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Company was established in 1884 most dairy farmers became members through for a brief period in the late 1880s milk was shipped across the harbour from
Portobello for processing at Sawyers Bay at by Roseville Dairy Company. Between 1891 and 1896 farmers also had the option of supplying the New Zealand Dairy Supply Company which also operated in the area. The Taieri and Peninsula Milk Supply Company opened a creamery at Sandymount in 1893 and by 1897 there were additional ones at Granton, Papanui Inlet and Otakou. Another opened at Highcliff in 1903. The resulting product was shipped to Dunedin, where it was made into butter. By this time the peninsula was also supplying the majority of Dunedin's potatoes with approximately 70 farmers around Highcliff and Sandymount engaged in their production. In addition there were a number of Chinese dominated market gardens at Andersons Bay and a smaller number at Portobello (from 1881 onwards) growing a wide range of produce. The first telephone was installed in Andersons Bay in 1885.
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the 1890s the
Portobello Road became popular with cyclists who lobbied the Road Board to reduce the toll. Cyclists were being charged 5 shillings for the round trip, which had been reduced by 1896 to sixpence on Sundays and reduced further to 1903 to sixpence return and then to threepence in 1904. In 1908 the toll was removed. In 1907 the first automobile was sighted on the road but a bylaw was introduced to ban them until a local referendum was held in 1913 overturned it. These actions improved accessibility and reduced the cost of accessing the peninsula, which impacted on the ferries.
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363:, Dunedin. The site's lowest levels are estimated to have been occupied some time between 1150 and 1300 AD. Another peninsula site, at Papanui Inlet, is thought to have been occupied in the same period, as was the extensive one at Harwood Township. Little Papanui and Harwood are considered to have been permanent settlements, not temporary camps. A single radiocarbon date for Harwood suggests it was also occupied in 1450. Three magnificent
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peninsula as farmers received higher prices for many of the goods that they supplied the city. By 1864 the population of the peninsula had grown to 1,269 and to 2,425 by 1881. The Maori population living on the peninsula however had decreased from a minimum of 500 to 600 in the early 1830s and to 22 in 1891. As a result of increased settlement native bush was cleared over most of the terrain in a massive transformation of the landscape.
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566:, a visiting French navigator, described the Peninsula's European and Māori communities as both trafficking in alcohol and sex. The Treaty of Waitangi was signed on the Peninsula in June, although the South Island had already been annexed by 'right of discovery'. The first Christian service was preached on the Peninsula later that year at Otago by Bishop Pompallier.
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bush, swamp or sand. From the times of the earliest
European settlements with the harbour surrounded by bush covered hills and no roads existing other than simple bridal tracks using the waters of the harbour offered the most efficient means of transporting passengers and goods between settlements. As settlements developed jetties were constructed at
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Tahu negotiators convinced
Turkett that while they would give up some of the peninsula they would not sell the northern portion, as this was where their villages and urupā were. Some chiefs with strong Mamoe connections wanted to retain all of the Peninsula from Puketai onwards (as Anderson's Bay was then called). When
1215:. Google Maps does not recognise this as a walking route, but directs pedestrians from the city over to Ocean Grove, and then up Centre Road to Highcliff Road, which runs along the top of the Peninsula. In fact all roads on the Peninsula that are accessible to motorists are also accessible to cyclists and pedestrians.
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with Kati Mamoe at
Papanui Inlet and made a famous escape back into Pukekura by a cliff still known as Tarewai's Leap. There had been an argument about Kati Mamoe fishing rights on Papanui Inlet. A particularly fine talismanic whale bone fishook of the 18th century was found there and is now in the Otago Museum.
882:. There were 378 households, comprising 441 males and 411 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.07 males per female. The median age was 52.9 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 126 people (14.8%) aged under 15 years, 87 (10.2%) aged 15 to 29, 444 (52.1%) aged 30 to 64, and 198 (23.2%) aged 65 or older.
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there to
Highcliff and Portobello was by bridle track which was not suitable for wheeled transport, which lead to most settlements being restricted to Andersons Bay, Tomahawk, Portobello and smaller settlements along the coast where they could be serviced by ferries. Ferry services first began in 1859.
