731:
44:
691:
62:
723:
1477:
1296:
In Norway, the fern was apparently used to make beer, whilst in Russia it controlled gut parasites. Today, ostrich fern fiddleheads remain an important element of the rural economy of the
American state of Maine; the rituals of harvest and consumption being seen as culturally important in the
709:
It is a crown-forming, colony-forming plant, occurring in temperate regions of the
Northern Hemisphere in central and northern Europe, northern Asia, and northern North America. It grows from a completely vertical crown, favoring riverbanks and sandbars, but sends out lateral
760:, are also used as a cooked vegetable, and are considered a delicacy mainly in rural areas of northeastern North America. It is considered inadvisable to eat uncooked fiddleheads. Brown "scales" are inedible and should be scraped or rinsed off.
753:. While choosing a place of planting it should be taken into account that this fern is very expansive and its leaves often lose their beauty throughout the summer, especially if not protected from wind and hail.
598:
green sterile fronds being almost vertical, 100–170 cm (39–67 in) tall and 20–35 cm (7.9–13.8 in) broad, long-tapering to the base but short-tapering to the tip, so that they resemble
789:
Fiddlehands can be eaten raw or cooked. Collect them when 5 to 6 inches high and fronds curled. Fuzz can be removed by rubbing of the hands and wash with water. Cooking takes less than 10 minutes.
1070:
The showy parts of this fern are the finely dissected, medium green, vegetative (sterile) fronds which, as the common name suggests, exhibit the feathery appearance of long ostrich plumes.
227:
603:
plumes, hence the name. The fertile fronds are shorter, 40–65 cm (16–26 in) long, brown when ripe, with highly modified and constricted leaf tissue curled over the
1349:
Outdoor enthusiasts are at a high risk of poisonous side effects after ingestion of wild and raw edible fiddlehead ferns, such as the ostrich fern (
2096:
1688:
2135:
1776:
763:
The sprouts are also picked all over Japan, ("kogomi" in
Japanese) as well as in other Asian regions, where they are considered a delicacy.
1481:
2161:
1851:
1402:"Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory and antioxidative potential of four fern species from China intended for use as food supplements"
1370:
766:
Additionally, in Norway, fiddleheads were apparently used in the manufacture of beer, and in Russia, in the control of gut parasites.
1082:
Gastony, GJ; Ungerer, MC (1997). "Molecular systematics and a revised taxonomy of the onocleoid ferns (Dryopteridaceae: Onocleeae)".
2251:
2044:
1636:
2409:
2264:
2109:
2057:
1714:
1649:
1124:
1400:
Dion, C; Haug, C; Guan, H; Ripoll, C; Spiteller, P; Coussaert, A; Boulet, E; Schmidt, D; Wei, J; Zhou, Y; Lamottke, K (2015).
1742:
1458:
1054:
1030:
2114:
1830:
1719:
2364:
1539:
880:
832:
2379:
1597:
1247:"Bulletin #4198, Facts on Fiddleheads - Cooperative Extension Publications - University of Maine Cooperative Extension"
695:
2404:
2277:
2140:
2083:
1781:
1675:
862:
814:
1869:
961:
2414:
2399:
2354:
2295:
2179:
2389:
2122:
1763:
2394:
1628:
1615:
1214:
1137:
17:
1877:
1701:
1221:
1153:
872:
824:
746:
730:
2269:
2036:
2023:
1654:
1275:
1189:
2290:
2174:
1864:
1820:
868:
820:
61:
2062:
1737:
1149:
1058:
918:
1167:
2384:
2374:
2359:
1755:
2166:
2031:
1623:
1915:
1856:
2369:
2349:
2018:
1693:
1610:
1501:
396:
377:
362:
2101:
2344:
750:
714:
to form new crowns. It can thus form dense colonies resistant to destruction by floodwaters.
