Ottawa - Knowledge

1446: 1591: 133: 344: 6528: 201: 314: 2280: 1690: 1419:, all had legislators dissatisfied with Kingston. Anglophone merchants in Quebec were the leading group supportive of the Kingston arrangement. In 1842, a vote rejected Kingston as the capital, and study of potential candidates included the then-named Bytown, but that option proved less popular than Toronto or Montreal. In 1843, a report of the Executive Council recommended Montreal as the capital as a more fortifiable location and commercial centre; however, the governor-general refused to execute a move without a parliamentary vote. In 1844, the 16593: 948: 4746: 6157: 6039: 163: 7020: 5969: 5503: 185: 990: 1533: 11071: 11115: 284: 10919: 270: 11049: 11023: 10945: 10893: 147: 10997: 10971: 10867: 16814: 1430:, a series of votes was held, with Kingston and Bytown again considered potential capitals. However, the successful proposal was for two cities to share capital status and the legislature to alternate sitting in each: Quebec City and Toronto, in a policy known as perambulation. Logistical difficulties made this an unpopular arrangement, and although an 1856 vote passed for the lower house of parliament to relocate permanently to Quebec City, the upper house refused to approve funding. 103: 5718: 213: 117: 5515: 1667: 18832: 18242: 17341: 11093: 5823: 4569: 2183: 20069: 10915: 11045: 11019: 10941: 10889: 10993: 10967: 10863: 6665: 18254: 17353: 18820: 7034: 6934: 5338: 5276: 87: 16670: 16648: 5526: 1337: 1222: 16724: 6241: 18844: 18266: 17365: 16741: 16716: 16691: 2019: 1678: 351: 321: 291: 2182: 1442:, briefly a co-premier of the Province of Canada, attempted to reverse this decision but was unsuccessful. The Parliament ratified the Queen's choice in 1859, with Quebec serving as interim capital from 1859 to 1865. The relocation process began in 1865, with the first session of Parliament held in the new buildings in 1866. The buildings were generally well received by legislators. 5245:

census metropolitan area (CMA) has a larger proportion of French speakers than Ottawa since Gatineau's population's first language is mostly French. However, Gatineau is also the most bilingual city in Canada, making the region one of the most bilingual. An additional 20.4 percent of the population list languages other than English and French as their mother tongue. These include

2362:) with four distinct seasons and is between Zones 5a and 5b on the Canadian Plant Hardiness Scale. The average July maximum temperature is 26.7 °C (80 °F). The average January minimum temperature is −14.0 °C (6.8 °F). The highest temperature ever recorded in Ottawa was 37.8 °C (100 °F) on 4 July 1913, 1 August 1917 and 11 August 1944. 6966:

900 km (560 mi) of cycling facilities are found in Ottawa, including 435 km (270 mi) of multi-use pathways, 8 km (5.0 mi) of cycle tracks, 200 km (120 mi) of on-road bicycle lanes, and 257 km (160 mi) of paved shoulders. 204 km (127 mi) of new cycling facilities were added between 2011 and 2014.

10805: 10697: 12190: 1587:. The fire had a disproportionate effect on west-end lower-income neighbourhoods. It had also spread among many lumber yards, a major part of Ottawa's economy. The fire destroyed approximately 3200 buildings and caused an estimated $ 300 million in damage (in 2020 Canadian dollars). An estimated 14% of Ottawans were left homeless. 5334:, centred in Ottawa. The lead-up to the festivities saw much investment in civic infrastructure, upgrades to tourist infrastructure and increases in national cultural attractions. The National Capital Region annually attracts an estimated 22 million tourists, who spend about 2.2 billion dollars and support 30,600 jobs directly. 12279: 4727:, the National Capital Commission, or NCC, has significant land holdings in both cities, including sites of historical and touristic importance. The NCC, through its responsibility for planning and development of these lands, has a crucial role in shaping the development of the city. Around the main urban area is an extensive 1563:, Quebec. By 1885 Ottawa was the only city in Canada whose downtown street-lights were powered entirely by electricity. In 1889, the Government developed and distributed 60 "water leases" (still in use) to mainly local industrialists which gave them permission to generate electricity and operate hydroelectric generators at 12100: 12404: 10724: 2377:

through April seeing on average 1–2 days. May through November have, on average, over 8 cm of rainfall per month, with peaks of approximately 9 cm in June and September. December through April have less than 8 cm, with February being the driest month at an average of 5 cm of precipitation.

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In early 2001, the Province of Ontario dissolved the former City of Ottawa by amalgamating it with eleven other municipalities to form a new City of Ottawa. The 1996 adjusted population of the amalgamated city published in the 2001 census was 721,136, while the population of the dissolved former City

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In addition to the economic activities that come with being the national capital, Ottawa is an important technology centre; in 2015, its 1800 companies employed approximately 63,400 people. The concentration of companies in this industry earned the city the nickname of "Silicon Valley North." Most of

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Annual precipitation averages around 750mm per year. Precipitation is spread throughout the year, with some variation. May through November are the months more likely to see significant precipitation events, with each month having an average of 3 days of over 1 cm of precipitation, with December

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The health sector is another major employer, which employs over 18,000 people in the city. Business, finance, administration, and sales and service rank high among types of occupations. Approximately ten percent of Ottawa's GDP is derived from finance, insurance and real estate whereas employment in

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and the high-tech industry, although tourism and healthcare also represent increasingly sizeable economic activities. The federal government is the city's largest employer, employing over 116,000 individuals from the National Capital Region. The national headquarters for many federal departments are

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As of 2015, the region of Ottawa-Gatineau has the sixth-highest total household income of all Canadian metropolitan areas ($ 82,053), and the Ontario portion more directly overlapping the City of Ottawa has a higher household income ($ 86,451). The median household income after taxes in the City of

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as their mother tongue make up 14.2 percent of the population. Regarding respondents' knowledge of one or both official languages, 59.9 percent and 1.5 percent of the population know English and French only, respectively, while 37.2 percent know both official languages. The overall Ottawa–Gatineau

