630:
571:
186:
50:
738:
567:, also an expert on methanogens from the University of Illinois. Coincidentally, Bryant was just sitting in Kandler's office when Wolfe's letter arrived. In his letter Wolfe also offered to send cultures for cell wall studies since he knew Kandler was a cell wall expert. Kandler wrote back immediately how impressed he was with Woese's findings and ideas and that he looked forward to investigate Wolfe's methanogens. In his reply Kandler also mentioned that methanogens and halophiles may be "ancient relics" that have branched off from the bulk of the prokaryotes before peptidoglycan had been "invented". He asked Wolfe to send him lyophilized cells of methanogens to analyse their cell walls.
763:"(1) Reductive formation of organic compounds from CO or CO2 by Me-sulfur coordinative chemistry; (2) tapping of various redox energy sources and formation of primitive enzymes and templates; (3) elements of a transcription and translation apparatus and loose associations; (4) formation of pre-cells; (5) stabilised circular or linear genomes; (6) cytoplasmic membranes; (7) rigid murein cell walls; (8) various non-murein rigid cell walls; (9) glycoproteinaceous cell envelope or glycokalyx; (10) cytoskeleton; (11) complex chromosomes and nuclear membrane; (12) cell organelles via endosymbiosis".
657:
182:, later he had to serve in the German army as a radio reporter in Russia. At the end of the war his group was transferred to Austria. He escaped by bicycle to the Western Front to avoid capture by the Russians. After spending a few months in an American prison camp he was allowed to return home. Between 1945 and 1946 he reconstructed his father's market garden and earned some money by growing and selling vegetable, especially cabbage, and flowers to finance his life and his future studies.
204:, zoology, geology, chemistry and physics. He also attended philosophy lectures. Since much of the university of Munich had been bombed, the institute buildings were badly damaged and still in ruins. To be admitted, he and all the other students had to remove rubble and help reconstruct buildings. After three terms he found a research subject for his dissertation in botany. As the first in Germany he started to cultivate isolated plant tissues
653:
structural, biochemical and molecular differences between bacteria and "archaebacteria" was presented leading to the gradual acceptance of the concept of the "archaebacteria" as an autonomous group of organisms. After the conference, the "archaebacteria" were celebrated by Woese, Wolfe and
Kandler on an excursion to the close Alps climbing the top of Hochiss (2299 m) in the Rofan mountains (see Photos).
710:. Up to date, this publication is one of the most frequently cited papers in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. (The role of the third author is described by Sapp (pp. 261f. and 386) and Quammen (pp. 210f.)) In a second publication, they contrasted their natural system of "global classification", a
3507:
613:
In this article Woese and Fox also still used a preliminary terminology ("domains" for the two groups prokaryotes and eukaryotes; "primary kingdoms" or "urkingdoms" for the three groupings "eubacteria", "archaebacteria", and "urkaryotes". Only in 1990, in their publication on the phylogenetic tree of
455:
marker. The different peptidoglycan types and their taxonomic implications were described in detail by
Schleifer and Kandler. As a result, they suggested comparative cell wall chemistry as a marker for the deep branches in the phylogenetic tree of bacteria. Kandler’s cell wall studies also included
667:
Meanwhile, the support for the "archaebacteria" concept – and also for the idea of a phylogenetic division into three groups on the basis of 16S rRNA sequencing and additional characteristics – had grown, but had still not yet been generally accepted by the scientific community. Also an intensive
644:
In the summer of 1979, Kandler invited Woese again to give a lecture at a meeting of the "Deutsche
Gesellschaft für Mikrobiologie und Hygiene" in Munich. This time Woese participated. He came to Munich for the first time and was welcomed with fanfare, a brass band concert and a dinner party in the
585:
In
January 1977, Kandler visited Woese for the first time. He was immediately convinced of Woese's new concept, for his cell wall analyses matched perfectly with Woese's 16S rRNA sequencing results. This was the beginning of a close and productive transatlantic complementary relationship and
315:
was still in ruins and Feodor Lynen and his assistant Helmut Holzer were working temporarily as guests in the
Botanical Institute just next door to the laboratory where Kandler was engaged in his thesis in botany. Kandler was impressed by the experimental methods in Lynen's laboratory and got
652:
The first international conference ever on "archaebacteria" was also organised by
Kandler, again in Munich, in 1981. Both, Carl Woese and Ralph Wolfe took part. The resulting conference volume was the very first book on "archaebacteria". At this conference convincing evidence for essential
590:
gene sequences. In their fundamental frequently cited publication, Woese and Fox (November 1977) introduced the term "archaebacteria", at that time, comprising only methanogens. They cited
Kandler and named the very first three pieces of evidence for the concept of the "archaebacteria":
790:
in starter cultures for yoghurt. He also tested several procedures for the fermentation of milk and vegetable products or proposed methods for successfully combating micro-organisms in cooling water systems (more examples see
Schleifer 2011. Later he conducted research on thermophilic
621:
While Woese's proposal to subdivide organisms into "three lines of descent" at that time received little support – and even harsh criticism – in the US, Kandler called Woese "the Darwin of the 20th century" and was convinced that research on "archaebacteria" had a great future.
625:
With great enthusiasm
Kandler founded research on "archaebacteria" in Germany and organised funding for this novel field. In the spring of 1978, in Munich, Kandler organised the very first meeting on "archaebacteria". Carl Woese was invited, but was not able to participate.
555:) became one of the first three pieces of evidence that methanogens belong to a group of organisms distinct from bacteria. Therefore, Kandler was delighted when he learned from a letter by Ralph F. Wolfe, expert on methanogens, on 11 November 1976, that Wolfe's colleague
316:
acquainted with them; Holzer and
Kandler became close friends. At that time, Holzer was able to present the first evidence for ATP formation in yeast oxidizing butanol to butyric acid. Kandler then decided to transfer their techniques for measuring phosphorylation rates
781:
was one of Kandler's scientific heroes. Kandler liked to cite Pasteur's opinion that there is no "applied science", but that there are rather "applications of science". When he was director of the Bacteriological Institute of the South German Dairy Research Center in
1213:
Kandler, O. (1998). The early diversification of life and the origin of the three domains: A proposal. pp. 19–31. In: Thermophiles: The keys to molecular evolution and the origin of life? (J. Wiegel & M.W. Adams eds.) Taylor and Francis Ltd. London, UK
675:
Finally, after about 13 years of cooperation, in their publication of 1990 (Woese, Kandler, Wheelis), Woese and Kandler proposed a "tree of life" consisting of three lines of descent (see adjacent "Phylogenetic Tree of Life") for which they introduced the term
162:, as the 6th child of the family of a market gardener. Growing up and helping in his father's garden, early on, he became interested in plant life and nature in general. He attended school for 8 years. When he was about twelve years old he had read about
810:
Since the early 1980s, research on the so-called "Waldsterben" (forest death) in Germany was substantially sponsored by the German Ministry of Science and Technology. On the basis of his own investigations, Kandler became a decided critic.
807:(now "Forum für Ökologie" – panel for ecology), of which he was a member until 2006. His interest in ecology was broad; for instance he dealt with bacterial interactions, forest conditions and the return of lichens into the city of Munich.
2133:
236:
After his return, Kandler was dissatisfied with the poor laboratory conditions at the university at home, so he was glad to find a position as director of the Bacteriological Institute of the South German Dairy Research Center in
889:
Kandler, Otto (1950). Über die Beziehungen zwischen Phosphathaushalt und Photosynthese: I. Phosphatspiegelschwankungen bei Chlorella pyrenoidosa als Folge des Licht-Dunkel-Wechsels. . Zeitschrift für Naturforschung 5b, 423–437
2792:
Kurr M; Huber R; König H; Jannasch HW; Fricke H; Trincone A; Kristjansson JK; Stetter KO (1991). "Methanopyrus kandleri, gen. and sp. nov. represents a novel group of hyperthermophilic methanogens, growing at 110°C".
