799:
391:
979:
383:
375:
3902:
2325:
2972:
1509:
86:
25:
508:. This grant's authenticity (or authority) was doubted by the vassals of Yorkshire, who prevented Otto from taking possession of his earldom. Still, he probably visited Yorkshire in 1191, and he continued to claim the revenues of the earldom after becoming king of Germany, although he never secured them. Neither did he succeed in getting the 25,000 silver marks willed to him by his uncle in 1199.
531:(Carlisle) would be granted to Otto and turned over to the king of Scotland. The negotiations dragged on until August 1198, when the birth of a son and heir to William rendered them unnecessary. Having failed to secure Otto an English earldom or a Scottish kingdom in September 1196, Richard, as duke of Aquitaine, enfeoffed Otto with the
919:. Otto soon discovered that after Beatrix died in the summer of 1212 and Frederick arrived in Germany with his army in September 1212, most of his former Staufen supporters deserted him for Frederick, forcing Otto to withdraw to Cologne. On 5 December 1212, Frederick was elected king for a second time by a majority of the princes.
938:
On 27 July 1214, the opposing armies suddenly discovered they were close to each other, on the banks of the little river Marque (a tributary of the river Deûle), near the Bridge of
Bouvines. Philip's army numbered some 15,000, while the allied forces possessed around 25,000 troops; the armies clashed
910:
Otto returned to
Germany to deal with the situation, hopeful of salvaging something from the looming disaster. He found most of the German princes and bishops had turned against him and that Frederick, who had made his way up the Italian peninsula, had avoided Otto's men who were guarding the passes
794:
Not content with his successes so far, Innocent also obtained from Otto further written concessions to the Papal See, including allowing all elections of German bishops to be conducted according to Church ordinances and not to prevent any appeals to Rome. He also promised to hand over to the church
656:
under one monarch seized the opportunity to extend its influence. Therefore, Innocent III favoured Otto, whose family had always opposed the house of
Hohenstaufen. Otto also seemed willing to grant any demands that Innocent would make. The confusion in the empire allowed Innocent to drive out the
922:
The support that Philip II of France gave to
Frederick forced King John of England to throw his weight behind his nephew, Otto. The destruction of the French fleet in 1213 by the English saw John begin preparations for an invasion of France; in this, Otto saw a way of both destroying Frederick's
856:, under the guardianship of Innocent III. Parallel to this, the German nobility grew increasingly frustrated with Otto. They felt that instead of wasting his time in Italy and playing power politics with the pope, it was his first duty to defend the northern provinces of the empire against
927:, Otto, together with the Count of Flanders, was supposed to make a simultaneous attack from Flanders. Unfortunately, the three armies could not coordinate their efforts effectively. It was not until John, who had been disappointed in his hope for an easy victory after being driven from
695:
In the following years, Otto's situation worsened because, after
England's defeat by France, he lost England's financial support. Many of his allies changed sides to Philip, including his brother Henry. Otto was defeated and wounded in battle by Philip on 27 July 1206, near
680:, against imperial interests in Italy. The cities placed themselves under Innocent's protection. In 1201, Innocent announced that he recognized Otto as the only legitimate king. In return, Otto promised to support the pope's interests in Italy. Otto also had the support of
943:. It was a tight battle, but it was lost when Otto was carried off the field by his wounded and terrified horse, causing his forces to abandon the field. It is said that Philip II had sent to Frederick the Imperial Eagle, which Otto had left lying on the battlefield.
726:
on 11 November 1208, he gained the support of all the electoral princes, as he promised he would not make hereditary claims to the imperial crown on behalf of any children he might father. Now fully reconciled with
Innocent, Otto made preparations to be crowned
946:
Because Otto was forced again to withdraw to his private possessions around
Brunswick, this defeat allowed Frederick to take Aachen and Cologne, and so Otto was deposed in 1215. His cause of death is disputed, with some claims that he died of disease at
818:, he was convinced to abandon his earlier promises. Otto immediately worked to restore imperial power in Italy. After his consecration by the pope, he promised to restore the lands bequeathed to the church by the countess
963:: "deposed, dethroned, he was flung full length on the ground by the Abbot, confessing his sins, while the reluctant priests beat him bloodily to death with rods. Such was the end of the first and last Welf Emperor."
554:
on the side of
Richard. In October, he returned to Poitou. The German historian Jens Ahlers, considering Otto's life before 1198, believes that he might have been the first foreign king of Germany.
1881:
833:
He threw out the papal troops from Ancona and
Spoleto, reclaiming the territory as imperial fiefs. He then demanded that Frederick of Sicily do homage for the duchies of
700:, and as a consequence, he also lost the support of the pope, who began to favour the apparent winner in the conflict. Otto was forced to retire to his possessions near
595:
at the time, and so the choice fell to Otto. Otto, soon recognized throughout the northwest and the lower Rhine region, was elected king by his partisans in
3953:
798:
538:
Otto was in Poitou from
September 1196 until mid-1197, when he joined Richard in Normandy to confer over the appointment of bishops to the vacant sees of
688:. Philip achieved a great deal of success in the civil war that followed, allowing him in 1204 to be again crowned king, this time by the archbishop of
684:, who, although at first siding with Philip of Swabia, eventually threw in his lot with Otto. Otto's cause was further strengthened by the support of
1515:
2934:
1160:. This is based upon Otto's birthdate being circa 1182, and placing it during his father's exile from Germany at the court of his father-in-law.