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destroyed two-thirds of Hull, including 40 percent of its residential buildings and most of the buildings of its largest employers along the waterfront. It began as a chimney fire in Hull on the north side of the river, but due to wind, spread rapidly throughout the widespread wooden buildings. In

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are used for transportation, tourism, and recreation. Because many streets either have wide curb lanes or bicycle lanes, cycling is a mode of transportation used by up to 2.5% of citizens, including in winter. This is the largest percentage of any major Canadian city. As of 31 December 2015, over

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have won ridings there. Some of Ottawa's suburbs are swing areas, such as central Nepean. Another example of a swing area is Orleans, despite its often Liberal Party-aligned francophone population. Ridings further outside the city centre, such as those including Kanata, Barrhaven and rural areas,

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and reserved lanes on city streets and highways. The Transitway has long distances between stops and full station amenities (including platforms, walkways, fare gates, ticket booths, elevators and convenience stores). It connects Ottawa's suburbs to the inner city. The Rapid bus service network

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Ottawa already has the largest rural economy among Canada's major cities. In Ottawa, the rural economy contributes over $ 1 billion to the GDP. Agriculture alone accounts for $ 400 million, $ 136.7 million of which is farm-gate sales. Rural economic activity includes agriculture, retail sales,

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During part of the winter season the Ottawa section of the canal forms the world's largest skating rink, thereby providing both a recreational venue and a 7.8 km (4.8 mi) transportation path to downtown for ice skaters (from Carleton University and Dow's Lake to the Rideau Centre and

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An average of 17 days of the year experience temperatures below −20 °C (−4 °F). Spring and fall are variable, prone to extremes in temperature and unpredictable swings in conditions. The month of May, for example, sees a day below freezing about every other year but sees days above

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Snow and ice are dominant during the winter season. On average, almost every day of January, February and March has more than 5 cm of snowpack (29, 28, and 22 days, respectively), and on average, approximately 12 days a year see 5 cm or more of snowfall, with 4 of those having over

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houses over 3.75 million artifacts and was moved to an expanded facility in 2005. The Canadian Museum of Nature was built in 1905, and underwent a major renovation between 2004 and 2010, leading to a centrepiece Blue Whale skeleton, and the creation of a monthly nightclub experience,

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In 2016, Ottawa experienced an increase of 10,000 jobs over the 2012 average growth, which was relatively slower than in the late 1990s. All major clusters tracked by the city saw increases in employment between 2014 and 2019. Major areas of growth in the 2010s included local and federal

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was founded in 1942 to meet the needs of returning World War II veterans and later became Ontario's first private, non-denominational college. Over time, Carleton transitioned into the highly ranked comprehensive university it is today. The university's main campus sits between

12092: 1733:) to the suburbs, the removal of the street car system, the decentralization of selected government offices, the relocation of industries and removal of substandard housing from the downtown. The plan also recommended the creation of the Rideau Canal and Ottawa River pathways. 1749:. Prior attempts to do so in the previous 50 years had been temporary. These included plans from the 1899 Ottawa Improvement Commission (OIC), the Todd Plan in 1903, the Holt Report in 1915 and the Federal District Commission (FDC) established in 1927 with a 16-year mandate. 12224: 12396: 10411: 10732: 11335: 7539: 1465:

Ottawa was chosen as the capital for two primary reasons. First, Ottawa's isolated location, surrounded by dense forest far from the Canada–US border and situated on a cliff face, would make it more defensible from attack. Second, Ottawa was approximately midway between

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became official policy for the conduct of municipal business in 2002, and 37.6% of the population can speak both languages as of 2016, making it the largest city in Canada with both English and French as co-official languages. Those who identify their mother tongue as

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Ottawa is $ 73,745 in 2016 was higher than the national median of $ 61,348. Ottawa's unemployment rate has remained below the national and provincial unemployment rates since 2006, with a rate of 5.2% in April 2022, low compared to the decade preceding. In 2019

12063: 4595:. The Rideau Canal (Rideau Waterway) first opened in 1832 and is 202 km (126 mi) long. It connects the Saint Lawrence River on Lake Ontario at Kingston to the Ottawa River near Parliament Hill. It was able to bypass the unnavigable sections of the 1244:

were engaged in foraging, hunting and fishing, but also trade and travel. Three major rivers meet within Ottawa, making it an important trade and travel area for thousands of years. The Algonquins are a broad Indigenous people who are closely related to the

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submitted by the Algonquins of Ontario regarding the unceded status of the land on which Ottawa is situated. Negotiations have been ongoing, with an eventual goal to sign a treaty that would release Canada from claims for misuse of land under Algonquin

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In 1826, news of the British military's impending construction of the Rideau Canal led to land speculators founding a community on the south side of the Ottawa River. The following year, the town was named after British military engineer Colonel

5619:(originally named the "College of Bytown") was the first post-secondary institution established in the city in 1848. The university later grew to become the largest English-French bilingual university in the world. It is also a member of the 1637:

was a former commercial district centrally located in a triangular area downtown surrounded by historically significant heritage buildings, including the Parliament buildings. It was redeveloped as a ceremonial centre in 1938 as part of the

6067:, founded in 1913 as the Ottawa Drama League, is Ottawa's longest-running community theatre company. Since 1969, Ottawa has been the home of the National Arts Centre, a major performing arts venue that houses four stages and is home to the 5575:

system. as of 2008 the library system had 2.3 million items at its 34 branches and two mobile libraries. Approximately 9.5 million loans were conducted in 2020, approximately 6.7 million physical loans and the remainder digital items.

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goods-producing industries is only half the national average. The City of Ottawa is the second largest employer with approximately 2,100 people employed by the Ottawa Police service, and 13,300 full-time equivalent non-police employees.

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through the National Capital Act. The commission's original mission was to implement the Greber Plan recommendations conducted during the 1960s and 1970s. This marked the creation of a permanent political infrastructure for managing the

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The funding impasse led to the ending of the legislature's role in determining the seat of government. The legislature requested the Queen determine the seat of government. The Queen then acted on the advice of her governor general

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was installed as the first city clerk, serving from 1844 to 1891, guiding Ottawa through 36 years of development, leading the hiring of key municipal roles, founding civic organizations, and proposing a set of by-laws for the city.