3649:
3238:
Wiegel, Jürgen (1998). "Lateral Gene Exchange, an Evolutionary Mechanism for Extending the Upper or Lower Temperature Limits for Growth of Microorganisms? A Hypothesis". In Jürgen Wiegel; Michael W.W. Adams (eds.).
668:
controversial discussion about the level of classification and terminology was taking place (e.g. terms like urkingdom, primary kingdom, empire etc. were considered). This discussion is documented in detail in
245:, where research conditions still at that time were bad. So he kept his position in Weihenstephan in parallel until 1965. In 1968 he was appointed full professor and Head of the Department of Botany at the
174:, and he was supposed to become a gardener or learn another trade. However his teachers convinced his parents that their talented son should continue school. So he attended the "Deutsche Aufbauschule" in
399:-glucose, the glucose donor of starch biosynthesis, for the first time in plants. He made an essential contribution to clarify the complicated biosynthesis of branched-chain monosaccharides (hamamelose,
224:
in 1953 he remained at the university until 1957. In 1953 he married Gertraud Schäfer, a graduate student of microbiology. They have three daughters and four grandchildren. For his early publications on
166:
and mentioned it to a Catholic priest. The priest punished him with two strikes on his hands with a rod. However he remained interested in the origin and evolution of organisms for the rest of his life.
3664:
3669:
481:" were found to lack peptidoglycan, confirming the idea, that also these organisms are not bacteria and belong to a group of organisms soon called "archaebacteria" (in 1990 classified as
444:, on which he wrote a chapter in Bergey's Manual, the ‘bible' of microbiologists. In addition he published numerous papers on the isolation, description and taxonomy of other bacteria.
423:, since, in the early 1950s, such wall-less microorganisms were often regarded as representatives of "urbacteria". Together with his wife, he investigated the so-called PPLOs, (now
3066:
Archaebacteria '85. Proceedings of the EMBO Workshop on Molecular Genetics of Archaebacteria. International Workshop on Biology and Biochemistry of Archaebacteria (June 23–26, 1985)
431:(bacteria that lost their cell walls). They found that these organisms do not proliferate by binary fission but by a budding process. These publications are still cited at present.
1982:[On the relationship between phosphate metabolism and photosynthesis II. Increases in glucoseuptake/content in light as an indicator of a light dependent phosphorylation]
252:
Kandler would have celebrated his 100th birthday on 23 October 2020. For this centenary Kandler's family gave his chronological collection of historical botany books, among them
1934:[On the relationship between phosphate metabolism and photosynthesis I. Variations in phosphate levels in Chlorella pyrenoidosa as a consequence of light-dark changes]
106:(up to 1990 called "archaebacteria") convinced him that archaea represent an autonomous group of organisms distinct from bacteria. This was the basis for his cooperation with
563:
gene sequencing method. When Kandler received this letter, based on his new findings, he had already planned to investigate the cell walls of other methanogens together with
2515:[Studies on morphology and multiplication of pleuropneumonia-like organisms and on bacterial L-phase, II. Electron microscopy (now mycoplasmas and L-form bacteria)]
2293:
Arnon, Daniel I.; Whatley, F.R.; Allen, M.B. (1954). "Photosynthesis by isolated chloroplasts II. Photophosphorylation, the conversion of light into phosphate bond energy".
178:, Bavaria, a school for the education of future teachers. His studies were, however, interrupted by the Second World War. In 1939 he and his fellow students had to join the
2513:"Untersuchungen über die Morphologie und die Vermehrung der pleuropneumonie-ähnlichen Organismen und der L-Phase der Bakterien. II. Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen"
2464:[Studies on morphology and multiplication of pleuropneumonia-like organisms and on bacterial L-phase, I. Light microscopy (now mycoplasmas and L-form bacteria)]
1557:
2462:"Untersuchungen über die Morphologie und die Vermehrung der pleuropneumonie-ähnlichen Organismen und der L-Phase der Bakterien. I. Lichtmikroskopische Untersuchungen"
447:
Kandler was one of the first scientists who, together with his group, studied the chemistry and structure of the cell walls of bacteria. The primary structure of
1980:"Über die Beziehungen zwischen Phosphathaushalt und Photosynthese II. Gesteigerter Glucoseeinbau im Licht als Indikator einer lichtabhängigen Phosphorylierung"
1932:"Über die Beziehungen zwischen Phosphathaushalt und Photosynthese I. Phosphatspiegelschwankungen bei Chlorella pyrenoidosa als Folge des Licht-Dunkel-Wechsels"
722:
system) or into five (5-kingdom system) groupings. Today the division of the tree of life into three domains – levels above kingdoms – is textbook knowledge.
249:, taught and conducted research until his retirement in 1986. His broad scientific interests are indicated by the titles of his more than 400 publications.
419:
In addition to his interest in plant physiology and biochemistry Otto Kandler early on focused on bacteria, above all, on the presence or absence of their
3551:
786:, he concentrated on the microbiology of milk and dairy products, e.g. developed methods to prolong the shelf-life of milk, and tested the utilisation of
451:(murein), the unique cell wall component of bacteria, was investigated. Kandler recognized that the amino acid sequence of peptidoglycan is a valuable
514:
Together with Hans Günter Schlegel, Kandler was substantially involved in the foundation of the German collection of microorganisms and cell cultures
3102:
868:
629:
2741:
König, Helmut; Kandler, Otto (1979). "The amino acid sequence of the peptide moiety of the pseudomurein from Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum".
2233:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1289:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
3409:
1166:
570:
1489:
1442:
1335:
3659:
220:
conditions, received his doctor's degree with honors in 1949 and became assistant professor of botany at the University of Munich. After his
477:
contain peptidoglycan. Consequently, he came to the conclusion that methanogens are basically different from bacteria. In his group, also "
760:
A scheme of the pre-cell scenario is presented in the adjacent figure, where essential evolutionary improvements are indicated by numbers:
2028:[On the relationship between phosphate metabolism and photosynthesis III. Inhibition analysis of light dependent phosphorylation]
130:. Finally, on the basis of his lifelong interest in the early evolution and diversification of life on this planet, Kandler presented his
3511:
3017:
2111:
840:
803:
Kandler's role as an early representative of scientific ecology is less known. He was a cofounder of the "commission for ecology" at the
3573:
2266:
Lynen, Feodor; Holzer, Helmut (1949). "Über den aeroben Phosphatbedarf der Hefe II. Die Umsetzung von Butylalkohol und Butyraldehyd".
284:. As the first in Germany he started to grow isolated plant tissue cultures (e.g. of stems, roots, sprouts, embryos, callus growths)
766:
Kandler's contribution to our understanding of the early evolution of life was valued several times, e.g. Müller 1998, Wiegel 1998,
3103:"Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Otto Kandler 1920 – 2017. Beschreiber der Dritten Domaine des Lebens und Vorreiter der Ökologie in Bayern"
586:
cooperation by the exchange of cultures, results and ideas. Kandler's group studied the cell wall composition and Woese's group the
1053:
Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie Mikrobiologie und Hygiene: I. Abt. Originale C: Allgemeine, Angewandte und Ökologische Mikrobiologie
2512:
1546:
1405:
1328:
2461:
2206:. Vol. 1 Photophysical Processes, Membrane Energization. Philadelphia, PA: Balaban Intern.Science Services. pp. 3–14.
3639:
3457:
1014:
König, H.; Kandler, O. (1979). "N-Acetyltalosaminuronic acid a constituent of the pseudomurein of the genus Methanobacterium".
646:
312:
246:
197:
190:
43:
530:
411:, as a galactosyl donor, was elucidated, and hence the role of inositol as a co-factor of sugar transfer reactions in plants.
3654:
3532:"Ehrung anlässlich der Verleihung der Professor Hermann Weigmann-Medaille für Professor Dr. Dr. h.c. Otto Kandler, München".