1833:
Murray, Alan (1994). "Richard the Lionheart, Otto of Brunswick and the Earldom of York: Northern England and the Angevin Succession, 1190–91".
1430:
Three crises in early English history: personalities and politics during the Norman Conquest, the reign of King John, and the Wars of the Roses
711:, and in exchange for renouncing his claim to the throne, Philip promised Otto the hand of his daughter Beatrix in marriage, together with the
2361:
2070:
841:, and when Frederick refused to appear, Otto declared those fiefs forfeited. Otto then marched on Rome. He commanded Innocent to annul the
1923:
786:, where he was crowned emperor by Pope Innocent on 4 October 1209, before rioting broke out in Rome, forcing Otto to abandon the city.
3948:
3943:
1909:
1888:
923:
French support and bolstering his prestige. He agreed to join John in the invasion, and in February 1214, as John advanced from the
579:
king in March 1198, after receiving money and promises from Philip in exchange for their support. But those princes opposed to the
3968:
3716:
1264:
1022:
1852:
492:. His exact birthplace is not given by any original source. He grew up in England in the care of his maternal grandfather, King
512:
390:
715:
and an enormous dowry. Otto refused, and as the civil war was again about to recommence, Philip was murdered on 21 June 1208.
1690:
1470:
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489:
455:
in 1214. He was abandoned by most of his supporters in 1215 and lived the rest of his life in retirement on his estates near
366:
3963:
3928:
3496:
2927:
1014:
860:, who had taken advantage of Otto's distractions by invading the northern provinces of the empire and possessing the whole
588:
320:
848:
Such actions infuriated Innocent, who promptly excommunicated Otto on 18 November 1210. Subsequently, he tried to conquer
903:
to be lifted. Although he claimed he had repented for his offences and declared his willingness to be obedient to the
718:
After Philip's death, Otto made amends with the Staufen party and became engaged to Philip's daughter Beatrix. In the
535:. There is some disagreement over whether Otto received Poitou in exchange for or in addition to the earldom of York.
3672:
2724:
2704:
2684:
2354:
2270:
2250:
2230:
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1793:
1724:
1437:
731:. To secure Innocent's support, he promised to restore to the Papal States all territory that it had possessed under
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2729:
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2009:
1991:
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137:
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3592:
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2699:
2541:
2290:
2245:
2185:
1771:
Huffman, Joseph Patrick (2000). "Richard the Lionheart and Otto IV: Itinerant Kingship and the City of Cologne".
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3821:
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2709:
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212:
1281:
Die deutschen Herrscher des Mittelalters: historische Portraits von Heinrich I. bis Maximilian I. (919–1519)
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573:
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584:
34:
1758:
History of the Western Empire, from its Restoration by Charlemagne to the Accession of Charles V, Vol. I
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1320:
Die Doppelwahl von 1198 und seine diversen Wahlgänge: Philipp von Schwaben gegen Otto von Braunschweig
3781:
3773:
2891:
2872:
2853:
2620:
1616:
The History of France, from the final partition of the Empire of Charlemagne to the Peace of Cambray.
1603:
The History of France, from the final partition of the Empire of Charlemagne to the Peace of Cambray.
2831:
2657:
1018:
872:. So while Otto was in southern Italy, several princes of the empire, including the archbishops of
496:. Otto was fluent in French as well as German. He became the foster son of his maternal uncle King
295:
61:
1872:
931:, had retreated to his transports that the Imperial Army, with Otto at its head, assembled in the
3057:
2452:
2370:
1856:
1092:. Neither is his coronation as King of Italy mentioned in any modern source, such as Abulafia's,
1088:, (1862), pg. 195 which specifically state that the Milanese refused to crown Frederick with the
815:
547:
3958:
3883:
3762:
3702:
3431:
2812:
2581:
1862:
1089:
896:
857:
771:
719:
685:
576:
1279:
3888:
3757:
3742:
3600:
2598:
2546:
2518:
1902:
1714:
1520:
1142:
677:
611:
563:
425:
413:
3938:
3933:
3831:
3608:
3475:
2844:
2798:
2679:
2609:
2586:
2556:
2190:
744:
681:
637:, while Otto was supported at first by Richard I, and after he died in 1199 by his brother
523:, as Margaret's dowry, would be handed over to Richard for safekeeping and the counties of
497:
8:
3878:
3842:
3836:
3461:
3426:
3395:
3360:
3344:
3288:
2988:
2980:
2625:
2615:
2603:
2441:
2412:
2397:
2383:
2140:
2130:
1157:
967:
881:
845:
and to recognise the imperial crown's right to make nominations to all vacant benefices.
634:
551:
539:
493:
280:
1917:
1816:
1396:
412:
Otto spent most of his early life in England and France. He was a follower of his uncle
3868:
3576:
3409:
2640:
2531:
2468:
2432:
2120:
2079:
2000:
1782:
1061:
1049:
995:
940:
842:
819:
728:
626:
615:
543:
452:
406:
144:
96:
76:
2912:
382:
3873:
3725:
3502:
3483:
3328:
3081:
2473:
2402:
2105:
1789:
1720:
1686:
1677:
1466:
1433:
1324:
1285:
1057:
956:
885:
849:
803:
653:
649:
630:
444:
440:
39:
3417:
3336:
3312:
2668:
2566:
2446:
2392:
2125:
2110:
1979:
999:
740:
673:
619:
569:
532:
516:
429:
237:
219:
1136:
795:
all income from any vacant sees that had been flowing into the imperial treasury.