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to design an urban plan for managing development in the National Capital Region, to make it more aesthetically pleasing and a location more befitting for Canada's political centre. Greber's plan included the creation of the

8085: 2342:. Most of the federal land in the region is managed by the National Capital Commission; its control of much undeveloped land and appropriations powers gives the NCC a great deal of influence over the city's development. 5068:

Ottawa's median age of 40.1 is below the provincial and national averages as of 2016. Youths under 15 constituted 16.7% of the total population in 2016, while those of retirement age (65 years and older) made up 15.4%.

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in 1966. Since 1960, additional avenues, streets, and parkways, are reserved for pedestrian and bicycle use only on Saturdays, Sundays and on selected holidays and events. In 2021 city council unanimously approved the

9338: 15361: 8789: 7451: 7399: 8418: 2315:. Many domestic buildings in Centretown are clad in red brick, with trim in wood, stone, or metal; variations are common, depending on the cultural heritage of the neighbourhoods and the time they were built. 1328:

on Lake Ontario. It bypassed a vulnerable stretch of the St. Lawrence River bordering the state of New York that had left re-supply ships bound for southwestern Ontario easily exposed to enemy fire during the

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administration, finance and accommodation. Between 2008 and 2020, there was growth in the number of government employees and a reduction in high-tech jobs, a reversal of previous trends from 2003 to 2008.

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construction, forestry and mining (aggregates), tourism, manufacturing, personal and business services, and transportation, to name a few. Rural employment expanded by a healthy 18% from 1996 to 2001.

1438:, who, after reviewing proposals from various cities, selected the recently renamed Ottawa. The Queen sent a letter to colonial authorities selecting Ottawa as the capital, effective 31 December 1857. 9307: 1485:

Other minor considerations included that despite Ottawa's regional isolation, there was water transportation access from spring to fall, both to Montreal via the Ottawa River, and to Kingston via the

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ranks Ottawa with the third highest quality of living of any Canadian city, and 19th highest in the world. It is also rated the second cleanest city in Canada, and third cleanest city in the world.

11915: 10448: 1874:. After O'Brien's election, transit plans were changed to establish a series of light rail stations from the east side of the city into downtown, and for using a tunnel through the downtown core. 13257: 9363: 12366: 14944: 6318:

represented the city until 1996. With a history dating back to 1876, the team was one of the oldest and longest-lived professional sports teams in North America. The professional soccer club,

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has been controlled by building height restrictions originally implemented to keep Parliament Hill and the Peace Tower at 92.2 m (302 ft) visible from most parts of the city. Today,

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Ottawa has the highest proportion of university-educated residents among Canadian cities and is home to several colleges and universities, research and cultural institutions, including the

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styles of architecture such as the Parliament Buildings' gothic revival architecture. Ottawa's domestic architecture contains single-family homes, but also includes smaller numbers of

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Ottawa is known as the most educated city in Canada, with over half the population having graduated from college and/or university. Ottawa has the highest per capita concentration of

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Erickson, Donna L (2004). "The relationship of historic city form and contemporary greenway implementation: a comparison of Milwaukee, Wisconsin (USA) and Ottawa, Ontario (Canada)".

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Summers are warm and humid in Ottawa. On average, there are 11 days across the three summer months of June, July and August that have temperatures exceeding 30 °C (86 °F).

13752: 11975:"Population, land area and population density : census division and subdivisions = Population, superficie et densité de la population: divisions et subdivisions de recensement" 11650: 9119: 7754: 11414: 9866: 5484:) and the parliamentary bureau staff of virtually all of Canada's major newsgathering organizations in television, radio and print. The city is also home to the head office of the 16243: 14752: 8880: 7421: 1240:. Archaeological findings of arrowheads, tools and pottery indicate that Indigenous populations first settled in the area about 6,500 years ago. These findings suggest that these 8632: 1156:, monuments, and historic sites. It is one of the most visited cities in Canada, with over 11 million visitors annually contributing more than $ 2.2B to the city's economy. 20380: 16149: 4719:. Although formally and administratively separate cities in two different provinces, Ottawa and Gatineau (along with several nearby municipalities) collectively constitute the 1791:

industry during the 1990s and 2000s. Ottawa became one of Canada's largest high-tech cities and was nicknamed Silicon Valley North. By the 1980s, Bell Northern Research (later

12637: 10666: 1076: 819: 15968: 10487: 9948: 6755:(STO) operate bus transit services between Ottawa and Gatineau. OC Transpo also operates a door-to-door bus service for disabled individuals known as ParaTranspo. There is a 14280: 9918: 1117:

as Ottawa in 1855, its original boundaries were expanded through numerous annexations and were ultimately replaced by a new city incorporation and amalgamation in 2001. The

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operates all day, seven days a week, reaching the suburban communities of Kanata to the West, Barrhaven to the South-West, Orléans to the East, and South Keys to the South.

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The main suburban areas extend a considerable distance to the east, west and south of the inner-city. These areas also include the former cities of Cumberland, Gloucester,

15509: 15353: 12464: 8785: 7871: 7652: 7447: 5080:(individuals born outside Canada) comprise 259,215 persons or 25.9% of the total population of Ottawa. Of the total immigrant population, the top countries of origin were 16109: 14502: 13043: 11388: 7395: 14669: 4629:. Before the draining of the Champlain Sea, the area had high salinity. After the draining of the sea, the area had pine-dominated forests. Ottawa is located within the 17181: 6554:

and has no county or regional municipality government above it, and has no subsidiary municipalities to provide municipal services. Ottawa is governed by the 25-member

5556: 5405:. Many of the telecommunications and new technology are in the western part of the city (formerly Kanata). The "tech sector" was doing particularly well in 2015/2016. 16183: 12004: 9839: 8410: 6622: 1950:, a wealthy residential neighbourhood adjacent to the Prime Minister's official residence at 24 Sussex and the Governor General's residence. The old city includes the 1072: 777: 11949: 10188: 9092: 1396:

The selection of Ottawa as the capital of Canada predates the Confederation of Canada. The choice was contentious and not straightforward, with the parliament of the

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specializes in the production of Canadian plays at a local level. The cities museum landscape is notable for containing six of Canada's nine national museums, the

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that saw a new stadium, increased green space and housing and retail added to the site. In December 2012, City Council voted unanimously to move forward with the

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and its architects were not initially well prepared for the relatively shallow-lying bedrock and had to redesign architectural drawings, leading to delays. The

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The City of Ottawa has over 12,200 km (7,600 mi) lane-kilometres of road and a series of freeways. The primary freeways are the east–west provincial

1658:) was constructed in 1939 beside the War Memorial because the original post office building on the proposed Confederation Square grounds had to be demolished. 14370: 14306: 11192: 7343: 20688: 15757: 14585: 12555: 9299: 8454:

Gordon, D.L.A., & Osborne, B. (2004). Constructing national identity in Canada's capital, 1900–2000: Confederation Square and the National War Memorial.

