages of Georgia
11464:Languages of Armenia
10057:Languages of Georgia
9999:historical languages
8964:Abaev 1964, p. 47–50
8955:Abaev 1964, p. 45–47
8928:Abaev 1964, p. 76–79
8862:Abaev 1964, p. 26–31
8853:Abaev 1964, p. 22–26
8022:steel of his forge.
7852:iwændæs fondzyssædzy
7087:Ossetic uses mostly
6891:'he was going out'.
6804:towards the speaker
6681:'to do': e.g. бадын
6367:). The variable -т-
5932:'lose' : сӕфын
5591:and the suffix -дӕр
4696:'house' – хӕдзӕрттӕ
3025:'of equal strength'.
1410:(in the rest of the
990:Central Asian steppe
957:. The more easterly
856:Indo-European family
820:North Ossetia–Alania
812:Iranian ethnic group
753:North Ossetia–Alania
373:North Ossetia–Alania
52:specify the language
50:This article should
11942:Languages of Russia
11813:States with limited
11479:Languages of Russia
10646:Languages of Russia
10220:of federal subjects
10195:Languages of Russia
9118:(Online ed.).
9016:Abaev, V. I. 1964.
7877:
7502:dæs æmæ dywwissædzy
7498:дӕс ӕмӕ дыууиссӕдзы
7341:
7095:precede nouns. The
6907:
6745:
6739:ventive or andative
6594:
5987:
5079:
4656:'rider' – барджытӕ
4632:'flower' – цӕстытӕ
4604:, with the vowel ӕ
3844:
3124:
2950:/ɐvˈdɐm/ 'seventh'.
1796:
1420:Karachay-Cherkessia
1380:Ossetian literature
848:Republic of Georgia
836:(recognized by the
796:2010 Russian census
785:2010 Russian census
765:(recognized by the
330:(Ossetian alphabet)
10949:Caucasian Albanian
10080:Minority languages
9365:2011-07-16 at the
9336:2009-04-20 at the
9319:Fridrik Thordarson
8973:Thordarson, p. 474
8937:Abaev 1964, p. 10.
8919:Abaev 1964, p. 44.
8901:Abaev 1964, p. 59.
8892:Abaev 1964, p. 51.
8844:Thordarson, p. 471
8835:Abaev 1964, p. 12.
8732:Thordarson, p. 466
8643:"OSSETIC LANGUAGE"
8069:(magical drink)!'
7876:
7772:dywwӕ fondzyssædzy
7768:дыууӕ фондзыссӕдзы
7610:dæs æmæ ærtissædzy
7606:дӕс ӕмӕ ӕртиссӕдзы
7556:dæs æmæ ærtissædzy
7552:дӕс ӕмӕ ӕртиссӕдзы
7340:
7187:'three' and ссӕдз
6906:
6880:'pour' – ныккӕлын
6860:, the consonant ц
6744:
6593:
5986:
5761:'tremble'), and у
5575:(oblique stem сӕ-
5567:(oblique stem кӕ-
5091:enclitic genitive
5077:
5045:'heart (dative)'.
5037:, the consonant й
4644:'girl' – чызджытӕ
3842:
3122:
3070:Cyrillic letter Ae
3055:
2915:фӕлӕ́ уый/fælǽ wyj
2907:мӕ чи́ныг/mӕ čínyg
2893:cӕнӕ́фсир/sænǽfsir
1794:
1404:Kabardino-Balkaria
1341:
1313:dating from 1422.
1030:
824:Russian Federation
561:
11932:Ossetian language
11919:
11918:
11487:
11486:
11446:extinct languages
11387:
11386:
11313:
11312:
11167:
11166:
11107:
11106:
10664:
10663:
10632:
10587:Southern Yukaghir
10580:Northern Yukaghir
10257:
10250:
10161:
10160:
10064:Official language
10016:
10015:
9964:
9963:
9679:
9678:
9421:Iranian languages
9274:978-3-7001-0994-5
9249:978-1-135-79703-4
9220:Ossetic Phonology
9133:(Subscription or
9066:978-0-231-11568-1
9000:Beginning of the
8946:Abaev 1964, p. 11
8814:978-0-19-069069-4
8647:iranicaonline.org
8629:orthochristian.ru
8194:(26th ed., 2023)
8119:Sometimes before
8074:
8073:
7864:1 000 000 милуан
7833:
7832:
7448:fynddæs æmæ ssædz
7444:фынддӕс ӕмӕ сӕндз
7205:fynddæs æmæ ssædz
7105:Wackernagel's law
6984:
6983:
6829:
6828:
6709:'shave oneself'.
6638:
6637:
6575:In addition, a т
6573:
6572:
6357:
6356:
6280:
6279:
6212:
6211:
6139:-dzy(n)- ~ -dzӕn-
6127:
6126:
6051:
6050:
5936:'be lost', and у
5683:'to hold'; уарз-
5470:
5469:
5030:
5029:
4612:below): e.g. сӕр
4523:⟨ы⟩
4519:⟨ӕ⟩
4515:⟨ž⟩
4511:⟨š⟩
4507:
4506:
3833:⟨я⟩
3829:⟨ю⟩
3825:⟨э⟩
3821:⟨ь⟩
3817:⟨ъ⟩
3813:⟨щ⟩
3809:⟨ш⟩
3805:⟨ж⟩
3801:⟨ё⟩
3797:
3796:
3014:'hen (genitive)'.
2839:when followed by
2785:
2784:
2542:
2455:
2341:
2172:
2063:
2044:
2037:
2032:
2025:
1939:
1938:
1792:
1791:
1630:
1629:
1337:⟨ԫ⟩
1333:⟨ꚉ⟩
986:dialect continuum
874:and further to a
702:
553:
552:
535:rendering support
531:phonetic symbols.
274:Standard Ossetian
116:
115:
16:(Redirected from
11964:
11851:Dependencies and
11787:Northern Ireland
11528:Sovereign states
11514:
11507:
11500:
11491:
11490:
11324:
11323:
11189:
11188:
11175:
10792:
10791:
10718:
10717:
10698:Languages of the
10691:
10684:
10677:
10668:
10667:
10624:
10621:Mongolian script
10611:Cyrillic Braille
10589:
10582:
10553:
10546:
10539:
10532:
10513:
10506:
10499:
10384:
10377:
10363:
10356:
10253:
10246:
10202:Federal language
10188:
10181:
10174:
10165:
10164:
10097:Western Armenian
10055:
10054:
10043:
10036:
10029:
10020:
10019:
9860:Zoroastrian Dari
9690:
9689:
9465:
9464:
9414:
9407:
9400:
9391:
9390:
9371:
9351:
9343:
9325:Ossetic language
9316:
9301:
9293:
9278:
9258:Zgusta, Ladislav
9253:
9223:
9214:
9177:
9167:
9138:
9130:
9128:
9126:
9111:
9103:
9079:
9070:
9058:
9005:
8998:
8992:
8989:
8983:
8980:
8974:
8971:
8965:
8962:
8956:
8953:
8947:
8944:
8938:
8935:
8929:
8926:
8920:
8917:
8911:
8908:
8902:
8899:
8893:
8890:
8881:
8878:
8872:
8869:
8863:
8860:
8854:
8851:
8845:
8842:
8836:
8833:
8827:
8824:
8818:
8817:
8792:
8786:
8783:
8777:
8771:
8765:
8764:
8757:
8751:
8748:
8742:
8739:
8733:
8730:
8721:
8715:
8707:
8699:
8683:
8675:
8666:
8657:
8656:
8654:
8653:
8639:
8633:
8632:
8621:
8615:
8614:
8600:
8594:
8593:
8591:
8590:
8576:
8570:
8569:
8562:
8556:
8555:
8532:
8526:
8520:
8514:
8508:
8502:
8501:
8489:
8483:
8482:
8480:
8478:
8472:
8461:
8452:
8446:
8437:
8436:
8408:
8395:
8386:
8380:
8371:
8352:
8351:
8349:
8347:
8330:
8324:
8323:
8321:
8320:
8304:
8295:
8294:
8276:
8267:
8261:
8255:
8249:
8243:
8238:
8232:
8231:
8229:
8227:
8208:
8202:
8201:
8200:
8183:
8167:
8164:
8158:
8139:
8133:
8130:
8124:
8117:
8111:
8108:
8102:
8099:
7878:
7875:
7857:2000 дыууӕ мины
7816:2 × 5 × 20 + 20
7801:dywwæ sædæ ssædz
7797:дыууӕ сӕдӕ ссӕдз
7342:
7339:
7175:'two' and ссӕдз
7158:
7152:
7042:
7028:
7014:
6908:
6905:
6746:
6743:
6708:
6702:
6692:
6686:
6672:
6667:'to go': аразын
6657:periphrastically
6595:
6592:
6413:
6412:
6294:
6293:
6287:
6217:
6216:
6149:
6148:
6141:
6060:
6059:
6053:Only the copula
5988:
5985:
5971:
5965:
5955:
5949:
5931:
5878:
5720:
5707:'weigh') or -ыд
5694:
5688:
5635:), three moods (
5562:
5552:
5426:
5351:
5285:
5218:
5168:
5101:
5080:
5076:
4751:
4750:
4688:'side' – фӕрстӕ
4524:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4503:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
3845:
3841:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3125:
3121:
3078:Kosta Khetagurov
2939:/avd/ 'seven' —
2903:definite article
2886:
2878:
2862:
2854:
2846:
2838:
2830:
2822:
2811:were originally
2810:
2802:
2794:
2769:
2761:
2760:
2740:
2732:
2731:
2722:
2714:
2713:
2704:
2696:
2688:
2687:
2659:
2651:
2650:
2643:
2635:
2634:
2620:
2612:
2611:
2604:
2596:
2595:
2584:
2576:
2568:
2567:
2558:
2550:
2549:
2538:
2533:
2525:
2524:
2517:
2509:
2508:
2497:
2489:
2481:
2480:
2471:
2463:
2462:
2451:
2437:
2429:
2428:
2421:
2413:
2412:
2405:
2397:
2396:
2389:
2381:
2380:
2373:
2365:
2364:
2357:
2349:
2348:
2337:
2332:
2324:
2323:
2316:
2308:
2307:
2300:
2292:
2284:
2283:
2276:
2268:
2260:
2259:
2252:
2244:
2243:
2236:
2228:
2227:
2220:
2212:
2204:
2203:
2196:
2188:
2180:
2179:
2168:
2159:
2151:
2150:
2143:
2135:
2134:
2127:
2119:
2118:
2111:
2103:
2102:
2095:
2087:
2086:
2079:
2071:
2070:
2059:
2040:
2035:
2028:
2023:
2020:
2013:
1969:
1968:
1797:
1793:
1786:
1778:
1777:
1759:
1751:
1750:
1734:
1726:
1725:
1716:
1708:
1707:
1693:
1685:
1684:
1675:
1667:
1666:
1635:
1634:
1624:
1616:
1615:
1597:
1589:
1588:
1572:
1564:
1563:
1554:
1546:
1545:
1529:
1521:
1520:
1504:
1496:
1495:
1486:
1478:
1477:
1446:
1445:
1338:
1334:
1236:
1235:
1046:
1015:
1014:
1005:
1004:
878:, but these are
872:Eastern subgroup
869:
863:
862:
751:and is known as
726:Greater Caucasus
715:
710:
707:
701:romanized:
700:
698:
679:
673:
672:
669:
668:
665:
662:
659:
656:
653:
641:
635:
634:
631:
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:
615:
603:
597:
596:
593:
592:
589:
586:
583:
580:
577:
574:
519:
508:
496:
487:
473:
457:
450:
441:
440:
432:
423:
422:
414:
342:
341: 1938–1954
339:
314:
302:
215:
164:
158:
141:
140:
130:
129:
118:
117:
111:
108:
102:
95:
83:
77:
73:
67:
63:
57:
45:
44:
37:
32:Occitan language
21:
11972:
11971:
11967:
11966:
11965:
11963:
11962:
11961:
11922:
11921:
11920:
11915:
11894:
11852:
11846:
11832:Northern Cyprus
11814:
11808:
11702:North Macedonia
11523:
11518:
11488:
11483:
11457:
11432:
11427:Shirvani Arabic
11383:
11355:
11336:Karachay-Balkar
11309:
11271:
11248:
11183:
11176:
11163:
11115:
11103:
11082:
11046:
10997:
10903:
10853:
10787:
10779:
10742:Judaeo-Georgian
10724:
10711:
10703:
10695:
10665:
10660:
10636:
10594:
10585:
10578:
10549:
10542:
10535:
10528:
10509:
10504:Southern Khanty
10502:
10497:Northern Khanty
10495:
10444:
10380:
10373:
10359:
10352:
10318:Karachay-Balkar
10219:
10218:State languages
10213:
10197:
10192:
10162:
10157:
10141:
10075:
10059:
10049:
10047:
10017:
10012:
10011:
9981:
9960:
9864:
9675:
9538:
9454:
9423:
9418:
9369:
9367:Wayback Machine
9349:
9341:
9338:Wayback Machine
9314:
9299:
9291:
9285:
9275:
9250:
9132:
9124:
9122:
9100:
9067:
9024:Russian version
9013:
9008:
8999:
8995:
8991:Abaev, p. 20–21
8990:
8986:
8981:
8977:
8972:
8968:
8963:
8959:
8954:
8950:
8945:
8941:
8936:
8932:
8927:
8923:
8918:
8914:
8909:
8905:
8900:
8896:
8891:
8884:
8879:
8875:
8870:
8866:
8861:
8857:
8852:
8848:
8843:
8839:
8834:
8830:
8826:Abaev, p. 12–16
8825:
8821:
8815:
8793:
8789:
8784:
8780:
8772:
8768:
8762:
8758:
8754:
8749:
8745:
8740:
8736:
8731:
8724:
8667:
8660:
8651:
8649:
8641:
8640:
8636:
8631:. May 31, 2021.