3536:
3445:
3368:
3352:
2525:
2417:
2407:
2135:
2115:
2095:
2030:
1970:
1318:
900:
736:
732:
712:
638:
607:
592:
481:
421:
417:
374:
982:
Statues of Otto IV & Maria of Brabant, old city hall, Braunschweig, c. 1455.
3806:
3512:
3304:
2551:
2482:
2458:
2145:
1637:
1598:
1053:
1003:
928:
907:
in all things, Innocent III had already recognised Frederick as emperor-elect.
827:
524:
485:
477:
448:
356:
884:
and with the consent of the pope, elected Frederick King of the Romans at the
451:
him. He allied with England against France and participated in the alliance's
3922:
3453:
2943:
2882:
1940:
1773:
The Social Politics of Medieval Diplomacy: Anglo-German Relations (1066–1307)
1065:
932:
924:
861:
775:
610:
of Cologne on 12 July 1198. This was of great symbolic importance, since the
501:
460:
346:
186:
2427:
2378:
1812:
952:
701:
645:
580:
505:
456:
1784:
Feudal Assessments and the Political Community Under Henry II and His Sons
3901:
3390:
3296:
2592:
2090:
1805:
Lionheart and Lackland: King Richard, King John and the Wars of Conquest
3275:
3251:
3227:
2901:
748:
697:
528:
436:
111:
2339:
2048:
622:, because the actual materials were in the hands of the Hohenstaufen.
3694:
3470:
3320:
3219:
3179:
3155:
3139:
3004:
2996:
2971:
2100:
2040:
2023:
877:
723:
1277:
572:, the majority of the princes of the Empire, situated in the south,
3440:
3404:
3235:
3211:
3203:
3187:
3171:
3147:
3107:
2788:
1153:
1149:
948:
916:
865:
834:
269:
85:
3267:
3259:
3131:
3123:
3115:
3099:
3091:
3020:
3012:
2958:
869:
779:
763:
708:
707:
Innocent III forced the two warring parties into negotiations at
689:
666:
662:
596:
520:
341:
3752:
3195:
3065:
3036:
3028:
1916:
1010:
838:
759:
755:
658:
603:
163:
1135:
814:
by 20 November. Here, probably advised by Peter of Celano and
3073:
1744:
The New Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. V: c. 1198 – c. 1300
1094:
The New Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. V: c. 1198 – c. 1300
1086:
History of Frederick the Second, Emperor of the Romans, Vol I
1077:
1073:
1069:
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873:
767:
625:
Otto's election pulled the empire into the conflict between
3044:
1271:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
912:
904:
811:
117:
1198:
583:
dynasty decided, on the initiative of Richard of England,
378:
Coat of arms of the House of Welf-Brunswick (Braunschweig)
1242:
1240:
1227:
1225:
1156:, which was one of the royal courts of Matilda's father,
606:, the place of coronation, and was crowned by Archbishop
1432:. Lanham, Md: University Press of America. p. 123.
1394:
1179:
424:
by one faction in a disputed election in 1198, sparking
2942:
704:, leaving Philip virtually uncontested as German king.
1237:
1222:
951:
castle on 19 May 1218, requesting that he be mortally
648:, determined to prevent the continued unification of
511:
In 1195, Richard began negotiations to marry Otto to
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1210:
810:
After abandoning Rome, Otto marched north, reaching
672:
At the same time, Innocent encouraged the cities in
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1118:Heering, aart (October 2009). "Al trono per caso".
1082:
History of the Italian Republics in the Middle Ages
1927:. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 375.
1781:
1676:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1398:Philipp von Schwaben und Otto IV. von Braunschweig
1381:
1379:
1377:
1146:. Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
633:. Philip had allied himself with the French king,
1576:
1551:
1542:
1528:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1367:
1365:
1342:
1340:
1303:
1301:
955:in the atonement of his sins. However, Historian
557:
3920:
1775:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 133–77.
1163:
1104:
1102:
822:nearly a century before and not to move against
420:in 1196. With Richard's support, he was elected
1886:Deed by Otto IV for Salem Abbey, 14 July 1209,
1485:
1374:
1278:Bernd Schneidmüller; Stefan Weinfurter (2003).
1084:, (1906), pg. 143; 147 and Kington-Oliphant's,
1893:Photograph Archive of Old Original Documents (
1405:
1388:
1362:
1337:
1298:
669:, who had been installed by Emperor Henry VI.
585:to elect instead a member of the House of Welf
60:"Otto IV" redirects here. For other uses, see
3710:
2928:
2355:
2064:
1316:
1099:
789:
500:. In 1190, after he left England to join the
447:with the Empire, breaking with Innocent, who
3954:People excommunicated by the Catholic Church
1894:
1716:Why Magna Carta?: Angevin England Revisited
3717:
3703:
2935:
2921:
2362:
2348:
2071:
2057:
1513:
550:. He then participated in the war against
84:
1427:
1310:
432:, in 1208 left him sole king of Germany.
1896:Lichtbildarchiv älterer Originalurkunden
1765:A History of the Germanic Empire, Vol. I
1357:The rise of the medieval world, 500–1300
1029:Neither marriage produced any children.
977:
797:
515:, daughter and heir presumptive of King
389:
381:
373:
2369:
2078:
1910:Testament of Emperor Otto IV dated 1218
1811:
1770:
1674:
1265:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1246:
1204:
1192:
1133:
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3921:
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1863:Werke über Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor
1832:
1802:
1216:
988:related to every other King of Germany
3698:
2916:
2343:
2052:
1779:
1712:
1675:Commire, Anne, ed. (8 October 1999).