3248:
3222:
3138:
3073:
3048:
2419:
2211:
1909:
1864:
1307:
308:
299:
In his contribution „Historical perspectives on queries concerning photophosphorylation" Kandler describes the beginnings of
2026:"Über die Beziehungen zwischen Phosphathaushalt und Photosynthese III. Hemmungsanalyse der lichtabhängigen Phosphorylierung"
559:(University of Illinois, Urbana, USA) had just discovered basic differences between methanogens and bacteria with his novel
2647:; Katarzyna Mickiewicz; Yoshikazu Kawai; Ling Juan Wu (2016), "L-form bacteria, chronic diseases and the origins of life",
2204:
Photosynthesis. Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress on Photosynthesis, September 7-13, 1980, Halkidiki, Greece
522:
256:
of the 16th and 17th centuries, as a present to the library of the "Regensburgische Botanische Gesellschaft" (founded by
2103:
1272:
361:
to offer him a one-year research fellowship in the USA. So in 1956–1957 he worked for 6 months with Martin Gibbs at the
374:
185:
2402:
Kandler, Otto; Hopf, Herbert (1980). "Occurrence, metabolism and function of oligosaccharides". In Jack Preiss (ed.).
2856:
303:
research and how he became interested: In 1948, he was inspired by a lecture on the phosphate metabolism of yeast by
49:
2241:
Der Mikrobiologe. Mitteilungen des Berufsverbands der Ärzte für Mikrobiologie, Virologie und Infektionsepidemiologie
1286:
Der Mikrobiologe. Mitteilungen des Berufsverbands der Ärzte für Mikrobiologie, Virologie und Infektionsepidemiologie
2848:
1447:
862:
434:
During his time as director of the Bacteriological Institute of the South German Dairy Research Center in Freising-
730:
Kandler has always been interested in the early evolution and diversification of life and, finally, presented his
357:
and mentioned Kandler's pioneering work. Kandler's early publications on light-dependent formation of ATP led the
3674:
3644:
2436:
2075:
1399:
737:
1659:
Kandler, Otto; Hippe, Hans (January 1977). "Lack of peptidoglycan in the cell walls of Methanosarcina barkeri".
3461:
852:
821:
362:
139:
664:
In 1985, Kandler and Zillig organised a second international conference on "archaebacteria", again in Munich.
438:, Kandler concentrated on dairy microbiology and investigated the physiology, biochemistry and systematics of
660:
Universal phylogenetic tree in rooted form, showing the three domains (Woese, Kandler, Wheelis 1990, p. 4578)
241:
in 1957, where conditions were much better. In 1960 he was appointed full professor of Applied Botany of the
2602:(2014), "General principles for the formation and proliferation of a wall-free (L-form) state in bacteria",
767:
2840:
804:
551:(murein), a typical cell wall component of bacteria, is missing in two strains of methanogenic "bacteria" (
3041:
Archaebacteria. Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Archaebacteria (June 27th–July 1st 1981)
1317:
Schleifer, K.-H. (2011). "Prof Dr Dr h.c. mult Otto Kandler: distinguished botanist and microbiologist".
378:
242:
1469:
Schleifer, Karl-Heinz (December 2017). "Obituary: In Memoriam: Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Otto Kandler".
636:(left), Ralph Wolfe and Otto Kandler (right), celebrating the "archaebacteria" (now archaea) on top of
296:
conditions. As mentioned above, this formed the subject of his dissertation (summa cum laude) in 1949.
2351:
3213:
Madigan, Michael T.; Aiyer, Jennifer; Buckley, Daniel H.; Sattley, Matthew; Stahl, David A. (2022).
2878:
2134:"Bücherschätze aus fünf Jahrhunderten – Prof. Dr. Otto Kandlers Sammlung historischer Botanik-Werke"
714:
division on the basis of 16S rRNA sequencing, with the conventional division of organisms into two (
377:
on central questions of photosynthesis (e.g. the path of carbon in photosynthesis, today called the
327:
So, in 1950, he was the first to present experimental evidence for the light-dependent formation of
233:
and, in 1956/1957 he was able to work on basic questions of photosynthesis for one year in the USA.
3500:
2025:
526:
403:). Finally he elucidated the biosynthesis of the sugars of the raffinose family, the most frequent
370:
261:
3435:
1979:
1931:
891:
877:
66:
1766:"Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya"
1310:
1077:"Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya"
91:
of plants and microorganisms. He presented the first experimental evidence for the existence of
2843:. In Koki Horikoshi; Garabed Antranikian; Alan T. Bull; Frank T. Robb; Karl O. Stetter (eds.).
963:
469:
358:
328:
230:
189:
Wall mosaic in the great entrance hall of the historical building of the Botanical Institute,
2643:
1717:
Kandler, Otto (1995). "Cell Wall Biochemistry in Archaea and its Phylogenetic Implications".
745:
He assumed that the early evolution of organisms did not start from a common first ancestral
503:
396:
311:). In these years, in the aftermath of World War II, the original Chemical Institute of the
3634:
3629:
3217:(16 ed.). Harlow: Pearson Education. pp. Unit 3, chapter 13: 435 (tree of life).
3167:
2959:
2912:
2802:
2750:
2571:
2164:
1777:
1668:
1603:
1358:
1145:
1088:
1023:
978:
898:
Kandler, O (1960). "Energy transfer through phosphorylation mechanisms in Photosynthesis".
332:
300:
257:
226:
179:
92:
2104:"List of all publications – Prof. Dr. Otto Kandler – Chronologisches Schriftenverzeichnis"
1185:
Kandler, O (1995). "Cell Wall Biochemistry in Archaea and its Phylogenetic Implications".
392:
for tracing the path of e.g. carbon in photosynthesis, was brought to Germany by Kandler.
8:
492:
171:
54:
3319:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
3171:
2916:
2806:
2754:
2575:
2336:
2168:
1781:
1672:
1607:
1362:
1247:
1222:
1149:
1092:
1027:
982:
911:
3339:
3314:
3295:
2987:
2866:
2818:
2774:
2667:
2622:
2544:
2493:
2411:
2352:"Asymmetric distribution of C14 in the glucose phosphates formed during photosynthesis"
2199:
2180:
2049:
2003:
1955:
1734:
1692:
1627:
1382:
1260:
1202:
1039:
1002:
407:
in plants. As a result of these findings, the function of galactinol, a galactoside of
3552:"Ferdinand Cohn-Medaille | Deutsche Gesellschaft für Hygiene und Mikrobiologie (DGHM)"
2935:
2900:
2718:
2693:
2379:
1157:
1064:
945:
920:
3386:; Poelt, Josef (1984). "Wiederbesiedlung der Innenstadt von München durch Flechten".
3344:
3287:
3282:
3265:
3244:
3218:
3195:
3190:
3155:
3134:
3069:
3044:
2979:
2940:
2852:
2766:
2723:
2672:
2644:
2627:
2599:
2563:
2536:
2485:
2415:
2384:
2248:
2207:
2053:
2007:
1905:
1860:
1826:
Kandler, Otto (1994). "The early diversification of life". In Stefan Bengtson (ed.).
1805:
1800:
1765:
1684:
1619:
1591:
1374:
1346:
1303:
1252:
1124:
1119:
1106:
1076:
994:
950:
681:
587:
560:
385:
3299:
2991:
2822:
2778:
2548:
2497:
2184:
1959:
1738:
1696:
1631:
1386:
1264:
1206:
1043:
1006:
3599:"Honorary members – Vereinigung für Allgemeine und Angewandte Mikrobiologie (VAAM)"
3334:
3326:
3277:
3185:
3175:
2971:
2930:
2920:
2810:
2758:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2662:
2652:
2617:
2607:
2579:
2528:
2477:
2407:
2374:
2366:
2332:
2302:
2275:
2172:
2041:
1995:
1947:
1853:"The early diversification of life and the origin of the three domains: A proposal"
1795:
1785:
1726:
1676:
1611:
1478:
1366:
1242:
1234:
1194:
1153:
1114:
1096:
1060:
1031:
986:
940:
936:
932:
907:
827:
677:
564:
404:
264:. Through digitization these historical sources soon will be generally accessible.
134:
theory, suggesting that the three domains of life did not emerge from an ancestral
115:
1051:
Kandler, Otto (1982). "Cell Wall Structures and their Phylogenetic Implications".