499:
484:
459:
426:
392:
358:
329:
295:
257:
238:
175:
2153:
1807:
1992:
1970:
1571:
1378:
613:
503:
488:
430:
333:
299:
280:
261:
242:
8:
1843:
1815:
1022:
782:
43:
2316:
2210:
1923:
1431:
1099:
204:
56:
1125:
Altervista Flora
Italiana, Felce penna di struzzo, Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Tod.
2148:
1979:
1802:
1558:
1454:
1423:
1340:
1332:
1107:
1036:
1026:
757:
2321:
2215:
1984:
1928:
1563:
1435:
1413:
1322:
1246:
1091:
742:
591:
2242:
1882:
1789:
876:
828:
671:
2202:
2127:
1905:
1768:
1729:
690:
1838:
1524:
1418:
1401:
666:
86:
1327:
1310:
2338:
1955:
1602:
1336:
1040:
1706:
2308:
2192:
1895:
1427:
1344:
1111:
722:
126:
116:
1018:
Edible Wild Plants: A North
American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods
1016:
2070:
1964:
1750:
1662:
1533:
904:
777:
679:
670:
which contains those two species. Formerly classified as a member of the
646:
536:
445:
136:
1794:
1550:
607:; they develop in autumn, persist erect over the winter and release the
2256:
2049:
1641:
1176:
State-level distribution map from the North
American Plant Atlas (NAPA)
1103:
2075:
2005:
1667:
1584:
617:, it is one of the largest species of fern in eastern North America.
604:
595:
573:
561:
1680:
1495:
1095:
805:
2303:
2236:
2187:
1949:
1890:
1518:
913:
2282:
2088:
2010:
1589:
853:
652:
600:
411:
1576:
1476:
711:
703:
699:
469:
373:
314:
276:
223:
1997:
944:
938:
773:
735:
608:
587:
567:
555:
522:
73:
526:
196:
153:
106:
96:
1488:
Hyde, H. A., Wade, A. E., & Harrison, S. G. (1978).
441:
407:
343:
310:
192:
1453:(1st ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
1321:(2). Austin, Texas, USA: Sage Publishing: 226–229.
678:has been reassigned to the new much smaller family
1399:
2336:
1357:genus) species, in the United States and Canada.
1280:(L.) Todaro (Onocleaceae) — Ostrich fern"
1178:. Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014.
664:, and so the latter should be moved to a genus
51:Ostrich fern in Stouffville (Ontario, Canada).
1371:"Let us go fiddlehead foragin', but carefully"
1081:
993:; fiddlehead; ostrich fern; shuttlecock fern;
1015:Elias, Thomas S.; Dykeman, Peter A. (2009) .
1014:
726:Spore-bearing fertile fronds in early spring
1311:"Fiddlehead Fern Poisoning: A Case Report"
899:
897:
756:The tightly wound immature fronds, called
632:. Some sources include two Asian species,
42:
1417:
1326:
1241:
1239:
1136:Xing, Fuwu; Wang, Faguo; Kato, Masahiro.
27:Species of fern in the family Onocleaceae
1368:
1269:
1267:
1135:
729:
721:
694:Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Todaro,
689:
1315:Wilderness & Environmental Medicine
1148:. Vol. 2 – via eFloras.org,
894:
772:species are used as food plants by the
717:
14:
2337:
1236:
1500:
1499:
1264:
1448:
1308:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
881:Australian National Botanic Gardens
833:Australian National Botanic Gardens
24:
1870:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:17145680-1
1273:
1251:Cooperative Extension Publications
25:
2426:
1001:
628:is the only species in the genus
620:
2296:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:311511-2
2180:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:331114-2
1475:
1369:LaPointe, Rick (21 April 2002).