1231:
1080:during his lifetime – see Sismondi's
852:, which was held by the Staufen king
830:. He quickly broke all his promises.
459:. He was the only German king of the
394:Arms of Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor (
1524:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1465:, Cambridge University Press, 1992,
618:. The coronation was done with fake
18:
16:Holy Roman Emperor from 1209 to 1218
409:from 1209 until his death in 1218.
386:Arms of Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor
13:
1882:Kaiserstadt Braunschweig – Otto IV
1826:
1788:. University of California Press.
1746:, Cambridge University Press, 1999
1719:. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 17.
1514:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "
782:by Pope Innocent and was taken to
443:. In 1210, he sought to unite the
14:
3980:
1846:
1395:Eduard August Winkelmann (1873).
3949:12th-century Kings of the Romans
3944:13th-century Holy Roman Emperors
3900:
2970:
2324:
2323:
1678:"Beatrice of Swabia (1198–1235)"
1507:
1140:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
970:, where his parents are buried.
23:
1818:England Under the Angevin Kings
1706:
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3969:Burials at Brunswick Cathedral
1912:at kulturerbe.niedersachsen.de
1638:"Otto IV | Holy Roman emperor"
1126:
1111:
1038:
998:, daughter of the German King
558:Conflict with Philip of Swabia
1:
1736:
1702:– via Encyclopedia.com.
880:, at the instigation of King
676:to form a league, called the
471:
405:(1175 – 19 May 1218) was the
1936:Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor
1867:Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek
1463:The Norman kingdom of Sicily
899:, pleading the case for his
644:The papacy meanwhile, under
504:, Richard appointed Otto as
307:
49:Proposed since January 2024.
7:
3964:Deaths by beating in Europe
3929:Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor
1428:Alexander, Michael (1998).
1284:. C.H.Beck. pp. 272–.
766:, he eventually arrived at
657:imperial feudal lords from
591:, was participating in the
35:June 1198 imperial election
32:It has been suggested that
10:
3985:
2864:North German Confederation
2780:Confederation of the Rhine
1359:, Greenwood, 2002, pg. 329
1260:Margaret, countess of Kent
1132:The Catholic Encyclopedia
790:Conflict with Innocent III
561:
476:Otto was the third son of
428:. The death of his rival,
59:
3909:
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2319:
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2037:
2028:
2020:
1998:
1988:
1968:
1960:
1955:
1934:
1780:Keefe, Thomas K. (1983).
973:
466:
439:to be crowned emperor by
362:
352:
340:
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263:
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233:
225:
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177:
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133:
123:
110:
102:
95:
83:
74:
69:
3911:* Count through marriage
3383:(title disputed 887–933)
2832:Archduke John of Austria
1873:Literature about Otto IV
1869:(German Digital Library)
1401:. Duncker & Humblot.
1268:, vol. 36 (2004), p. 633
1148:gives his birthplace as
1032:
1019:Henry I, Duke of Brabant
891:Otto's ambassadors from
770:, where he received the
587:. Otto's elder brother,
296:Beatrice of Hohenstaufen
267:19 May 1218 (aged 42–43)
62:Otto IV (disambiguation)
1924:Encyclopædia Britannica
1857:German National Library
1713:Fryde, Natalie (2001).
1642:Encyclopedia Britannica
1134:Kampers, Franz (1911).
1064:, he was never crowned
959:described the death as
816:Dipold, Count of Acerra
778:in 1208. He was met at
574:elected Henry's brother
1895:
1803:McLynn, Frank (2007).
1683:Women in World History
1317:Duranöz Özlem (2009).
983:
897:Fourth Lateran Council
858:Valdemar II of Denmark
807:
772:Iron Crown of Lombardy
720:1208 imperial election
686:Valdemar II of Denmark
614:alone could crown the
426:ten years of civil war
399:
387:
379:
1903:University of Marburg
1853:Literatur zu Otto IV.
1751:The Holy Roman Empire
1685:. Gale. p. 309.
1521:Catholic Encyclopedia
1143:Catholic Encyclopedia
981:
801:
678:League of San Genesio
612:archbishop of Cologne
602:Otto took control of
564:German throne dispute
414:Richard the Lionheart
393:
385:
377:
77:Emperor of the Romans
3593:Lothair III (or II)
2946:between 476 and 1556
2845:German Confederation
2799:German Confederation
1661:Kantorowicz, Ernst,
990:. He married twice:
895:appeared before the
784:St. Peter's Basilica
754:Travelling down via
745:Exarchate of Ravenna
682:Ottokar I of Bohemia
498:Richard I of England
42:into this article. (
2384:Carolingian dynasty
2371:Monarchs of Germany
2080:Holy Roman emperors
1889:"digitalised image"
1875:in the OPAC of the
1207:, p. 373 n. 1.
1158:Henry II of England
1023:Matilda of Boulogne
968:Brunswick Cathedral
915:and had arrived at
882:Philip II of France
568:After the death of
552:Philip II of France
494:Henry II of England
303: 1209 or 1212
281:Brunswick Cathedral
3726:Counts of Poitiers
2469:Kingdom of Germany
2433:Kingdom of Germany
2001:Holy Roman Emperor
1835:Medieval Yorkshire
1234:, pp. 100–01.
1195:, pp. 157–58.