8623:
8622:
8618:
8602:
8601:
8597:
8588:
8586:
8578:
8577:
8573:
8564:
8563:
8559:
8552:
8533:
8529:
8521:
8517:
8509:
8505:
8495:
8490:
8486:
8476:
8474:
8470:
8462:
8455:
8447:
8440:
8425:10.2307/3217844
8409:
8398:
8387:
8383:
8372:
8355:
8345:
8343:
8331:
8327:
8318:
8316:
8306:
8305:
8298:
8291:
8277:
8270:
8262:
8258:
8250:
8246:
8239:
8235:
8225:
8223:
8210:
8209:
8205:
8195:
8184:
8180:
8176:
8171:
8170:
8165:
8161:
8140:
8136:
8131:
8127:
8118:
8114:
8109:
8105:
8100:
8096:
8091:
8079:
7874:
7133:
7117:accusative case
7085:
7015:'write' – фыст
6897:
6719:lexical aspects
6715:
6650:
6418:present-future
5978:
5972:'to be warm').
5899: : лӕвӕрд
5873: : лыгъд-
5773: : дзырд-
5715: : зарыд-
5703: : барст-
5661:
5629:
5571:) 'who' and сы
5466:
5457:
5446:
5437:
5424:
5419:
5410:
5402:
5391:
5382:
5371:
5362:
5349:
5341:
5332:
5321:
5312:
5304:
5296:
5283:
5278:
5269:
5258:
5249:
5238:
5229:
5216:
5208:
5199:
5188:
5179:
5166:
5161:
5152:
5141:
5132:
5121:
5112:
5099:
5075:
5065:'man' – лӕгдӕр
5051:
4706:
4672:. The vowels а
4616:'head' – сӕртӕ
4598:
4570:
4549:
4531:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4510:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3090:Andreas Sjögren
3086:Finland-Swedish
3074:Cyrillic script
3057:An Old Ossetic
3047:
3006:, for instance
2963:and /ɐ/ + /ɐ/ (
2923:
2869:
2053:
2016:
2011:
1992:
1983:
1944:
1441:
1436:
1392:
1336:
1332:
1319:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1222:
1220:
1187:
1177:
1169:
1161:
1153:
1145:
1137:
1129:
1121:
1113:
1105:
1097:
1089:
1081:
1073:
1059:, with special
1040:
1022:
804:
730:Ossetian people
708:
677:
650:
646:
639:
612:
608:
601:
571:
567:
533:Without proper
521:
520:
511:
499:
483:
469:
453:
446:
436:
435:
428:
418:
417:
410:
364:
357:Official status
352:
340:
315:
310:
277:
265:
258:
216:
213:Language family
211:
202:
201:Native speakers
159:
136:
112:
106:
103:
97:
93:
81:
75:
71:
69:transliteration
65:
61:
55:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11970:
11960:
11959:
11954:
11949:
11944:
11939:
11934:
11917:
11916:
11914:
11913:
11908:
11906:European Union
11902:
11900:
11899:Other entities
11896:
11895:
11893:
11892:
11887:
11882:
11877:
11872:
11867:
11862:
11856:
11854:
11853:other entities
11848:
11847:
11845:
11844:
11839:
11834:
11829:
11824:
11818:
11816:
11810:
11809:
11807:
11806:
11801:
11800:
11799:
11794:
11789:
11784:
11777:United Kingdom
11774:
11769:
11764:
11759:
11754:
11749:
11744:
11739:
11734:
11729:
11724:
11719:
11714:
11709:
11704:
11699:
11694:
11689:
11684:
11679:
11674:
11669:
11664:
11659:
11654:
11649:
11644:
11642:
11637:
11632:
11627:
11622:
11617:
11612:
11607:
11602:
11597:
11592:
11590:Czech Republic
11587:
11582:
11577:
11572:
11567:
11562:
11557:
11552:
11547:
11542:
11537:
11531:
11529:
11525:
11524:
11517:
11516:
11509:
11502:
11494:
11485:
11484:
11482:
11481:
11476:
11471:
11466:
11461:
11456:
11455:
11448:
11438:
11437:
11434:
11433:
11431:
11430:
11423:
11422:
11421:
11416:
11406:
11401:
11395:
11393:
11389:
11388:
11385:
11384:
11382:
11381:
11376:
11371:
11365:
11363:
11357:
11356:
11354:
11353:
11348:
11343:
11338:
11332:
11330:
11321:
11315:
11314:
11311:
11310:
11308:
11307:
11302:
11297:
11296:
11295:
11290:
11279:
11277:
11273:
11272:
11270:
11269:
11264:
11258:
11256:
11250:
11249:
11247:
11246:
11245:
11244:
11234:
11233:
11232:
11220:
11215:
11210:
11209:
11208:
11197:
11195:
11186:
11178:
11177:
11170:
11168:
11165:
11164:
11162:
11161:
11154:
11153:
11152:
11147:
11137:
11136:
11135:
11130:
11119:
11117:
11109:
11108:
11105:
11104:
11102:
11101:
11096:
11090:
11088:
11084:
11083:
11081:
11080:
11071:
11057:
11055:
11048:
11047:
11045:
11044:
11043:
11042:
11037:
11036:
11035:
11025:
11013:
11007:
11005:
10999:
10998:
10996:
10995:
10994:
10993:
10992:
10991:
10986:
10978:
10977:
10976:
10975:
10974:
10964:
10956:
10955:
10954:
10953:
10952:
10940:
10935:
10930:
10919:
10913:
10911:
10905:
10904:
10902:
10901:
10896:
10891:
10886:
10881:
10880:
10879:
10869:
10863:
10861:
10855:
10854:
10852:
10851:
10846:
10845:
10844:
10839:
10834:
10825:
10816:
10811:
10800:
10798:
10789:
10781:
10780:
10778:
10777:
10772:
10771:
10770:
10769:
10768:
10763:
10753:
10752:
10751:
10744:
10728:
10726:
10715:
10705:
10704:
10694:
10693:
10686:
10679:
10671:
10662:
10661:
10659:
10658:
10653:
10648:
10641:
10638:
10637:
10635:
10634:
10618:
10613:
10608:
10602:
10600:
10596:
10595:
10593:
10592:
10591:
10590:
10583:
10571:
10566:
10561:
10556:
10555:
10554:
10551:Southern Mansi
10547:
10540:
10533:
10530:Northern Mansi
10521:
10516:
10515:
10514:
10511:Eastern Khanty
10507:
10500:
10488:
10483:
10478:
10473:
10468:
10463:
10458:
10452:
10450:
10446:
10445:
10443:
10442:
10437:
10432:
10427:
10422:
10417:
10412:
10407:
10402:
10397:
10392:
10387:
10386:
10385:
10378:
10366:
10365:
10364:
10357:
10345:
10340:
10335:
10330:
10325:
10320:
10315:
10310:
10305:
10300:
10295:
10290:
10285:
10280:
10275:
10270:
10265:
10260:
10259:
10258:
10255:Southern Altai
10251:
10248:Northern Altai
10239:
10234:
10229:
10223:
10221:
10215:
10214:
10212:
10211:
10205:
10203:
10199:
10198:
10191:
10190:
10183:
10176:
10168:
10159:
10158:
10156:
10155:
10149:
10147:
10146:Sign languages
10143:
10142:
10140:
10139:
10134:
10129:
10124:
10119:
10114:
10109:
10104:
10099:
10094:
10089:
10083:
10081:
10077:
10076:
10074:
10073:
10067:
10065:
10061:
10060:
10046:
10045:
10038:
10031:
10023:
10014:
10013:
10010:
10009:
10002:
9987:
9986:
9983:
9982:
9980:
9979:
9972:
9970:
9966:
9965:
9962:
9961:
9959:
9958:
9957:
9956:
9953:Middle Persian
9949:
9942:
9937:
9932:
9927:
9917:
9910:
9909:
9908:
9898:
9893:
9888:
9883:
9878:
9872:
9870:
9866:
9865:
9863:
9862:
9857:
9852:
9851:
9850:
9840:
9835:
9834:
9833:
9828:
9826:Semnani proper
9823:
9818:
9808:
9801:
9794:
9787:
9786:
9785:
9775:
9774:
9773:
9768:
9763:
9758:
9753:
9743:
9736:
9731:
9726:
9721:
9714:
9713:
9712:
9702:
9696:
9694:
9687:
9681:
9680:
9677:
9676:
9674:
9673:
9672:
9671:
9659:
9658:
9657:
9650:
9649:
9648:
9647:
9646:
9639:
9634:
9612:
9605:
9600:
9599:
9598:
9593:
9588:
9583:
9573:
9568:
9561:
9554:
9546:
9544:
9540:
9539:
9537:
9536:
9531:
9526:
9521:
9514:
9509:
9504:
9499:
9494:
9489:
9484:
9479:
9473:
9471:
9462:
9456:
9455:
9453:
9452:
9447:
9445:Middle Iranian
9442:
9437:
9431:
9429:
9425:
9424:
9417:
9416:
9409:
9402:
9394:
9388:
9387:
9382:
9377:
9372:
9357:
9352:
9344:
9321:
9309:
9304:
9303:
9302:
9284:
9283:External links
9281:
9280:
9279:
9273:
9254:
9248:
9233:
9224:
9215:
9189:(6): 588–599.
9178:
9150:(2): 595–603.