139:. Most of the Otago Peninsula is freehold farming land, with increasing numbers of small holdings or lifestyle blocks. Some biodiversity sites such as Taiaroa Head are managed as sanctuaries for wildlife. Many species of seabirds and waders in particular may be found around the tidal inlets, including
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to breed or calve. They were the primary target species for shore-whaling, itself the primary reason for Port Otago. Whales were hunted almost to extinction, and now are seen rarely. Occasionally they are seen in the harbour, but an increase of shipping lanes and accompanying underwater noises may be
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was reluctant to allow the Kai Tahu to retain military strategic land so close to the proposed site of the new settlement, nor allow them to control land on which there were already
European settlers, in case they developed a settlement that would compete with that of the Otago Association's. The Kai
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By 1900 of the peninsula's 24,016 acres (9,718 ha) only approximately 4,000 acres (of which 3,000 was still in bush) had not been occupied by farming activities or urban construction. By that same year
Andersons Bay was becoming a popular place to live, especially with businessman and professionals,
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Of those at least 15 years old, 192 (26.4%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 105 (14.5%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $ 25,800, compared with $ 31,800 nationally. 99 people (13.6%) earned over $ 70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of
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Land clearance continued at pace and by 1915 only 938 acres (379 ha) of bush remained. In 1888 a universally unpopular toll on the low road to
Portobello was introduced by the Portobello Road Board to offset its maintenance and development costs. the toll gate was located near Macandrew Bay. During
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Despite the erosion-prone clay soils and steep slopes by 1900 90% of the approximately 200 farmers on the peninsula were engaged in dairying. This led to New
Zealand's first dairy co-operative, being established at Springfield on the Highcliff Road in 1871. Once the Taieri and Peninsula Milk Supply
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As Dunedin developed the Peninsula's southern end became a city recreation ground and then a suburb. As increasing numbers of immigrants began arriving settlements were formed on the harbourside and on the Highcliff Road on the spine of the land mass, but in the early phase of European settlement,
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Many traditions survive from this period concerning figures such as Waitai and Moki II who at different times both lived at Pukekura pa. One of the best known concerns Tarewai, who is difficult to place chronologically, but was of Kai Tahu descent. He gained possession of Pukekura, was in conflict
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A map of recorded Māori archaeological sites for the Otago Conservancy shows many more on the Otago Peninsula than elsewhere in the region. Another showing only those of the Archaic period shows sites clustered on the peninsula and along the coast across the harbour to the west and north. This was
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In 2008 the Dunedin City Council purchased 328 hectares of land surrounding Harbour Cone, a distinctive geological feature on the Otago Peninsula that features early-settler archaeological sites and remnants of bush from pre-colonial times. There are a number of walks to enjoy in this spectacular
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By 1878 the bay road had reached Portobello which allowed a mail coach and later horse-drawn buses to operate along it while many residents made their way independently by their own private horses and carts. The resulting drop in patronage lead to many ferry services being withdrawn. The improved
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eventually led to that area eclipsing the Peninsula's dairying and mixed farms gave way to extensive grazing. The rural population, especially on the Pacific coast, dwindled, leaving abandoned steadings and roads decaying slowly behind macrocarpa and hawthorn plantings. The re-made, Europeanised
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to being customers to the venue until following the end of the gold rush the venture became uneconomic and eventually closed. Roads boards were responsible for the construction of new roads and their maintenance. A road to Andersons Bay and Tomahawk was completed by the winter of 1860, and from
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By the end of the 1860s most farms were less than 100 acres (40 ha) in size, with a total of 6,000 acres (2,428 ha) fenced off and growing either crops or livestock. By 1880 about a third of the land area of the peninsula was being farmed (moistly in the form of dairying), with the rest still in
559:, Joseph, George and Edward, established their whaling station at Wellers' Rock. Throughout the '30s, their Otago establishment grew to be the largest in the country and the harbour became an international whaling port. In 1841 Octavius Harwood and C.W. Schultze took over the Wellers' operation.
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A lighthouse was built at Taiaroa Head in 1864 and work began using prison labour, to build the winding harbourside road, with its distinctive seawalls of the local stone. Across the cleared land settlers built dry stone walls, following the pattern of 'Galloway Dykes', another conspicuous and
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in 1861 resulted int a massive inrush of people and capital into Otago. Over the next decade millions of pounds worth of gold flowed from the diggings, the majority passing through Dunedin. The rapid growth of Dunedin into the most prosperous city in New Zealand stimulated development on the
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of the New Zealand Company arrived on site on 16 July he was reluctant to accept this. Eventually, to purchase any of the land Wakefield had to accept the Kai Tahu position. The deed of sale was signed on 31 July 1844 with Kai Tahu retaining 6,665 acres (2,697 ha) of the northern part of the
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The Otago Peninsula is one of the few places in New Zealand where there is everywhere visible evidence of the long human occupation of the land. In a magnificent but compact setting the challenge is to maintain its balance of human and natural in the face of growing residential and tourist
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river mouth. The clusters contain a few larger sites. On the Otago Peninsula that at Little Papanui is of middle size while Harwood Township has one of the largest. These and numerous other smaller sites are clearly visible, though often not recognised by visitors for what they are.
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The suburbs of Dunedin encroach onto the western end of the peninsula, and seven townships and communities lie along the harbourside shore. The majority of the land is sparsely populated and occupied by steep open pasture. The peninsula is home to many species of wildlife, notably
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can be found further offshore around the rich, deep sea canyon about 20 km off the peninsula coast, and rarely strand. This sea canyon is the only known area in the world with multiple sightings of Shepherd's beaked whales, and its cetacean diversity may be as significant as
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appear less frequently. The outer peninsula just off Taiaroa Head is one of three main congregating areas for dusky dolphins in New Zealand while the harbour water and the peninsula provides breeding areas and nurseries, and Hector's dolphins frequent the vicinity of the harbour.
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In 1904 a marine fish hatchery was established at Aquarium Point, Portobello. Another sign of changing attitudes to wild life was the self-establishment of the royal albatross colony at Taiaroa Head in the 1920s which was now carefully nurtured for its scientific interest.
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New Zealand was first settled by humans around 1300 AD, and in the South Island, people concentrated on the east coast. In the Archaic (moa-hunting) period, the Otago Peninsula was a relatively densely occupied area at the centre of the country's most populous region.
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close by, features a rock formation known locally as "The Pyramids" for its resemblance to the ancient Egyptian monuments. Sandfly Bay, named not for the insect but for the sand blown up by the wind, is reached via a path through some of New Zealand's tallest
684:. In 1862 a jetty was constructed at Andersons Bay to service Vauxhall Gardens, a large entertainment venue with gardens, baths, hotel, sports grounds, swings and roundabouts and a band rotunda. The jetty was used by a number of ferries including the
239:, looking southeast across Otago Harbour. On the extreme left are the harbour mouth, Aramoana and Taiaroa Head. Near the centre is Harbour Cone, and below it Broad Bay. Portobello and Macandrew Bay are to the left and right respectively.
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Otago Peninsula's coasts are prominent habitats for marine mammals. Seal and sea lion colonies have regenerated during the 20th century after massive exploitation in the 19th century, which almost wiped out both them and whales. Many
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may perhaps also have been used like this. Nevertheless, some middens, such as those on the peninsula, have been identified traditionally with Te Rapuwai. Anderson's later, or tribal Waitaha, arrived in the south in the 15th century.