1062:Holy Roman Emperor
1050:King of the Romans
996:Beatrice of Swabia
984:
966:He is entombed in
941:Battle of Bouvines
843:Concordat of Worms
820:Matilda of Tuscany
808:
729:Holy Roman Emperor
616:king of the Romans
490:Matilda of England
453:defeat at Bouvines
407:Holy Roman Emperor
400:
388:
380:
367:Matilda of England
145:King of the Romans
97:Holy Roman Emperor
3916:
3915:
3692:
3691:
3503:Holy Roman Empire
2910:
2909:
2836:
2835:(Imperial Regent)
2474:Holy Roman Empire
2403:Louis the Younger
2337:
2336:
2047:
2046:
2038:Succeeded by
1989:Succeeded by
1742:Abulafia, David,
1692:978-0-7876-4061-3
1614:Smedley, Edward.
1589:Abulafia, pg. 382
1564:Abulafia, pg. 381
1548:Abulafia, pg. 131
1539:Abulafia, pg. 127
1516:Pope Innocent III
1471:978-0-521-26911-7
1461:Matthew, Donald,
1330:978-3-640-31571-0
1291:978-3-406-50958-2
1176:Abulafia, pg. 378
1058:King of Jerusalem
886:Diet of Nuremberg
804:Pope Innocent III
774:and the title of
654:Holy Roman Empire
445:Kingdom of Sicily
441:Pope Innocent III
372:
371:
116:21 October 1209,
56:
55:
51:
3976:
3904:
3719:
3712:
3705:
3696:
3695:
3684:
3676:
3668:
3660:
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3644:
3636:
3628:
3620:
3612:
3604:
3596:
3588:
3580:
3572:
3564:
3556:
3548:
3540:
3532:
3524:
3516:
3497:Kingdom of Italy
3487:
3479:
3465:
3457:
3449:
3435:
3421:
3413:
3399:
3372:
3364:
3356:
3348:
3340:
3332:
3324:
3316:
3308:
3300:
3279:
3271:
3263:
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3024:
3016:
3008:
3000:
2992:
2974:
2962:
2937:
2930:
2923:
2914:
2913:
2834:
2393:Louis the German
2364:
2357:
2350:
2341:
2340:
2327:
2326:
2073:
2066:
2059:
2050:
2049:
2021:Preceded by
1961:Preceded by
1951:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1920:
1918:"Otto IV."
1906:
1898:
1842:
1822:
1808:
1799:
1787:
1776:
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1703:
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1537:
1526:
1525:
1511:
1510:
1505:
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1459:
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1444:
1443:
1425:
1419:
1416:
1403:
1402:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1372:
1369:
1360:
1355:Schulman, Jana,
1353:
1347:
1344:
1335:
1334:
1314:
1308:
1305:
1296:
1295:
1275:
1269:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1235:
1229:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1177:
1174:
1161:
1147:
1139:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1115:
1109:
1106:
1097:
1042:
1015:Maria of Brabant
1009:19 May 1214, in
1000:Philip of Swabia
994:1209 or 1212 to
741:Duchy of Spoleto
735:, including the
620:imperial regalia
599:on 9 June 1198.
570:Emperor Henry VI
533:county of Poitou
517:William the Lion
437:marched to Italy
430:Philip of Swabia
333:
331:
321:Maria of Brabant
311:
309:
304:
302:
238:Philip of Swabia
220:King of Burgundy
88:
67:
66:
47:
27:
26:
19:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3978:
3977:
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3477:
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3397:
3382:
3376:
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3362:
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3306:
3298:
3283:
3277:
3269:
3261:
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3245:
3237:
3229:
3221:
3213:
3205:
3197:
3189:
3181:
3173:
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3125:
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3006:
2998:
2990:
2975:
2966:
2960:
2947:
2941:
2911:
2906:
2877:
2858:
2839:
2817:
2793:
2774:
2641:Frederick (III)
2472:
2463:
2431:
2422:
2418:Louis the Child
2408:Charles the Fat
2382:
2373:
2368:
2338:
2333:
2315:
2082:
2077:
2043:
2034:
2031:Count of Poitou
2026:
2006:
2004:
1994:
1976:
1974:
1971:King of Germany
1966:
1945:
1944:
1937:
1915:
1887:
1877:Regesta Imperii
1849:
1829:
1827:Further reading
1796:
1763:Dunham, S. A.,
1756:Comyn, Robert.
1739:
1734:
1727:
1711:
1707:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1673:
1669:
1660:
1656:
1646:
1644:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1613:
1609:
1599:Smedley, Edward
1597:
1593:
1588:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1529:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1498:Dunham, pg. 196
1497:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1440:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1406:
1393:
1389:
1385:Dunham, pg. 195
1384:
1375:
1370:
1363:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1338:
1331:
1323:. GRIN Verlag.