9139:
9104:
9098:
9084:Foltz, Richard
9080:
9071:
9065:
9045:
9034:Parlons Ossète
9030:
9027:
9012:
9009:
9007:
9006:
8993:
8984:
8975:
8966:
8957:
8948:
8939:
8930:
8921:
8912:
8903:
8894:
8882:
8873:
8864:
8855:
8846:
8837:
8828:
8819:
8813:
8787:
8778:
8766:
8752:
8750:Abaev, p. 8–10
8743:
8734:
8722:
8688:" rather than
8658:
8634:
8616:
8595:
8571:
8557:
8550:
8536:Foltz, Richard
8527:
8515:
8503:
8484:
8453:
8438:
8396:
8381:
8353:
8325:
8296:
8290:978-9089641793
8289:
8268:
8256:
8244:
8233:
8216:www.unesco.org
8203:
8177:
8175:
8172:
8169:
8168:
8159:
8134:
8125:
8112:
8103:
8093:
8092:
8090:
8087:
8086:
8085:
8078:
8075:
8072:
8071:
8057:
8051:
8045:
8038:
8037:
8034:
8031:
8028:
8024:
8023:
8008:
8005:
8002:
7998:
7997:
7994:
7991:
7988:
7984:
7983:
7972:
7969:
7966:
7962:
7961:
7958:
7955:
7952:
7948:
7947:
7944:
7941:
7938:
7934:
7933:
7930:
7927:
7924:
7920:
7919:
7916:
7913:
7910:
7906:
7905:
7902:
7899:
7896:
7892:
7891:
7888:
7885:
7882:
7881:Cyrillic text
7873:
7870:
7869:
7868:
7862:
7855:
7846:1100 мин сӕдӕ
7844:
7831:
7830:
7827:
7825:iwændæsyssædzy
7822:
7821:иуæндæсыссӕдзы
7818:
7817:
7814:
7809:
7806:
7803:
7798:
7795:
7791:
7790:
7787:
7782:
7778:
7777:
7774:
7769:
7766:
7763:
7758:
7755:
7751:
7750:
7747:
7742:
7739:
7736:
7731:
7728:
7724:
7723:
7720:
7715:
7712:
7709:
7704:
7701:
7697:
7696:
7693:
7688:
7685:
7682:
7677:
7674:
7670:
7669:
7666:
7661:
7658:
7655:
7650:
7647:
7643:
7642:
7639:
7634:
7631:
7628:
7623:
7620:
7616:
7615:
7612:
7607:
7604:
7601:
7596:
7593:
7589:
7588:
7585:
7580:
7577:
7574:
7569:
7566:
7562:
7561:
7558:
7553:
7550:
7547:
7542:
7539:
7535:
7534:
7531:
7526:
7523:
7520:
7515:
7512:
7508:
7507:
7504:
7499:
7496:
7493:
7488:
7485:
7481:
7480:
7477:
7472:
7469:
7466:
7461:
7458:
7454:
7453:
7450:
7445:
7442:
7439:
7434:
7431:
7427:
7426:
7423:
7418:
7415:
7412:
7407:
7404:
7400:
7399:
7396:
7391:
7388:
7385:
7380:
7377:
7373:
7372:
7369:
7366:
7363:
7360:
7357:
7353:
7352:
7349:
7346:
7338:
7337:
7331:
7325:
7319:
7313:
7307:
7301:
7295:
7289:
7283:
7277:
7271:
7265:
7259:
7253:
7247:
7241:
7235:
7229:
7223:
7132:
7129:
7093:Noun modifiers
7084:
7081:
6982:
6981:
6975:
6971:
6970:
6964:
6960:
6959:
6952:
6942:
6938:
6937:
6931:
6925:
6921:
6920:
6917:
6914:
6911:
6896:
6893:
6827:
6826:
6823:
6817:
6811:
6805:
6801:
6800:
6794:
6788:
6782:
6775:
6769:
6765:
6764:
6761:
6758:
6755:
6752:
6749:
6714:
6711:
6661:auxiliary verb
6649:
6646:
6636:
6635:
6629:
6623:
6619:
6618:
6612:
6609:
6605:
6604:
6601:
6598:
6571:
6570:
6564:
6558:
6552:
6546:
6540:
6534:
6530:
6529:
6523:
6517:
6511:
6505:
6499:
6493:
6489:
6488:
6482:
6476:
6470:
6464:
6458:
6452:
6448:
6447:
6444:
6441:
6438:
6435:
6432:
6429:
6426:
6425:
6422:
6419:
6416:
6355:
6354:
6348:
6342:
6338:
6337:
6331:
6325:
6321:
6320:
6314:
6308:
6304:
6303:
6300:
6297:
6278:
6277:
6271:
6265:
6261:
6260:
6254:
6248:
6244:
6243:
6237:
6231:
6227:
6226:
6223:
6220:
6210:
6209:
6203:
6197:
6193:
6192:
6186:
6180:
6176:
6175:
6169:
6163:
6159:
6158:
6155:
6152:
6125:
6124:
6118:
6108:
6104:
6103:
6097:
6091:
6087:
6086:
6080:
6074:
6070:
6069:
6066:
6063:
6049:
6048:
6042:
6036:
6032:
6031:
6025:
6019:
6015:
6014:
6008:
6002:
5998:
5997:
5994:
5991:
5977:
5974:
5944:, e.g. хъусын
5845: : карст
5789: : арӕз-
5757: : рызт-
5741: : каст-
5689: : уарзт
5679: : дард-
5660:
5657:
5628:
5625:
5468:
5467:
5450:
5449:
5447:
5430:
5429:
5427:
5421:
5420:
5403:
5395:
5394:
5392:
5375:
5374:
5372:
5355:
5354:
5352:
5347:
5343:
5342:
5325:
5324:
5322:
5305:
5297:
5289:
5288:
5286:
5280:
5279:
5262:
5261:
5259:
5242:
5241:
5239:
5222:
5221:
5219:
5214:
5210:
5209:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5172:
5171:
5169:
5163:
5162:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5105:
5104:
5102:
5097:
5093:
5092:
5089:
5086:
5083:
5078:Pronoun stems
5074:
5071:
5050:
5047:
5028:
5027:
5018:
5011:
5006:
5003:
4999:
4998:
4989:
4982:
4977:
4974:
4970:
4969:
4960:
4953:
4948:
4945:
4941:
4940:
4931:
4924:
4919:
4916:
4912:
4911:
4902:
4895:
4890:
4887:
4883:
4882:
4873:
4866:
4861:
4858:
4854:
4853:
4844:
4837:
4832:
4829:
4825:
4824:
4815:
4808:
4803:
4800:
4796:
4795:
4786:
4779:
4774:
4771:
4767:
4766:
4763:
4760:
4757:
4754:
4705:
4702:
4597:
4594:
4590:
4589:
4583:
4569:
4566:
4548:
4545:
4530:
4527:
4505:
4504:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4386:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4284:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4218:
4213:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4167:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4052:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3795:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3676:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3568:
3561:
3556:
3549:
3544:
3535:
3528:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3406:
3401:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3046:
3045:Writing system
3043:
3042:
3041:
3026:
3015:
2968:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2922:
2919:
2889:су́дзаг|súdzag
2868:
2867:Phrasal stress
2865:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2754:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2725:
2723:
2707:
2705:
2681:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2644:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2605:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2561:
2559:
2543:
2535:
2534:
2518:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2474:
2472:
2456:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2422:
2406:
2390:
2374:
2358:
2342:
2334:
2333:
2317:
2301:
2277:
2253:
2237:
2221:
2197:
2173:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2144:
2128:
2112:
2096:
2080:
2064:
2057:
2046:
2045:
2038:
2033:
2026:
2021:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1987:
1977:
1972:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1806:Digor dialect
1804:
1801:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1771:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1744:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1719:
1717:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1678:
1676:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1609:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1582:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1557:
1555:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1514:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1489:
1487:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1391:
1388:
1318:
1315:
1311:Jassic dialect
1286:Rhythmusgesetz
1245:reconstruction
1192:
1191:
1170:
1162:
1154:
1146:
1138:
1130:
1122:
1114:
1106:
1098:
1090:
1082:
1074:
1066:
1065:
1057:Greek alphabet
1021:
1018:
923:Eastern Europe
884:genetic groups
838:United Nations
803:
800:
767:United Nations
687:and rarely as
551:
550:
537:, you may see
523:
522:
510:
509:
501:
500:
497:
489:
488:
481:
475:
474:
467:
459:
458:
451:
443:
442:
433:
425:
424:
415:
407:
406:
405:Language codes
402:
401:
400:
399:
388:
387:
376:
375:
365:
362:
359:
358:
354:
353:
351:
350:
344:
331:
325:
318:
316:
312:Writing system
309:
306:
305:
304:
303:
295:
290:
283:
279:
278:
276:
275:
272:
268:
266:
264:Standard forms
263:
260:
259:
257:
256:
255:
254:
253:
252:
251:
250:
249:
248:
219:
217:
210:
207:
206:
203:
200:
197:
196:
190:
186:
185:
180:
176:
175:
170:
169:Native to
166:
165:
152:
148:
147:
123:
122:
114:
113:
88:. Knowledge's
49:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11969:
11958:
11955:
11953:
11950:
11948:
11945:
11943:
11940:
11938:
11935:
11933:
11930:
11929:
11927:
11912:
11909:
11907:
11904:
11903:
11901:
11897:
11891:
11888:
11886:
11883:
11881:
11878:
11876:
11873:
11871:
11868:
11866:
11865:Faroe Islands
11863:
11861:
11858:
11857:
11855:
11849:
11843:
11840:
11838:
11837:South Ossetia
11835:
11833:
11830:
11828:
11825:
11823:
11820:
11819:
11817:
11811:
11805:
11802:
11798:
11795:
11793:
11790:
11788:
11785:
11783:
11780:
11779:
11778:
11775:
11773:
11770:
11768:
11765:
11763:
11760:
11758:
11755:
11753:
11750:
11748:
11745:
11743:
11740:
11738:
11735:
11733:
11730:
11728:
11725:
11723:
11720:
11718:
11715:
11713:
11710:
11708:
11705:
11703:
11700:
11698:
11695:
11693:
11690:
11688:
11685:
11683:
11680:
11678:
11675:
11673:
11670:
11668:
11665:
11663:
11662:Liechtenstein
11660:
11658:
11655:
11653:
11650:
11648:
11645:
11643:
11641:
11638:
11636:
11633:
11631:
11628:
11626:
11623:
11621:
11618:
11616:
11613:
11611:
11608:
11606:
11603:
11601:
11598:
11596:
11593:
11591:
11588:
11586:
11583:
11581:
11578:
11576:
11573:
11571:
11568:
11566:
11563:
11561:
11558:
11556:
11553:
11551:
11548:
11546:
11543:
11541:
11538:
11536:
11533:
11532:
11530:
11526:
11522:
11515:
11510:
11508:
11503:
11501:
11496:
11495:
11492:
11480:
11477:
11475:
11472:
11470:
11467:
11465:
11462:
11459:
11458:
11453:
11449:
11447:
11443:
11440:
11439:
11435:
11429:
11428:
11424:
11420:
11417:
11415:
11412:
11411:
11410:
11407:
11405:
11402:
11400:
11397:
11396:
11394:
11390:
11380:
11377:
11375:
11372:
11370:
11367:
11366:
11364:
11362:
11358:
11352:
11349:
11347:
11344:
11342:
11339:
11337:
11334:
11333:
11331:
11329:
11325:
11322:
11320:
11316:
11306:
11303:
11301:
11298:
11294:
11291:
11289:
11286:
11285:
11284:
11281:
11280:
11278:
11274:
11268:
11265:
11263:
11260:
11259:
11257:
11255:
11251:
11243:
11240:
11239:
11238:
11235:
11231:
11230:
11226:
11225:
11224:
11221:
11219:
11216:
11214:
11211:
11207:
11204:
11203:
11202:
11199:
11198:
11196:
11194:
11190:
11187:
11185:
11179:
11174:
11160:
11159:
11155:
11151:
11148:
11146:
11143:
11142:
11141:
11138:
11134:
11131:
11129:
11126:
11125:
11124:
11121:
11120:
11118:
11114:
11110:
11100:
11097:
11095:
11092:
11091:
11089:
11085:
11079:
11075:
11072:
11070:
11066:
11062:
11059:
11058:
11056:
11053:
11049:
11041:
11038:
11034:
11031:
11030:
11029:
11026:
11024:
11023:
11019:
11018:
11017:
11014:
11012:
11009:
11008:
11006:
11004:
11000:
10990:
10987:
10985:
10982:
10981:
10979:
10973:
10970:
10969:
10968:
10965:
10963:
10960:
10959:
10957:
10951:
10950:
10946:
10945:
10944:
10941:
10939:
10936:
10934:
10931:
10929:
10926:
10925:
10923:
10922:
10920:
10918:
10915:
10914:
10912:
10910:
10906:
10900:
10897:
10895:
10892:
10890:
10887:
10885:
10882:
10878:
10875:
10874:
10873:
10870:
10868:
10865:
10864:
10862:
10860:
10856:
10850:
10847:
10843:
10840:
10838:
10835:
10833:
10829:
10826:
10824:
10820:
10817:
10815:
10812:
10810:
10807:
10806:
10805:
10802:
10801:
10799:
10797:
10793:
10790:
10786:
10782:
10776:
10773:
10767:
10764:
10762:
10759:
10758:
10757:
10754:
10750:
10749:
10745:
10743:
10740:
10739:
10738:
10735:
10734:
10733:
10730:
10729:
10727:
10723:
10719:
10716:
10714:
10710:
10706:
10702:
10699:
10692:
10687:
10685:
10680:
10678:
10673:
10672:
10669:
10657:
10654:
10652:
10649:
10647:
10644:
10643:
10639:
10631:
10630:Kalmyk script
10627:
10626:Buryat script
10622:
10619:
10617:
10614:
10612:
10609:
10607:
10604:
10603:
10601:
10597:
10588:
10584:
10581:
10577:
10576:
10575:
10572:
10570:
10567:
10565:
10562:
10560:
10557:
10552:
10548:
10545:
10544:Eastern Mansi
10541:
10538:
10537:Western Mansi
10534:
10531:
10527:
10526:
10525:
10522:
10520:
10517:
10512:
10508:
10505:
10501:
10498:
10494:
10493:
10492:
10489:
10487:
10484:
10482:
10479:
10477:
10474:
10472:
10469:
10467:
10464:
10462:
10459:
10457:
10454:
10453:
10451:
10447:
10441:
10438:
10436:
10433:
10431:
10428:
10426:
10423:
10421:
10418:
10416:
10413:
10411:
10408:
10406:
10403:
10401:
10398:
10396:
10393:
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10388:
10383:
10379:
10376:
10372:
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10367:
10362:
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10350:
10349:
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10341:
10339:
10336:
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10331:
10329:
10326:
10324:
10321:
10319:
10316:
10314:
10311:
10309:
10306:
10304:
10301:
10299:
10296:
10294:
10293:Crimean Tatar
10291:
10289:
10286:
10284:
10281:
10279:
10276:
10274:
10271:
10269:
10266:
10264:
10261:
10256:
10252:
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10245:
10244:
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10240:
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10230:
10228:
10225:
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10222:
10216:
10210:
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10200:
10196:
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10184:
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10177:
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10169:
10166:
10154:
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10128:
10125:
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10115:
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10100:
10098:
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10072:
10069:
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10066:
10062:
10058:
10053:
10044:
10039:
10037:
10032:
10030:
10025:
10024:
10021:
10007:
10003:
10000:
9996:
9992:
9989:
9988:
9984:
9977:
9974:
9973:
9971:
9967:
9955:
9954:
9950:
9948:
9947:
9943:
9941:
9938:
9936:
9933:
9931:
9928:
9926:
9925:Caucasian Tat
9923:
9922:
9921:
9918:
9916:
9915:
9911:
9907:
9904:
9903:
9902:
9899:
9897:
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9882:
9879:
9877:
9874:
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9849:
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9845:
9844:
9841:
9839:
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9832:
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9827:
9824:
9822:
9819:
9817:
9814:
9813:
9812:
9809:
9807:
9806:
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9800:
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9795:
9793:
9792:
9788:
9784:
9781:
9780:
9779:
9776:
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9769:
9767:
9764:
9762:
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9640:
9638:
9635:
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9630:
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9628:
9625:
9624:
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9613:
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9610:
9606:
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9592:
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9587:
9584:
9582:
9579:
9578:
9577:
9574:
9572:
9569:
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9562:
9560:
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9555:
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9552:
9548:
9547:
9545:
9541:
9535:
9532:
9530:
9527:
9525:
9522:
9520:
9519:
9515:
9513:
9510:
9508:
9505:
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9500:
9498:
9495:
9493:
9490:
9488:
9485:
9483:
9480:
9478:
9475:
9474:
9472:
9470:
9466:
9463:
9461:
9457:
9451:
9448:
9446:
9443:
9441:
9438:
9436:
9435:Proto-Iranian
9433:
9432:
9430:
9426:
9422:
9415:
9410:
9408:
9403:
9401:
9396:
9395:
9392:
9386:
9383:
9381:
9378:
9376:
9373:
9368:
9364:
9361:
9358:
9356:
9353:
9348:
9345:
9339:
9335:
9332:
9328:
9326:
9322:
9320:
9313:
9310:
9308:
9305:
9298:
9295:
9294:
9290:
9287:
9286:
9276:
9270:
9266:
9265:
9259:
9255:
9251:
9245:
9242:. Routledge.
9241:
9240:
9234:
9232:
9230:
9225:
9221:
9216:
9212:
9208:
9204:
9200:
9196:
9192:
9188:
9184:
9179:
9175:
9171:
9166:
9161:
9157:
9153:
9149:
9145:
9140:
9136:
9121:
9117:
9116:
9110:
9105:
9101:
9099:9780755618453
9095:
9091:
9090:
9085:
9081:
9077:
9072:
9068:
9062:
9057:
9056:
9050:
9049:Dalby, Andrew
9046:
9043:
9042:2-7475-6235-2
9039:
9035:
9031:
9028:
9025:
9021:
9020:
9015:
9014:
9003:
8997:
8988:
8979:
8970:
8961:
8952:
8943:
8934:
8925:
8916:
8907:
8898:
8889:
8887:
8877:
8868:
8859:
8850:
8841:
8832:
8823:
8816:
8810:
8806:
8802:
8798:
8791:
8782:
8776:
8770:
8761:
8756:
8747:
8738:
8729:
8727:
8719:
8713:
8705:
8697:
8691:
8687:
8681:
8673:
8665:
8663:
8648:
8644:
8638:
8630:
8626:
8620:
8613:
8609:
8605:
8599:
8585:
8581:
8575:
8567:
8561:
8553:
8551:9780755618453
8547:
8543:
8542:
8537:
8531:
8525:, p. 55.
8524:
8519:
8513:, p. 51.
8512:
8507:
8499:
8493:
8488:
8469:
8468:
8460:
8458:
8450:
8445:
8443:
8434:
8430:
8426:
8422:
8418:
8414:
8407:
8405:
8403:
8401:
8394:
8391:
8385:
8379:
8376:
8373:Abaev, V. I.
8370:
8368:
8366:
8364:
8362:
8360:
8358:
8342:
8341:
8336:
8329:
8315:
8314:
8309:
8303:
8301:
8292:
8286:
8282:
8275:
8273:
8265:
8260:
8253:
8248:
8242:
8237:
8221:
8217:
8213:
8207:
8199:
8193:
8192:
8187:
8182:
8178:
8163:
8156:
8152:
8148:
8144:
8138:
8129:
8122:
8116:
8107:
8098:
8094:
8084:
8081:
8080:
8070:
8068:
8062:
8058:
8056:
8052:
8050:
8046:
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8040:
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8035:
8032:
8029:
8026:
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8021:
8017:
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8003:
8000:
7999:
7995:
7992:
7989:
7986:
7985:
7981:
7977:
7973:
7970:
7967:
7964:
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7959:
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7945:
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7939:
7936:
7935:
7931:
7928:
7925:
7922:
7921:
7917:
7914:
7911:
7908:
7907:
7903:
7900:
7897:
7894:
7893:
7889:
7887:Romanisation
7886:
7883:
7880:
7879:
7867:
7863:
7860:
7856:
7853:
7849:
7845:
7843:
7839:
7835:
7834:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7820:
7819:
7815:
7813:
7810:
7807:
7805:2 × 100 + 20
7802:
7792:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7780:
7779:
7775:
7773:
7770:
7767:
7762:
7752:
7748:
7746:
7745:farastyssӕdzy
7743:
7741:фарастыссӕдзы
7740:
7737:
7735:
7732:
7729:
7726:
7725:
7721:
7719:
7716:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7702:
7699:
7698:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7675:
7672:
7671:
7667:
7665:
7662:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7648:
7645:
7644:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7632:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7621:
7618:
7617:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7594:
7591:
7590:
7586:
7584:
7583:cypparyssædzy
7581:
7579:цыппарыссæдзы
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7567:
7564:
7563:
7559:
7557:
7554:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7540:
7537:
7536:
7532:
7530:
7527:
7524:
7521:
7519:
7516:
7513:
7510:
7509:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7486:
7483:
7482:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7459:
7456:
7455:
7451:
7449:
7446:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7432:
7429:
7428:
7424:
7422:
7421:dæs æmæ ssædz
7419:
7417:дӕс ӕмӕ ссӕдз
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7405:
7402:
7401:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7389:
7386:
7384:
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7378:
7375:
7374:
7370:
7367:
7364:
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7358:
7355:
7354:
7343:
7336:
7332:
7330:
7326:
7324:
7320:
7318:
7314:
7312:
7308:
7306:
7302:
7300:
7297:14 цыппæрдæс
7296:
7294:
7290:
7288:
7284:
7282:
7278:
7276:
7272:
7270:
7266:
7264:
7260:
7258:
7254:
7252:
7248:
7246:
7242:
7240:
7236:
7234:
7230:
7228:
7224:
7222:
7218:
7217:
7216:
7214:
7210:
7206:
7202:
7198:
7194:
7190:
7186:
7182:
7178:
7174:
7170:
7166:
7162:
7157:
7153:(from цыппар
7151:
7146:
7142:
7138:
7128:
7126:
7122:
7118:
7114:
7110:
7107:applies. The
7106:
7102:
7098:
7094:
7090:
7089:postpositions
7080:
7078:
7074:
7070:
7066:
7062:
7058:
7054:
7050:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7004:
6999:
6997:
6993:
6989:
6980:
6973:
6972:
6969:
6962:
6961:
6957:
6953:
6951:
6947:
6943:
6940:
6939:
6936:
6930:
6923:
6922:
6918:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6909:
6904:
6902:
6892:
6890:
6885:
6883:
6879:
6875:
6871:
6867:
6863:
6859:
6855:
6850:
6846:
6842:
6838:
6834:
6824:
6822:
6818:
6816:
6812:
6810:
6806:
6803:
6802:
6799:
6795:
6793:
6787:
6783:
6780:
6776:
6774:
6770:
6767:
6766:
6762:
6759:
6756:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6747:
6742:
6740:
6736:
6732:
6728:
6724:
6720:
6710:
6707:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6685:
6680:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6662:
6658:
6655:is expressed
6654:
6653:Passive voice
6645:
6643:
6634:
6630:
6628:
6624:
6621:
6620:
6617:
6613:
6610:
6607:
6606:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6596:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6582:
6578:
6569:
6565:
6563:
6559:
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6551:
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6535:
6532:
6531:
6528:
6524:
6522:
6518:
6516:
6512:
6510:
6506:
6504:
6500:
6498:
6494:
6491:
6490:
6487:
6483:
6481:
6477:
6475:
6471:
6469:
6465:
6463:
6459:
6457:
6453:
6450:
6449:
6445:
6442:
6439:
6436:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6427:
6415:
6414:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6402:
6398:
6394:
6390:
6386:
6382:
6378:
6374:
6370:
6366:
6362:
6353:
6349:
6347:
6343:
6340:
6339:
6336:
6332:
6330:
6326:
6323:
6322:
6319:
6315:
6313:
6309:
6306:
6305:
6301:
6298:
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6292:
6289:
6286:
6276:
6272:
6270:
6266:
6263:
6262:
6259:
6255:
6253:
6249:
6246:
6245:
6242:
6238:
6236:
6232:
6229:
6228:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6218:
6215:
6208:
6204:
6202:
6198:
6195:
6194:
6191:
6187:
6185:
6181:
6178:
6177:
6174:
6170:
6168:
6164:
6161:
6160:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6140:
6134:
6132:
6123:
6119:
6117:
6113:
6109:
6106:
6105:
6102:
6098:
6096:
6092:
6089:
6088:
6085:
6081:
6079:
6075:
6072:
6071:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6047:
6043:
6041:
6037:
6034:
6033:
6030:
6026:
6024:
6020:
6017:
6016:
6013:
6009:
6007:
6003:
6000:
5999:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5989:
5984:
5981:
5973:
5970:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5948:
5943:
5939:
5935:
5930:
5926:, e.g. сафын
5925:
5921:
5916:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5890:
5886:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5868:
5864:
5860:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5824:
5820:
5816:
5812:
5808:
5804:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5784:
5780:
5776:
5772:
5768:
5764:
5760:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5736:
5732:
5728:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5710:
5706:
5702:
5698:
5693:
5687:
5682:
5678:
5674:
5670:
5666:
5656:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5633:synthetically
5624:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5610:
5606:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5586:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5570:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5547:) 'this' and
5546:
5542:
5538:
5533:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5514:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5456:
5453:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5436:
5433:
5423:
5422:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5409:
5406:
5401:
5398:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5381:
5378:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5361:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5331:
5328:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5311:
5308:
5303:
5300:
5295:
5292:
5282:
5281:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5268:
5265:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5248:
5245:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5228:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5211:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5198:
5195:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5178:
5175:
5165:
5164:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5151:
5148:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5131:
5128:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5111:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5088:oblique stem
5087:
5084:
5081:
5070:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5046:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5026:
5024:
5019:
5016:
5010:
5007:
5001:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4990:
4987:
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4972:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4961:
4958:
4952:
4949:
4943:
4942:
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4937:
4932:
4929:
4923:
4920:
4914:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4903:
4900:
4894:
4891:
4885:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4874:
4871:
4865:
4862:
4856:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4845:
4842:
4836:
4833:
4827:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4816:
4813:
4807:
4804:
4798:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4787:
4784:
4778:
4775:
4769:
4768:
4765:romanization
4764:
4759:romanization
4758:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4743:
4742:agglutinative
4739:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4720:, directive,
4719:
4715:
4711:
4701:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4593:
4587:
4584:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4565:
4563:
4559:
4558:cliticization
4554:
4543:
4538:
4536:
4533:According to
4526:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4247:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4224:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4168:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3846:
3840:
3838:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3452:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3407:
3402:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3126:
3120:
3118:
3113:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3098:made official
3095:
3091:
3087:
3081:
3080:(1859–1906).