551:, ships of the first New Zealand Company. They also brought the first recorded European women to NZ, and produced Thomas Shepherd's pictures of the Peninsula. Shepherd's paintings are the oldest known, and are held in the Sydney's
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A railway was completed to Andersons Bay in 1878 but it never proceeded any further. A causeway was completed across Andersons Bay to Vauxhall Corner in 1872. It featured a bridge which could be opened to allow passage for boats.
53:. The peninsula lies south-east of Otago Harbour and runs parallel to the mainland for 20 km, with a maximum width of 9 km. It is joined to the mainland at the south-west end by a narrow isthmus about 1.5 km wide.
761:, New Zealand's most celebrated painter, first worked out his 'vision' of the New Zealand landscape with studies of the peninsula, the most developed being that of 1946–49 now owned by the city and on display in the central
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contributing to their absence. Future studies might be conducted to examine solutions to bring them back into the harbor. Sometimes they can be seen just off the coast in their winter-migration season, along with
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adzes, said by H.D. Skinner to be the finest of their type, were found nearby and are dated to the same time. They represent a form already archaic when they were made. They are currently in the Otago Museum.
608:, secular leader of the Otago settlement, successfully petitioned the government to re-instate 'Otago' as its original name. The old whaling village and adjacent Māori settlements had now become 'Otakou'.
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Following the abolishing of the provincial council in 1876, governance of the peninsula became the responsibility of the Peninsula County Council, whose administrative centre was in Portobello.
418:, was built about 1650. Nearby villages on Te Rauone Beach perhaps date from the same time. Pukekura's terraces are still visible, with some of them co-opted into later European defence works.
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landscape now took on an air of mellow decay, and started to look 'natural', unusual in a recently colonised country like New Zealand. This attracted the attention of visitors and artists.
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after the Secretary of the Admiralty. His chart showed a bay at Hooper's Inlet, which may have been explored and named by Charles Hooper (chief officer on Daniel Cooper's English sealer,
395:, and new peoples arrived on the Otago Peninsula. People here at this time practised what has been called a foraging economy. Increasing reliance was placed on harvesting the root of the
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Kinaston, L. Rebecca; Walter, K. Richard; Jacomb, Chris; Brooks, Emma; Tayles, Nancy (2013), "The First New Zealanders: Patterns of Diet and Mobility Revealed through Isotope Analysis",
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distinctive feature of the landscape whose only other examples in New Zealand are across the harbour on the opposite heights. Stone lime kilns were built near Sandymount in 1864.
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519:) in the summer of 1808–1809. Sealers began to use the harbour around then, probably anchoring off Wellers' Rock, modern Otakou, where there was extensive Māori settlement.
596:, the association's surveyor, laid out suburban and country blocks in 1846 and 1847. The arrival of the first migrant ships in early 1848 saw the focus of settlement move to
93:. Several of the peninsula's peaks, notably the aptly named Harbour Cone, demonstrate these volcanic origins. These rocks were built up between 13 and 10 million years ago.
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station, commemorated at nearby Weller's Rock. There were several other whaling stations inside the harbour and outer peninsula, including the Middle Fishery Station at
1058:. Otago Peninsula is considered a remarkable and pioneering habitat, especially for sea lions, as it is the only continual breeding ground on a main inhabited island.
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In recent decades there has been growing suburban occupation of the townships, some 'lifestyle' developments on the harbour slopes and an increasing tourist traffic.
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Radio masts appeared at Highcliff and rural depopulation was compensated by the growth of the harbourside settlements. Improving roads saw the demise of the ferries.
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Their occupants were Polynesians ancestral to modern Maori, who lived by hunting large birds, notably the now extinct flightless moa, but also seals and by fishing.
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208:. Mostly, only the side adjacent to the Otago Harbour is populated, with several small communities dotting the length of the peninsula. Largest of these are
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1082:, which were also hunted in the area. Today, quantities of occurrence between these species have become reversed due to drastic difference in biomasses.
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is the only one in the world close to large-scale human cultivation and habitation. Various species of wading birds also inhabit the peninsula, notably
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tribes, but it has been suggested this was really one with 'Waitaha' also being used as a catchall name for all earlier peoples by some later arrivals.
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The total population of the peninsula is under 10,000, with about half of these in the suburbs of Dunedin that encroach onto its western end, such as
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coast of the peninsula includes several beaches that are far away enough from Dunedin to be sparsely populated even in mid-summer. These include
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127:, the only colony of albatross to be found on an inhabited mainland. The viewing centre for the albatross colony is one of the peninsula's main
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The statistical area of Otago Peninsula covers 84.96 km (32.80 sq mi). It includes the southern part of the peninsula east of
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There was conflict with Māori, who suffered epidemics of measles and influenza in 1835 and 1836. Whaling collapsed in 1839 and in March 1840
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land connection encouraged the development of settlements at East Harbour (subsequently renamed Macandrew Bay), Company Bay and Broad Bay.
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Various species of endemic, rare, and endangered wildlife have been confirmed in the vicinity of Otago Peninsula both on land and at sea.
375:, appear to be fairy folk, modern anthropological opinion is that they represent historical people who have become encrusted with legend.
1364:(paperback). Dunedin, NZ: Otago University Press. pp. 134, 152, 154, 155, 186, 188, 192–195, 212, 254, 255, 262–263, 266, 268, 331.
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The increased wealth also lead in the 1860s to pleasure gardens being established at Vauxhall; George Grey Russell built his house at
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and others were killed at Whareakeake (Murdering Beach) further north. Peace was re-established by 1823. 1826 saw the visit of the
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those at least 15 was that 312 (43.0%) people were employed full-time, 138 (19.0%) were part-time, and 24 (3.3%) were unemployed.