1315:
1311:
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1238:
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1223:
1215:
1211:
1203:
1199:
1191:
1180:
1175:
1164:
1137:"Otto IV"
1131:
1127:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1100:
1043:
1039:
1035:
976:
901:excommunication
792:
737:March of Ancona
733:Louis the Pious
713:Duchy of Swabia
593:Crusade of 1197
566:
560:
482:Duke of Bavaria
474:
469:
422:King of Germany
418:Count of Poitou
416:, who made him
396:Chronica Majora
336:
335:
332: 1214)
327:
323:
313:
306:
299:
283:
268:
91:
90:Seal of Otto IV
65:
52:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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3729:
3722:
3721:
3714:
3707:
3699:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3678:
3673:Frederick III
3670:
3662:
3654:
3646:
3638:
3630:
3622:
3614:
3606:
3598:
3590:
3582:
3574:
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3185:
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3089:
3079:
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2985:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2944:Kings of Italy
2940:
2939:
2932:
2925:
2917:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2888:
2886:
2879:
2878:
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2869:
2867:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2854:Franz Joseph I
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2596:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2542:Lothair II/III
2539:
2534:
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2522:
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2505:
2500:
2495:
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2203:
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2039:
2036:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2017:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1987:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1956:Regnal titles
1953:
1952:
1938:
1935:
1930:
1929:
1913:
1907:
1884:
1879:
1870:
1860:
1848:
1847:External links
1845:
1844:
1843:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1809:
1800:
1794:
1777:
1768:
1761:
1754:
1749:Bryce, James,
1747:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1725:
1705:
1691:
1667:
1654:
1629:
1627:Comyn, pg. 283
1620:
1607:
1591:
1575:
1573:Comyn, pg. 281
1566:
1550:
1541:
1527:
1500:
1484:
1482:Bryce, pg. 207
1475:
1454:
1452:Comyn, pg. 280
1445:
1438:
1420:
1418:Comyn, pg. 279
1404:
1387:
1373:
1371:Comyn, pg. 277
1361:
1348:
1346:Comyn, pg. 278
1336:
1329:
1309:
1307:Comyn, pg. 275
1297:
1290:
1270:
1251:
1249:, p. 341.
1236:
1221:
1219:, p. 390.
1209:
1197:
1178:
1162:
1125:
1110:
1108:Bryce, pg. 206
1098:
1054:King of Sicily
1036:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1017:, daughter of
1007:
1004:Irene Angelina
975:
972:
929:Roche-au-Moine
828:King of Sicily
791:
788:
562:Main article:
559:
556:
525:Northumberland
488:, by his wife
486:Duke of Saxony
478:Henry the Lion
473:
470:
468:
465:
449:excommunicated
435:In 1209, Otto
370:
369:
364:
360:
359:
357:Henry the Lion
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3960:
3959:House of Welf
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3661:
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3647:
3645:
3639:
3637:
3633:Frederick II
3631:
3629:
3623:
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3597:
3591:
3589:
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2938:
2933:
2931:
2926:
2924:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2897:Frederick III
2895:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2883:German Empire
2880:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2861:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2823:German Empire
2820:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2796:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2725:Ferdinand III
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2705:Maximilian II
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2685:Frederick III
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
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2617:
2614:
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2611:
2607:
2605:
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2600:
2597:
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2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
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2484:
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2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
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2394:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2365:
2360:
2358:
2353:
2351:
2346:
2345:
2342:
2330:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2271:Ferdinand III
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2251:Maximilian II
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2231:Frederick III
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2069:
2067:
2062:
2060:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2042:
2033:
2032:
2025:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1973:
1972:
1965:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1941:House of Welf
1933:
1926:
1925:
1919:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1890:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1830:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1813:Norgate, Kate
1810:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1795:9780520045828
1791:
1786:
1785:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1728:
1726:9783825856571
1722:
1718:
1717:
1709:
1694:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1671:
1664:
1658:
1643:
1639:
1633:
1624:
1617:
1611:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1570:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1545:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1504:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1479:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1449:
1441:
1439:9780761811886
1435:
1431:
1424:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1400:
1399:
1391:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1368:
1366:
1358:
1352:
1343:
1341:
1332:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1313:
1304:
1302:
1293:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1274:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1258:W. W. Scott:
1255:
1248:
1243:
1241:
1233:
1228:
1226:
1218:
1213:
1206:
1201:
1194:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1138:
1129:
1121:
1114:
1105:
1103:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1066:King of Italy
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
992:
991:
989:
980:
971:
969:
964:
962:
958:
954:
950:
944:
942:
936:
934:
933:Low Countries
930:
926:
920:
918:
914:
908:
906:
902:
898:
894:
889:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
846:
844:
840:
836:
831:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
805:
800:
796:
787:
785:
781:
777:
776:King of Italy
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
752:
750:
746:
743:, the former
742:
738:
734:
730:
725:
721:
716:
714:
710:
705:
703:
699:
693:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
670:
668:
664:
660:
655:
651:
647:
642:
640:
636:
632:
628:
623:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
600:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
575:
571:
565:
555:
553:
549:
545:
541:
536:
534:
530:
526:
522:
519:of Scotland.
518:
514:
509:
507:
503:
502:Third Crusade
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
410:
408:
404:
397:
392:
384:
376:
368:
365:
361:
358:
355:
351:
348:
345:
343:
339:
322:
315:
297:
293:
292:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
271:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
239:
236:
232:
228:
224:
221:
217:
214:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
188:
187:King of Italy
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
146:
142:
139:
136:
132:
129:
126:
122:
119:
115:
113:
109:
105:
101:
98:
94:
87:
82:
79:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
50:
45:
41:
37:
36:
30:
21:
20:
3853:
3827:William VIII
3624:
3609:Frederick I
3476:Berengar II
3469:
3439:
3425:
3403:
3389:
3381:Non-dynastic
3353:Charles III
3297:Charlemagne
3289:Carolingians
3082:
2952:Non-dynastic
2730:Ferdinand IV
2720:Ferdinand II
2690:Maximilian I
2667:
2650:
2608:
2593:Henry (VIII)
2591:
2577:Frederick II
2571:
2532:Conrad (III)
2524:
2517:
2451:
2428:East Francia
2379:East Francia
2266:Ferdinand II
2236:Maximilian I
2206:Frederick II
2200:
2029:
2014:
2012:as anti-king
2010:Frederick II
2007:
1999:
1992:Frederick II
1984:
1982:as contender
1977:
1969:
1947:
1939:
1922:
1892:
1876:
1838:
1834:
1821:. Macmillan.