970:Interglot translation dictionary
640:, but molecular data shows that
60:
1442:
1393:
1362:
1302:
1207:
1182:
1160:
937:comes from Ancient Greek words
863:International Plant Names Index
815:International Plant Names Index
734:Fiddlehead sprouts for sale in
685:
656:(sensitive fern) than it is to
554:comes from Ancient Greek words
2410:Garden plants of North America
1406:Natural Product Communications
1129:
1118:
1075:
1047:
954:
846:
798:
745:in gardens. It has gained the
741:The ostrich fern is a popular
581:
13:
1:
792:
611:in early spring. Along with
476:Struthiopteris pensylvanica
7:
1492:. National Museum of Wales.
1222:Royal Horticultural Society
1154:Harvard University Herbaria
1055:"Matteuccia struthiopteris"
943:(strouthíōn) "ostrich" and
873:Harvard University Herbaria
825:Harvard University Herbaria
747:Royal Horticultural Society
644:is more closely related to
466:Struthiopteris pensylvanica
10:
2431:
2365:Ferns of the United States
1470:
1419:10.1177/1934578X1501000416
1309:Dhir, S Bryn (June 2020).
1084:American Journal of Botany
945:
939:
869:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
821:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
568:
556:
287:Matteuccia struthiopteris
268:Matteuccia struthiopteris
249:Matteuccia struthiopteris
2380:Flora of Northern America
2226:
1939:
1821:Matteuccia struthiopteris
1540:Matteuccia struthiopteris
1510:Matteuccia struthiopteris
1508:
1482:Matteuccia struthiopteris
1351:Matteuccia struthiopteris
1328:10.1016/j.wem.2019.12.011
1278:Matteuccia struthiopteris
1215:"AGM Plants - Ornamental"
1192:Matteuccia struthiopteris
1170:Matteuccia struthiopteris
1150:Missouri Botanical Garden
1140:Matteuccia struthiopteris
1059:Missouri Botanical Garden
995:Matteuccia struthiopteris
983:Matteuccia struthiopteris
964:Matteuccia struthiopteris
919:Missouri Botanical Garden
917:. Saint Louis, Missouri:
907:Matteuccia struthiopteris
808:Matteuccia struthiopteris
626:Matteuccia struthiopteris
532:Matteuccia struthiopteris
452:Struthiopteris germanica
437:Pterinodes struthiopteris
210:
203:
185:Matteuccia struthiopteris
181:
174:
57:Scientific classification
55:
50:
41:
34:
1451:The wild food trailguide
1224:. April 2023. p. 75
972:. Netherlands: Interglot
696:Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pérade
495:Struthiopteris pubescens
418:Pteretis struthiopteris
2405:Garden plants of Europe
1377:. Tokyo. Archived from
991:Pteretis struthiopteris
550:). The species epithet
403:Pteretis struthiopteris
321:Onoclea struthiopteris
219:Matteuccia pensylvanica
2228:Osmunda struthiopteris
1286:. University of Oxford
1190:"RHS Plant Selector -
1152:, St. Louis, MO &
987:Onoclea struthiopteris
738:
727:
706:
384:Pteretis pensylvanica
340:Osmunda struthiopteris
306:Onoclea struthiopteris
167:M. struthiopteris
2415:Monotypic fern genera
2400:Garden plants of Asia
2355:Ferns of the Americas
1484:at Wikimedia Commons
751:Award of Garden Merit
733:
725:
693:
369:Pteretis pensylvanica
2390:Perennial vegetables
933:The species epithet
718:Cultivation and uses
614:Dryopteris goldieana
234:Matteuccia pubescens
2395:Japanese vegetables
1449:Hall, Alan (1973).
783:Sthenopis pretiosus
1276:"Plant 78 —
780:species including
739:
728:
707:
529:with one species:
350:Pteretis nodulosa
2332:
2331:
2149:Open Tree of Life
1803:Open Tree of Life
1502:Taxon identifiers
1480:Media related to
1460:978-0-03-007701-2
1284:Oxford Plants 400
1274:Harris, Stephen.