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to purchase the Otago Block for its Scottish Free Church settlement. However, at the initial meeting between iwi and agent (the
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Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 64.4% had no religion, 23.6% were
580:) the Kai Tahu leaders on 18 June stated their wish to retain the entire peninsula for themselves. But the company's surveyor
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The peninsula was formed at the same time as the hills facing it across the harbour, as part of the large, long-extinct,
197:. There are views of the city and surrounding country from Highcliff Road, which runs along the spine of the peninsula.
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Much of the peninsula is steep hill country, with the highest points being Mount Charles (408m), Highcliff (381m), and
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NASA satellite photo of Otago Peninsula and Otago Harbour. The city of Dunedin is located at the isthmus at lower left.
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1577:"Review of Seismic Guidelines and Reference Document – Summary of Submissions Received on the Review Discussion Paper"
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399:, and 'umu ti', cabbage tree ovens, proliferate over some parts of the Peninsula, showing intensive use of the land.
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Moa and moa hunters went into decline but a new Classic Māori culture evolved, characterised by the construction of
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south, including the Otago Peninsula and tailing off near the Kaikorai estuary; another extending south from the
1651:"Recolonization of Otago, southern New Zealand by fur seals and sea lions: unexpected patterns and consequences"
1540:"Woodside Energy (New Zealand 55794) Limited – Toroa 3D Marine Seismic Survey – Marine Mammal Impact Assessment"
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Whale ivory chevron pendants found at Little Papanui were made by the site's early occupants and are now in the
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2058:"Dusky Dolphins Lagenorhynchus Obscurus on the Continental Shelf Near Otago Peninsula, South-East New Zealand"
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The City of Dunedin absorbed Peninsula County in 1967, promising to extend water and sewerage reticulation.
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1154:. In 2023, the sea canyon and the southern coast of the peninsula were designated as new marine reserves.
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807:. It had an estimated population of 890 as of June 2023, with a population density of 10 people per km.
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on mainland coasts, both currently and historically. Pre-European times, they were frequently seen in
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1511:"The Moa-Hunters of New Zealand: Sportsman of the Stone Age – Chapter I. Did the Maori Know the Moa?"
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was installed in 1886. Ferries linked the peninsula's harbour coast with the city and Port Chalmers.
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Otago Peninsula Museum & Historical Society Museum, Peninsula social and agricultural history,
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Southern Māori oral tradition tells of five successively arriving peoples and while the earliest,
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220:. Otakou was the site of the first permanent European settlement on the harbour, and of an early
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In the 1880s, following fears of a Russian invasion, Taiaroa Head was extensively fortified. An
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After World War 2 the Taiaroa Head garrison was withdrawn and the lighthouse automated. The
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When All the Moa-Ovens Grew Cold: nine centuries of changing fortune for the southern Maori
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There is a diversity of flora and fauna on the Otago Peninsula. Birds observed include the
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on the other side of the harbour succeeded Otago as the international port. In December
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could be the spot with highest possibilities to catch glimpses of these giants. Other
112:. Nearby natural features include the 250m-high cliffs of Lovers' Leap and The Chasm.
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535:'s 1817 attack on 'the City of Otago' (probably the Te Rauone settlement(s)), after
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1999:
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193:, a restored Armstrong 'disappearing' gun coastal defence post, and a war memorial
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The percentage of people born overseas was 18.7, compared with 27.1% nationally.
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Identification of significant ecological areas for the Otago coastal marine area
901:, and 1.8% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.
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799:, but does not include the northern coast of the peninsula, which is covered at
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area, and more information can be found on the Dunedin City Council's website:
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took over the hatchery as a research facility as its commercial purpose waned.
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2003:
1620:"Whakahao (male) or Kaki (female) – New Zealand sea lion – Phocarctos hookeri"
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41:) is a long, hilly indented finger of land that forms the easternmost part of
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one of three clusters on the South Island's south east coast: one from about
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Panorama of the view from the smaller of the two Pyramids on Otago Peninsula.
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The 20th century saw land use change as the draining and development of the
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49:. Volcanic in origin, it forms one wall of the eroded valley that now forms
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Behold the Moon, the European Occupation of the Dunedin District 1770-1848
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The Welcome of Strangers: an ethnohistory of southern Maori A.D. 1650–1850
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Victoria University of Wellington Catalogue – New Zealand Texts Collection
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Several species of dolphins and small whales also frequent the peninsula;
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2091:"Lineage – Scientific Methodology – Annual distribution of Dusky dolphin"
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and Otago Harbour towards the Otago Peninsula, Harbour Cone at top centre
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Location of the Otago Peninsula (Muaūpoko) on New Zealand's South Island.
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Otago Peninsula is regarded as one of the most favoured of habitats for
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1775:"Otago Peninsula named one of the three "hotspots" for Whale Sightings"
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Royal Albatross Colony - only mainland colony of albatross in the world
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2292:, Dunedin, NZ: University of Otago Press with Dunedin City Council,
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Shag River Mouth: the archaeology of an early southern Maori village
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1211:) runs from the central city along the Peninsula's harbour shore to
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100:(320m). Two tidal inlets lie on the Pacific coast of the peninsula,
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2174:"Population of whales off Dunedin coast significant, study finds"
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The Face of Nature: An Environmental History of Otago Peninsula
1495:. Statistics New Zealand. March 2020. Otago Peninsula (353900).