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and older neighbourhoods to the east, west, and south. These vibrant neighbourhoods include the bustling commercial and cultural areas of Old Ottawa South,

19132: 14220: 9978: 9693: 8746: 7993: 6717:), is a north–south rail transit corridor which utilizes a mix of Stadler FLIRTs and Alstom Coradia LINTs connecting the south end of Ottawa to Line 1 at 5775:, and Élisabeth Bruyère Hospital. There are also several hospitals and major medical centres in neighbouring suburban communities and commuter towns. The 17526: 17067: 15416: 12434: 11919: 10636: 10456: 7600: 5985: 15598: 15250: 11982: 9666: 9371: 7694: 4680:

Centretown is next to downtown, which includes a substantial economic and architectural government presence across multiple branches of government. The

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namesakes, historically, "Upper Town" was predominantly English-speaking and Protestant, whereas "Lower Town" was mostly French, Irish and Catholic.

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are home to many boutiques, museums, theatres, galleries, landmarks and memorials in addition to eating establishments, cafes, bars and nightclubs.

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has a long-established culinary arts institute in the central Ottawa neighbourhood of Sandy Hill, the only Le Cordon Bleu campus in North America.

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From the 1960s to the 1980s, there was a large increase in construction in the National Capital Region, which was followed by large growth in the

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Starting in the 1850s, entrepreneurs known as lumber barons began to build large sawmills, which became some of the largest mills in the world.

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opened on Green Island near Rideau Falls, where urban renewal had recently transformed this industrial location into a green space. In 2001,

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Bytown's population grew to 1,000 as the Rideau Canal was completed in 1832. Bytown' early pioneer period saw Irish labour unrest during the

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mayor Claudette Cain. The city's growth led to strains on the public transit system and road bridges. On 15 October 2001, a diesel-powered

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Along with being the capital of Canada, Ottawa is politically diverse in local politics. Most of the city has traditionally supported the

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Ottawa's official dish; the city contains more shawarma restaurants than anywhere else in Canada. The city is also home to "Ottawa-style"

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Over 190 local bus routes are served by a fleet of ordinary, articulated and double-decker buses. Both OC Transpo and the Quebec-based

6218:, that have grown to become some of the largest festivals of their kind in the world. In 2010, Ottawa's Festival industry received the 5065:. With a land area of 8,046.99 km (3,106.96 sq mi), it had a population density of 185.0/km (479.0/sq mi) in 2021. 343: 13714: 10311: 8584: 18882: 16923: 16157: 13818: 12865: 5764: 5042:. With a land area of 2,788.2 km (1,076.5 sq mi), it had a population density of 364.9/km (945.1/sq mi) in 2021. 686: 666: 616: 13691: 12641: 10838: 10161: 7851: 6547: 19457: 18977: 18628: 15960: 11619: 10479: 10134: 9812: 7135: 5776: 4599:

and Rideau rivers and various small lakes along the waterway due to flooding techniques and the construction of 47 water transport

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The original Parliament buildings, which included the Centre, East and West Blocks, were constructed between 1859 and 1866 in the

20462: 19915: 18507: 18414: 16213: 15994: 15501: 13970: 13291: 10757: 10597: 10544: 8952: 6921:. The National Capital Commission manages ceremonial routes linking key attractions on both sides of the Ottawa River, including 6222:"World Festival and Event City Award" for the category of North American cities with a population between 500,000 and 1,000,000. 5316: 13577: 12456: 11506: 9940: 7867: 7630: 1780:

City Halls. This new city hall complex also contained an adjacent 19th-century restored heritage building formerly known as the

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and beyond. Ottawa's small size was also thought to be less prone to politically motivated mob violence, as had happened in the

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holding more than 200 votes over several decades to attempt to settle on a legislative solution to the location of the capital.

20673: 20438: 20421: 20151: 20110: 18384: 16101: 14673: 14498: 13039: 11392: 10048: 9523:"1054 THE ANNUAL REGISTER, 1927 Federal District Commission.—The Federal District Commission, replacing the Ottawa Improvement" 6851: 5700: 5308: 1871: 14888: 9723: 19988: 19777: 19538: 19301: 18296: 17239: 17171: 16908: 16536: 16515: 16465: 16399: 16366: 16333: 16302: 15661: 15324: 15214: 15126: 14789: 14340: 14242: 14184: 14145: 14106: 14072: 14027: 13465: 13381: 12806: 12767: 12338: 11899: 11781: 11742: 10344: 9629: 9426: 9245: 9206: 9068: 8822: 8715: 8676: 8364: 8261: 7787: 7312: 7168: 6618: 6387: 6292: 5541: 1890: 1356:. He also laid out the streets of the town and created two distinct neighbourhoods named "Upper Town" west of the canal and " 1254: 1083: 16179: 11218: 9835: 7370:"Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and urban areas, 2006 and 2001 censuses – 100% data" 6961:

and the city, wind their way through much of the capital, including along the Ottawa River, Rideau River, and Rideau Canal.

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Other colleges and universities in the metropolitan area are located in the neighbouring suburb of Gatineau, including the

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Ottawa experiences about 2,080 hours of average sunshine annually (45% of possible). Winds in Ottawa tend to come from the

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Includes all metropolitan areas that have a population of 150,000 or greater according to the most recent national census.