1032:978-1-4027-6715-9
642:M. struthiopteris
514:
513:
506:
491:
472:
462:
448:
433:
414:
399:
380:
365:
346:
336:
317:
302:
283:
264:
245:
230:
156:
16:(Redirected from
2422:
2325:
2324:
2312:
2311:
2299:
2298:
2286:
2285:
2273:
2272:
2260:
2259:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2219:
2218:
2206:
2205:
2196:
2195:
2183:
2182:
2170:
2169:
2157:
2156:
2144:
2143:
2131:
2130:
2128:NHMSYS0000460614
2118:
2117:
2105:
2104:
2092:
2091:
2079:
2078:
2066:
2065:
2053:
2052:
2040:
2039:
2027:
2026:
2014:
2013:
2001:
2000:
1988:
1987:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1932:
1931:
1919:
1918:
1909:
1908:
1899:
1898:
1886:
1885:
1873:
1872:
1860:
1859:
1847:
1846:
1834:
1833:
1824:
1823:
1811:
1810:
1798:
1797:
1785:
1784:
1772:
1771:
1769:NHMSYS0000460615
1759:
1758:
1746:
1745:
1733:
1732:
1723:
1722:
1710:
1709:
1697:
1696:
1684:
1683:
1671:
1670:
1658:
1657:
1645:
1644:
1632:
1631:
1619:
1618:
1606:
1605:
1593:
1592:
1580:
1579:
1567:
1566:
1554:
1553:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1497:
1496:
1479:
1465:
1464:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1421:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1381:on 20 March 2011
1366:
1360:
1359:
1330:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1293:
1291:
1271:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1243:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1219:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1156:, Cambridge, MA.
1133:
1127:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1012:
999:
998:
979:
977:
958:
952:
951:
949:(pterís) "fern".
948:
947:
942:
941:
927:
925:
901:
892:
891:
889:
887:
850:
844:
843:
841:
839:
802:
743:ornamental plant
577:
571:
570:
566:) "ostrich" and
565:
559:
558:
548:shuttlecock fern
497:
482:
479:
468:
458:
455:
439:
424:
421:
405:
390:
387:
371:
356:
353:
342:
327:
324:
308:
293:
290:
274:
271:
255:
252:
236:
221:
187:
152:
65:
64:
46:
32:
31:
21:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2385:Leaf vegetables
2375:Flora of Europe
2360:Ferns of Europe
2335:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2320:
2315:
2307:
2302:
2294:
2289:
2281:
2276:
2268:
2263:
2255:
2250:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2222:
2214:
2209:
2201:
2199:
2191:
2186:
2178:
2173:
2165:
2160:
2152:
2147:
2139:
2134:
2126:
2121:
2113:
2108:
2100:
2095:
2087:
2082:
2074:
2069:
2061:
2056:
2048:
2043:
2035:
2030:
2022:
2017:
2009:
2004:
1996:
1991:
1983:
1978:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1935:
1927:
1922:
1914:
1912:
1904:
1902:
1894:
1889:
1881:
1876:
1868:
1863:
1855:
1850:
1842:
1837:
1829:
1827:
1819:
1814:
1806:
1801:
1793:
1790:Observation.org
1788:
1780:
1775:
1767:
1762:
1754:
1749:
1741:
1736:
1728:
1727:MichiganFlora:
1726:
1718:
1713:
1705:
1700:
1692:
1687:
1679:
1674:
1666:
1661:
1653:
1648:
1640:
1635:
1627:
1622:
1614:
1609:
1601:
1596:
1588:
1583:
1575:
1570:
1562:
1557:
1549:
1547:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1504:
1473:
1468:
1461:
1447:
1443:
1398:
1394:
1384:
1382:
1375:The Japan Times
1367:
1363:
1353:) and bracken (
1307:
1303:
1289:
1287:
1272:
1265:
1255:
1253:
1245:
1244:
1237:
1227:
1225:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1198:
1196:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1134:
1130:
1123:
1119:
1096:10.2307/2445820
1080:
1076:
1063:
1061:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1033:
1013:
1002:
975:
973:
960:
959:
955:
923:
921:
903:
902:
895:
885:
883:
852:
851:
847:
837:
835:
804:
803:
799:
795:
720:
688:
672:Dryopteridaceae
623:
584:
544:fiddlehead fern
510:
509:
477:
453:
419:
385:
351:
322:
288:
269:
250:
214:
199:
189:
183:
170:
151:
59:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2428:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2322:wfo-0001111150
2313:
2300:
2287:
2274:
2261:
2248:
2232:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2216:wfo-4000023333
2207:
2197:
2184:
2171:
2158:
2145:
2132:
2119:
2106:
2093:
2080:
2067:
2054:
2041:
2028:
2015:
2002:
1989:
1976:
1961:
1945:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1929:wfo-0001109164
1920:
1910:
1900:
1887:
1874:
1861:
1848:
1835:
1825:
1812:
1799:
1786:
1773:
1760:
1747:
1734:
1724:
1711:
1698:
1685:
1672:
1659:
1646:
1633:
1620:
1607:
1594:
1581:
1568:
1555:
1545:
1530:
1514:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1494:
1493:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1459:
1441:
1412:(4): 597–603.
1392:
1361:
1301:
1263:
1235:
1206:
1181:
1159:
1146:Flora of China
1128:
1117:
1090:(6): 840–849.
1074:
1046:
1031:
1025:. p. 58.
1000:
966:(L.) Tod."
953:
935:struthiopteris
909:(L.) Tod."
893:
845:
810:(L.) Tod."
796:
794:
791:
719:
716:
687:
684:
667:Pentarhizidium
622:
621:Classification
619:
583:
580:
552:struthiopteris
512:
511:
508:
507:
492:
473:
463:
449:
434:
415:
400:
381:
366:
347:
337:
318:
303:
284:
265:
246:
231:
215:
213:Synonyms' List
212:
211:
208:
207:
201:
200:
190:
179:
178:
172:
171:
164:
162:
158:
157:
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
107:Polypodiopsida
104:
100:
99:
97:Polypodiophyta
94:
90:
89:
84:
77:
76:
71:
67:
66:
53:
52:
48:
47:
39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2427:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
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2345:Polypodiales
2227:
1940:
1844:tro-26602315
1509:
1489:
1474:
1450:
1444:
1409:
1405:
1395:
1383:. Retrieved
1379:the original
1374:
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1348:
1318:
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1304:
1295:
1288:. Retrieved
1283:
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1250:
1226:. Retrieved
1209:
1199:21 September
1197:. Retrieved
1191:
1184:
1175:
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1120:
1087:
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1077:
1069:
1062:. Retrieved
1049:
1021:. New York:
1017:
994:
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974:. Retrieved
969:
963:
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934:
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861:
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836:. Retrieved
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686:Distribution
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540:ostrich fern
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537:common names
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272:pensylvanica
267:
248:
233:
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184:
182:
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165:
147:
146:
127:Aspleniineae
117:Polypodiales
80:
35:
29:
18:Ostrich fern
2071:iNaturalist
1965:Wikispecies
1751:NatureServe
1663:iNaturalist
1534:Wikispecies
1490:Welsh Ferns
1282:. Biology.
778:Lepidoptera
758:fiddleheads
680:Onocleaceae
647:Onocleopsis
594:, with the
582:Description
137:Onocleaceae
2339:Categories
1971:Matteuccia
1941:Matteuccia
1913:WisFlora:
1839:Plant List
1681:17145680-1
931:Etymology:
856:Matteuccia
793:References
770:Matteuccia
676:Matteuccia
630:Matteuccia
578:) "fern".
563:strouthíōn
518:Matteuccia
281:C.V.Morton
148:Matteuccia
123:Suborder:
93:Division:
36:Matteuccia
2243:Q21876047
1629:200004215
1616:200004215
1355:Pteridium
1337:1080-6032
1256:2 January
1041:244766414
940:στρουθίων
877:Libraries
858:Tod."