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The Face of Nature: An Environmental History of Otago Peninsula
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2120:) in New Zealand waters – Present knowledge and research goals
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Victory Beach, named after the 19th century shipwreck of the
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At the entrance to the Otago Harbour the peninsula rises to
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Two sea lions on the beach of Otago Peninsula, New Zealand
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were historically seen on the peninsula. Endangered ocean
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New marine reserves for the southeast of the South Island
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while her men were sealing at Cape Saunders. This led to
212:(the peninsula's largest settlement, population 1,100),
2273:, Canberra, Australia: Australian National University,
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1800:
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that have been recently confirmed in the area include
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Various European visitors in the 1840s made records.
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In 1844 the Otago Association negotiated with local
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189:Other tourist attractions on the peninsula include
186:, which rise for some 100 metres above the beach.
1207:A popular walking and cycling track (part of the
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2019:"On the skeleton of the New-Zealand pike whale,
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878:, and an increase of 33 people (4.0%) since the
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2145:"Big jump in Orca sightings near harbour mouth"
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870:Otago Peninsula had a population of 852 at the
131:attractions, along with other wildlife such as
2378:Hogan, C. Michael (2009), N. Stromberg (ed.),
2364:, Wellington, NZ: Department of Conservation,
1487:
1485:
811:Historical population for the statistical area
611:
2452:
1927:
1871:
1171:Fletcher House, an Edwardian cottage museum,
824:
2113:
1745:
1717:
1648:
1493:"Statistical area 1 dataset for 2018 Census"
1113:form strong connections with the area while
1098:. One of the earliest reported specimens of
874:, an increase of 72 people (9.2%) since the
379:were next and seemed to be succeeded by two
2269:; Allingham, Brian; Smith, Ian W G (1996),
1902:"Brothers air concerns about Otago Harbour"
1899:
1482:
735:a number of them constructing large homes.
464:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
425:
2010:
1893:
1739:
1508:
1498:2018 Census place summary: Otago Peninsula
260:
2427:
2417:
2137:
1975:
1921:
1865:
1711:
617:also on the more exposed Pacific slopes.
484:Learn how and when to remove this message
315:Learn how and when to remove this message
2455:Peninsula: Exploring the Otago Peninsula
2341:
2323:
2305:
2284:
2253:
1720:"Leopard seals bask in balmy conditions"
1413:
1385:
1328:
1315:
1302:
1161:
1036:
972:have been confirmed along Otago coasts.
936:
650:
495:
326:
246:
230:
80:
72:
20:
2475:, Dunedin, NZ: Otago University Press,
2306:Dann, Christine; Peat, Neville (1989),
1817:): Acoustic Behaviour and Ambient Noise
1809:
1416:"Road once took its toll on travellers"
1409:
1407:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1186:Glenfalloch Woodland Gardens & Cafe
636:acquired the land for his big house at
511:sailed past in February 1770 and named
2523:
2453:Sorrell, Paul; Warman, Graham (2013),
2443:
2031:Annals and Magazine of Natural History
1992:Annals and Magazine of Natural History
1955:
1874:"Beholding bounty, beauty and a beast"
1748:"Otago 'hot spot' for whale sightings"
1465:"Population estimate tables - NZ.Stat"
1398:
1157:
344:south to Pleasant River; another from
2377:
2359:
2171:
2055:
1284:
1271:
1066:are also known to occur in the area.
527:began, sparked by an incident on the
2470:
2404:(5), PLoS One 8(5), e64580: e64580,
2387:, GlobalTwitcher.com, archived from
2199:
2125:(Report). Department of Conservation
2016:
1981:
1971:. New Zealand Marine Department: 24.
1581:Document Ref No.: BPM-10-DOC-SP-v1.0
1432:
1414:McAvinue, Shawn (16 February 2020),
1404:
1359:
1334:
1003:. The albatross' breeding colony on
462:adding citations to reliable sources
429:
406:) arrived in the late 16th century.
264:
2261:, Dunedin, NZ: Otago Heritage Books
1930:"Dwarf minke pays a surprise visit"
1847:New Zealand Whale and Dolphin Trust
1823:(PhD). Dunedin: University of Otago
1129:Many other oceanic species such as
13:
2346:, Dunedin, NZ: Port Daniel Press,
2202:"Sighting of beaked whale a first"
1689:"Elephant seal on Otago Peninsula"
1011:, which are a common sight around
922:
819:
410:came about a hundred years later.
108:. Between them is the headland of
14:
2572:
2448:, Broad Bay, NZ: Hardwicke Knight
1928:Rudd, Allison (20 October 2008).
1026:
235:Panorama of Otago Peninsula from
2446:Otago Peninsula: a local history
2114:Würsig, B.; Duprey, N; Weir, J.
1649:Lalas, Chris (1 November 2008).
975:
885:Ethnicities were 91.5% European/
434:
295:has been specified. Please help
269:
243:is mid left above Port Chalmers.
2556:Whaling stations in New Zealand
2232:
2221:
2193:
2165:
2107:
2083:
2049:
1949:
1872:Benson, Nigel (29 April 2009).
1835:
1767:
1718:Fox, Rebecca (18 August 2009).
1681:
1642:
1612:
1603:
1569:
1532:
1502:
1391:
778:
2541:Tourist attractions in Dunedin
2308:Dunedin, North and South Otago
2172:Elder, Vaughan (15 May 2017).
1624:The New Zealand Sea Lion Trust
1378:
1321:
1308:
1277:
1264:
1251:
1226:
915:and 2.1% had other religions.
241:Quarantine Island/Kamau Taurua
1:
2247:
1746:Fox, Rebecca (7 April 2013).
1551:New Zealand Offshore Services
1147:southern right whale dolphins
1102:was also taken in this area.
2419:10.1371/journal.pone.0064580
2062:New Zealand Natural Sciences
1900:Dungey, Kim (21 July 2012).