741:
Early diversification of life with Kandler's pre-cell theory (Kandler 1998, p. 22)
3315:"From volcanic origins of chemoautotrophic life to Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya"
3128:
2975:
2320:
2155:
Kandler, Otto (1950). "Versuche zur Kultur isolierten Pflanzengewebes in vitro".
1899:
1852:
1334:
Tanner, W. (23 November 2017). Obituary: Professor Dr. Otto Kandler (1920–2017).
1136:
Kandler, Otto (1993). "Cell Wall Biochemistry and Three-Domain Concept of Life".
750:
428:
346:
196:
Kandler was very interested in science, but only in 1946 was he able to enrol at
1482:
1215:
873:
1994 Honorary member of Gesellschaft für Allgemeine und Angewandte Mikrobiologie
725:
3098:
3012:
2070:
1395:
1081:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
757:
of pre-cells", where the invention of cell envelopes played an important role.
656:
273:
163:
62:
39:
2694:"Peptidoglycan types of bacterial cell Walls and their taxonomic implications"
1615:
1370:
921:"Peptidoglycan types of bacterial cell Walls and their taxonomic implications"
495:, a novel cell wall component, and elucidated its structure and biosynthesis.
3623:
2279:
2252:
1284:
Müller, H.E. (1998). Portrait: "Otto Kandler und die moderne Mikrobiologie".
1110:
783:
778:
711:
602:
548:
452:
448:
439:
435:
366:
281:
238:
88:
83:
78:
3598:
2925:
1790:
1101:
3482:
3362:
3348:
3330:
3291:
3199:
3180:
2836:
2676:
2657:
2631:
2597:
2540:
2489:
2388:
1623:
1391:(typo in abstract: the three forms of life are Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya).
1378:
508:
488:
478:
389:
304:
221:
2983:
2727:
2045:
1999:
1951:
1809:
1256:
1238:
1128:
954:
706:) for the three domains and presented the formal description of the taxon
3650:
Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
2944:
2770:
1688:
998:
964:"Lack of peptidoglycan in the cell walls of Methanosarcina barkeri"
715:
547:(before 1990 called "archaebacteria"). His discovery (October 1976) that
354:
2901:"Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: the primary kingdoms"
2612:
2584:
2566:(2009), "Life without a wall or division machine in Bacillus subtilis",
2370:
2306:
614:
life, Woese and Kandler proposed the term "domain" for the three groups
3574:"Former Honorary Members of the DBG (Deutsche Botanische Gesellschaft)"
2814:
2762:
2532:
2481:
2176:
1761:
1730:
1680:
1198:
1072:
1035:
990:
792:
719:
633:
606:
574:
556:
552:
499:
461:
457:
420:
277:
209:
155:
107:
20:
2649:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1598:(Typo in Abstract: three forms of life (Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya)).
467:
In October 1976 Kandler discovered that two strains of the methanogen
3241:
Thermophiles: The keys to molecular evolution and the origin of life?
2200:"Historical perspectives on queries concerning photo-phosphorylation"
1857:
Thermophiles: The keys to molecular evolution and the origin of life?
1587:
1342:
1071:
697:
424:
341:
175:
127:
70:
395:
Together with his coworkers, Kandler demonstrated the occurrence of
2561:
1895:
1398:(September 2018). Obituary - Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. OTTO KANDLER
1295:
731:
692:
669:
408:
131:
119:
99:
98:. His discovery of the basic differences between the cell walls of
35:
3665:
German prisoners of war in World War II held by the United States
2562:
Leaver, M.; Domínguez-Cuevas, P.; Coxhead, J. M.; Daniel, R. A.;
2404:
The Biochemistry of Plants. Carbohydrates: Structure and Function
686:
637:
578:
543:
483:
159:
123:
103:
42:. Until his retirement in 1986 he was professor of botany at the
32:
28:
795:
and their ability to produce biogas from sewage or other waste.
541:
Otto Kandler's main subject in microbiology was his research on
114:
in Germany. In 1990, together with Woese, he proposed the three
3508:"Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften—Verstorbene Mitglieder"
2791:
400:
253:
201:
74:
24:
3458:"Leopoldina Nationale Akademie der Wissenschaften—Mitglieder"
3410:"Vierzehn Jahre Waldschadensdiskussion: Szenarien und Fakten"
1167:"Vierzehn Jahre Waldschadensdiskussion: Szenarien und Fakten"
726:
Early evolution and diversification of life (pre-cell theory)
289:
213:
53:
Otto Kandler in 1983, with a molecular model of pseudomurein(
3670:
Academic staff of the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
1592:"Remembering Otto Kandler (1920–2017) and his contributions"
1347:"Remembering Otto Kandler (1920–2017) and his contributions"
272:
Otto Kandler was very interested in plant growth processes,
1327:(Bergey's International Society for Microbial Systematics)
515:
3212:
3147:
3063:
3013:"Carl R. Woese Guestbook – Dear friend and "Archaekaiser""
2687:
2685:
1547:"Otto Kandler: distinguished Botanist and Microbiologist"
577:(left), Otto Kandler and Ralph Wolfe on their way to Mt.
487:). In some "archaebacteria" Kandler and König identified
2234:"Portrait: "Otto Kandler und die moderne Mikrobiologie""
1558:
Bergey's International Society for Microbial Systematics
536:
260:
in 1790), which has been included in the library of the
2511:
Kandler, Gertraud; Kandler, Otto; Huber, Oskar (1954).
2504:
2682:
645:
great entrance hall of the Botanical Institute of the
208:. He used these tissue cultures to study for instance
3154:
Wheelis, Mark L.; Kandler, O; Woese, Carl R. (1992).
2071:"Bayerischer Verdienstorden für drei LMU-Professoren"
1901:
The new foundations of evolution: on the tree of life
1300:
The New Foundations of Evolution: On the Tree of Life
170:
His parents could not afford to pay the fees for the
3243:. London: Taylor and Francis Ltd. pp. 177–185.
2453:
2323:(1956). "Phosphorus metabolism and photosynthesis".
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
229:
he received a generous research fellowship from the
3257:
3153:
3057:
3032:
2510:
1760:
3266:"From pre-cells to Eukarya – a tale of two lipids"
2734:
2406:. New York: Academic Press Inc. pp. 221–270.
2343:
1859:. London: Taylor and Francis Ltd. pp. 19–31.
1443:"Obituary: Professor Dr. Otto Kandler (1920–2017)"
3133:. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 210f.
3110:Berichte der Bayerischen Botanischen Gesellschaft
2894:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2437:"Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. OTTO KANDLER 1920–2017"
2395:
2292:
1645:
869:Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
680:as the highest rank of classification, above the
3621:
2691:
1223:"Cell wall polymers in Archaea (Archaebacteria)"
918:
427:), wall-less penicillin-resistant bacteria, and
3130:The Tangled Tree. A Radical New History of Life
1925:
1923:
1921:
1855:. In Jürgen Wiegel; Michael W.W. Adams (eds.).
1586:
1341:
3312:
3263:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3085:
2885:
2527:(2). (Article in English available): 202–216.
2476:(2). (Article in English available): 178–201.
2459:
2227:
2225:
2223:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1821:
1819:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
595:lack of peptidoglycan in methanogens (Kandler)
2692:Schleifer, Karl-Heinz; Kandler, Otto (1972).
2570:, vol. 460, no. 7254, p. 538,
1462:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1302:. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
1278:
3382:
3038:
2740:
2434:
2349:
2098:
2096:
2094:
1918:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1658:
1220:
1013:
961:
749:, but that each domain evolved by "multiple
598:two unusual coenzymes in methanogens (Wolfe)
154:Otto Kandler was born on 23 October 1920 in
110:and made him the founder of research on the
3512:Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities
3231:
3082:
3064:Otto Kandler; Wolfram Zillig, eds. (1986).
3018:Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology
2951:
2401:
2265:
2220:
2112:Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1834:
1830:. New York: Columbia U.P. pp. 152–160.