1817:
1804:
1783:
1772:
1764:
1757:
1750:
1743:
1715:
1708:
1696:. Retrieved
1682:
1670:
1663:Frederick II
1662:
1657:
1645:. Retrieved
1641:
1632:
1623:
1618:1836, pg. 72
1615:
1610:
1605:1836, pg. 71
1602:
1594:
1569:
1544:
1519:
1503:
1478:
1462:
1457:
1448:
1429:
1423:
1397:
1390:
1356:
1351:
1319:
1312:
1280:
1273:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1247:Norgate 1887
1212:
1205:Norgate 1887
1200:
1193:Huffman 2000
1141:
1128:
1119:
1113:
1093:
1085:
1081:
1048:was crowned
1046:Frederick II
1040:
1028:
985:
965:
960:
945:
937:
921:
911:through the
909:
890:
847:
832:
809:
802:Otto IV and
793:
753:
717:
706:
694:
671:
646:Innocent III
643:
624:
601:
581:Hohenstaufen
567:
537:
510:
506:Earl of York
475:
461:Welf dynasty
434:
411:
402:
401:
395:
247:Frederick II
181:Frederick II
138:Frederick II
75:
57:
48:
33:
3939:1218 deaths
3934:1175 births
3822:William VII
3797:William III
3683:(1530–1556)
3675:(1452–1493)
3667:(1431–1437)
3659:(1355–1378)
3657:Charles IV
3651:(1327–1347)
3643:(1311–1313)
3635:(1212–1250)
3627:(1209–1212)
3619:(1186–1197)
3611:(1154–1186)
3603:(1138–1152)
3601:Conrad III
3595:(1125–1137)
3587:(1106–1125)
3579:(1093–1101)
3571:(1056–1105)
3563:(1039–1056)
3555:(1026–1039)
3547:(1004–1024)
3539:(1002–1014)
3462:Lothair II
3396:Berengar I
3391:Unruochings
3337:Charles II
3276:Desiderius
3252:Hildeprand
3228:Aripert II
3083:Interregnum
2885:(1871–1918)
2866:(1867–1871)
2847:(1850–1866)
2825:(1848/1849)
2813:Ferdinand I
2801:(1815–1848)
2782:(1806–1813)
2750:Charles VII
2700:Ferdinand I
2582:Henry (VII)
2557:Frederick I
2291:Charles VII
2246:Ferdinand I
2191:Frederick I
2186:Lothair III
2116:Charles III
2091:Charlemagne
2015:(1212–1215)
1985:(1198–1208)
1950:May 19 1218
1217:McLynn 2007
957:Kantorowicz
864:coast from
806:shake hands
310: 1212
234:Predecessor
201:Predecessor
170:Predecessor
124:Predecessor
3923:Categories
3849:William IX
3817:William VI
3802:William IV
3792:William II
3681:Charles V
3665:Sigismund
3641:Henry VII
3577:Conrad II
3561:Henry III
3553:Conrad II
3531:(996–1002)
3506:(962–1556)
3321:Lothair I
3244:Liutprand
3220:Raginpert
3180:Perctarit
3156:Perctarit
3140:Aripert I
3005:Theodahad
2997:Athalaric
2989:Theodoric
2981:Ostrogoths
2902:William II
2789:Napoleon I
2770:Francis II
2765:Leopold II
2745:Charles VI
2658:Wenceslaus
2646:Charles IV
2552:Henry (VI)
2547:Conrad III
2476:(962–1806)
2471:within the
2381:during the
2311:Francis II
2306:Leopold II
2286:Charles VI
2256:Rudolph II
2221:Charles IV
2111:Charles II
2035:1196–1198
1807:. Vintage.
1737:References
1647:9 November
1232:Keefe 1983
1090:Iron Crown
749:Pentapolis
747:, and the
698:Wassenberg
529:Cumberland
472:Early life
159:Coronation
112:Coronation
3812:William V
3787:William I
3763:Ranulf II
3748:Bernard I
3649:Louis IV
3617:Henry VI
3569:Henry IV
3545:Henry II
3537:Arduin I
3529:Otto III
3523:(980–983)
3515:(962–973)
3486:(950–963)
3484:Adalbert
3478:(950–963)
3471:Anscarids
3464:(945–950)
3456:(926–947)
3448:(900–905)
3446:Louis II
3434:(922–933)
3420:(891–897)
3412:(889–894)
3405:Guideschi
3398:(887–924)
3363:(896–899)
3355:(879–887)
3347:(877–879)
3345:Carloman
3339:(875–877)
3331:(855–875)
3323:(818–855)
3315:(810–818)
3307:(781–810)
3299:(774–814)
3278:(756–774)
3270:(749–756)
3262:(744–749)
3246:(712–744)
3236:Ansprand
3230:(702–712)
3214:(700–702)
3212:Liutpert
3206:(689–700)
3204:Cunipert
3190:(688–689)
3188:Cunipert
3182:(671–688)
3172:Garibald
3166:(662–671)
3164:Grimoald
3158:(661–662)
3150:(661–662)
3148:Godepert
3142:(653–661)
3134:(652–653)
3126:(636-652)
3118:(626–636)
3110:(616–626)
3108:Adaloald
3102:(590–616)
3094:(584–590)
3086:(574–584)
3076:(572–574)
3068:(568–572)
3047:(552–553)
3039:(541–552)
3023:(540–541)
3015:(536–540)
3007:(534–536)
2999:(526–534)
2991:(493–526)
2961:(476–493)
2892:William I
2873:William I
2808:Francis I
2760:Joseph II
2755:Francis I
2735:Leopold I
2710:Rudolf II
2695:Charles V
2680:Albert II
2675:Sigismund
2631:Henry VII
2587:Conrad IV
2508:Henry III
2503:Conrad II
2435:(919–962)
2430:(911–919)
2386:(843–911)
2301:Joseph II
2296:Francis I
2276:Leopold I
2241:Charles V
2226:Sigismund
2211:Henry VII
2171:Henry III
2166:Conrad II
2136:Louis III
2101:Lothair I
2041:Richard I
2024:Richard I
2005:1209–1215
1975:1198–1209
1859:catalogue
1473:, pg. 308
1044:Although
986:Otto was
917:Constance
888:in 1211.