1126:are also occasionally seen.
68:
7:
2200:Gibb, John (10 July 2016).
1965:Fisheries Research Bulletin
1609:(C. Michael Hogan 2009 p.1)
1234:"Whaling Station Locations"
1166:Fletcher House in Broad Bay
612:Growth of modern settlement
10:
2577:
2444:Knight, Hardwicke (1978),
1585:Department of Conservation
1555:Department of Conservation
1030:
926:
721:Armstrong Disappearing gun
700:(briefly in 1864) and the
331:Ōtākou marae whare rūnanga
255:
2457:, Auckland, NZ: Penguin,
2328:, Dunedin: John McIndoe,
2043:10.1080/00222937408680902
2004:10.1080/00222937408680867
1984:"On a New-Zealand whale (
1958:"The New Zealand Cetacea"
1659:The University of Waikato
1137:, and several species of
952:are known from the area.
863:
837:—
2536:Volcanoes of New Zealand
2362:The Archaeology of Otago
2342:Entwisle, Peter (1998),
2324:Entwisle, Peter (1976),
2310:, Wellington: GP Books,
1547:Report 1'26 Mam 00002-R0
1440:"ArcGIS Web Application"
1219:
1143:Shepherd's beaked whales
1135:long-finned pilot whales
1001:northern royal albatross
426:Arrival of the Europeans
125:northern royal albatross
16:Peninsula in New Zealand
2471:West, Jonathan (2017),
2118:Lagenorhynchus obscurus
1813:Southern Right Whales (
1810:Webster, Trudi (2014).
1780:Monarch Wildlife Cruise
1444:statsnz.maps.arcgis.com
1360:West, Jonathan (2017).
1145:, and dolphins such as
1109:and endangered endemic
1060:Southern elephant seals
1054:currently breed around
872:2018 New Zealand census
555:. In November 1831 the
261:Pre-European settlement
2507:45.85833°S 170.65000°E
1988:, Hutton), with notes"
1843:"Research – Acoustics"
1587:. 2010. Archived from
1469:Statistics New Zealand
1401:, p. 51 & 53)
1239:. Shore Whalers Wahine
1209:Otago Harbour Cycleway
1167:
1042:
945:
763:Dunedin Public Library
656:
505:
332:
252:
244:
86:
78:
38:
26:
2381:Yellow-eyed Penguin:
1956:Gaskin, D.E. (1968).
1693:Cackle TV Productions
1165:
1100:Antarctic minke whale
1071:southern right whales
1048:New Zealand fur seals
1040:
940:
654:
499:
397:cabbage tree/tī kouka
330:
250:
234:
119:, home to a breeding
84:
76:
24:
2512:-45.85833; 170.65000
2383:Megadyptes antipodes
2056:Hawke, J.D. (1989).
2025:Physalus antarcticus
2021:Balaenoptera huttoni
1986:Physalus antarcticus
1519:W & T Avery Ltd.
1259:Kinaston et al. 2013
989:Megadyptes antipodes
692:(in 1864 and 1865),
458:improve this section
297:improve this section
285:to meet Knowledge's
137:yellow-eyed penguins
2551:Peninsulas of Otago
2503: /
2410:2013PLoSO...864580K
2326:The Otago Peninsula
2017:Gray, J.E. (1874).
1982:Gray, J.E. (1874).
1815:Eubalaena australis
1669:on 22 February 2014
1509:Buick L.T. (1937).
1158:Tourist attractions
1115:bottlenose dolphins
1019:on the peninsula's
985:yellow-eyed penguin
970:leatherback turtles
812:
747:University of Otago
655:Peninsula lime kiln
578:New Zealand Company
1630:on 5 February 2013
1591:on 8 February 2013
1168:
1052:Hooker's sea lions
1043:
966:great white sharks
946:
942:Black-winged stilt
810:
696:(over the summer)
657:
506:
333:
253:
245:
87:
79:
27:
2482:978-1-927322-38-3
2391:on 5 October 2011
2360:Hamel, J (2001),
2207:Otago Daily Times
2179:Otago Daily Times
2150:Otago Daily Times
1935:Otago Daily Times
1907:Otago Daily Times
1879:Otago Daily Times
1788:on 12 August 2013
1753:Otago Daily Times
1725:Otago Daily Times
1420:Otago Daily Times
1371:978-1-927322-38-3
1111:Hector's dolphins
868:
867:
620:The discovery of
587:William Wakefield
582:Frederick Tuckett
494:
493:
486:
325:
324:
317:
287:quality standards
278:This section may
2568:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2485:
2467:
2449:
2440:
2431:
2421:
2392:
2374:
2356:
2338:
2320:
2302:
2286:Anderson, Atholl
2281:
2267:Anderson, Atholl
2262:
2255:Anderson, Atholl
2241:
2236:
2230:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2124:
2116:Dusky dolphins (
2111:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2095:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2014:
2008:
2007:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1962:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1849:. Archived from
1839:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1822:
1807:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1784:. Archived from
1771:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1695:. Archived from
1685:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1668:
1662:. Archived from
1655:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1626:. Archived from
1616:
1610:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1544:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1506:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1411:
1402:
1395:
1389:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1357:
1332:
1325:
1319:
1312:
1306:
1299:
1288:
1281:
1275:
1268:
1262:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1238:
1230:
1009:royal spoonbills
944:on the peninsula
826:
821:
813:
809:
690:Lady of the Lake
564:Dumont D'Urville
553:Mitchell Library
489:
482:
478:
475:
469:
438:
430:
414:, a fortress on
320:
313:
309:
306:
300:
273:
272:
265:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2531:Otago Peninsula
2521:
2520:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2483:
2465:
2372:
2354:
2336:
2318:
2300:
2250:
2245:
2244:
2237:
2233:
2226:
2222:
2212:
2210:
2198:
2194:
2184:
2182:
2170:
2166:
2156:
2154:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2112:
2108:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2074:
2072:
2054:
2050:
2037:(78): 448–453.