1816:
1703:
841:Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities
138:, e.g. the last universal common ancestor (
3450:
3206:
2313:
1419:
511:as a present for Kandler's 70th birthday.
3338:
3281:
3189:
3179:
3005:
2934:
2924:
2845:History of Discovery of Hyperthermophiles
2717:
2666:
2656:
2621:
2611:
2583:
2460:Kandler, Gertraud; Kandler, Otto (1954).
2378:
2136:. Universität Regensburg. 23 October 2020
2091:
1799:
1789:
1745:
1468:
1316:
1246:
1118:
1100:
944:
833:1982 Regensburger Botanische Gesellschaft
814:
69:, analysis of the structure of bacterial
3156:"On the nature of global classification"
2898:
2435:Tanner, Widmar; Renner, Susanne (2018).
1873:
1544:
883:
736:
655:
628:
569:
184:
61:His most important research topics were
48:
3578:www.deutsche-botanische-gesellschaft.de
3404:
3313:Wächtershäuser, Günter (October 2006).
3126:
2835:
2197:
2154:
2023:
1977:
1929:
1847:
1828:Early Life on Earth. Nobel Symposium 84
1825:
1716:
1184:
1164:
1135:
1050:
897:
773:
3622:
3433:
3237:
3097:
2960:"Microbiology's scarred revolutionary"
2957:
2231:
2065:
2063:
1545:Scheifer, Karl-Heinz (December 2011).
1440:
919:Schleifer, K.-H.; Kandler, O. (1972).
647:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
521:Kandler was the founder and editor of
313:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
288:to study metabolism and the effect of
247:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
198:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
191:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
44:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
2841:"Part 4: Extremophiles: Thermophiles"
2350:Kandler, Otto; Gibbs, Martin (1956).
2319:
2019:
2017:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1904:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1075:; Kandler, O.; Wheelis, M.L. (1990).
684:level. They also suggested the terms
537:Archaea and the three domains of life
309:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
149:
3660:German Army soldiers of World War II
3363:"Zur Geschichte des Forums Ökologie"
3068:. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag.
3043:. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag.
1894:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1227:Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences
672:(2009, especially chapters 19, 20).
2337:10.1146/annurev.pp.07.060156.001545
2060:
1471:Systematic and Applied Microbiology
1441:Tanner, Widmar (23 November 2017).
1138:Systematic and Applied Microbiology
912:10.1146/annurev.pp.11.060160.000345
640:in 1981 (photo by Gertraud Kandler)
581:in 1981 (photo by Gertraud Kandler)
531:Zeitschrift für Pflanzenphysiologie
523:Systematic and Applied Microbiology
365:and then for another 6 months with
267:
13:
2428:
2412:10.1016/B978-0-12-675403-2.50013-2
2014:
1966:
649:(photo see "Life and education").
375:University of California, Berkeley
14:
3686:
2598:Romain Mercier; Yoshikazu Kawai;
2325:Annual Review of Plant Physiology
1764:; Kandler, O; Wheelis, M (1990).
1571:
900:Annual Review of Plant Physiology
845:1983 Mycological Society of India
507:was named in honor of Kandler by
3417:Naturwissenschaftliche Rundschau
3388:Naturwissenschaftliche Rundschau
3283:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03267.x
2651:, vol. 371, no. 1707,
1448:Deutsche Botanische Gesellschaft
1336:Deutsche Botanische Gesellschaft
1174:Naturwissenschaftliche Rundschau
863:Deutsche Botanische Gesellschaft
349:discovered photophosphorylation
3591:
3566:
3544:
3525:
3475:
3434:Horeis, Heinz (November 2005).
3427:
3398:
3376:
3355:
3306:
3264:Wächtershäuser, Günter (2003).
3215:Brock Biology of Microorganisms
3120:
2849:Springer Science+Business Media
2829:
2785:
2637:
2591:
2555:
2286:
2259:
2202:. In George Akoyunoglou (ed.).
2191:
2148:
2126:
2076:Informationsdienst Wissenschaft
1221:Kandler, O.; König, H. (1998).
962:Kandler, O.; Hippe, H. (1977).
770:2003 and 2006, Schleifer 2011.
414:
3462:Academy of Sciences Leopoldina
2710:10.1128/MMBR.36.4.407-477.1972
2034:Zeitschrift für Naturforschung
1988:Zeitschrift für Naturforschung
1940:Zeitschrift für Naturforschung
1590:; Tanner, Widmar (June 2018).
937:10.1128/MMBR.36.4.407-477.1972
853:Technical University of Munich
848:1984 Hermann Weigmann-Medaille
822:Academy of Sciences Leopoldina
363:Brookhaven National Laboratory
1:
3640:20th-century German botanists
3483:"The Bergey Award - Awardees"
1719:Journal of Biological Physics
1412:
1187:Journal of Biological Physics
1158:10.1016/S0723-2020(11)80319-X
1065:10.1016/S0721-9571(82)80063-X
460:) and halophilic "bacteria" (
320:to photosynthesis studies in
3655:Reich Labour Service members
2976:10.1126/science.276.5313.699
858:1989 Ferdinand-Cohn-Medaille
805:Bavarian Academy of Sciences
7:
1483:10.1016/j.syapm.2017.11.001
616:Bacteria, Archaea, Eucarya,
379:Calvin-Benson-Bassham Cycle
243:Technical University Munich
10:
3691:
3436:"Begrabt das Waldsterben!"
3039:Otto Kandler, ed. (1982).
2268:Liebigs Annalen der Chemie
1279:Biographies and obituaries
798:
605:sequences in methanogens (
2958:Morell, Virginia (1997).
1616:10.1007/s11120-018-0530-z
1371:10.1007/s11120-018-0530-z
788:Lactobacillus acidophilus
456:methanogenic "bacteria" (
2743:Archives of Microbiology
2521:Archiv für Mikrobiologie
2470:Archiv für Mikrobiologie
2280:10.1002/jlac.19495630206
2232:Müller, Hans E. (1998).
1661:Archives of Microbiology
1016:Archives of Microbiology
971:Archives of Microbiology
861:1991 Honorary member of
527:Archives of Microbiology
371:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
262:University of Regensburg
3127:Quammen, David (2018).
2926:10.1073/pnas.74.11.5088
2899:Woese C, Fox G (1977).
2698:Bacteriological Reviews
1791:10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576
1596:Photosynthesis Research
1351:Photosynthesis Research
1102:10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576
925:Bacteriological Reviews
878:Bavarian Order of Merit
753:of a multiphenotypical
67:carbohydrate metabolism
3675:People from Deggendorf
3645:German microbiologists
3331:10.1098/rstb.2006.1904
3270:Molecular Microbiology
3181:10.1073/pnas.89.7.2930
3160:Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
2905:Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
2847:. Vol. 1. Tokyo:
2658:10.1098/rstb.2015.0494
2198:Kandler, Otto (1981).
2024:Kandler, Otto (1955).
1978:Kandler, Otto (1954).
1930:Kandler, Otto (1950).
1770:Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
1554:The Bulletin of BISMiS
1319:The Bulletin of BISMiS
815:Awards and memberships
742:
661:
641:
582:
470:Methanosarcina barkeri
359:Rockefeller Foundation
231:Rockefeller Foundation
193:
81:), the systematics of
58:
3487:Bergey's Manual Trust
2046:10.1515/znb-1955-0109
2000:10.1515/znb-1954-1001
1952:10.1515/znb-1950-0806
1345:; Tanner, W. (2018).
1239:10.1007/s000180050156
884:Selected publications
820:1971 German National
740:
659:
632:
573:
504:Methanopyrus kandleri
386:radioactive labelling
212:and the influence of
188:
52:
2851:. pp. 404–425.
1404:for further reading
774:Applied Microbiology
702:(later corrected to
390:radioactive isotopes
333:photophosphorylation
301:photophosphorylation
258:David Heinrich Hoppe
227:photophosphorylation
93:photophosphorylation
23:– 29 August 2017 in
19:(23 October 1920 in
3534:Forum Mikrobiologie
3325:(1474): 1787–1808.