3079:
3075:
3071:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3051:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3024:
3023:ӕмдых (æmdyx)
3021:'strength' —
3020:
3016:
3013:
3012:карчы (karčy)
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2962:
2959:, /ɐ/ + /ə/ (
2958:
2954:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2884:
2876:
2864:
2860:
2852:
2844:
2836:
2828:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2800:
2792:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2733:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2715:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2694:
2689:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2652:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2606:
2602:
2597:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2574:
2569:
2556:
2551:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2487:
2482:
2469:
2464:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2430:
2423:
2419:
2414:
2407:
2403:
2398:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2375:
2371:
2366:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2343:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2302:
2298:
2290:
2285:
2278:
2274:
2266:
2261:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2222:
2218:
2210:
2205:
2198:
2194:
2186:
2181:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1960:areal feature
1957:
1953:
1949:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1803:Iron dialect
1802:
1799:
1798:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1416:South Ossetia
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1387:
1383:
1381:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1361:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1330:
1329:
1323:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1281:
1279:
1274:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1225:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1168:
1165:
1160:
1157:
1152:
1149:
1144:
1141:
1136:
1133:
1128:
1125:
1120:
1117:
1112:
1109:
1104:
1101:
1096:
1093:
1088:
1085:
1080:
1077:
1072:
1069:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1026:
1017:
1009:
999:
995:
994:Ancient Greek
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
966:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
907:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
868:
857:
853:
852:Iranian group
849:
845:
844:
839:
835:
834:South Ossetia
831:
830:
826:, and of the
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
799:
797:
793:
788:
786:
782:
778:
777:
772:
768:
764:
763:South Ossetia
760:
759:
754:
750:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
714:
706:
694:
690:
686:
682:
681:
671:
644:
643:
633:
606:
605:
595:
565:
557:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
530:
524:
518:
515:
507:
502:
495:
490:
486:
482:
480:
476:
472:
468:
466:
465:
460:
456:
452:
449:
444:
439:
434:
431:
426:
421:
416:
413:
408:
403:
398:
397:South Ossetia
395:
394:
393:
392:
386:
383:
382:
381:
380:
374:
371:
370:
369:
366:
360:
355:
348:
345:
335:
332:
329:
326:
323:
320:
319:
317:
313:
307:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
285:
284:
280:
273:
270:
269:
267:
261:
247:
244:
243:
242:
239:
238:
237:
234:
233:
232:
229:
228:
227:
224:
223:
222:
221:Indo-European
218:
214:
208:
204:
198:
195:
191:
187:
184:
181:
177:
174:
171:
167:
163:
157:
153:
151:Pronunciation
149:
145:
144:digoron ævzag
139:дигорон ӕвзаг
134:
124:
119:
110:
100:
96:for Ossetian.
91:
87:
80:
70:
60:
53:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
11842:Transnistria
11804:Vatican City
11441:
11425:
11399:Kalmyk Oirat
11305:Pontic Greek
11227:
11212:
11156:
11020:
10947:
10748:Old Georgian
10746:
10725:(Kartvelian)
10712:
10616:Latin script
10519:Komi-Permyak
10394:
10122:Pontic Greek
10116:
9990:
9951:
9944:
9912:
9803:
9796:
9789:
9738:
9716:
9661:
9652:
9641:
9626:
9621:
9614:
9607:
9563:
9556:
9549:
9516:
9370:(in English)
9350:(in Russian)
9342:(in Russian)
9324:
9315:(in English)
9300:(in English)
9292:(in English)
9262:
9238:
9228:
9219:
9186:
9182:
9147:
9143:
9123:. Retrieved
9113:
9088:
9075:
9054:
9033:
9017:
9011:Bibliography
8996:
8987:
8978:
8969:
8960:
8951:
8942:
8933:
8924:
8915:
8906:
8897:
8876:
8867:
8858:
8849:
8840:
8831:
8822:
8796:
8790:
8781:
8769:
8763:(in Russian)
8755:
8746:
8737:
8650:. Retrieved
8646:
8637:
8628:
8619:
8611:
8607:
8598:
8587:. Retrieved
8583:
8574:
8560:
8540:
8530:
8518:
8506:
8487:
8475:. Retrieved
8466:
8419:(1): 43–72.
8416:
8412:
8389:
8384:
8374:
8344:. Retrieved
8338:
8328:
8317:. Retrieved
8311:
8280:
8259:
8252:OED:Ossetian
8247:
8241:AHD:Ossetian
8236:
8224:. Retrieved
8215:
8206:
8189:
8181:
8162:
8154:
8150:
8146:
8142:
8137:
8128:
8120:
8115:
8106:
8097:
8066:
8064:
8054:
8048:
8042:
8015:
8011:
7890:Translation
7865:
7861:('2 X 1000')
7858:
7854:('11 X 100')
7851:
7847:
7841:
7837:
7824:
7811:
7800:
7784:
7771:
7760:
7744:
7733:
7717:
7706:
7690:
7679:
7664:æxsæzyssædzy
7663:
7660:ӕхсӕзыссӕдзы
7652:
7637:fondzyssædzy
7636:
7633:фондзыссӕдзы
7625:
7614:10 + 4 × 20
7609:
7598:
7582:
7571:
7560:10 + 2 × 30
7555:
7544:
7528:
7517:
7506:10 + 2 × 20
7501:
7490:
7474:
7463:
7447:
7436:
7420:
7409:
7394:iw æmæ ssædz
7393:
7390:иу ӕмӕ ссӕдз
7382:
7368:Romanisation
7359:Romanisation
7334:
7328:
7322:
7316:
7310:
7309:16 æхсæрдæс
7304:
7298:
7292:
7291:13 æртындæс
7286:
7285:12 дыууадæс
7280:
7274:
7268:
7262:
7256:
7250:
7244:
7238:
7232:
7226:
7220:
7212:
7208:
7204:
7200:
7197:fondzyssædzy
7196:
7192:
7188:
7184:
7180:
7176:
7172:
7171:(from дыууӕ
7168:
7164:
7163:(from ӕхсӕз
7160:
7134:
7086:
7079:'drunkard'.