15938: 14818: 14608: 13095: 5841:(both in Centretown – Downtown) have been the focal points of the cultural scenes in Ottawa. Modern thoroughfares such as 1618:. The House of Commons and Senate was temporarily relocated to the recently constructed Victoria Memorial Museum, now the 1320:

who was responsible for the entire Rideau Waterway construction project. The Rideau canal provided a secure route between

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Ottawa's city limits have expanded over time, including a large expansion effective 1 January 2001, when the province of

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Ottawa has four main public school boards: English, English-Catholic, French, and French-Catholic. The English-language

20678: 20508: 20392: 19725: 17743: 17564: 17229: 16613: 15479: 14554: 12122: 10566: 8987: 6514: 6351: 6203: 1796: 1439: 1071:(NCR). As of 2021, Ottawa had a city population of 1,017,449 and a metropolitan population of 1,488,307, making it the 16016: 13600:"Notes from the Ottawa Room... The Carnegie Library – Ottawa's First Public Library – 100 Years Old on April 30, 2006" 10251: 6703:

light rail system. The four-line public rail system includes two existing lines and two currently under construction.

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are currently provided by several carriers at various stops throughout the city, following the closure of the former

6773: 6710:) is an east–west line which operates medium-capacity light rail vehicles and travels under the city's downtown core. 5941: 5772: 5485: 1866:. The decision to extend the O-Train, and to replace it with an electric light rail system, was a major issue in the 1647: 1308:(soon to be the area's most significant economic activity) by transporting timber by river from the Ottawa Valley to 313: 16042: 15620: 13129: 11582: 10001: 9778: 8275: 7922: 7091:

Extreme high and low temperatures in the table below were recorded at Ottawa from March 1872 to October 1889 and at

20643: 20602: 20567: 20363: 20175: 19961: 19770: 19256: 19193: 18530: 18525: 18444: 18289: 17988: 17569: 17310: 16956: 16803: 14366: 14302: 11188: 7474:"Table 36-10-0468-01 Gross domestic product (GDP) at basic prices, by census metropolitan area (CMA) (x 1,000,000)" 6946: 6650: 6339: 6091: 6003: 5897: 5893: 5838: 5650: 5288: 4720: 1917: 1875: 1753: 1095: 1068: 18321: 15749: 14646: 14581: 13491: 12548: 9141: 2355: 1082:

Ottawa is the political centre of Canada and the headquarters of the federal government. The city houses numerous

19313: 18520: 18515: 17027: 14974: 14212: 13775: 13521: 13435: 11532: 9896: 7509:. Department of Justice. 22 June 2011. p. 13 Schedule (Section 2) 'Description of National Capital Region'. 6591: 5945: 5476:

In addition to the market's local media services, Ottawa is home to several national media operations, including

1615: 200: 9970: 9689: 9500: 8750: 8001: 6275:

has a history dating back to the 19th century. The city is currently home to six professional sports teams. The

5623:, a group of highly respected research-intensive universities in Canada. The university's main campus is in the 1729:

highway system. His plan also called for changes in institutions such as moving downtown Union Station (now the

1583:

Ottawa, it destroyed about one-fifth of the buildings from the Lebreton Flats south to Booth Street and down to

132: 20250: 19888: 18789: 18399: 17865: 17675: 17462: 17408: 16873: 15590: 13413: 12397:"Census Profile, 2016 Census – Ottawa, City [Census subdivision], Ontario and Canada [Country]" 12183:"Census Profile, 2016 Census - Ottawa, City [Census subdivision], Ontario and Canada [Country]" 6993:. This continued until the company VeloGo took over the program from 2015 to 2018 when the partnership ceased. 6567: 6287:

eleven times by 1927. The team is currently a member of the Atlantic Division and play their home games at the

6083: 6068: 5973: 1879: 1867: 1839: 1643: 1559:

built in 1854 connected Ottawa to areas south and, from 1886 to the transcontinental rail network via Hull and

1301: 17: 15420: 14914: 12426: 11974: 10628: 7592: 4731:, administered by the NCC for conservation and leisure, and comprising mostly forest, farmland and marshland. 20531: 20496: 20479: 18875: 18848: 18613: 18550: 18540: 17943: 17012: 16750: 16674: 16606: 15242: 13321: 9658: 7686: 6887: 6826: 6586: 6133:

Ottawa is home to several regional dishes. As a city with traditional French-Canadian roots, staples such as

6029: 514: 11450: 10480:"NPMS Procedure—Managing Projects for Heritage Properties - Specialized Areas - NPMS - Real Property - PSPC" 9474: 6724:

Line 3, is an under construction mass-transit line that will run mostly in parallel to Line 1, splitting at

283: 20543: 20163: 19322: 19208: 18269: 17368: 17176: 17072: 17057: 17042: 13657: 13603: 13235: 6611: 5799: 5756: 5545: 5438: 5129: 4724: 2292: 2173: 1694: 1651: 899: 706: 676: 583: 480: 15787: 15531: 13850: 13632: 13165: 12486: 8214: 7197: 6731:

Line 4, is an under-construction 4 km (2.5 mi) airport link connecting the Trillium Line to the

5300: 20238: 19944: 19554: 19280: 19199: 18389: 17926: 17808: 17632: 17118: 16991: 16933: 16888: 16868: 16153: 12923: 10598:"National Capital Commission: Standing Committee on Procedure and House Affairs—February 27, 2020 - PSPC" 10273: 10215: 9389: 8636: 6958: 6595: 6199: 6177: 5807: 5740: 5734: 5708: 5331: 4630: 2189: 2074: 1737: 1556: 1513: 1490: 12305: 10070: 7246: 6590:

tend to be more conservative, fiscally and socially. This is especially true in the former Townships of

2205: 20683: 20579: 20324: 18929: 18804: 18434: 17614: 17604: 17579: 17325: 17133: 17062: 16833: 16700: 15083: 13906: 12982: 7006: 6559: 6103: 5842: 5330:

As Canada's national capital, tourism is an important part of Ottawa's economy, particularly after the