3172:1992PNAS...89.2930W
2917:1977PNAS...74.5088W
2807:1991ArMic.156..239K
2755:1979ArMic.121..271K
2613:10.7554/elife.04629
2585:10.1038/nature08232
2576:2009Natur.460..538L
2371:10.1104/pp.31.5.411
2307:10.1021/ja01653a025
2169:1950Plant..38..564K
1782:1990PNAS...87.4576W
1673:1977ArMic.113...57K
1608:2018PhoRe.137..337G
1363:2018PhoRe.137..337G
1165:Kandler, O (1994).
1150:1993SyApM..16..501K
1093:1990PNAS...87.4576W
1028:1979ArMic.123..295K
983:1977ArMic.113...57K
525:, co-editor of the
518:) in Braunschweig.
493:pseudopeptidoglycan
180:Reichsarbeitsdienst
55:pseudopeptidoglycan
3099:Renner, Susanne S.
2815:10.1007/BF00262992
2763:10.1007/BF00425067
2533:10.1007/BF01816379
2482:10.1007/BF01816378
2177:10.1007/BF01939622
1731:10.1007/BF00700433
1681:10.1007/BF00428580
1271:all publications:
1199:10.1007/BF00700433
1036:10.1007/BF00406664
991:10.1007/bf00428580
743:
662:
642:
583:
491:, now also called
388:, i.e. the use of
194:
150:Life and education
59:
3250:978-0-203-48420-3
3224:978-1-292-40479-0
3140:978-1-4767-7662-0
3075:978-3-437-11057-3
3050:978-3-437-10797-9
2970:(5313): 699–701.
2421:978-0-12-675403-2
2301:(24): 6324–6329.
2213:978-0-86689-006-9
1911:978-0-199-73438-2
1866:978-0-203-48420-3
1308:978-0-19-973438-2
1087:(12): 4576–4579.
836:1982 Bergey Award
561:16S ribosomal RNA
3682:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3595:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3529:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3414:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3342:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3285:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3193:
3183:
3166:(7): 2930–2934.
3151:
3145:
3144:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3107:
3095:
3080:
3079:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3009:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2938:
2928:
2896:
2883:
2882:
2876:
2872:
2870:
2862:
2837:Stetter, Karl O.
2833:
2827:
2826:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2721:
2689:
2680:
2679:
2670:
2660:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2625:
2615:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2518:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2467:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2441:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2382:
2359:Plant Physiology
2356:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2321:Arnon, Daniel I.
2317:
2311:
2310:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2238:
2229:
2218:
2217:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2108:
2100:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2067:
2058:
2057:
2031:
2021:
2012:
2011:
1985:
1975:
1964:
1963:
1937:
1927:
1916:
1915:
1892:
1871:
1870:
1845:
1832:
1831:
1823:
1814:
1813:
1803:
1793:
1758:
1743:
1742:
1725:(1–4): 165–169.
1714:
1701:
1700:
1656:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1584:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1551:
1542:
1487:
1486:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1438:
1390:
1326:
1268:
1250:
1210:
1193:(1–4): 165–169.
1181:
1171:
1161:
1132:
1122:
1104:
1068:
1047:
1010:
968:
958:
948:
915:
828:Ghent University
565:Marvin P. Bryant
405:oligosaccharides
345:cells. In 1954,
280:, especially of
268:Plant physiology
3690:
3689:
3685:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3679:
3620:
3619:
3618:
3617:
3607:
3605:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3582:
3580:
3572:
3571:
3567:
3557:
3555:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3540:(4): 214. 1984.
3531:
3530:
3526:
3516:
3514:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3491:
3489:
3481:
3480:
3476:
3466:
3464:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3432:
3428:
3412:
3403:
3399:
3381:
3377:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3311:
3307:
3262:
3258:
3251:
3236:
3232:
3225:
3211:
3207:
3152:
3148:
3141:
3125:
3121:
3105:
3096:
3083:
3076:
3062:
3058:
3051:
3037:
3033:
3023:
3021:
3011:
3010:
3006:
2996:
2994:
2956:
2952:
2911:(11): 5088–90.
2897:
2886:
2874:
2873:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2834:
2830:
2795:Arch. Microbiol
2790:
2786:
2739:
2735:
2690:
2683:
2642:
2638:
2606:, vol. 3,
2596:
2592:
2564:Errington, Jeff
2560:
2556:
2516:
2509:
2505:
2465:
2458:
2454:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2433:
2429:
2422:
2400:
2396:
2354:
2348:
2344:
2318:
2314:
2291:
2287:
2264:
2260:
2236:
2230:
2221:
2214:
2196:
2192:
2153:
2149:
2139:
2137:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2117:
2115:
2106:
2102:
2101:
2092:
2082:
2080:
2069:
2068:
2061:
2029:
2022:
2015:
1994:(10): 625–644.
1983:
1976:
1967:
1935:
1928:
1919:
1912:
1893:
1874:
1867:
1846:
1835:
1824:
1817:
1759:
1746:
1715:
1704:
1657:
1646:
1636:
1634:
1585:
1572:
1562:
1560:
1549:
1543:
1490:
1467:
1463:
1453:
1451:
1439:
1420:
1415:
1281:
1169:
966:
886:
851:1985 Dr. h.c. (
826:1981 Dr. h.c. (
817:
801:
776:
751:cellularization
728:
539:
509:Karl O. Stetter
429:L-form bacteria
417:
353:using isolated
347:Daniel I. Arnon
270:
152:
12:
11:
5:
3688:
3678:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3616:
3615:
3590:
3565:
3543:
3524:
3499:
3474:
3449:
3426:
3423:(11): 419–430.
3397:
3375:
3354:
3305:
3256:
3249:
3230:
3223:
3205:
3146:
3139:
3119:
3081:
3074:
3056:
3049:
3031:
3004:
2966:. New Series.
2950:
2884:
2857:
2828:
2801:(4): 239–247.
2784:
2749:(3): 271–275.
2733:
2704:(4): 407–775.
2681:
2645:Jeff Errington
2636:
2600:Jeff Errington
2590:
2554:
2503:
2452:
2427:
2420:
2394:
2365:(5): 411–412.
2342:
2312:
2285:
2274:(2): 213–239.
2258:
2219:
2212:
2190:
2163:(5): 564–585.
2147:
2125:
2090:
2079:. 14 July 2005
2059:
2013:
1965:
1946:(8): 423–437.
1917:
1910:
1872:
1865:
1833:
1815:
1776:(12): 4576–9.
1762:Woese, Carl R.
1744:
1702:
1667:(1–2): 57–60.
1644:
1602:(3): 337–340.
1570:
1488:
1461:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1402:
1392:
1357:(3): 337–340.
1339:
1332:
1314:
1293:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1269:
1233:(4): 305–308.
1218:
1211:
1182:
1162:
1144:(4): 501–509.
1133:
1069:
1048:
1022:(3): 295–299.
1011:
977:(1–2): 57–60.
959:
931:(4): 407–477.
916:
895:
885:
882:
881:
880:
874:
871:
865:
859:
856:
849:
846:
843:
837:
834:
831:
824:
816:
813:
800:
797:
775:
772:
768:Wächtershäuser
727:
724:
611:
610:
599:
596:
538:
535:
453:chemotaxonomic
416:
413:
384:The method of
292:under defined
274:photosynthesis
269:
266:
216:under defined
164:Charles Darwin
151:
148:
146:of pre-cells.