829:Libraries
605:sporangia
596:deciduous
592:dimorphic
557:στρουθίων
480:pubescens
456:pubescens
422:pubescens
388:pubescens
354:pubescens
325:pubescens
291:pubescens
253:pubescens
161:Species:
70:Kingdom:
2309:26604877
2304:Tropicos
2283:311511-2
2237:Wikidata
2200:VASCAN:
2193:40014868
2188:Tropicos
2089:331114-2
1950:Wikidata
1903:VASCAN:
1896:26602315
1891:Tropicos
1756:2.160636
1694:10762315
1548:BioLib:
1525:Q1130386
1519:Wikidata
1428:25973486
1385:13 March
1345:32327371
1112:21708636
1023:Sterling
914:Tropicos
776:of some
205:Synonyms
133:Family:
2257:3645970
2102:1342045
2050:2650998
1956:Q304969
1738:MoBotPF
1642:2650999
1471:Sources
1436:8419285
1290:11 June
1104:2445820
976:11 June
924:11 June
886:11 June
838:11 June
712:stolons
653:Onoclea
601:ostrich
420:subvar.
412:Nieuwl.
397:Fernald
378:Fernald
363:Fernald
228:Raymond
143:Genus:
113:Order:
103:Class:
74:Plantae
2270:400402
2162:PLANTS
2154:667475
2037:119866
2024:119866
1852:PLANTS
1808:667477
1743:285874
1707:115503
1655:400400
1603:150057
1577:597357
1457:
1434:
1426:
1343:
1335:
1297:state.
1228:28 May
1110:
1102:
1064:28 May
1039:
1029:
946:πτερίς
875:&
865:(IPNI)
827:&
817:(IPNI)
774:larvae
704:Canada
700:Quebec
609:spores
588:fronds
575:pterís
569:πτερίς
470:Willd.
446:Kuntze
374:Willd.
315:Hoffm.
277:Willd.
224:Willd.
2167:MATTE
2115:17595
2097:IRMNG
2076:82575
2063:17263
2011:1MTTG
1998:72930
1985:B8YN2
1883:10920
1828:PFI:
1720:17596
1689:IRMNG
1668:82574
1598:EUNIS
1590:MTTST
1564:B9MDV
1432:S2CID
1218:(PDF)
1100:JSTOR
736:Japan
546:, or
527:ferns
523:genus
521:is a
504:Clute
500:Terry
489:Clute
485:Terry
460:Terry
431:Clute
427:Terry
393:Terry
359:Terry
334:Clute
330:Terry
300:Clute
296:Terry
262:Clute
258:Terry
243:Clute
239:Terry
81:Clade
2291:POWO
2278:IPNI
2265:GRIN
2252:GBIF
2203:1398
2175:POWO
2141:3276
2136:NCBI
2110:ITIS
2084:IPNI
2058:GRIN
2045:GBIF
2006:EPPO
1916:4206
1906:5422
1865:POWO
1857:MAST
1816:PfaF
1795:7040
1782:3277
1777:NCBI
1715:ITIS
1676:IPNI
1650:GRIN
1637:GBIF
1585:EPPO
1551:3143
1455:ISBN
1424:PMID
1387:2011
1341:PMID
1333:ISSN
1292:2024
1258:2021
1230:2023
1201:2022
1108:PMID
1066:2023
1037:OCLC
1027:ISBN
978:2024
926:2024
888:2024
840:2024
660:and
650:and
636:and
590:are
586:The
323:var.
289:var.
270:var.
197:Tod.
154:Tod.
2317:WFO
2211:WFO
2123:NBN
2032:FoC
2019:FNA
1993:EoL
1980:CoL
1924:WFO
1878:RHS
1831:105
1764:NBN
1730:531
1702:ISC
1624:FoC
1611:FNA
1572:EoL
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