878:Magdeburg
854:Frederick
824:Frederick
724:Frankfurt
702:Brunswick
635:Philip II
548:Périgueux
457:Brunswick
244:Successor
229:1208–1215
213:Henry VII
209:Successor
196:1208–1212
178:Successor
154:1198–1209
134:Successor
106:1209–1218
3893:François
3884:John III
3864:Alphonse
3770:Robert I
3767:Gauzbert
3758:Ranulf I
3625:Otto IV
3585:Henry V
3521:Otto II
3441:Bosonids
3432:Rudolph
3418:Lambert
3329:Louis I
3313:Bernard
3268:Aistulf
3260:Ratchis
3132:Rodoald
3124:Rothari
3116:Arioald
3100:Agilulf
3092:Authari
3058:Lombards
3021:Ildibad
3013:Vitiges
2959:Odoacer
2740:Joseph I
2715:Matthias
2636:Louis IV
2626:Albert I
2616:Rudolf I
2562:Henry VI
2513:Henry IV
2498:Henry II
2493:Otto III
2442:Conrad I
2398:Carloman
2329:Category
2281:Joseph I
2261:Matthias
2216:Louis IV
2196:Henry VI
2176:Henry IV
2161:Henry II
2156:Otto III
2141:Berengar
2106:Louis II
1964:Henry VI
1815:(1887).
1665:, pg. 66
1154:Normandy
1150:Argentan
1120:Medioevo
1096:, (1999)
961:gruesome
953:expiated
949:Harzburg
866:Holstein
835:Calabria
652:and the
540:Poitiers
513:Margaret
270:Harzburg
204:Henry VI
173:Henry VI
128:Henry VI
3889:Charles
3879:John II
3859:Richard
3832:Eleanor
3513:Otto I
3499:within
3369:Ratold
3361:Arnulf
3196:Alahis
3066:Alboin
3037:Totila
3029:Eraric
2652:Günther
2610:Alfonso
2604:Richard
2599:William
2572:Otto IV
2537:Henry V
2526:Hermann
2488:Otto II
2447:Henry I
2201:Otto IV
2181:Henry V
2151:Otto II
2126:Lambert
2096:Louis I
1865:in the
1855:in the
1841:: 5–12.
939:at the
870:Livonia
780:Viterbo
764:Bologna
709:Cologne
690:Cologne
674:Tuscany
667:Perugia
663:Spoleto
627:England
597:Cologne
544:Limoges
521:Lothian
403:Otto IV
334:
326:
288:Spouses
70:Otto IV
44:Discuss
3874:John I
3869:Philip
3782:Ebalus
3774:Ebalus
3753:Emenon
3743:Renaud
3739:Hatton
3736:Guerin
3305:Pepin
3074:Cleph
2663:Rupert
2567:Philip
2519:Rudolf
2483:Otto I
2459:Otto I
2453:Arnulf
2413:Arnulf
2146:Otto I
2131:Arnulf
1980:Philip
1946:
1792:
1767:, 1835
1760:. 1851
1753:, 1913
1723:
1698:8 June
1689:
1512:
1469:
1436:
1327:
1288:
1262:, in:
1021:, and
1011:Aachen
974:Family
862:Baltic
850:Sicily
839:Apulia
762:, and
760:Modena
756:Verona
739:, the
665:, and
659:Ancona
650:Sicily
631:France
604:Aachen
577:Philip
467:Career
363:Mother
353:Father
276:Burial
164:Aachen
40:merged
3843:Henry
3837:Louis
3807:Eudes
3778:Aymar
3454:Hugh
3427:Welfs
3371:(896)
3254:(744)
3238:(712)
3222:(701)
3198:(689)
3174:(671)
3045:Teia
3031:(541)
2669:Jobst
2621:Adolf
2008:with
1978:with
1948:Died:
1122:: 58.
1078:Milan
1074:Monza
1070:Pavia
1033:Notes
925:Loire
893:Milan
874:Mainz
768:Milan
608:Adolf
589:Henry
342:House
328:(
324:
226:Reign
193:Reign
151:Reign
103:Reign
3854:Otto
3501:the
3410:Guy
1790:ISBN
1721:ISBN
1700:2017
1687:ISBN
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