142:), but from a
63:photosynthesis
40:microbiologist
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3687:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3604:
3600:
3594:
3579:
3575:
3569:
3553:
3547:
3539:
3535:
3528:
3513:
3509:
3503:
3488:
3484:
3478:
3463:
3459:
3453:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3430:
3422:
3418:
3411:
3407:
3406:Kandler, Otto
3401:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3384:Kandler, Otto
3379:
3364:
3358:
3350:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3309:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3260:
3252:
3246:
3242:
3234:
3226:
3220:
3216:
3209:
3201:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3150:
3142:
3136:
3132:
3131:
3123:
3115:
3111:
3104:
3100:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3077:
3071:
3067:
3060:
3052:
3046:
3042:
3035:
3020:
3019:
3014:
3008:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2954:
2946:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2880:
2868:
2860:
2858:9784431538974
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2832:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2788:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2737:
2729:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2688:
2686:
2678:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2633:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2594:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2558:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2514:
2507:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2463:
2456:
2438:
2431:
2423:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2398:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2353:
2346:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2295:J Am Chem Soc
2289:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2262:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2235:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2215:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2151:
2135:
2129:
2114:
2113:
2105:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2066:
2064:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2027:
2020:
2018:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1981:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1933:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1913:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1868:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1849:Kandler, Otto
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1829:
1822:
1820:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1559:
1555:
1548:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1465:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1418:
1407:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1325:(2): 141–148.
1324:
1320:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1073:Woese Carl R.
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
965:
960:
956:
952:
947:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
896:
893:
888:
887:
879:
875:
872:
870:
866:
864:
860:
857:
854:
850:
847:
844:
842:
838:
835:
832:
829:
825:
823:
819:
818:
812:
808:
806:
796:
794:
789:
785:
784:Weihenstephan
780:
779:Louis Pasteur
771:
769:
764:
761:
758:
756:
752:
748:
739:
735:
733:
723:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
700:
695:
694:
689:
688:
683:
679:
673:
671:
665:
658:
654:
650:
648:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
617:
608:
604:
600:
597:
594:
593:
592:
589:
580:
576:
572:
568:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
549:peptidoglycan
546:
545:
534:
532:
528:
524:
519:
517:
512:
510:
506:
505:
501:
496:
494:
490:
486:
485:
480:
476:
472:
471:
465:
463:
459:
454:
450:
449:peptidoglycan
445:
443:
442:
437:
436:Weihenstephan
432:
430:
426:
422:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
393:
391:
387:
382:
380:
376:
372:
368:
367:Melvin Calvin
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
343:
338:
334:
330:
325:
323:
319:
314:
310:
306:
302:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
282:carbohydrates
279:
275:
265:
263:
259:
255:
250:
248:
244:
240:
239:Weihenstephan
234:
232:
228:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
192:
187:
183:
181:
177:
173:
168:
165:
161:
157:
147:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
94:
90:
89:chemotaxonomy
86:
85:
84:Lactobacillus
80:
79:peptidoglycan
76:
72:
68:
64:
56:
51:
47:
45:
41:
37:
34:
30:
26:
22:
18:
3606:. Retrieved
3602:
3593:
3581:. Retrieved
3577:
3568:
3556:. Retrieved
3546:
3537:
3533:
3527:
3515:. Retrieved
3502:
3490:. Retrieved
3486:
3477:
3465:. Retrieved
3452:
3443:
3440:Novo-Magazin
3439:
3429:
3420:
3416:
3405:
3400:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3378:
3366:. Retrieved
3357:
3322:
3318:
3308:
3276:(1): 13–22.
3273:
3269:
3259:
3240:
3233:
3214:
3208:
3163:
3159:
3149:
3129:
3122:
3113:
3109:
3065:
3059:
3040:
3034:
3022:. Retrieved
3016:
3007:
2995:. Retrieved
2967:
2963:
2953:
2908:
2904:
2844:
2831:
2798:
2794:
2787:
2746:
2742:
2736:
2701:
2697:
2648:
2639:
2603:
2593:
2567:
2557:
2524:
2520:
2506:
2473:
2469:
2455:
2443:. Retrieved
2430:
2403:
2397:
2362:
2358:
2345:
2328:
2324:
2315:
2298:
2294:
2288:
2271:
2267:
2261:
2247:(3): 38–43.
2244:
2240:
2203:
2193:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2138:. Retrieved
2128:
2116:. Retrieved
2110:
2081:. Retrieved
2074:
2037:
2033:
1991:
1987:
1943:
1939:
1900:
1896:Sapp, Jan A.
1856:
1848:
1827:
1773:
1769:
1722:
1718:
1664:
1660:
1635:. Retrieved
1599:
1595:
1561:. Retrieved
1553:
1474:
1470:
1464:
1452:. Retrieved
1446:
1394:Tanner, W.;
1354:
1350:
1322:
1318:
1299:
1288:8(3), 38–43
1285:
1230:
1226:
1190:
1186:
1177:
1173:
1141:
1137:
1084:
1080:
1056:
1052:
1019:
1015:
974:
970:
928:
924:
903:
899:
809:
802:
787:
777:
765:
762:
759:
754:
746:
744:
729:
712:phylogenetic
707:
703:
698:
691:
685:
674:
666:
663:
651:
643:
624:
620:
618:see below).
615:
612:
584:
542:
540:
520:
513:
502:
497:
489:pseudomurein
482:
479:halobacteria
474:
468:
466:
446:
441:lactobacilli
440:
433:
418:
415:Microbiology
394:
383:
355:chloroplasts
350:
340:
336:
326:
321:
317:
305:Feodor Lynen
298:
293:
285:
271:
251:
235:
222:habilitation
217:
205:
195:
169:
153:
143:
135:
111:
95:
82:
60:
17:Otto Kandler
16:
15:
3635:2017 deaths
3630:1920 births
3583:16 December
3558:16 December
3554:(in German)
2997:25 December
2875:|work=
2445:17 December
2331:: 325–354.
2140:12 December
2083:23 November
1454:25 December
1311:googlebooks
1216:googlebooks
1059:: 149–160.
793:methanogens
716:procaryotes
638:Mt. Hochiss
553:methanogens
458:methanogens
3624:Categories
3368:25 January
3116:: 231–246.
3024:24 January
2118:18 January
1563:26 January
1477:(8): 469.
1413:References
1396:Renner, S.
1180:: 419–430.
755:population
720:eucaryotes
634:Carl Woese
575:Carl Woese
557:Carl Woese
500:methanogen
462:halophiles
425:mycoplasms
421:cell walls
339:in intact
278:metabolism
210:metabolism
156:Deggendorf
144:population
108:Carl Woese
87:, and the
71:cell walls
21:Deggendorf
3608:3 October
3517:3 October
3492:3 October
3467:3 October
2877:ignored (
2867:cite book
2253:0943-674X
2054:201841669
2040:: 38–46.
2008:201841742
1637:3 October
1588:Govindjee
1343:Govindjee
1111:0027-8424
906:: 37–54.
782:Freising-
734:theory.
373:) at the
342:Chlorella
322:Chlorella
237:Freising-
176:Straubing
172:gymnasium
118:of life:
31:) was a
3408:(1994).
3394:: 90–95.
3349:17008219
3300:37944519
3292:12492850
3200:11537862
3101:(2017).
2992:84866217
2839:(2011).
2823:20254769
2779:27025651
2677:27672147
2632:25358088
2549:45546531
2541:14350642
2498:21257985
2490:14350641
2389:16654912
2185:24198583
1960:97588826
1898:(2009).
1851:(1998).
1739:83906865
1697:19145374
1632:49426075
1624:29948750
1387:49426075
1379:29948750
1298:(2009).
1296:Sapp, J.