7076:
7072:
7068:
7064:
7060:
7056:
7052:
7048:
7044:
7034:
7030:
7020:
7016:
7006:
7002:
7000:
6995:
6991:
6985:
6978:
6967:
6955:
6949:
6945:
6934:
6928:
6898:
6888:
6886:
6881:
6877:
6873:
6869:
6866:epenthesised
6861:
6857:
6853:
6848:
6844:
6840:
6836:
6832:
6830:
6820:
6814:
6808:
6797:
6791:
6785:
6778:
6772:
6741:direction:
6734:
6730:
6727:imperfective
6716:
6694:
6678:
6674:
6664:
6651:
6641:
6639:
6632:
6626:
6615:
6589:
6576:
6574:
6567:
6561:
6555:
6549:
6543:
6537:
6526:
6520:
6514:
6508:
6502:
6496:
6485:
6479:
6473:
6467:
6461:
6455:
6409:
6404:
6400:
6396:
6392:
6388:
6384:
6380:
6376:
6372:
6368:
6364:
6360:
6358:
6351:
6345:
6334:
6328:
6317:
6311:
6290:
6281:
6274:
6268:
6257:
6251:
6240:
6234:
6213:
6206:
6200:
6189:
6183:
6172:
6166:
6143:
6135:
6130:
6128:
6121:
6115:
6111:
6100:
6094:
6083:
6077:
6054:
6052:
6045:
6039:
6028:
6022:
6011:
6005:
5982:
5979:
5957:
5941:
5937:
5933:
5923:
5919:
5917:
5912:
5908:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5892:
5891: : над
5888:
5884:
5880:
5870:
5866:
5862:
5858:
5854:
5850:
5849:'cut'), -дз
5846:
5842:
5841:(e.g. кӕрд-
5838:
5834:
5830:
5826:
5822:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5798:
5794:
5793:'make'), ау
5790:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5769:(e.g. дзур-
5766:
5762:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5726:
5722:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5700:
5696:
5680:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5662:
5653:imperfective
5630:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5557:, pl. уыдон
5554:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5534:
5529:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5515:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5471:
5464:
5461:
5458:
5454:
5451:
5444:
5441:
5438:
5434:
5431:
5417:
5414:
5411:
5407:
5404:
5399:
5396:
5389:
5386:
5383:
5379:
5376:
5369:
5366:
5363:
5359:
5356:
5339:
5336:
5333:
5329:
5326:
5319:
5317:symax / smax
5316:
5314:сымах / смах
5313:
5309:
5306:
5301:
5298:
5293:
5290:
5276:
5273:
5270:
5266:
5263:
5256:
5253:
5250:
5246:
5243:
5236:
5233:
5230:
5226:
5223:
5206:
5203:
5200:
5196:
5193:
5186:
5183:
5180:
5176:
5173:
5159:
5156:
5153:
5149:
5146:
5139:
5136:
5133:
5129:
5126:
5119:
5116:
5113:
5109:
5106:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5052:
5042:
5038:
5031:
5022:
5020:
5014:
5008:
4993:
4991:
4985:
4979:
4964:
4962:
4956:
4950:
4935:
4933:
4927:
4921:
4906:
4904:
4898:
4892:
4877:
4875:
4869:
4863:
4848:
4846:
4840:
4834:
4819:
4817:
4811:
4805:
4790:
4788:
4782:
4776:
4745:
4707:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4599:
4591:
4585:
4579:
4573:Definiteness
4571:
4568:Definiteness
4550:
4540:
4532:
4508:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4280:
4275:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4220:
4215:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3798:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3570:
3563:
3558:
3551:
3546:
3537:
3530:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3114:
3110:
3094:Latin script
3082:
3067:
3059:Greek script
3056:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3022:
3018:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2945:
2941:
2940:
2934:
2930:
2929:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2897:
2892:
2888:
2870:
2786:
2756:
2727:
2709:
2683:
2677:Approximants
2646:
2630:
2607:
2591:
2563:
2545:
2520:
2504:
2476:
2458:
2424:
2408:
2392:
2376:
2360:
2344:
2319:
2303:
2279:
2255:
2239:
2223:
2199:
2175:
2146:
2130:
2114:
2098:
2082:
2066:
1990:Postalveolar
1948:V. I. Abayev
1945:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1871:
1864:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1800:Old Iranian
1773:
1746:
1721:
1703:
1680:
1662:
1631:
1611:
1584:
1559:
1541:
1516:
1491:
1473:
1442:
1393:
1384:
1377:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1344:
1342:
1326:
1284:
1282:
1276:
1262:
1256:
1252:
1242:phonological
1239:
1232:
1223:
1216:
1200:John Tzetzes
1195:
1193:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1166:
1163:
1158:
1155:
1150:
1147:
1142:
1139:
1134:
1131:
1126:
1123:
1118:
1115:
1110:
1107:
1102:
1099:
1094:
1091:
1086:
1083:
1078:
1075:
1070:
1067:
1031:
1007:
997:
981:
967:
919:Central Asia
908:
882:rather than
846:part of the
841:
827:
805:
789:
774:
756:
746:
692:
688:
684:
563:
562:
526:
479:Linguasphere
462:
389:
377:
245:
226:Indo-Iranian
143:
132:
107:October 2021
104:
86:ISO 639 code
82:}}
76:{{
72:}}
66:{{
62:}}
56:{{
51:
11880:Isle of Man
11815:recognition
11762:Switzerland
11697:Netherlands
11369:Azerbaijani
10405:Yakut/Sakha
10268:Azerbaijani
10092:Azerbaijani
9946:Old Persian
9778:Mazanderani
9565:Khwarezmian
9450:New Iranian
9440:Old Iranian
8741:Abaev, p. 5
8686:postpalatal
8523:Zgusta 1987
8511:Zgusta 1987
8492:Ivanov 2010
8449:Zgusta 1987
8346:23 February
8083:Jász people
7872:Sample text
7776:2 × 5 × 20
7680:sædæ cyppor
7676:сӕдӕ цыппор
7475:dywwissædzy
7471:дыууиссӕдзы
7437:ærtyn fondz
7433:ӕртын фондз
7303:15 фынддӕс
7279:11 иуæндæс
7201:ærtyn fondz
7183:(from ӕртӕ
7169:dywwissædzy
6974:infinitive
6690:badyn kӕnyn
6675:arӕzt cӕwyn
6622:3rd person
6608:2nd person
6581:subjunctive
6533:3rd person
6492:2nd person
6451:1st person
6361:subjunctive
6341:3rd person
6324:2nd person
6307:1st person
6264:3rd person
6247:2nd person
6230:1st person
6199:-дзӕн-(ис)
6196:3rd person
6179:2nd person
6162:1st person
6107:3rd person
6090:2nd person
6073:1st person
6035:3rd person
6018:2nd person
6001:1st person
5940: : уы
5753:(e.g. риз-
5745:'look'), и
5737:(e.g. кӕс-
5699:(e.g. бар-
5675:(e.g. дар-
5641:subjunctive
5543:, pl. адон
5493:(e.g. мемӕ
5346:3rd person
5213:2nd person
5096:1st person
5085:nominative
5002:Comitative
4770:Nominative
4668:– мӕсгуытӕ
4622:svarabhakti
4535:V. I. Abaev
3008:карк (kark)
1952:glottalized
1351:Vladikavkaz
1226:καὶ τ’ ἄλλα
1041: [
1034:inscription
902:(spoken in
892:Afghanistan
890:(spoken in
832:country of
761:country of
744:languages.
541:instead of
349:(1923–1937)
11957:Sarmatians
11926:Categories
11732:San Marino
11692:Montenegro
11672:Luxembourg
11652:Kazakhstan
11555:Azerbaijan
11140:Circassian
10796:Avar–Andic
10766:Mingrelian
10112:Mingrelian
9609:Sarghulami
9529:Yazghulami
9482:Ishkashimi
9165:1887/18310
9137:required.)
9125:2 December
9109:"Ossetian"
9002:Nart sagas
8652:2023-12-07
8589:2017-01-08
8477:2 February
8319:2019-01-08
8313:Ethnologue
8264:Dalby 1998
8191:Ethnologue
8174:References
8141:Note that
8014:) made of
7976:Kurdalagon
7859:dywwæ miny
7785:dæsyssædzy
7781:дӕсыссӕдзы
7761:dywwæ sædæ
7757:дыууӕ сӕдӕ
7734:sædæ æstaj
7730:сӕдӕ æстай
7718:æstyssædzy
7714:астыссӕдзы
7707:sædæ æxsaj
7703:сӕдӕ ӕхсӕй
7691:avdyssædzy
7687:авдыссӕдзы
7653:sædæ ssædz
7649:сӕдӕ ссӕдз
7529:ærtissædzy
7525:ӕртиссӕдзы
7321:18 æстдæс
7315:17 æвддæс
7181:ærtissædzy
7125:indefinite
7097:word order
7069:zyn ssarӕn
6988:infinitive
6868:: фӕ-ц-ис
6723:perfective
6407:'I lost'.
6401:kal-d-t-on
6201:-dzӕn-(is)
6188:-дзы-стут
6171:-дзы-стӕм
5922: : ӕ
5887:(e.g. нӕм
5865:> -гъд
5813: : ы
5805: : ы
5797: : ы
5781: : ӕ
5765: : ы
5749: : ы
5733: : а
5649:perfective
5645:imperative
5637:indicative
5611:and ӕппӕт
5603:, and ӕлы
5553:(stem уы-
5049:Adjectives
5043:zærdæ-j-æn
4738:comitative
4710:nominative
4700:'houses'.
3106:diacritics
3102:introduced
2917:'but he'.
2813:allophones
2447:Fricatives
2055:Affricates
2042:labialized
2030:labialized
1942:Consonants
1360:Ræstdzinad
1346:Iron Gazet
1328:Ræstdzinad
1278:Marginalia
1211:grammarian
953:, and the
947:Sarmatians
939:Massagetae
925:, and the
904:Tajikistan
709:pronounced
705:iron ӕvzag
697:ирон ӕвзаг
133:iron ævzag
128:ирон ӕвзаг
11870:Gibraltar
11667:Lithuania
11452:varieties
11444:indicate
11267:Ukrainian
11242:Judeo-Tat
11150:Kabardian
11113:Northwest
10958:Southern
10938:Tabasaran
10788:(Caspian)
10785:Northeast
10732:Karto-Zan
10709:Caucasian
10440:Ukrainian
10410:Tabasaran
10308:Kabardian
10087:Abkhazian
10006:varieties
9993:indicate
9914:Pahlavani
9906:Bakhtiari
9891:Kuhmareyi
9881:Bashkardi
9798:Old Azeri
9502:Sanglechi
9174:162785119
8692:, and to
8608:blagos.ru
8308:"Ossetic"
7980:Donbettyr
7836:1000 мин
7738:100 + 80
7711:100 + 60
7684:100 + 40
7657:100 + 20
7333:20 ссӕдз
7327:19 нудæс
7299:cyppærdæs
7267:9 фараст
7237:4 цыппар
7141:vigesimal
7121:inanimate
7040:nyffyssӕg
6889:racӕjcydi
6884:'spill'.
6600:singular
6443:singular
6437:singular
6431:singular
6299:singular
6222:singular
6205:-дзы-сты
6190:-dzy-stut
6173:-dzy-stӕm
6165:-дзын-ӕн
6154:singular
6065:singular
5993:singular
5837:> -ст
5539:(stem а-
5059:ræsuhddær
4973:Equative
4944:Adessive
4915:Inessive
4886:Ablative
4857:Allative
4799:Genitive
4756:Singular
4748:"head"):
4698:xӕdzӕrttӕ
4588:"the axe"
3019:тых (tyx)
2961:ӕ + ы/y),
2540:voiceless
2170:voiceless
1740:Near-open
1578:Near-open
1510:Close-mid
1434:Phonology
1299:diphthong
1204:Byzantine
1013:Μασαγέται
1008:Masagetae
1003:Σαρομάται
998:Saromatae
935:Scythians
808:Ossetians
738:Sarmatian
464:Glottolog
448:ISO 639-3
430:ISO 639-2
412:ISO 639-1
194:Ossetians
192:700,000
189:Ethnicity
11890:Svalbard
11875:Guernsey
11822:Abkhazia
11792:Scotland
11747:Slovenia
11742:Slovakia
11717:Portugal
11575:Bulgaria
11460:See also
11414:Assyrian
11404:Lomavren
11283:Armenian
11213:Ossetian
11206:Kurmanji
11184:European
11116:(Pontic)
11094:Khinalug
11069:Khwarshi
11054:(Didoic)
10980:Western
10924:Eastern
10837:Chamalal
10832:Godoberi
10819:Bagvalal
10737:Georgian
10701:Caucasus
10606:Cyrillic
10574:Yukaghir
10481:Karelian
10395:Ossetian
10117:Ossetian
10071:Georgian
9935:Hazaragi
9886:Garmsiri
9821:Sangsari
9816:Lasgerdi
9805:Parthian
9783:Tabaroid
9751:Kurmanji
9700:Ashtiani
9669:Yaghnobi
9627:Ossetian
9616:Scythian
9591:Southern
9586:Northern
9558:Bactrian
9507:Sarikoli
9477:Bartangi
9363:Archived
9340:project
9334:Archived
9260:(1987).
9203:15598217
9086:(2022).
9051:(1998).
8538:(2022).
8390:Ossetic.