4647: 2213: 1210: 1149: 152: 15565: 9533: 5704: 20300: 19840: 19797: 19317: 19124: 18972: 18394: 17921: 17786: 17584: 17541: 17511: 17401: 17161: 17052: 16883: 16838: 15316:

Canadian politics, riding by riding: an in-depth analysis of Canada's 301 federal electoral districts

14850: 13547: 7092: 7057: 6918: 6781: 6654: 6603: 6087: 6072: 6043: 6033: 5949: 5901: 5811: 5680: 5497: 5320: 4689: 2396: 2351: 2339: 1998:, with a mixture of housing types, artist lofts, and industrial uses. The old city also includes the 1777: 1730: 1619: 1579: 1540: 1305: 1153: 652: 15809: 13200: 12614: 11851: 11807: 7653:"Is Ottawa Canada's smartest city? Capital edges Toronto, Calgary in university-educated population" 4625:. There are limited distinct features arising from glacial deposits, but Ottawa was affected by the 20187: 20012: 19719: 18868: 18201: 17881: 17212: 17108: 16755: 13007: 12152: 10798:"Canadian Climate Normals 1981-2010 Station Data - Climate - Environment and Climate Change Canada" 10690:"Canadian Climate Normals 1981-2010 Station Data - Climate - Environment and Climate Change Canada" 9273: 7561: 7396:"Population and dwelling counts, for census metropolitan areas, 2006 and 2011 censuses – 100% data" 7281: 7062: 6910: 6718: 6599: 6343: 6311: 6248: 5862: 5358: 5295: 5101: 5046: 2117: 2101: 2027: 1947: 1773: 1064: 894: 269: 11358: 9019:. The Rolla L. Crain Co (Archive CD Books Canada). 31 December 1900. pp. 5–12. Archived from 7271: 7158: 6291:. In 2023, it was announced that Ottawa would be home to one of the six charter franchises of the 5679:

is the largest French-language college in Ontario. Founded in 1989, its campus is located off the

4665:, which share a border along Gloucester Street. These core neighbourhoods contain streets such as 2330:

at 143 metres (469 ft). Many federal buildings in the National Capital Region are managed by

212: 20584: 20083: 19833: 19793: 19220: 18603: 18191: 17968: 17655: 17516: 17294: 17032: 16878: 16068: 10449:"Reaching for the stars: Claridge eyes plan to build 60-storey residential tower in Little Italy" 10373: 9746: 8313: 6922: 6847: 6574: 6323: 6256: 6195: 5933: 5866: 5791: 5752: 5481: 4697: 2261: 2157: 2086: 2039: 2031: 1655: 1639: 1572: 603: 593: 573: 563: 553: 543: 533: 458: 184: 31: 19762: 19693: 18860: 15869: 15689: 15118: 14699: 14471: 14064: 20122: 19971: 19893: 18535: 17911: 17554: 17320: 17103: 17037: 17022: 17007: 16938: 14396: 11846: 11476: 8024: 7818: 6994: 6990: 6840: 6725: 6280: 6211: 6207: 5925: 5641:

is a college of applied arts and technology founded in 1967. Its main campus is located in the

5470: 5232: 5148: 4740: 4657:, and occupies an area between the canal and the rivers. Across the canal to the west lie both 4600: 2274: 2137: 2043: 1987: 1897:, a 12.5 km (7.8 mi) light rail transit line, which was opened on 14 September 2019. 1761: 1607: 250: 205: 16422: 15314: 15156: 15030: 14779: 14174: 14135: 12836:"Canada Census 2016: Ontario growth still slowing, but those who went West might soon be back" 12757: 12328: 11267: 9416: 9196: 8705: 8666: 8055: 7777: 5627:

neighbourhood, just adjacent to the city's downtown core. The University of Ottawa's catholic

5128:

As of 2021, approximately 64.9% of Ottawa's population was white or European, while 2.6% were

1590: 20536: 20467: 20404: 20334: 20262: 20127: 20095: 19700: 19379: 19069: 18686: 18404: 18369: 18344: 18061: 17549: 17140: 17128: 17087: 16759: 15651: 15204: 15178: 14722: 14096: 14017: 12796: 11773: 11672: 11296: 10334: 9619: 9235: 8812: 7894: 7302: 6836: 6680: 6527: 6064: 5905: 5854: 5748: 5722: 5632: 5568: 5529: 5312: 5077: 4666: 2335: 2233: 1768:

returned downtown to a 1990 building on 110 Laurier Avenue West, the home of the now-defunct

1521: 1122: 1114: 696: 656: 646: 636: 448: 17896: 16526: 16455: 16389: 16356: 16323: 16316: 15272: 11555: 5786:

Ottawa is the headquarters of numerous major medical organizations and institutions such as

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Influenced by government structures, much of the city's architecture tends to be formal and

1266: 20548: 20484: 20443: 20426: 20243: 20115: 20024: 19738: 19642: 19289: 19247: 19166: 19049: 19014: 18989: 18809: 18774: 18769: 18757: 18497: 18492: 18482: 18477: 18126: 17840: 17773: 17733: 17728: 17705: 17700: 17690: 17660: 17457: 17113: 17081: 16966: 16796: 13811: 13722: 10303: 8576: 6871: 6646: 6288: 6235: 6016: 6007: 5858: 5676: 5673:, as well as four international campuses through their international offshore partnerships. 5616: 5507: 5465:. The city is also home to local stations of the television broadcast networks and systems 5354: 5341: 5154: 5141: 5073: 5019: 4681: 4670: 4643: 4626: 4614: 2129: 2109: 2066: 2007: 1799:

contributed to an eventual technology boom. The early companies led to newer firms such as

1781: 1634: 1516:. At the time, this was the largest North American construction project ever attempted and 1498: 1384: 1281:

wrote about the waterfalls in the area and about his encounters with the Algonquin people.