1265:13527169
1248:11147200
1207:83906865
1044:42830749
1007:19145374
732:pre-cell
693:Bacteria
588:16S rRNA
409:inositol
351:in vitro
294:in vitro
286:in vitro
218:in vitro
206:in vitro
132:pre-cell
120:Bacteria
100:bacteria
65:, plant
36:botanist
3603:vaam.de
3340:1664677
3168:Bibcode
2984:9157549
2964:Science
2913:Bibcode
2803:Bibcode
2751:Bibcode
2728:4568761
2668:5052740
2623:4244569
2572:Bibcode
2165:Bibcode
1810:2112744
1778:Bibcode
1669:Bibcode
1604:Bibcode
1359:Bibcode
1257:9614965
1146:Bibcode
1129:2112744
1089:Bibcode
1024:Bibcode
979:Bibcode
955:4568761
799:Ecology
708:Archaea
704:Eukarya
699:Eucarya
687:Archaea
682:kingdom
601:unique
579:Hochiss
544:archaea
529:and of
484:archaea
337:in vivo
318:in vivo
254:herbals
160:Bavaria
128:Eucarya
124:Archaea
116:domains
112:Archaea
104:archaea
96:in vivo
29:Bavaria
3347:
3337:
3298:
3290:
3247:
3221:
3198:
3188:
3137:
3072:
3047:
2990:
2982:
2945:270744
2943:
2936:432104
2933:
2855:
2821:
2777:
2771:518234
2769:
2726:
2719:408328
2716:
2675:
2665:
2630:
2620:
2568:Nature
2547:
2539:
2496:
2488:
2418:
2387:
2380:540816
2377:
2251:
2210:
2183:
2157:Planta
2052:
2006:
1958:
1908:
1863:
1808:
1798:
1737:
1695:
1689:889387
1687:
1630:
1622:
1385:
1377:
1306:
1263:
1255:
1245:
1205:
1127:
1117:
1109:
1042:
1005:
999:889387
997:
953:
946:408328
943:
678:domain
401:apiose
369:(1961
307:(1964
290:auxins
214:auxins
202:botany
75:murein
33:German
25:Munich
3413:(PDF)
3296:S2CID
3191:48777
3106:(PDF)
2988:S2CID
2819:S2CID
2775:S2CID
2604:eLife
2545:S2CID
2517:(PDF)
2494:S2CID
2466:(PDF)
2440:(PDF)
2355:(PDF)
2237:(PDF)
2181:S2CID
2107:(PDF)
2050:S2CID
2030:(PDF)
2004:S2CID
1984:(PDF)
1956:S2CID
1936:(PDF)
1801:54159
1735:S2CID
1693:S2CID
1628:S2CID
1550:(PDF)
1383:S2CID
1261:S2CID
1203:S2CID
1170:(PDF)
1120:54159
1040:S2CID
1003:S2CID
967:(PDF)
876:2005
867:1992
839:1983
607:Woese
516:(DSMZ
3610:2022
3585:2018
3560:2018
3519:2022
3494:2022
3469:2022
3370:2018
3345:PMID
3288:PMID
3245:ISBN
3219:ISBN
3196:PMID
3135:ISBN
3070:ISBN
3045:ISBN
3026:2018
2999:2022
2980:PMID
2941:PMID
2879:help
2853:ISBN
2767:PMID
2724:PMID
2673:PMID
2628:PMID
2537:PMID
2486:PMID
2447:2018
2416:ISBN
2385:PMID
2249:ISSN
2208:ISBN
2142:2023
2120:2018
2085:2017
1906:ISBN
1861:ISBN
1806:PMID
1685:PMID
1639:2022
1620:PMID
1565:2018
1456:2022
1406:BAdW
1400:BAdW
1375:PMID
1329:BAdW
1304:ISBN
1290:BAdW
1273:BAdW
1253:PMID
1125:PMID
1107:ISSN
995:PMID
951:PMID
747:cell
696:and
670:Sapp
603:rRNA
498:The
473:did
140:LUCA
136:cell
102:and
38:and
3335:PMC
3327:doi
3323:361
3278:doi
3186:PMC
3176:doi
2972:doi
2968:276
2931:PMC
2921:doi
2811:doi
2799:156
2759:doi
2747:121
2714:PMC
2706:doi
2663:PMC
2653:doi
2618:PMC
2608:doi
2580:doi
2529:doi
2478:doi
2408:doi
2375:PMC
2367:doi
2333:doi
2303:doi
2276:doi
2272:563
2173:doi
2042:doi
2038:10b
1996:doi
1948:doi
1796:PMC
1786:doi
1727:doi
1677:doi
1665:113
1612:doi
1600:137
1479:doi
1367:doi
1355:137
1243:PMC
1235:doi
1195:doi
1154:doi
1115:PMC
1097:doi
1061:doi
1032:doi
1020:123
987:doi
975:113
941:PMC
933:doi
908:doi
892:pdf
475:not
464:).
397:ADP
381:).
329:ATP
200:in
3626::
3601:.
3576:.
3536:.
3510:.
3485:.
3460:.
3444:79
3442:.
3438:.
3421:47
3419:.
3415:.
3392:37
3390:.
3343:.
3333:.
3321:.
3317:.
3294:.
3286:.
3274:47
3272:.
3268:.
3194:.
3184:.
3174:.
3164:89
3162:.
3158:.
3114:87
3112:.
3108:.
3084:^
3015:.
2986:.
2978:.
2962:.
2939:.
2929:.
2919:.
2909:74
2907:.
2903:.
2887:^
2871::
2869:}}
2865:{{
2817:.
2809:.
2797:.
2773:.
2765:.
2757:.
2745:.
2722:.
2712:.
2702:36
2700:.
2696:.
2684:^
2671:,
2661:,
2626:,
2616:,
2578:,
2543:.
2535:.
2525:21
2523:.
2519:.
2492:.
2484:.
2474:21
2472:.
2468:.
2414:.
2383:.
2373:.
2363:31
2361:.
2357:.
2327:.
2299:76
2297:.
2270:.
2243:.
2239:.
2222:^
2179:.
2171:.
2161:38
2159:.
2109:.
2093:^
2073:.
2062:^
2048:.
2036:.
2032:.
2016:^
2002:.
1992:9b
1990:.
1986:.
1968:^
1954:.
1944:5b
1942:.
1938:.
1920:^
1875:^
1836:^
1818:^
1804:.
1794:.
1784:.
1774:87
1772:.
1768:.
1747:^
1733:.
1723:20
1721:.
1705:^
1691:.
1683:.
1675:.
1663:.
1647:^
1626:.
1618:.
1610:.
1594:.
1573:^
1556:.
1552:.
1491:^
1475:40
1473:.
1445:.
1421:^
1381:.
1373:.
1365:.
1353:.
1349:.
1321:.
1259:.
1251:.
1241:.
1231:54
1229:.
1225:.
1201:.
1191:20
1189:.
1178:47
1176:.
1172:.
1152:.
1142:16
1140:.
1123:.
1113:.
1105:.
1095:.
1085:87
1083:.
1079:.
1055:.
1038:.
1030:.
1018:.
1001:.
993:.
985:.
973:.
969:.
949:.
939:.
929:36
927:.
923:.
904:11
902:.
690:,
609:).
533:.
335:)
324:.
276:,
158:,
126:,
122:,
46:.
27:,
3612:.
3587:.
3562:.
3538:7
3521:.
3496:.
3471:.
3446:.
3372:.
3351:.
3329::
3302:.
3280::
3253:.
3227:.
3202:.
3178::
3170::
3143:.
3078:.
3053:.
3028:.
3001:.
2974::
2947:.
2923::
2915::
2881:)
2861:.
2825:.
2813::
2805::
2781:.
2761::
2753::
2730:.
2708::
2655::
2610::
2582::
2574::
2551:.
2531::
2500:.
2480::
2449:.
2424:.
2410::
2391:.
2369::
2339:.
2335::
2329:7
2309:.
2305::
2282:.
2278::
2255:.
2245:8
2216:.
2187:.
2175::
2167::
2144:.
2122:.
2087:.
2056:.
2044::
2010:.
1998::
1962:.
1950::
1914:.
1869:.
1812:.
1788::
1780::
1741:.
1729::
1699:.
1679::
1671::
1641:.
1614::
1606::
1567:.
1485:.
1481::
1458:.
1408:.
1389:.
1369::
1361::
1338:.
1331:.
1323:2
1313:.
1292:.
1267:.
1237::
1209:.
1197::
1160:.
1156::
1148::
1131:.
1099::
1091::
1067:.
1063::
1057:3
1046:.
1034::
1026::
1009:.
989::
981::
957:.
935::
914:.
910::
894:.
855:)
830:)
718:-
331:(
77:/
73:(
57:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