8220:Archived
8186:Ossetian
8077:See also
7848:min sædæ
7829:11 × 20
7789:10 × 20
7765:2 × 100
7452:15 + 20
7425:10 + 20
7383:ssædz iw
7379:ссӕдз иу
7365:Cyrillic
7356:Cyrillic
7311:æxsærdæs
7293:ærtyndæs
7287:dywwadæs
7249:6 ӕхсӕз
7243:5 фондз
7225:2 дыууӕ
7131:Numerals
7026:fyssinag
6941:passive
6916:present
6882:nykkӕlyn
6763:neutral
6706:xi dasyn
6697:: дасын
6585:optative
6513:-аиккат
6472:-аиккам
6405:saf-t-on
6285:-dzy(n)-
6267:-(и(с))
6207:-dzy-sty
6182:-дзын-ӕ
6167:-dzyn-ӕn
5809:, and о
5725:: зард-
5350:singular
5217:singular
5100:singular
5073:Pronouns
4734:equative
4730:adessive
4726:inessive
4722:ablative
4714:genitive
4670:mӕsgwytӕ
4658:bardžytӕ
4646:čyzdžytӕ
4624:vowel ы
4582:"an axe"
3088:origin,
3030:ны (ny-)
3010:'hen' —
2957:ӕ + и/i)
2900:syllabic
2339:ejective
2018:sibilant
1985:alveolar
1956:ejective
1390:Dialects
1366:Xurzærin
1307:glossary
1291:stressed
1196:Theogony
1143:Æmbalani
1140:ΑΝΠΑΛΑΝΗ
1119:Bӕqӕtari
1116:ΠΑΚΑΘΑΡΗ
1061:digraphs
963:Sogdians
959:Khwarazm
955:Roxolani
931:Scythian
927:Caucasus
900:Yaghnobi
896:Pakistan
829:de facto
816:Caucasus
779:part of
773:that is
758:de facto
734:Scythian
693:Ossetian
564:Ossetian
547:Help:IPA
485:58-ABB-a
471:osse1243
334:Georgian
328:Cyrillic
282:Dialects
271:Ossetian
246:Ossetian
241:Scythian
183:Caucasus
121:Ossetian
11952:Ossetia
11782:England
11772:Ukraine
11722:Romania
11682:Moldova
11640:Ireland
11635:Iceland
11630:Hungary
11620:Germany
11615:Georgia
11605:Finland
11600:Estonia
11595:Denmark
11580:Croatia
11565:Belgium
11560:Belarus
11550:Austria
11545:Armenia
11540:Andorra
11535:Albania
11442:Italics
11379:Turkmen
11374:Turkish
11328:Kipchak
11293:Western
11288:Eastern
11262:Russian
11218:Persian
11201:Kurdish
11193:Iranian
11028:Chechen
11022:Arshtin
11016:Vainakh
10989:Tsakhur
10894:Kubachi
10828:Botlikh
10814:Akhvakh
10713:(areal)
10599:Scripts
10476:Finnish
10456:Chukchi
10425:Tsakhur
10369:Mordvin
10288:Chuvash
10283:Chechen
10273:Bashkir
10209:Russian
10127:Russian
9995:extinct
9991:Italics
9976:Badeshi
9920:Persian
9896:Kumzari
9838:Taleshi
9831:Sorkhei
9811:Semnani
9766:Kordali
9746:Kurdish
9740:Gorgani
9718:Daylami
9710:Makrani
9705:Balochi
9685:Western
9663:Sogdian
9622:Alanian
9596:Wanetsi
9581:Central
9571:Parachi
9551:Avestan
9512:Shughni
9497:Roshani
9460:Eastern
9428:History
9329:at the
9211:1717933
9076:Ossetic
8433:3217844
8061:Khutsaw
7840:, ӕрзӕ
7749:9 × 20
7722:8 × 20
7695:7 × 20
7668:6 × 20
7641:5 × 20
7603:9 × 10
7587:4 × 20
7576:8 × 10
7549:7 × 10
7533:3 × 20
7522:6 × 10
7495:5 × 10
7491:fændzaj
7487:фæндзай
7479:2 × 20
7468:4 × 10
7441:30 + 5
7414:3 × 10
7398:1 + 20
7387:20 + 1
7345:number
7305:fynddæs
7281:iwændæs
7273:10 дӕс
7231:3 ӕртӕ
7145:Balkars
7137:decimal
7061:badgӕjӕ
7047:(бадгӕ
6963:gerund
6933:-инаг -
6924:active
6919:future
6870:fӕ-c-is
6757:'down'
6735:racӕwyn
6603:plural
6556:-aikkoj
6554:аиккой
6542:-иккой
6515:-aikkat
6501:-иккат
6474:-aikkam
6460:-иккам
6446:plural
6440:plural
6434:plural
6424:future
6350:-(т)ой
6333:-(т)ат
6327:-(т)ай
6316:-(т)ам
6310:-(т)он
6302:plural
6269:-(i(s))
6256:-ыстут
6239:-ыстӕм
6233:-(т)ӕн
6225:plural
6184:-dzyn-ӕ
6157:plural
6068:plural
5996:plural
5960:(тавын
5869:(лидз-
5857:, -ндз
5665:Persian
5005:сӕримӕ
4828:Dative
4762:Plural
4634:cӕstytӕ
4529:Grammar
4170:Letter
3848:Letter
3837:Russian
3454:Letter
3128:Letter
2992:чъ (čh)
2988:къ (kh)
2984:дж (dž)
1995:palatal
1646:Central
1457:Central
1428:Hungary
1414:and in
1396:Digoron
1372:Max dug
1309:of the
1135:Æmbalan
1132:ΑΝΠΑΛΑΝ
1111:Bӕqӕtar
1108:ΠΑΚΑΘΑΡ
988:on the
970:Kurdish
854:of the
843:de jure
781:Georgia
776:de jure
722:Ossetia
685:Ossetic
543:Unicode
379:Georgia
236:Eastern
231:Iranian
173:Ossetia
99:See why
18:Ossetic
11885:Jersey
11827:Kosovo
11767:Turkey
11757:Sweden
11737:Serbia
11727:Russia
11712:Poland
11707:Norway
11687:Monaco
11657:Latvia
11625:Greece
11610:France
11585:Cyprus
11419:Bohtan
11392:Others
11319:Turkic
11300:German
11276:Others
11254:Slavic
11223:Talysh
11145:Adyghe
11133:Abkhaz
11123:Abazgi
11087:Others
11074:Hinukh
11065:Hunzib
11061:Bezhta
11052:Tsezic
11040:Ingush
10962:Budukh
10933:Lezgin
10921:Samur
10909:Lezgic
10899:Mehweb
10889:Kaitag
10884:Itsari
10872:Dargwa
10867:Chirag
10859:Dargin
10842:Karata
10564:Selkup
10559:Nenets
10491:Khanty
10486:Kazakh
10471:Evenki
10461:Dolgan
10435:Udmurt
10382:Moksha
10361:Meadow
10343:Lezgin
10323:Khakas
10313:Kalmyk
10303:Ingush
10298:Dargwa
10278:Buryat
10232:Adyghe
9969:Others
9876:Achomi
9848:Tatoid
9791:Median
9761:Xwarin
9756:Sorani
9734:Gorani
9729:Gilaki
9643:Jassic
9603:Ormuri
9576:Pashto
9543:Others
9534:Yidgha
9271:
9246:
9209:
9201:
9172:
9096:
9063:
9040:
8811:
8718:uvular
8584:JW.ORG
8548:
8431:
8287:
8226:Mar 3,
8018:, the
8012:udævdz
7866:milwan
7599:næwædz
7595:нæуæдз
7464:cyppor
7460:цыппор
7371:Logic
7362:Logic
7323:æstdæs
7317:ævddæs
7269:farast
7261:8 аст
7255:7 авд
7239:cyppar
7156:cyppar
7150:cyppor
7083:Syntax
7077:nwazag
7057:sudzgӕ
7053:kӕrdgӕ
7035:fyssӕg
7012:fyssyn
7005:or -д
6901:gerund
6813:ӕрба-
6751:'out'
6713:Aspect
6670:arazyn
6663:цӕуын
6544:-ikkoj
6503:-ikkat
6462:-ikkam
6352:-(t)oj
6335:-(t)at
6329:-(t)aj
6318:-(t)am
6312:-(t)on
6273:-ысты
6258:-ystut
6250:-(т)ӕ
6241:-ystӕm
6235:-(t)ӕn
6110:-и(с)
5969:tӕfsyn
5953:qwysyn
5911:, ст-
5901:lӕvӕrd
5897:dӕttyn
5861:, -нц
5833:, -нт
5829:, -нд
5825:, -тт
5775:dzyrd-
5718:zaryd-
5711:(зар-
5425:plural
5415:jӕ, ӕj
5412:йӕ, ӕй
5284:plural
5167:plural
5067:lægdær
5035:hiatus
5009:sӕrimӕ
4976:сӕрау
4947:сӕрыл
4889:сӕрӕй
4860:сӕрмӕ
4831:сӕрӕн
4736:, and
4718:dative
4694:xӕdzar
4690:fӕrstӕ
4676:and о
4596:Number
4553:gender
3831:, and
2965:ӕ + ӕ)
2831:, and
2803:, and
2750:Rhotic
2626:Nasals
2453:voiced
2061:voiced
2005:Uvular
1980:Dental
1975:Labial
1439:Vowels
1424:Jassic
1172:ΤΖΗΡΘΕ
1095:Istori
1092:ΗΣΤΟΡΗ
1071:Saxiri
1068:ΣΑΧΗΡΗ
1053:Arkhyz
1006:) and
978:Talysh
976:, and
949:, the
945:, the
941:, the
937:, the
915:Persia
898:) and
888:Pashto
792:UNESCO
749:Russia
742:Alanic
740:, and
689:Ossete
604:-ee-ən
514:UNESCO
368:Russia
298:Jassic
179:Region
11860:Åland
11797:Wales
11752:Spain
11677:Malta
11647:Italy
11361:Oghuz
11346:Nogai
11341:Kumyk
11229:Kilit
11182:Indo-
11158:Ubykh
11128:Abaza
10984:Rutul
10967:Kryts
10928:Aghul
10917:Archi
10877:Kadar
10823:Tindi
10804:Andic
10722:South
10524:Mansi
10430:Tuvan
10420:Tatar
10400:Rutul
10390:Nogai
10375:Erzya
10333:Kumyk
10242:Altai
10237:Aghul
10227:Abaza
9940:Tajik
9869:South
9693:North
9632:Digor
9524:Wakhi
9518:Vanji
9492:Munji
9487:Khufi
9469:Pamir
9264:486.)