2015:
2011:
1998:(76): 316–318.
1980:
1976:
1960:
1954:
1950:
1940:
1938:
1926:
1922:
1912:
1910:
1898:
1894:
1884:
1882:
1870:
1866:
1856:
1854:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1808:
1801:
1791:
1789:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1758:
1756:
1744:
1740:
1730:
1728:
1716:
1712:
1702:
1700:
1699:on 3 March 2014
1687:
1686:
1682:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1653:
1647:
1643:
1633:
1631:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1594:
1592:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1560:
1558:
1542:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1523:
1521:
1507:
1503:
1491:
1490:
1483:
1473:
1471:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1448:
1446:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1424:
1422:
1412:
1405:
1396:
1392:
1383:
1379:
1372:
1358:
1335:
1326:
1322:
1313:
1309:
1300:
1291:
1282:
1278:
1269:
1265:
1256:
1252:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1160:
1119:common dolphins
1080:humpback whales
1035:
1029:
978:
950:Jewelled geckos
935:
925:
923:Natural history
797:Harington Point
781:
682:Harington Point
668:, Company Bay,
634:William Larnach
614:
606:William Cargill
557:Weller brothers
500:Looking across
490:
479:
473:
470:
455:
439:
428:
321:
310:
304:
301:
290:
274:
270:
263:
258:
226:Harington Point
91:Dunedin Volcano
71:
31:Otago Peninsula
17:
12:
11:
5:
2574:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2468:
2463:
2450:
2441:
2393:
2375:
2370:
2357:
2352:
2339:
2334:
2321:
2316:
2303:
2298:
2282:
2263:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2231:
2220:
2192:
2164:
2153:. 8 April 2009
2136:
2106:
2082:
2048:
2009:
1974:
1948:
1920:
1892:
1864:
1834:
1799:
1766:
1738:
1710:
1680:
1641:
1611:
1602:
1568:
1531:
1501:
1481:
1456:
1431:
1403:
1390:
1388:, p. 137)
1377:
1370:
1333:
1320:
1307:
1289:
1276:
1263:
1250:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1205:
1198:
1193:
1191:Larnach Castle
1188:
1183:
1176:
1159:
1156:
1107:dusky dolphins
1028:
1027:Marine mammals
1025:
1013:Hooper's Inlet
993:little penguin
977:
974:
962:basking sharks
924:
921:
866:
865:
861:
860:
857:
854:
850:
849:
846:
843:
839:
838:
835:
832:
828:
827:
822:
817:
780:
777:
672:, Ross Point,
642:Larnach Castle
613:
610:
594:Charles Kettle
537:William Tucker
492:
491:
442:
440:
433:
427:
424:
323:
322:
293:cleanup reason
277:
275:
268:
262:
259:
257:
254:
191:Larnach Castle
70:
67:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2573:
2562:
2561:Otago Harbour
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2519:
2516:
2484:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2466:
2464:9780143568537
2460:
2456:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2439:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2376:
2373:
2371:0-478-22016-2
2367:
2363:
2358:
2355:
2353:0-473-05591-0
2349:
2345:
2340:
2337:
2335:0-908565-23-2
2331:
2327:
2322:
2319:
2317:0-477-01438-0
2313:
2309:
2304:
2301:
2299:1-877133-41-8
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2251:
2240:
2235:
2229:
2224:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2196:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2168:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2140:
2121:
2119:
2110:
2092:
2086:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2052:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2013:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1987:
1978:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1952:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1924:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1896:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1868:
1853:on 5 May 2014
1852:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1806:
1804:
1787:
1783:
1781:
1776:
1770:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1742:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1714:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1684:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1652:
1645:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1615:
1606:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1541:
1535:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1505:
1499:
1494:
1488:
1486:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1445:
1441:
1435:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1408:
1400:
1394:
1387:
1386:Entwisle 1998
1381:
1373:
1367:
1363:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1331:, p. 13)
1330:
1329:Anderson 1998
1324:
1317:
1316:Entwisle 1976
1311:
1304:
1303:Anderson 1983
1298:
1296:
1294:
1286:
1280:
1273:
1267:
1260:
1254:
1235:
1229:
1225:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1204:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1155:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1139:beaked whales
1136:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1088:baleen whales
1085:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1064:leopard seals
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1039:
1034:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1017:Papanui Inlet
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
983:
976:Oceanic birds
973:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
943:
939:
934:
933:Otago Harbour
930:
920:
916:
914:
910:
905:
902:
900:
896:
892:
888:
883:
881:
877:
873:
862:
858:
855:
852:
851:
847:
844:
841:
840:
836:
833:
830:
829:
823:
818:
815:
814:
808:
806:
802:
801:Macandrew Bay
798:
794:
790:
786:
776:
775:development.