1145: 1141: 1129: 1091: 1087: 865: 771: 723: 549: 53: 12872: 9744: 6283:. The Senators history in Ottawa dates back to 1883; the franchise would go on to win the 8: 20617: 20226: 20214: 20156: 20100: 20005: 19993: 19920: 19493: 19425: 19415: 18711: 18641: 18467: 18409: 18091: 18006: 17973: 17825: 17778: 17763: 17738: 17619: 17594: 17589: 17277: 17219: 17145: 16948: 16903: 16768: 15054:"DYNASTY? There's nothing quite like what Carleton Ravens men's basketball team has done" 13687: 10831: 10157: 9804: 7848: 7131: 7067: 6895: 6883: 6867: 6744: 6555: 6535: 6359: 6315: 6117: 6099: 5995: 5913: 5744: 5726: 5688: 5600: 5518: 5280: 2388:

in afternoons are not unusual. Winds tend to be slightly more dominant during the winter.

2165: 1906: 1863: 1843: 1599: 1517: 1278: 1133: 506: 11615: 7127: 4587:

Ottawa is situated on the south bank of the Ottawa River and contains the mouths of the

2026:

Modern Ottawa is made up of eleven historic townships, ten of which are from the former

20622: 20414: 20305: 20293: 20276: 20231: 20046: 20041: 19956: 19881: 19373: 18716: 18706: 18472: 18206: 18066: 17996: 17901: 17813: 17803: 17791: 16961: 16928: 15111: 14057: 11872: 10126: 9020: 6891: 6707: 6582: 6406: 5885: 5787: 5767:. Several specialized hospital facilities are also present, such as the world-renowned 5624: 5350: 5324: 5270: 5172: 5166: 4993: 4980: 4967: 4954: 4941: 4928: 4553: 3537: 2312: 2284: 2078: 1979: 1963: 1942:, a densely populated, historically francophone, working class enclave, and the former 1894: 1847: 1800: 1726: 1718: 1689: 1682: 1594:

Ottawa Post Office, located in Confederation Square, pictured in the early 20th century

1458: 1435: 1397: 1182: 1173: 17798: 17452: 16205: 14344: 14059:

The last good war: an illustrated history of Canada in the Second World War, 1939–1945

13962: 13283: 11860: 11734: 8948: 6855: 6695:. OC Transpo operates an integrated, multi-modal Rapid Transit system which includes: 6327: 6319: 6260: 2100:) are administratively part of the Ottawa municipality. Some of these communities are 1603: 1564: 138: 20555: 20455: 20283: 20266: 20051: 19932: 19910: 19905: 19852: 19828: 19581: 19568: 19437: 19328: 19229: 19184: 18691: 18681: 18666: 18651: 18593: 18457: 18359: 18253: 18196: 18186: 18141: 18076: 18051: 18026: 17830: 17758: 17670: 17665: 17439: 17352: 16863: 16825: 16730: 16708: 16704: 16640: 16592: 16563: 16532: 16511: 16492: 16461: 16428: 16395: 16362: 16329: 16298: 16279: 15657: 15320: 15210: 15122: 14785: 14180: 14141: 14102: 14068: 14023: 13569: 13408: 12802: 12763: 12334: 12156: 12126: 12096: 12037: 11943:"Resources of construction aggregate in the regional municipality of Ottawa-Carleton" 11895: 11864: 11777: 11766: 11502: 10340: 9625: 9422: 9241: 9202: 9064: 8818: 8711: 8672: 8360: 7783: 7717:"Canada's third consecutive record-breaking year in tourism in 2019 a win for Ottawa" 7622: 7565: 7477: 7308: 7298: 7207: 7164: 7047: 6879: 6875: 6740: 6496: 6425: 6335: 6215: 6111: 6076: 5780: 5760: 5666: 5642: 5638: 5628: 5609: 5477: 5443:

Three main daily local newspapers are printed in Ottawa: two English newspapers, the

5184: 5178: 5023: 4506: 4459: 4408: 3490: 3443: 3318: 2169: 2133: 2082: 2070: 2003: 1938:

Old Ottawa refers to the former pre-amalgamation city, as well as the former city of

1741: 1494: 1404: 1376: 1325: 1204: 1137: 947: 876: 855: 813: 20491: 19352: 12755: 11876: 10044: 5208:

churches 25%. Other religions were also present in Ottawa, the most prominent being

5132:, and 32.5% were visible minorities (higher than the national percentage of 26.5%). 4745: 4633:, and while relatively inactive, the city does occasionally experience earthquakes. 20607: 20433: 20397: 20341: 20317: 20199: 20132: 20058: 19976: 19745: 19346: 19274: 19262: 19188: 19175: 18924: 18836: 18764: 18752: 18737: 18721: 18588: 18487: 18349: 18226: 18181: 18176: 18171: 18016: 17753: 17695: 17224: 16764: 16272: 14880: 14755:. International Festivals and Events Association. 16 September 2010. Archived from 11856: 10478:

Government of Canada, Public Works and Government Services Canada (8 August 2014).

6969:

Numerous downtown streets are restricted to pedestrians only. The entire length of

6906: 6902: 6818: 6531: 6449: 6363: 6331: 6307: 6252: 6244: 6191: 6156: 6038: 5881: 5880:

As Canada's capital, Ottawa has played host to many significant cultural events in

5870: 5662: 5605: 5596:

in Canada. The city has two main public universities and two main public colleges.

5572: 5370: 5304: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5237: 2279: 2245: 2153: 2141: 2121: 1971: 1823:, affirm rights of the Algonquins, and negotiate conditions of the title transfer. 1820: 1795:) employed thousands, and large federally assisted research facilities such as the 1765: 1757: 1722: 1698: 1241: 1040: 1000: 962: 599: 579: 14250: 13469: 13373: 9715: 6577:

in federal elections. The safest areas for the Liberals are the ones dominated by

5502: 162: 20668: 20501: 20474: 20312: 20204: 19939: 19611: 19334: 19241: 18747: 18742: 18671: 18583: 18568: 18462: 18452: 18364: 18334: 18245: 18216: 18166: 18151: 18116: 18096: 18071: 17938: 17720: 17479: 17447: 17344: 17262: 17207: 17077: 16913: 16898: 16858: 16789: 16652: 12759:

Building knowledge regions in North America: emerging technology innovation poles