9207:S2CID
9170:S2CID
9131:
8690:velar
8471:(PDF)
8429:JSTOR
8153:<
8145:<
8089:Notes
8020:bulat
8016:fætyg
7572:æstaj
7568:æстай
7545:ævdaj
7541:æвдай
7518:æxsaj
7514:ӕхсӕй
7410:ærtyn
7406:ӕртын
7335:ssædz
7329:nudæs
7251:æxsæz
7245:fondz
7227:dywwæ
7219:1 иу
7189:ssædz
7177:ssædz
7173:dywwæ
7165:æxsæz
7161:æxsaj
7049:badgӕ
6996:cӕwyn
6954:(-ӕн
6948:/ -д
6913:past
6878:kӕlyn
6837:arba-
6815:ӕrba-
6781:'in'
6760:'up'
6754:'in'
6731:cӕwyn
6700:dasyn
6684:badyn
6679:kӕnyn
6665:cӕwyn
6648:Voice
6631:-ӕнт
6548:-аид
6507:-аис
6466:-аин
6421:past
6275:-ysty
6252:-(t)ӕ
6131:vӕjj-
6114:, -у
6099:стут
6082:стӕм
6044:-ынц
5963:tavyn
5947:qusyn
5934:sӕfyn
5929:safyn
5883:or м
5876:lyhd-
5871:lidz-
5853:, -ц
5847:karst
5843:kӕrd-
5821:, -т
5801:, ӕу
5791:arӕz-
5787:araz-
5771:dzur-
5759:ryzt-
5743:kast-
5727:zard-
5705:barst
5692:warzt
5681:dard-
5671:or д
5659:Stems
5627:Verbs
5621:ӕndӕr
5613:ӕppӕt
5585:some-
5560:wydon
5518:xӕdӕg
5442:wydon
5439:уыдон
5435:wydon
5432:уыдон
5294:symax
5291:сымах
4980:sӕraw
4951:sӕryl
4918:сӕры
4893:sӕrӕj
4864:sӕrmӕ
4835:sӕrӕn
4802:сӕры
4704:Cases
4666:mӕsyg
4654:barӕg
4618:sӕrtӕ
4610:Cases
4602:-t(ӕ)
4586:fǽræt
4580:færǽt
4547:Nouns
4293:(khu)
4179:(Khu)
3648:(хъу)
3328:(къу)
3273:(гъу)
3226:(Къу)
3063:Arxyz
3004:ы (y)
3000:и (i)
2996:е (e)
2980:г (g)
2976:ч (č)
2972:к (k)
2944:вдӕм/
2050:Stops
2036:plain
2024:plain
2012:plain
2000:Velar
1658:Close
1641:Front
1469:Close
1452:Front
1317:Usage
1303:Digor
1295:vowel
1175:čirtī
1148:ΦΟΥΡΤ
1124:ΦΟΥΡΤ
1100:ΦΟΥΡΤ
1076:ΦΟΥΡΤ
1045:]
1036:(the
951:Alans
880:areal
810:, an
680:-shən
642:-shən
347:Latin
322:Greek
288:Digor
11351:Urum
11078:Tsez
11033:Aukh
11011:Bats
11003:Nakh
10849:Avar
10809:Andi
10775:Svan
10569:Veps
10466:Even
10354:Hill
10348:Mari
10328:Komi
10263:Avar
10137:Urum
10132:Svan
10102:Bats
9930:Dari
9901:Luri
9855:Zaza
9843:Tati
9771:Laki
9724:Fars
9654:Saka
9637:Iron
9327:page
9269:ISBN
9244:ISBN
9199:PMID
9127:2017
9094:ISBN
9061:ISBN
9038:ISBN
8809:ISBN
8708:and
8684:as "
8676:and
8546:ISBN
8498:help
8479:2015
8348:2024
8285:ISBN
8228:2021
8149:and
8067:rong
7842:ærzæ
7794:220
7754:200
7727:180
7700:160
7673:140
7646:120
7626:sædæ
7622:сӕдӕ
7619:100
7233:ærtæ
7193:sædæ
7185:ærtæ
7021:inag
7017:fyst
6986:The
6977:-ын
6966:-гӕ
6935:inag
6927:-ӕг
6819:ӕр-
6807:ра-
6796:фӕ-
6784:ны-
6777:ба-
6725:vs.
6633:-ӕnt
6625:-ӕд
6614:-ут
6566:-ой
6550:-aid
6536:-ид
6525:-ат
6519:-ай
6509:-ais
6495:-ис
6484:-ӕм
6478:-он
6468:-ain
6454:-ин
6391:, н
6387:, м
6383:, л
6379:, р
6375:, у
6120:сты
6112:i(s)
6101:stut
6084:stӕm
6076:дӕн
6046:-ync
6027:-ут
6021:-ыс
6010:-ӕм
6004:-ын
5905:wyd-
5859:-ndz
5755:riz-
5713:zar-
5686:warz
5677:dar-
5651:and
5617:innӕ
5609:ӕgas
5593:-dӕr
5583:and
5581:any-
5545:adon
5526:xiw-
5522:xic-
5501:and
5495:memӕ
5387:wyj-
5384:уый-
5380:wyj-
5377:уый-
5310:smax
5307:смах
5254:dӕw-
5251:дӕу-
5247:dӕw-
5244:дӕу-
5137:mӕn-
5134:мӕн-
5130:mӕn-
5127:мӕн-
5055:-dær
5017:имӕ
4922:sӕry
4806:sӕry
4773:сӕр
4686:fars
4642:čyzg
4630:cӕst
4521:and
4513:and
4373:(xu)
4333:(qu)
4095:t͡ʃʼ
4085:t͡sʼ
4049:(ku)
4029:(hu)
4019:(gu)
3947:(Ku)
3927:(Hu)
3917:(Gu)
3787:t͡ʃʼ
3777:t͡sʼ
3638:(ху)
3318:(ку)
3263:(гу)
3216:(Ку)
3157:(Гу)
3096:was
3036:and
3002:and
2986:and
2948:vdæm
2855:and
2807:t͡ʃʼ
2402:t͡ʃʼ
2386:t͡sʼ
1767:Open
1651:Back
1605:Open
1462:Back
1418:and
1408:Iron
1402:and
1335:and
1255:and
1209:and
1207:poet
1151:Furt
1127:Furt
1103:Furt
1087:Xovs
1084:ΧΟΒΣ
1079:Furt
961:and
943:Saka
911:Iran
894:and
867:irōn
861:ирон
293:Iron
59:lang
11237:Tat
11099:Lak
10972:Jek
10943:Udi
10761:Laz
10756:Zan
10415:Tat
10338:Lak
10107:Laz
9997:or
9317:by
9191:doi
9160:hdl
9152:doi
9148:103
8801:doi
8421:doi
8417:123
8188:at
7838:min
7592:90
7565:80
7538:70
7511:60
7484:50
7457:40
7430:35
7403:30
7376:21
7275:dæs
7263:ast
7257:avd
7213:-ag
7209:-æm
7123:or
7111:is
7101:SOV
7073:-ag
7065:-ӕn
7045:-gӕ
7031:-ӕg
6992:-yn
6979:-yn
6968:-gӕ
6956:-ӕn
6944:-т
6929:-ӕg
6864:is
6849:fӕ-
6845:ny-
6841:ba-
6825:NA
6821:ӕr-
6809:ra-
6798:fӕ-
6790:с-
6786:ny-
6779:ba-
6771:а-
6721::
6627:-ӕd
6616:-ut
6611:-∅
6568:-oj
6560:-а
6538:-id
6527:-at
6521:-aj
6497:-is
6486:-ӕm
6480:-on
6456:-in
6344:-а
6144:uyn
6122:sty
6093:дӕ
6078:dӕn
6055:wyn
6038:-ы
6029:-ut
6023:-ys
6012:-ӕm
6006:-yn
5913:st-
5893:nad
5889:nӕm
5863:-nc
5739:kӕs
5723:t/d
5701:bar
5697:-st
5605:ӕly
5601:al-
5597:ni-
5589:is-
5577:cӕ-
5569:kӕ-
5555:wy-
5550:wyj
5511:jV-
5507:dzy
5503:∅V-
5499:jV-
5491:-e-
5487:myn
5483:-y-
5400:jӕ,
5397:йӕ,
5367:wyj
5364:уый
5360:wyj
5357:уый
5184:max
5181:мах
5177:max
5174:мах
5063:læg
5025:imӕ
5021:sӕr
5013:сӕр
4992:sӕr
4988:ау
4984:сӕр
4963:sӕr
4959:ыл
4955:сӕр
4934:sӕr
4926:сӕр
4905:sӕr
4901:ӕй
4897:сӕр
4876:sӕr
4872:ӕм
4868:сӕр
4847:sӕr
4843:ӕн
4839:сӕр
4818:sӕr
4810:сӕр
4789:sӕr
4781:сӕр
4777:sӕr
4746:sӕr
4662:-yg
4614:sӕr
4400:kʷʼ
4390:IPA
4114:d͡ʒ
4109:d͡z
4090:t͡ʃ
4080:t͡s
4056:IPA
3782:t͡ʃ
3772:t͡s
3680:IPA
3540:Хъу
3443:kʼʷ
3399:d͡z
3390:d͡ʒ
3340:IPA
3169:Гъу
3117:IPA
3038:-on
3034:-ag
2990:to
2982:to
2974:to
2933:вд/
2879:or
2815:of
2799:d͡ʒ
2791:t͡ʃ
2523:гъу
2434:kʼʷ
2427:къу
2322:хъу
2289:kʷʰ
2249:t͡ʃ
2233:t͡s
2124:d͡ʒ
2108:d͡z
1962:of
1908:*au
1891:*ai
1699:Mid
1537:Mid
1297:or
1249:tau
1198:of
1167:Ani
1164:ΑΝΗ
1159:Lak
1156:ΛΑΚ
1051:in
1016:).
974:Tat
917:),
840:as
769:as
678:SEE
676:oh-
640:SEE
602:SET
529:IPA
455:oss
438:oss
94:oss
79:IPA
11928::
10628:,
9205:.
9197:.
9187:68
9185:.
9168:.
9158:.
9146:.
9112:.
8885:^
8807:,
8725:^
8700:,
8661:^
8645:.
8627:.
8606:.
8582:.
8456:^
8441:^
8427:.
8415:.
8399:^
8356:^
8337:.
8310:.
8299:^
8271:^
8218:.
8214:.
8155:*u
8147:*i
7630:–
7221:iw
7215:.
7103:.
6958:)
6903:.
6874:ny
6858:is
6833:a-
6792:s-
6773:a-
6695:xi
6644:.
6642:iw
6562:-a
6397:dt
6369:-t
6346:-a
6095:dӕ
6040:-y
5942:wy
5909:d-
5867:hd
5855:-c
5851:dz
5839:st
5835:nt
5831:nd
5827:tt
5803:ӕw
5795:aw
5709:yd
5643:,
5639:,
5573:cy
5565:či
5541:a-
5537:aj
5530:xi
5513:.
5479:-m
5475:-ӕ
5462:sӕ
5459:сӕ
5455:sӕ
5452:сӕ
5408:ӕj
5405:ӕй
5337:wӕ
5334:уӕ
5330:wӕ
5327:уӕ
5274:dӕ
5271:дӕ
5267:dӕ
5264:дӕ
5234:dy
5231:ды
5227:dy
5224:ды
5204:nӕ
5201:нӕ
5197:nӕ
5194:нӕ
5157:mӕ
5154:мӕ
5150:mӕ
5147:мӕ
5117:ӕz
5114:ӕз
5110:ӕz
5107:ӕз
4996:aw
4967:yl
4930:ы
4909:ӕj
4880:ӕm
4851:ӕn
4814:ы
4785:ӕ
4732:,
4728:,
4724:,
4716:,
4712:,
4650:ӕg
4537:,
4488:χʷ
4471:,
4464:tʼ
4440:qʷ
4430:pʼ
4395:kʼ
4353:th
4323:ph
4288:kh
4269:Xu
4246:Th
4223:Qu
4210:Ph
4174:Kh
4164:kʷ
4144:ʁʷ
4134:ɡʷ
3999:dž
3994:dz
3984:čh
3974:ch
3897:Dž
3892:Dz
3882:Čh
3872:Ch
3827:,
3823:,
3819:,
3815:,
3811:,
3807:,
3803:,
3763:qʷ
3753:χʷ
3736:,
3729:tʼ
3705:pʼ
3668:чъ
3658:цъ
3643:хъ
3618:тъ
3598:пъ
3565:Чъ
3553:Цъ
3532:Хъ
3524:Ху
3501:Тъ
3479:Пъ
3438:kʼ
3433:kʷ
3380:ʁʷ
3370:ɡʷ
3323:къ
3288:дз
3283:дж
3268:гъ
3221:Къ
3186:Дз
3181:Дж
3162:Гъ
2998:,
2978:,
2937:vd
2847:,
2835:kʼ
2823:,
2795:,
2697:~
2617:χʷ
2610:ху
2577:~
2530:ʁʷ
2507:гъ
2490:~
2418:kʼ
2411:къ
2395:чъ
2379:цъ
2370:tʼ
2363:тъ
2354:pʼ
2347:пъ
2329:qʷ
2306:хъ
2297:kʷ
2293:~
2282:ку
2269:~
2265:kʰ
2213:~
2209:tʰ
2189:~
2185:pʰ
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