772:
769:
766:
764:
760:
759:Colin McCahon
755:
750:
748:
743:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
722:
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666:Macandrew Bay
663:
662:Andersons Bay
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602:Port Chalmers
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523:is where the
522:
521:Otago Harbour
518:
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513:Cape Saunders
510:
503:
502:Port Chalmers
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443:This section
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210:Macandrew Bay
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168:Victory Beach
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164:Boulder Beach
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110:Cape Saunders
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106:Papanui Inlet
103:
102:Hoopers Inlet
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51:Otago Harbour
48:
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2389:the original
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2325:
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2205:
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2183:. Retrieved
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2127:. Retrieved
2117:
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2097:. Retrieved
2085:
2073:. Retrieved
2070:10.26021/473
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2024:
2020:
2012:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1977:
1968:
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1939:. Retrieved
1933:
1923:
1911:. Retrieved
1905:
1895:
1883:. Retrieved
1877:
1867:
1855:. Retrieved
1851:the original
1846:
1837:
1825:. Retrieved
1816:
1812:
1790:. Retrieved
1786:the original
1778:
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1723:
1713:
1701:. Retrieved
1697:the original
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1664:the original
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1628:the original
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1589:the original
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1559:. Retrieved
1546:
1534:
1514:
1504:
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1459:
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1443:
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1423:, retrieved
1419:
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1380:
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1318:, p. 8)
1310:
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1279:
1266:
1253:
1241:. Retrieved
1228:
1203:Harbour Cone
1131:sperm whales
1128:
1104:
1096:minke whales
1084:Taiaroa Head
1068:
1056:Taiaroa Head
1044:
1005:Taiaroa Head
988:
979:
947:
929:Taiaroa Head
917:
911:, 1.1% were
906:
903:
884:
869:
782:
779:Demographics
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754:Taieri Plain
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541:
528:
525:Sealers' War
516:
507:
480:
471:
456:Please help
444:
420:
416:Taiaroa Head
402:Kati Mamoe (
401:
390:
384:
370:
361:Otago Museum
358:
355:
338:
334:
311:
302:
279:
199:
188:
178:
176:
160:Allans Beach
153:
117:Taiaroa Head
114:
95:
88:
85:Harbour Cone
55:
30:
28:
18:
2510: /
2498:170°39′00″E
2129:10 November
2099:10 November
2075:10 November
1857:25 February
1827:10 November
1792:23 November
1399:Knight 1978
1092:blue whales
1075:the harbour
880:2006 census
876:2013 census
787:, and also
785:Ocean Grove
630:Glenfalloch
590:peninsula.
533:James Kelly
529:Sydney Cove
404:Ngāti Mamoe
373:Kahui Tipua
299:if you can.
237:Mt. Cargill
172:Sandfly Bay
47:New Zealand
2525:Categories
2495:45°51′30″S
2248:References
2213:26 October
2027:, Hutton)"
1941:1 November
1885:1 November
1595:16 January
1561:16 January
1524:3 February
1522:Retrieved
1474:25 October
1449:10 January
1285:Hamel 2001
1272:Hamel 2001
1213:Portobello
1180:Portobello
1141:including
1031:See also:
999:, and the
982:endangered
927:See also:
694:Golden Age
674:Portobello
509:James Cook
385:Te Rapuwai
377:Te Rapuwai
346:Waikouaiti
305:April 2011
214:Portobello
206:Shiel Hill
184:sand dunes
141:spoonbills
129:ecotourism
98:Sandymount
1173:Broad Bay
1033:Wellerman
958:megafauna
954:Giant moa
909:Christian
805:Broad Bay
670:Broad Bay
474:July 2022
445:does not
69:Geography
63:pinnipeds
2546:Tombolos
2438:23691250
2398:PLOS ONE
2288:(1998),
2279:34751263
2257:(1983),
2157:25 April
1913:25 April
1759:25 April
1731:25 April
1703:25 April
1673:25 April
1634:25 April
1287:) fig. 2
1274:) fig. 1
1152:Kaikōura
960:such as
913:Buddhist
895:Pasifika
889:, 16.9%
864:Source:
702:Iron Age
638:Pukehiki
574:Kai Tahu
545:and the
412:Pukekura
408:Kai Tahu
280:require
202:Vauxhall
59:seabirds
39:Muaūpoko
2429:3654917
2406:Bibcode
1425:10 June
1023:coast.
1021:Pacific
897:, 1.4%
893:, 0.7%
825:±% p.a.
789:Harwood
698:Minerva
598:Dunedin
548:Lambton
542:Rosanna
466:removed
451:sources
381:Waitaha
365:pounamu
282:cleanup
256:History
222:whaling
179:Victory
156:Pacific
145:plovers
43:Dunedin
2479:
2461:
2436:
2426:
2368:
2350:
2332:
2314:
2296:
2277:
2185:15 May
1782:– News
1557:. 2014
1368:
1243:10 May
968:, and
887:Pākehā
859:+1.78%
848:−0.69%
793:Otakou
686:Nugget
678:Otakou
600:while
342:Oamaru
218:Otakou
216:, and
170:, and
149:herons
147:, and
121:colony
2123:(PDF)
2094:(PDF)
1961:(PDF)
1821:(PDF)
1667:(PDF)
1654:(PDF)
1543:(PDF)
1237:(PDF)
1220:Notes
997:shags
899:Asian
891:Māori
517:Unity
350:Matau
195:cairn
133:seals
35:Māori
2477:ISBN
2459:ISBN
2434:PMID
2366:ISBN
2348:ISBN
2330:ISBN
2312:ISBN
2294:ISBN
2275:OCLC
2215:2021
2187:2017
2159:2013
2131:2021
2101:2021
2077:2021
1943:2011
1915:2013
1887:2011
1859:2014
1829:2021
1794:2013
1761:2013
1733:2013
1705:2013
1675:2013
1636:2013
1597:2015
1563:2015
1526:2015
1476:2023
1451:2022
1427:2020
1366:ISBN
1245:2020
1124:Orca
1117:and
1094:and
1062:and
1050:and
1015:and
931:and
853:2018
842:2013
831:2006
820:Pop.
816:Year
803:and
795:and
680:and
632:and
622:gold
449:any
447:cite
204:and
154:The
135:and
104:and
29:The
2424:PMC
2414:doi
2066:doi
2039:doi
2000:doi
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640:, '
460:by
291:No
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