7855: 6974: 6962: 6954: 6938: 6811: 6807: 6799: 6796: 6551: 6428:

team. The city is home to an assortment of amateur organized team sports such as

6410: 6394: 6347: 6276: 6272: 6231: 6164: 6051: 6047: 5654: 5402: 5246: 5241: 5160: 4716: 4685: 4662: 4596: 4572: 2385: 2253: 2229: 2161: 2105: 2090: 2062: 1951: 1939: 1859: 1623: 1622:

until the completion of the new Centre Block in 1922. The centrepiece of the new

1532: 1506: 1486: 1450: 1372: 1353: 1285: 1031: 928: 913: 692: 642: 488: 122: 71: 10332: 10100: 9198:

Chain of office: biographical sketches of the early mayors of Ottawa (1847–1948)

8914: 8357:

Introducing William Pittman Lett: Ottawa's first city clerk and bard (1819–1892)

7536:"Census Profile, 2021 Census Ottawa, [City Census subdivision], Ontario" 5544:(OCDSB) is the largest board with 147 schools, followed by the English-Catholic 5200:

In 2011, around 65% of Ottawa residents described themselves as Christian, with

1236:

became habitable around 10,000 years ago, following the natural draining of the

1125:. It has an elected city council across 24 wards and a mayor elected city-wide. 1048: 20572: 20180: 19966: 19661: 19561: 18824: 18598: 18419: 18374: 18257: 18146: 18121: 17958: 17835: 17748: 17685: 17650: 17645: 17640: 17356: 17315: 17202: 15930: 13776:"Affiliated and Federated Universities as Sources of University Differentation" 13103: 11419: 8279: 7660: 7202: 7072: 7039: 6792: 6563: 6543: 6508: 6445: 6422: 6300: 6150: 5937: 5929: 5909: 5684: 5670: 5561: 5445: 5089: 4684:'s work takes place in the parliamentary precinct, which includes buildings on 2149: 2097: 1999: 1995: 1886: 1746: 1713: 1709: 1536: 1493:) that carried passengers, lumber and supplies the 82 kilometres (50 miles) to 1454: 1420: 1348:

in 1826. The building of the canal attracted many land speculators to the area.

1118: 662: 559: 493: 189: 16123: 13343: 11889: 11643:"Discover the Parliamentary Precinct – Canada's Parliamentary Precinct - PSPC" 7956: 7503: 6581:, especially in Vanier and central Gloucester. Central Ottawa is usually more 6405:

program is regarded as the greatest of all time, having won 17 of the last 20

6386:

in various sports. Algonquin College and Collège La Cité teams compete in the

2338:

in its renovations and management of buildings, such as the renovation of the

20662: 20346: 19864: 19713: 19667: 19546: 19484: 19431: 19362: 19019: 18954: 18424: 18379: 18221: 18156: 18081: 18056: 18041: 18031: 18011: 17891: 17886: 17850: 17818: 17680: 17609: 17599: 17559: 17474: 16971: 16918: 16848: 15471: 13875: 11868: 11641:

Government of Canada, Public Services and Procurement Canada (31 July 2015).

10596:

Government of Canada, Public Services and Procurement Canada (17 July 2020).

10509:

Government of Canada, Public Services and Procurement Canada (31 July 2015).

7025: 6979: 6970: 6772:

is the city's principal airport. There are also three main regional airports

6714: 6367: 6296: 6011: 5968: 5874: 5846: 5834: 5826: 5795: 5390: 5205: 4712: 4053: 2893: 2327: 2304: 2197: 2125: 2113: 1975: 1851: 1835: 1584: 1237: 1233: 1226: 872: 851: 702: 632: 392: 378: 19449: 17380: 16598: 15445: 9621:

Silicon Valley North: A High-tech Cluster of Innovation And Entrepreneurship

1509:, which it thought would be an ideal location for the Parliament buildings. 20255: 20192: 20144: 20017: 19707: 19480: 19284: 19044: 18701: 18578: 18339: 18329: 18021: 17978: 17963: 17860: 17855: 17845: 17489: 17289: 17123: 16976: 16843: 16679: 16661: 16283: 15840:"Autobus Gatineau Schedule - Grand Remous / Ottawa - Ottawa / Grand Remous" 14525:"Rare blue whale skeleton on display at Ottawa's Canadian Museum of Nature" 13008:"CanaData – The Industrial Structure of Canada's Major City Labour Markets" 12581:"Six-year consolidation of National Defence Headquarters given green light" 10247: 6987: 6983: 6777: 6756: 6673: 6578: 6453: 6379: 6107: 5999: 5921: 5917: 5850: 5646: 5378: 5006:

Note: Population figures are extrapolated for current municipal boundaries

4592: 4588: 4576: 2221: 2193: 1671: 1611: 1544: 1365: 1361: 1345: 1341: 1293: 1270: 1169: 1056: 1052: 682: 539: 529: 501: 168: 92: 18281: 16813: 15900: 12516: 6190:

celebrations on Parliament Hill and surrounding downtown area, as well as

5739:

There are six active general medical hospitals in the city of Ottawa: The

4653:

The older part of the city (including what remains of Bytown) is known as

102: 20632: 20513: 20329: 20088: 19731: 19635: 19605: 19419: 19391: 19251: 19075: 19037: 18984: 18959: 18696: 18354: 18211: 18161: 17506: 17484: 17017: 16893: 6843: 6743:(BRT) system that uses a series of dedicated bus-only roadways named the 6489: 6457: 6355: 6284: 6146: 5962: 5717: 5514: 5394: 5201: 5097: 4674: 4610: 2300: 2296: 2237: 2148:

are within the federally defined National Capital Region but outside the

1705: 1627: 1479: 1471: 1416: 1330: 1309: 1289: 1274: 1192: 1099: 672: 589: 569: 146: 116: 108: 16391:

Lumber kings & shantymen: logging and lumbering in the Ottawa Valley

15183:

Triathlons, marathons, half-marathons, mountain bike & running races

13849:. Review of Federal Support to R&D. 18 February 2011. Archived from 12457:"Big job gains in April produce record employment levels for the region" 9233: 9060:

Report of the Ottawa and Hull Fire Relief Fund, 1900 [microform]

9058: 8773: