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852:(r. 1808–1839). The Beylerbeyi Mosque is notable for being oriented towards the water: while some Istanbul mosques had been built along the waterside before, the Beylerbeyi Mosque is the first one which was clearly designed to present its main façade towards the shoreline. The mosque was intended to serve as the sultan's prayer space when he was residing in one of his palaces along the Bosphorus. The prayer hall is a traditional single-domed space, but the mosque's most innovative and influential feature is the wide two-story pavilion structure that occupies its front façade, replacing the traditional courtyard or entrance portico. This is an evolution of the imperial pavilions which were attached to the side or back of earlier mosques, taking on a more residential function as a royal apartment and forming an integrated part of the mosque's appearance. This new configuration was repeated in the design of later imperial mosques.
536:
673:. Its construction began in 1760 and finished in 1764. Its architect was Mehmed Tahir Agha. Due to the sultan's personal wishes, its form is based on that of the Selimiye Mosque in Edirne, consisting of a main dome supported by eight piers and four corner semi-domes, thus differing significantly from the Nuruosmaniye's design. However, unlike the Selimiye Mosque, the piers are more slender and are mostly integrated directly into the walls. The mosque's courtyard is rectangular again, leaving the Nuruosmaniye's semi-elliptical courtyard as an experiment that was not repeated. The decoration is also firmly Baroque, with Ionic-like capitals, round and mixtilinear arches, a mihrab similar to the Nuruosmaniye's, and other Baroque motifs. The result is a mosque that incorporates the visual style of the Nuruosmaniye in a more restrained way and integrates it more closely with traditional Ottoman architecture.
1464:. Goodwin also describes it as the last in a line of imperial mosques that started with the Nuruosmaniye. The mosque follows the model of Selim III's imperial mosque in Üsküdar, as seen in some of its details and in the portico and double-winged imperial pavilion fronting the mosque. The mosque was innovative in other details such as the greater use of vaults and stairways, the use of wood instead of stone for elements like stairs, and in the decoration of the dome where the traditional circular Arabic inscription is replaced with a vegetal foliate motif. Despite its relatively small size the mosque's tall proportions creates a sense of height, which may the culmination of a trend that began with the Ayazma Mosque. From the outside, the mosque's most notable details are the extreme slenderness of its minarets and its two Rococo sebils which have flamboyantly undulating surfaces.
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influenced by the
European Baroque, the Ottoman Baroque reflects a local interpretation of the style that became its own distinctive indigenous style. More recent scholars like Tulay Artan and Shirine Hamadeh have argued for a more positive evaluation of the style and for a lesser emphasis on the role of Western influence. In a 2019 book, Ünver Rüstem argues that 18th-century developments in Ottoman culture and architecture should be contextualized within the attitudes of Ottoman elites at the time, who saw their empire as an integral part of Europe and adapted ideas from the West insofar as they were deemed useful, and that they were part of
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three-dimensional sculpting, being profusely carved with scrolls, shells, foliage, and other
Baroque moldings. The decoration also demonstrates a greater Rococo tendency, such as asymmetries in the details of the motifs. Another similar example from this period is the decorated façade and sebil of the Recai Mehmet Efendi School (1775), near the Şehzade Mosque. This trend towards even greater ornateness, including more three-dimensional renditions of motifs like acanthus leaves and oyster shells, and the similarities to the Rococo style came to characterize Ottoman Baroque architecture in the last quarter of the 18th century.
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Sinan – whose design had in turn been repeated in major 17th-century mosques like the Sultan Ahmed I Mosque and the New Mosque. This probably indicates that contemporary builders saw the new
Baroque style as inappropriate for the appearance of an ancient mosque embedded in the mythology of the city's 1453 conquest. At the same time, it showed that Sinan's architecture was associated with the Ottoman golden age and thus appeared as an appropriate model to imitate, despite the anachronism. By contrast, however, the nearby tomb of Mehmed II, which was rebuilt at the same time, is in a fully Baroque style.
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526:) for the sultan when visiting the mosque and gave him direct access to the sultan's loge inside the mosque. Because such imperial pavilions were closer to the public eye than the imperial palace, they played a role in enhancing the sultan's public presence and in staging some public ceremonies. Accordingly, the construction of imperial pavilions as part of imperial mosques aligned itself with the cultural shift taking place in the 18th century around the sultan's official displays of power, and such imperial pavilions became ever more prominent in later imperial mosques.
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390:(to whom it is dedicated), in December 1755. Kuban describes it as the "most important monumental construction after the Selimiye Mosque in Edirne", marking the integration of European culture into Ottoman architecture and the rejection of the Classical Ottoman style. It also marked the first time since the Sultan Ahmed I Mosque (early 17th century) that an Ottoman sultan built his own imperial mosque complex in Istanbul, thus inaugurating the return of this tradition. Historical sources attest that the architect in charge was a
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of factories, shops, and modern facilities such as a printing house, all arranged to form the nucleus of a new neighbourhood with a regular grid of streets. The mosque is built in high-quality stone and in a fully
Baroque style. Its design illustrates the degree of influence exerted by the earlier Beylerbeyi Mosque, as it incorporates a wide imperial pavilion that stretches across its front façade. However, the design of the imperial pavilion was further refined: the two wings of the pavilion are raised on a marble
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646:. Construction began in 1757–1758 and finished in 1760–1761. It is essentially a smaller version of the Nuruosmaniye Mosque, signalling the importance of the Nuruosmaniye as a new model to emulate. It is richly decorated with Baroque carved stonework, especially in the mihrab and minbar. While the mosque is smaller than the Nuruosmaniye, it is relatively tall for its proportions, enhancing its sense of height. This trend towards height was pursued in later mosques such as the
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1015:, was built to house sailors and included an accompanying mosque. It was commissioned by admiral Cezayirli Hasan Pasha in 1783–1784, under Abdülhamid I. However, it was under Selim III that monumental barracks proliferated and became highly visible elements of the urban landscape. Most of these early barracks were wooden buildings that were later rebuilt in the 19th century. This new building type arose in conjunction with Selim III's reform attempts, the
693:(Mustafa III's sister), built in 1769, exhibits an even stronger Byzantine appearance. According to Ünver Rüstem, this phenomenon may reflect a certain introspection among Ottoman architects of the time about the city's past and about the connection between Ottoman architecture and Byzantine architecture. This was abetted by the fact that some Baroque motifs evoked forms and motifs that are also found in Byzantine architecture, including the Hagia Sophia.
30:
1255:(queen mother), were probably renovated by Mahmud I around 1744, providing them with their current Baroque decoration. The School of Princes was redecorated with some Baroque elements in 18th century, the most elaborate additions being the fireplaces in the School's classroom and in its private apartments. Osman III renovated the prayer room of the women's section in the Harem, providing it with a stone-carved Baroque mihrab.
493:), most of which are equally Baroque. The sebil and fountain that flank the western gate of the complex have curved and flamboyant forms counterbalanced by the plain walls around them, which Goodwin calls the "epitome of the baroque" style for these features. The library in the northeastern corner is distinguished by undulating curves and a roughly elliptical interior. The tomb, which houses the remains of
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private passage on the west side grants access between the kiosk and the palace. The terrace façade of the kiosk includes a wide undulating eave. The kiosk itself is made of wood and consists of several rooms, with the main room in the middle projecting out over the edge of the palace walls to provide wider views. Its interior is heavily decorated with
Baroque and Rococo decoration, including
864:). Its main components were instead a madrasa and an imaret, along with the tomb itself and other minor structures. The design of the complex was notable for being completely integrated into the pre-existing urban fabric instead of being set apart in its own enclosure. The sultan's tomb is in Baroque style and one of its notable details is a large Qur'anic inscription band in
1660:. New palaces, caravanserais, hammams, and madrasas were built. In contrast with earlier caravanserais, which were centered around the traditional open courtyard, the multiple new caravanserais built in Damascus during this century embraced the Ottoman predilection for domes and featured domed central spaces. The most spectacular and admired building of this kind is the
474:. The hood of the mihrab, like the semi-vaults above the exterior doorways, is carved with a mix of eclectic friezes that replace the traditional muqarnas. The mosque's stone decoration also establishes a new style of capitals that distinguishes the Ottoman Baroque: a vase or inverse bell shape, either plain or decorated, usually with small but prominent
1244:) in Rococo style. This kiosk is a garden pavilion in the Fourth Court that was first begun in the late 17th century by Mustafa Pasha and then either completed or restored by Ahmet III in 1704. The Imperial Council (Divan) Hall in the Second Court of the palace was redecorated in flamboyant Baroque style by Selim III in 1792 and by Mahmud II in 1819.
1675:, sponsored by Mahmud I and dated to 1750, was the first Ottoman complex in Cairo to be founded by a sultan, over two and a half centuries after the conquest of the city. It consists of a madrasa and a sabil-kuttab (a combination of sebil and primary school). The style and decoration of the complex is a fusion of Ottoman and local Cairene (
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Selim III. The mosque is the first major imperial work by Krikor Balian. It is sometimes described as belonging to the Empire style, but is considered by
Godfrey Goodwin and Doğan Kuban as one of the last Baroque mosques. Ünver Rüstem describes the style as moving away from the Baroque and towards an Ottoman interpretation of
1622:(or Tombul Mosque), built in 1744–1745, is one of the few notable constructions in the Balkan region during this period. In addition to the mosque, the complex includes a madrasa, a library, and a primary school. Its style, however, resembles more strongly that of the earlier Damat Ibrahim Pasha Mosque in
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It was only in the 1750s that the
Ottoman Baroque style began to appear outside Istanbul. The Cihanoğlu Mosque in Aydın (1756), mentioned above, is among the early examples. During the reign of Abdülhamid I two notable provincial mosques were built in Baroque style in Anatolia: the Kurşunlu Mosque in
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and there is space in the middle, between the two wings, where a staircase and entrance portico leads into the mosque, allowing for a more monumental entrance to be retained. The prayer hall is once again a single-domed space but the side galleries that are usually present inside earlier mosques have
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complex between 1801 and 1805. Three men served as chief court architects during this period but the main architect may have been Foti Kalfa, a
Christian master carpenter. The complex included a mosque and its usual dependencies like a mektep and a hammam. More innovatively, it also included an array
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The Laleli Mosque is surrounded by the usual annexes: imperial pavilion, sebil, madrasa, imaret and the tomb of
Mustafa III. More unique, though, is the large artificial platform on which the mosque stands. The substructure of this platform was originally used as a storehouse and is now occupied by a
410:
The mosque consists of a square prayer hall surmounted by a large single dome with large pendentives. The dome is one of the largest in
Istanbul, measuring 25.75 meters in diameter. From the outside, the dome sits above four huge arches (one for each side of the square) pierced with many windows that
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imported from Istanbul. The most influential innovation of Mahmud I's complex was the curved façade of its sabil-kuttab, a local interpretation of the curved sebil facades in Istanbul, which was repeated in subsequent sabil-kuttab designs in Cairo. In the 19th century, under the de facto independent
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influences. The walls of the mosque's exterior and the walls of its courtyard are constructed in alternating layers of white stone and red brick. This technique was used in early Ottoman constructions but it was largely absent in the later imperial mosques of Istanbul. Along with the use of coloured
1459:
in 1826, the year of the mosque's completion. Mahmud II also built a new artillery barracks and parade ground near the mosque at the same time, replacing the barracks of Selim III which had been destroyed by the Janissaries, thus continuing Tophane's association with the age of reforms initiated by
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and Esma Sultan on the Golden Horn, her palace may have been one of the first Ottoman palaces to consist of a single block stretching along the shoreline. Most of these palaces have not survived to the present day. Among the rare surviving examples, Baroque decoration from this period can still be
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that partially destroyed it. The new Fatih Mosque was completed in 1771 and it neither reproduced the appearance of the original 15th-century building nor followed the contemporary Baroque style. It was instead built in a Classical Ottoman style modelled on the 16th-century Şehzade Mosque built by
394:
master carpenter named Simeon or Simon. Simeon's chief assistant was a Christian man named Kozma and the majority of the stonemasons under him were Christians as well. Both Simeon and Kozma were given robes of honour by the grand vizier at the mosque's opening ceremony. Ünver Rüstem notes this may
1980:
Scholarly attitudes towards the Ottoman Baroque and towards later Ottoman architecture have varied over time and from one author to another. Many scholars have traditionally framed post-classical Ottoman architecture as a symbol of Ottoman decline and cultural insecurity vis-à-vis Europe, lacking
184:
influence. After the Tulip Period, Ottoman architecture openly imitated European architecture, so that architectural and decorative trends in Europe were mirrored in the Ottoman Empire at the same time or after a short delay. Changes were especially evident in the ornamentation and details of new
1258:
The Kiosk of Osman III, completed in 1754-55, is one of the most notable additions of this era. It was built over a masonry substructure that extends behind the Imperial Hall, with a marble terrace filling the space between them. The terrace includes flowerbeds and a central water basin, while a
859:
as part of a charitable complex, the Hamidiye Complex, constructed between 1775 and 1780 in the Eminönü neighbourhood. The chief court architect at the time was still Mehmed Tahir Agha (as it was under Mustafa III), but his role in the design of the Hamidiye complex is not confirmed. The complex
185:
buildings rather than in their overall forms, though new building types were eventually introduced from European influences as well. The term "Turkish Rococo", or simply "Rococo", is also used to describe the Ottoman Baroque, or parts of it, due to the similarities and influences from the French
278:. Ünver Rüstem argues that the rapidity with which the style appeared across Istanbul after 1740 and the fact that the first Baroque structures were all commissioned by high-ranking elites should be interpreted as a deliberate effort by the sultan and his court to promote the new style. Scholar
1984:
In his 1971 book on the history of Ottoman architecture, Godfrey Goodwin argues that the Ottoman Baroque should be viewed as a more "creative" period, despite many Turkish scholars having previously given it little credit. Turkish scholar Doğan Kuban has argued that even though it was directly
871:
Across the street from Abdülhamid's tomb was an ornate sebil, but this was relocated near the Zeynep Sultan Mosque after 1911 when the complex was partly demolished to widen the street. This sebil is considered one of the finest examples of Baroque sebils. Its surface shows a greater degree of
979:
nearby in a vibrant Baroque style. Its construction took place between 1792 and 1796. It consists of a large imaret (still functioning today) and a mektep (primary school), but from the street its most visible elements are the tomb and sebil. This urban configuration is similar to the earlier
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in 1756, the Cihanoğlu Mosque. The latter is also an example of Baroque elements appearing outside Istanbul in the mid century. One minor detail of the Ayazma Mosque that was recurrent in the 18th century is the small birdhouse carved in stone on the exterior. Such birdhouses were made in the
1436:), built in 1818 near the Fatih Mosque complex in Istanbul, is one of the finest Ottoman Baroque tombs and one of the best examples of late Baroque monuments. Some details recall the earlier Şah Sultan Tomb, such as the elliptical windows above. It also incorporates some influence from the
282:
states that Baroque motifs spread gradually from one architectural element to another, progressively replacing the sharper geometric decoration of the classical era with more dynamic curved forms such as the "S" and "C" curves and eventually with even more flamboyant European Baroque
1025:. Selim III built a barracks building for his "New Artillery" regiment in Tophane, near the later site of the Nusretiye Mosque. This was destroyed by fire in 1823 and rebuilt by Mahmud II in 1824. Another barracks for artillerymen was built by Mihrişah Sultan in 1792 or 1793–1794 in
1399:), the Tersane Palace, and others. However, at some time during the 18th century there was a transition to palaces consisting of a single block or a single large building. This trend may have been popularized by the sisters of Selim III in the late 18th century. One of his sisters,
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style in particular. He notes that similar ornamentation in the apartments of Abdülhamid I and Selim III in the Topkapı Palace (added around the same period) may have been executed by the same craftsmen. Further south from Mihrişah Sultan's complex, near the 16th-century
1931:, into Ottoman architecture. This marked a trend towards increasingly direct imitation of Western styles, particularly from France. Ottoman Baroque motifs and forms continued to be used during the 19th century, but they were often employed alongside other styles. The
1935:
reforms that began in 1839 under Abdülmecid I sought to modernize the Ottoman Empire with Western-style reforms. In the architectural realm this period resulted in the dominance of European architects and Ottoman architects with European training. Among these, the
1390:
As in the preceding centuries, other palaces were built around Istanbul by the sultan and his family. Previously, the traditional Ottoman palace configuration consisted of different buildings or pavilions arranged in a group, as was the case at Topkapı Palace, the
316:
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in this case been moved completely outside the prayer hall, along the building's exterior. The building is also notable for high-quality stone decoration, with the exterior marked by stone moldings along its many edges and sculpted keystones for its arches.
681:, at around the same time (in 1764) in the city's central commercial district. It is Istanbul's second-largest caravanserai. Both caravanserais are centred around long rectangular courtyards, which was a trend for these type of buildings in this period.
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marble decoration inside the mosque, this feature may have been a deliberate callback to the city's ancient Byzantine monuments. This "Byzantinising" trend was not commonplace but did occur in other monuments during the Baroque period. For example, the
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platform in the middle of the mosque. This gallery arrangement leaves the central space unencumbered while still dissimulating the supporting piers of the dome. The most exuberant Baroque carvings, such as flutes and scroll forms, are found on the
650:. The Ayazma Mosque differs from others mainly in the unique arrangement of its front façade, which consists of a five-arched portico reached by a wide semi-circular staircase. This arrangement is similar to another contemporary mosque built in
1276:
reliefs and marble fountains and fireplaces. Unlike some of the earlier domed apartments of the classical Ottoman period, they have flat wooden ceilings. A nearby upstairs apartment was also commissioned by Selim III in 1790 for his mother
1251:), adding among other things a Baroque wall fountain and Dutch blue-and-white tiles (although the decoration of the dome has since been restored to its late 16th-century state). The main baths of the Harem, which served the sultan and the
1239:
In Topkapı Palace the Ottoman sultans and their family continued to build new rooms or remodel old ones throughout the 18th century, introducing Baroque and Rococo decoration in the process. In 1752 Mahmud I restored the Sofa Kiosk
1691:(1744). While Mamluk-era configurations remained predominant, Ottoman decoration was applied in highly visible ways in some local monuments, most notably in the use of Ottoman blue and white tiles, including re-used 16th-century
1778:
3713:
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Hamidiye Complex. The façade of the complex, with its vibrantly Baroque sebil and tomb, is one of the most notable exterior façade designs in Ottoman Baroque architecture. Doğan Kuban compares its ornamentation to the French
458:
Inside, the mosque's prayer hall is flanked by symmetrical two-story galleries that extend outside the main perimeter of the hall. The corners of these galleries, on either side of the mihrab area, include space for the
165:. In more specific terms, however, the period after the 17th century is marked by several different styles. The Ottoman or Turkish "Baroque" style emerged in its full expression during the 1740s and rapidly replaced the
951:
in the Azapkapı neighbourhood, but much of its decoration is in the contemporary Baroque style. Only the minarets, dating from the reign of Ahmet III, remain from the previous mosque. In 1804 Selim III also rebuilt the
1859:
1679:) styles, but it does not include any elements of the new Baroque style Mahmud I was employing in Istanbul. A slightly later imperial foundation, the Sabil-kuttab of Mustafa III in Cairo (located across from the
947:, an important Islamic religious site in the area of Istanbul originally built by Mehmed II. The new mosque made use of the Classical Ottoman tradition by following the octagonal baldaquin design, similar to the
292:
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that Mahmud I added in the northeastern corner of Hagia Sophia's precinct in 1743. The imaret has an extravagantly Baroque gate which is carved with high-relief vegetal scrolls and a spiralling "swan-neck"
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1358:
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above the exterior arches have concave flourishes at their edges, while the windows, doorways, and arches of the mosque have mixtilinear (i.e. combination of different curves) or round profiles instead of
1952:. After the early 19th century Ottoman architecture was characterized by an eclectic architecture which mixed or borrowed from multiple styles. The Balians, for example, commonly combined Neoclassical or
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seen in the Aynalıkavak Pavilion (mentioned above), which was restored by Selim III and Mahmud II. Beyond Istanbul some large palaces were built by powerful local families in different regional styles.
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have been the first time Christian architects were officially honoured in this fashion at the inauguration of a mosque and that it reflected the growing status of Christian craftsmen during this era.
1992:
The Ottoman Baroque style was also very visible in the empire and it was historically influential in shaping Westerners' conceptions of what Ottoman architecture looked like, particularly during the
520:. At the Nuruosmaniye, however, this pavilion is more detailed, more prominent, and more deliberately integrated into the rest of the complex. It was used as a private lounge or reception area (
1740:
504:
At the eastern corner of the mosque is an L-shaped structured which consists of a covered ramp leading to an imperial pavilion. This kind of feature first appeared in the 17th century with the
443:
profiles. The central doorway of the courtyard is topped by an unusual radiating sun motif carved in stone while the other doorways have pyramidal semi-vaults which, instead of the traditional
1444:. Some of the Baroque mosques from this period feature elliptical domes, such as the small single-domed Küçük Efendi (or Fevziye) Mosque in Istanbul (1825) and the multi-domed Kapı Mosque in
1298:
993:(Selim III's sister) is another important example of a Baroque tomb from this era, built in 1800–1801. One notable detail is its use of elliptical windows above its ground-floor windows.
1644:
In more distant provinces in the Middle East and North Africa, local styles continued to be employed with greater independence, as they already were in the 16th and 17th centuries. In
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1671:, several rare monuments sponsored by Ottoman sultans were built in the mid-18th century, demonstrating a certain level of renewed imperial interest in this provincial capital. The
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Beyond Istanbul the greatest palaces were built by powerful local families, but they were often built in regional styles that did not follow the trends of the Ottoman capital. The
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market. The complex also includes a caravanserai, the Çukurçeşme Han or Taş Han, which contributed to the mosque's revenues. Mustafa III also built another caravanserai, the
1683:) in 1758–1760, still demonstrates local Cairene influences but this time it incorporates some new Baroque details. (Another sabil-kuttab founded by Mustafa III near the
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1029:. It featured a mosque, the Humbarahane Mosque, at the center of it. The building has only partially survived to the present day. The largest barracks of the time, the
547:
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In the area near Osman III's kiosk Abdulhamid I and Selim III later added their own lavishly-decorated Rococo apartments. The decoration here includes Baroque-style
964:). The previous Emir Sultan Mosque's foundations and some of its materials were reused in construction, resulting in a work that mixes archaic and Baroque elements.
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in Damascus, for example, was built around 1750 in a largely Damascene style. The Azm family also had a major palace in Hama. In eastern Anatolia, near present-day
127:, completed in 1755. Later in the 18th century, new building types were also introduced based on European influences. The last fully Baroque monuments, such as the
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in 1756–1757 has not been preserved.) Other 18th-century buildings sponsored by local elites were generally built in an Ottoman-Mamluk hybrid style, such as the
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451:-like friezes and other motifs – a composition that is neither Ottoman nor European in style. Even more unusual is the form of the mosque's courtyard, which is
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1610:, the Sultan Mustafa Mosque, built in 1764 for Mustafa III, has a tall single-dome design that reflects the trends of 18th-century mosques in Istanbul. In
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fountain in 1740–41 that is decorated with Baroque motifs but still maintains a traditional Ottoman form overall. More indicative of the new style is the
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preceding century but in the Baroque period they become more ornate and are commonly attached to the exteriors of both religious and civil buildings.
638:(r. 1757–1774), successor of Osman II and a son of Ahmed III, engaged in many building activities during his long reign. His first foundation was the
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and his successors, Ottoman Baroque and contemporary late Ottoman Westernizing decoration was conspicuously employed in new buildings, including the
304:
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161:. In an Ottoman context, the term “Baroque” is sometimes applied more widely to Ottoman art and architecture across the 18th century including the
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in 1812. It was rebuilt in stone by Mahmud II between 1825 and 1828 and further expanded to its current form by Abdulmecid between 1842 and 1853.
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844:(r. 1774–1789) more foreign architects and artists arrived in Istanbul and the Baroque style was further consolidated. Abdulhamid I built the
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remained prosperous commercial centers. Damascus, the provincial capital, benefitted from the long and relatively capable governance of the
1374:
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The political and cultural conditions which led to the Ottoman Baroque trace their origins in part to the Tulip Period, during the reign of
135:(r. 1808–1839) in the early 19th century, but during this period new European-influenced styles were introduced and supplanted the Baroque.
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848:(1777–1778) and Emirgan Mosque (1781–82), both located in suburbs of Istanbul on the shores of the Bosphorus, though both were modified by
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1285:, it is one of the finest examples of this style in the palace. It consists of two rooms with flat ceilings decorated with Baroque-style
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merit in comparison with earlier Ottoman architecture. This attitude has been progressively revised since the later twentieth century.
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1455:, Mahmud II's imperial mosque, was built between 1822 and 1826 at Tophane. Its name commemorates the "victory" which Mahmud II won by
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family, succeeded in dominating imperial architecture for much of the century. They were joined by European architects such as the
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Like earlier imperial foundations, the mosque formed the center of a complex consisting of several buildings including a
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in Ottoman architecture of the time may be also evident in Mustafa III's reconstruction of the Fatih Mosque after the
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is an exceptional and flamboyant piece of architecture that mixes various local traditions including Seljuk Turkish,
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Kiel, Machiel. "Athens". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).
2015:"Eighteenth-century Ottoman architecture and the problem of scope: a critical view from the Balkan 'periphery'"
170:
153:
itself became more open to outside influences. During this period, the most predominant architectural style in
112:
1289:, a marble Baroque fireplace with European tiles, and Western-style landscape paintings decorating the walls.
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provide light to the interior. The closest precedent to this design in Classical Ottoman architecture is the
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240:(Ayasofya) Mosque, where Mahmud I built several new annexes and additions. These additions included a domed
236:, demonstrating that even the sultan promoted the style. The revenues of this hammam were earmarked for the
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Entrance to the Fatih Mosque's cemetery, with the Fountain of Nisançı Ahmed Pasha (1741–42) on the far left
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1648:, internecine conflicts caused great damage to the country during the 18th century, but the cities of
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Mihrab of the prayer room in the Harem of Topkapı Palace, added in Osman III's restoration (1754–1757)
1065:
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63:
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Sabil-kuttab of Mustafa III (1758–1760), featuring some of the first Ottoman Baroque details in Cairo
1461:
1412:
595:
166:
144:
108:
5661:
4713:"Westernization, Decadence, and the Turkish Baroque: Modern Constructions of the Eighteenth Century"
1903:
Sabil of Isma'il Pasha (1828) with Baroque and late Ottoman decoration typical of 19th-century Cairo
613:
Imperial pavilion: a ramp on the right leads to a private lounge connected to the mosque on the left
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From the 18th century onward European influences were introduced into Ottoman architecture as the
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The construction of the Selimiye Barracks was soon accompanied by the construction of the nearby
986:
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1830s illustration of the Tophane Barracks built by Mahmud II (with the Nusretiye Mosque behind)
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neighbourhood around this time by Selim III's family. Before the reconstruction of the mosque,
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1972:, dominated architecture in the last years of the Ottoman Empire in the early 20th century.
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after it was damaged by an earthquake (though the new mosque was in turn damaged during the
940:
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6513:
5757:
5623:
5212:
5187:
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4307:(7th ed.). Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press. pp. 138, 194, 226, 240.
1411:) on the Bopshorus. In the 1790s she commissioned Antoine Ignace Melling to add a European
1026:
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229:
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Selimiye Mosque: side view with external gallery and part of the imperial pavilion (right)
669:
Mustafa III's own imperial mosque was built in the center of Istanbul and is known as the
658:
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221:
119:
to mostly traditional Ottoman building types. It emerged in the 1740s during the reign of
8:
6508:
6270:
5911:
5431:
5411:
5127:
5036:
5026:
2059:
M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Architecture; VII. c. 1500–c. 1900".
1986:
1750:
1676:
1661:
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1456:
1235:
Baroque decoration on the exterior of the Imperial Council (Divan) Hall in Topkapı Palace
1022:
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on one side and for the sultan's loge on the other, thus dispensing with the traditional
383:
375:
124:
59:
6893:
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5339:
1033:, was built in southern Üsküdar between 1800 and 1803, but was burned down by revolting
1007:
Selim III established a new Western-inspired building type in Ottoman architecture: the
47:
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5928:
5787:
5638:
5628:
5297:
5252:
5147:
5091:
5081:
4931:
4732:
4700:
Artan, Tülay (2006). "Arts and architecture". In Kunt, Metin; Faroqhi, Suraiya (eds.).
4605:
1949:
1865:
1811:
1720:
1603:
1135:
953:
40:
6341:
5441:
1496:
1429:
1304:
Baths of the Sultan and Queen Mother, Topkapı Palace, renovated circa 1744 by Mahmud I
1265:
899:
Beylerbeyi Mosque on the Bosphorus, near Istanbul (circa 1778, with later renovations)
494:
489:, an imaret, a library, a royal tomb, a sebil and fountain, and an imperial pavilion (
465:
434:
The details and decoration of the mosque are firmly Baroque. For example, the curving
270:
which most clearly demonstrates the transition between the old and new styles was the
6947:
6789:
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Baroque decoration in the Imperial Hall in the Harem of Topkapı Palace (18th century)
1213:
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Semi-vault above one of the mosque entrances, with Baroque friezes replacing muqarnas
216:
in 1741–1742: the fountain of Nisançı Ahmed Pasha added to the southwest wall of the
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275:
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3733:. Translated by Kline, Stuart. Akşit Kültür ve Turizm Yayıncılık. pp. 100–101.
1964:, initially encouraged by European architects like Vallaury, eventually led to the
1945:
1869:
1716:
1511:
1452:
647:
398:
254:
209:
128:
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1664:(1753), whose main hall consists of nine domes supported by four central pillars.
6811:
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6606:
6368:
6127:
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5802:
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5142:
1352:
Partial view of the Kiosk of Osman III in the Harem of Topkapı Palace (1754–1755)
448:
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371:
208:
The first structures to exhibit the new Baroque style are several fountains and
6873:
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1645:
1591:(1778, expanded in 1795). Another example during the reign of Selim III is the
1538:
Decoration of the dome of the Nusretiye Mosque (before most recent restoration)
1216:
in Üsküdar, originally built by Selim III (circa 1803) but rebuilt by Mahmud II
1165:
in Üsküdar, Istanbul (1801–1805): view of the front façade and entrance portico
154:
150:
4684:
Architecture as a Theatre of Life: Profile of the Eighteenth Century Bosphorus
4647:
Ottoman Baroque: The Architectural Refashioning of Eighteenth-Century Istanbul
4238:
1629:
279:
264:
Godfrey Goodwin, a scholar of Ottoman architecture history, suggests that the
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5527:
5507:
5426:
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1937:
1765:
1705:
1692:
1657:
1619:
1580:
1441:
1392:
1252:
1017:
841:
761:
670:
662:
639:
181:
67:
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4703:
The Cambridge History of Turkey; Vol. 3, The Later Ottoman Empire, 1603–1839
99:
in the 18th century and early 19th century which was influenced by European
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6358:
6265:
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5393:
5197:
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1920:
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860:
lacks a monumental congregational mosque and includes only a small mosque (
517:
386:
complex, begun by Mahmud I in October 1748 and completed by his successor,
382:
The most important monument heralding the new Ottoman Baroque style is the
237:
225:
162:
104:
4055:
173:
which had dominated Ottoman architecture in the 16th and 17th centuries.
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6055:
5807:
5648:
1993:
1969:
1957:
697:
635:
479:
4736:
4712:
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1623:
189:
style in particular, but this terminology varies from author to author.
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5613:
5593:
5570:
5476:
5368:
1888:
1784:
1712:
1596:
391:
6196:
1408:
748:
Example of 18th-century birdhouse on the exterior of the Ayazma Mosque
402:
Elevation and floor plan of the Nuruosmaniye Mosque (from drawings by
266:
6724:
6497:
6424:
6407:
6201:
5747:
5575:
5545:
5421:
1956:
architecture with highly eclectic decoration. Later trends involving
1433:
1286:
1034:
1011:. The first barracks of this new tradition, the Kalyoncu Barracks in
936:
849:
387:
177:
132:
29:
6080:
3676:
Topkapi Palace: An Illustrated Guide to Its Life & Personalities
1247:
Inside the Harem section, Abdulhamid I renovated the Imperial Hall (
830:
Reconstructed tomb of Mehmed II behind the Fatih Mosque (circa 1771)
6523:
6255:
5969:
5701:
5436:
4443:
1932:
1928:
1731:. It was begun in the 17th century and generally completed by 1784.
1649:
1637:
1615:
1574:
Classical Ottoman architecture § Architecture in the provinces
1008:
1000:
Tophane Barracks of Selim III (right), seen in a 1819 engraving by
981:
541:
Mixtilinear arches in the lateral portico and windows of the mosque
521:
444:
435:
250:
233:
213:
120:
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2014:
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between 1798 and 1800. This mosque is located next to the tomb of
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in Istanbul was also built in the same year and was sponsored by
224:, and the Sa'deddin Efendi Sebil at the Karaca Ahmet Cemetery in
6660:
4245:
3582:
3495:
3242:
3206:
2898:
968:
85:
Ottoman architectural style in the 18th and early 19th centuries
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6419:
6402:
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5585:
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4395:
3546:
1850:
1831:
1815:
1769:
1653:
1611:
1607:
1588:
475:
471:
428:
420:
245:
186:
4522:
4471:
4383:
4122:
1919:
The later reign of Mahmud II also saw the introduction of the
2381:"Nuruosmaniye Mosque - Discover Islamic Art - Virtual Museum"
2019:
Thirteenth International Congress of Turkish Art: Proceedings
1668:
1480:
1445:
957:
1221:
6436:
4367:"İshak Paşa Palace - Discover Islamic Art - Virtual Museum"
4335:
4001:
3960:
3948:
3870:
3606:
2703:
1602:
In Athens, one small mosque survives from this period: the
274:
and its sebil, built in 1745 near the western perimeter of
241:
4257:
3979:
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3975:
3893:
3891:
3889:
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3459:
3447:
3317:
3305:
3072:
3021:
2361:
2247:
2223:
123:(1730–1754) and its most important early monument was the
4706:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 408–80.
4667:
Strolling Through Istanbul: The Classic Guide to the City
4431:
4407:
4347:
4311:
4282:. Leiden, the Netherlands: E.J. Brill. pp. 167–170.
4085:
3923:
3921:
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3437:
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2436:
2424:
2084:
2082:
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1908:
1423:
1080:
Sebil of the Mihrişah Sultan Complex, with side fountains
967:
Other important Baroque monuments were also built in the
361:
Sebil of the Seyyid Hasan Pasha complex, Istanbul (1745)
4747:
The City's Pleasures: Istanbul in the Eighteenth Century
4488:
4486:
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2351:
2349:
1316:
Sofa Kiosk, Topkapı Palace, restored by Mahmud I in 1752
322:
Fountain of Mahmud I at Hagia Sophia, Istanbul (1740–41)
4629:. Translated by Mill, Adair. Antique Collectors' Club.
4419:
4013:
3972:
3882:
3816:
3797:
3519:
3418:
3271:
3269:
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2823:
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2574:
2402:
2400:
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2286:
2235:
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2153:
2151:
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818:
in Istanbul, rebuilt by Mustafa III (completed in 1771)
4510:
4498:
4105:"ŞERİF HALİL PAŞA KÜLLİYESİ - TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi"
3918:
3903:
3618:
3558:
3430:
3391:
3379:
3364:
3329:
3218:
3153:
3045:
2982:
2871:
2649:
2559:
2520:
2322:
2126:
2124:
2077:
2061:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
1150:
Tomb and courtyard of the Emir Sultan complex in Bursa
419:
neighbourhood. The projecting apse which contains the
4687:(Phd thesis). Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
4483:
4319:"Qasr al-Azm - Discover Islamic Art - Virtual Museum"
4164:
4073:
3933:
3858:
3843:
3831:
3773:
3737:
3654:
3507:
3471:
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and its decoration recalls that of the Tulip Period.
887:
Recai Mehmet Efendi School and sebil, Istanbul (1775)
3293:
3266:
3170:
2820:
2781:
2715:
2634:
2571:
2397:
2334:
2283:
2271:
2259:
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2199:
2148:
169:. This shift signaled the final end to the previous
111:, the style marked a significant departure from the
2163:
2136:
2121:
2099:
2097:
2037:
2021:. Budapest: Hungarian National Museum. p. 298.
1328:
Interior of Sofa Kiosk restored by Mahmud I in 1752
684:The Laleli Mosque is also notable for its apparent
334:
Gate to the imaret of Hagia Sophia, Istanbul (1743)
2025:
1975:
1021:("New Order"), which among other things created a
939:(r. 1789–1807) was responsible for rebuilding the
625:The tomb (left) and library (right) of the complex
203:
4664:
3995:
3791:
3588:
3501:
3248:
3212:
2904:
1415:pavilion to the palace. Along with the palace of
180:, when the Ottoman ruling class opened itself to
6993:
4275:
4220:
2094:
2058:
1749:in Cairo (1744), a blend of Ottoman and Cairene
1567:
4835:Ottoman architecture in the 19th–20th centuries
4305:Islamic Monuments in Cairo: The Practical Guide
1915:Ottoman architecture in the 19th–20th centuries
1708:and several sabil-kuttabs throughout the city.
589:Baroque details of the minbar inside the mosque
4279:Islamic Architecture in Cairo: An Introduction
1604:Dizdar Mustafa Mosque or Mosque of Tzistarakis
455:instead of the traditional rectangular form.
310:Hacı Mehmet Emin Ağa Sebil, Istanbul (1741–42)
220:cemetery, the Hacı Mehmet Emin Ağa Sebil near
5865:
4794:
4780:
4583:Blair, Sheila S.; Bloom, Jonathan M. (1995).
3715:The Evolution of Turkish Art and Architecture
1095:in Istanbul, rebuilt by Selim III (1798–1800)
66:(1792–1796); Mausoleum of Mustafa III at the
4669:(Revised ed.). Tauris Parke Paperbacks.
4549:. Ankara: Atatürk Kültür Merkezi Yayınları.
2753:"Birdhouses: Miniature mansions of Istanbul"
1989:trends taking place on a more global scale.
1830:Remains of the Sultan Mustafa III Mosque in
926:Sebil of Abdülhamid I, Istanbul (circa 1780)
4586:The Art and Architecture of Islam 1250-1800
4359:
2017:. In David, Géza; Gerelyes, Ibolya (eds.).
776:Tomb and Sebil of the Laleli Mosque complex
366:
115:of Ottoman architecture and introduced new
7017:Baroque architecture in the Ottoman Empire
5872:
5858:
5057:Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque (Büyükçekmece)
4787:
4773:
4665:Sumner-Boyd, Hilary; Freely, John (2010).
4582:
4128:
3711:
1735:18th-century architecture in the provinces
4223:"The Complex of Sultan Mahmud I in Cairo"
1550:One of the sebils of the Nusretiye Mosque
1386:on the Bosphorus, Istanbul (18th century)
1222:Palace architecture in the Baroque period
868:script that curves around the interior.
5278:Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque (Lüleburgaz)
4568:. Bilkent Kültür Girişimi Publications.
4302:
4145:
2012:
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2709:
2658:
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2529:
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2253:
2229:
2169:
1927:style which originated in France under
696:A sense of historical consciousness or
630:
6994:
5052:Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque (Azapkapı)
4643:
4563:
4528:
4516:
4504:
4477:
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2217:
2205:
2193:
2181:
2088:
2043:
2031:
1909:Ottoman architecture after the Baroque
1812:Dizdar Mustafa (or Tzistarakis) Mosque
1747:Sabil-kuttab of Abd ar-Rahman Katkhuda
1689:Sabil-kuttab of Abd ar-Rahman Katkhuda
1424:Late Baroque monuments under Mahmud II
1293:Baroque architecture in Topkapı Palace
5853:
5062:Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque (Kadırga)
4840:First national architectural movement
4768:
4699:
4680:
4624:
4449:
4437:
4413:
4401:
4389:
4353:
4182:
4170:
4091:
4079:
3942:
3864:
3852:
3837:
3779:
3755:
3743:
3728:
3648:
3540:
3477:
3412:
3358:
3299:
3287:
3275:
3188:
3176:
3147:
3003:
2829:
2802:
2790:
2721:
2643:
2580:
2541:
2442:
2406:
2340:
2292:
2277:
2157:
2142:
2130:
2115:
2103:
2054:
2052:
1766:Tombul (or Sherif Halil Pasha) Mosque
1138:in Bursa, rebuilt by Selim III (1804)
931:
803:Zeynep Sultan Mosque, Istanbul (1769)
5778:Hagia Sophia Hurrem Sultan Bathhouse
5188:Green Mosque of Bursa (Yeşil Mosque)
4952:Büyükdere Kara Mehmet Kethüda Mosque
4544:
4296:
4269:
1269:paintings of architectural scenes.
736:Ayazma Mosque in Üsküdar (1757–1761)
5462:Rüstem Pasha Caravanserai (Erzurum)
5007:Mihrimah Sultan Mosque (Edirnekapı)
4547:Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Saat Kuleleri
4203:
4134:
3712:Sözen, Metin; Akşit, İlhan (1987).
530:Details of the Nuruosmaniye complex
508:and was further exemplified by the
13:
6297:(reform and constitutional period)
5879:
5457:Rüstem Pasha Caravanserai (Ereğli)
5452:Rüstem Pasha Caravanserai (Edirne)
4750:. University of Washington Press.
4674:
2751:Ekinci, Ekrem Buğra (2016-10-21).
2049:
1395:, the Kavak or Üsküdar Palace (at
14:
7033:
7007:18th-century architectural styles
6185:List of Ottoman sultans' consorts
6148:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
5467:Sokollu Mehmet Pasha Caravanserai
4607:A History of Ottoman Architecture
4056:"ATİNA - TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi"
1620:Sherif Halil Pasha Mosque Complex
1606:from 1763–1764. On the island of
1468:Baroque monuments under Mahmud II
1226:
253:, flanked by marble columns with
103:. Preceded by the changes of the
6180:List of Ottoman sultans' mothers
5168:Ferhat Pasha Mosque (Banja Luka)
5012:Mihrimah Sultan Mosque (Üsküdar)
4855:
4847:Ottoman architectural decoration
4795:
4276:Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (1989).
4221:Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (2011).
4176:
4150:. Flammarion. pp. 192–198.
4097:
4048:
4031:
3722:
3705:
3666:
1896:
1877:
1858:
1839:
1823:
1804:
1792:
1777:
1758:
1739:
1555:
1543:
1531:
1526:Interior of the Nusretiye Mosque
1519:
1514:in Tophane, Istanbul (1822–1824)
1504:
1488:
1472:
1369:
1357:
1345:
1333:
1321:
1309:
1297:
1206:
1194:
1182:
1170:
1155:
1143:
1128:
1112:
1100:
1085:
1073:
1058:
919:
904:
892:
880:
823:
808:
796:
781:
769:
753:
741:
729:
713:
618:
606:
594:
582:
570:
558:
546:
534:
354:
339:
327:
315:
303:
291:
261:, and surmounted by wide eaves.
199:Ottoman architectural decoration
46:
39:
28:
7022:Baroque architecture by country
6261:Defterdars/Ministers of Finance
5715:Fountain of Ahmed III (Üsküdar)
4538:
2744:
2373:
1976:Scholarly assessment and legacy
876:Architecture under Abdülhamid I
447:, are carved with many rows of
204:First Baroque monuments (1740s)
192:
6002:Persecution of Ottoman Muslims
5447:Öküz Mehmed Pasha Caravanserai
5173:Ferhat Pasha Mosque (Sarajevo)
4820:Classical Ottoman architecture
4650:. Princeton University Press.
3718:. Haşet Kitabevi. p. 183.
2006:
975:(Selim III's mother), built a
709:Architecture under Mustafa III
378:, Istanbul (completed in 1755)
1:
4452:, pp. 606, 614, 673–676.
4034:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three
3996:Sumner-Boyd & Freely 2010
3792:Sumner-Boyd & Freely 2010
3589:Sumner-Boyd & Freely 2010
3502:Sumner-Boyd & Freely 2010
3249:Sumner-Boyd & Freely 2010
3213:Sumner-Boyd & Freely 2010
2905:Sumner-Boyd & Freely 2010
2013:Hartmuth, Maximilian (2009).
1999:
1568:Architecture in the provinces
1201:Mihrab of the Selimiye Mosque
1123:in Eyüp, Istanbul (1800–1801)
1068:in Eyüp, Istanbul (1792–1796)
138:
5513:Mehmed Paša Sokolović Bridge
5485:Complex of Sultan Bayezid II
5379:Tomb of Hayreddin Barbarossa
5345:Medrese of Mehmet Şakir Paşa
5273:Sinan Pasha Mosque (Prizren)
5092:Yeni Valide Mosque (Üsküdar)
5087:Yeni Valide Mosque (Eminönü)
4830:Ottoman Baroque architecture
2919:, pp. 195–196, 198–200.
1054:Architecture under Selim III
89:Ottoman Baroque architecture
17:Ottoman Baroque architecture
7:
6446:Vassal and tributary states
5077:Vasat Atik Ali Pasha Mosque
4303:Williams, Caroline (2018).
2063:. Oxford University Press.
1966:First National Architecture
1948:, William James Smith, and
1189:Interior of Selimiye Mosque
1107:Eyüp Sultan Mosque interior
949:Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque
478:at its corners, similar to
10:
7038:
5667:Etfal Hospital Clock Tower
5313:Yakovalı Hasan Paşa Mosque
4977:Gazi Atik Ali Pasha Mosque
4853:
4815:Early Ottoman architecture
4189:. Routledge. p. 244.
3679:. Saqi Books. p. 93.
1968:movement which, alongside
1912:
1571:
1457:destroying the Janissaries
423:is also comparable to the
349:and sebil, Istanbul (1745)
212:built by elite patrons in
196:
142:
62:(1748–1755); Sebil of the
7012:19th-century architecture
6960:
6920:
6892:
6859:
6760:
6715:
6706:
6623:
6589:
6539:
6467:
6458:
6395:
6327:
6289:
6228:
6217:
6120:
6111:
6019:
6012:
5965:Decline and modernization
5887:
5816:
5733:
5700:
5647:
5584:
5526:
5493:
5475:
5417:Hafsa Sultan Caravanserai
5392:
5358:
5325:
5218:İzzet Mehmet Pasha Mosque
5158:Evliya Kasim Pasha Mosque
5105:
5002:Mesih Mehmed Pasha Mosque
4919:
4910:
4864:
4825:Tulip Period architecture
4807:
4744:Hamadeh, Shirine (2008).
4711:Hamadeh, Shirine (2007).
4604:Goodwin, Godfrey (1971).
4589:. Yale University Press.
4239:10.1163/22118993-90000178
4146:Degeorge, Gérard (2004).
3673:Goodwin, Godfrey (1999).
167:style of the Tulip Period
145:Tulip Period architecture
109:Tulip Period architecture
75:
21:
6493:Six Divisions of Cavalry
6029:Foreign Affairs Ministry
5369:Green Tomb (Yeşil Türbe)
5243:Muradiye Mosque (Edirne)
5238:Muradiye Complex (Bursa)
4404:, p. 605 and after.
4392:, pp. 505–506, 605.
4371:islamicart.museumwnf.org
4323:islamicart.museumwnf.org
4254:, p. 288 (note 18).
3555:, pp. 242–243, 261.
2385:islamicart.museumwnf.org
1853:(1778, expanded in 1795)
1685:Mosque of Sayyida Nafisa
1681:Mosque of Sayyida Zeinab
1407:at Defterdarburnu (near
914:in Istanbul (circa 1780)
642:in Üsküdar in honour of
367:The Nuruosmaniye complex
6486:Agha of the Janissaries
6133:List of Ottoman sultans
5829:Mihrişah Sultan Complex
5178:Fethiye Mosque (Athens)
4610:. Thames & Hudson.
4564:Atasoy, Nurhan (2011).
4109:TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi
4060:TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi
1872:(completed around 1784)
1787:, Damascus (circa 1750)
1066:Mihrişah Sultan Complex
987:Zal Mahmud Pasha Mosque
764:in Istanbul (1760–1764)
691:Mosque of Zeyneb Sultan
665:in Istanbul (1760–1764)
565:Courtyard of the mosque
501:and concave cornices.
287:Early Baroque monuments
64:Mihrişah Sultan Complex
6688:Science and technology
6138:Roman succession claim
5725:Sultan Mahmut Fountain
5662:Dolmabahçe Clock Tower
5183:Gazi Husrev-beg Mosque
5097:Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque
4877:Bosnia and Herzegovina
4644:Rüstem, Ünver (2019).
4531:, p. 9 and after.
4480:, p. 5 and after.
4129:Blair & Bloom 1995
1702:Mosque of Muhammad Ali
1641:
1405:grand shoreline palace
1387:
1384:Hadice Sultan's Palace
1283:Antoine Ignace Melling
1236:
1023:new Western-style army
1004:
666:
577:Interior of the mosque
413:Mihrimah Sultan Mosque
407:
379:
6561:Dragoman of the Fleet
6276:Dragoman of the Porte
6066:Armenian Constitution
5953:Stagnation and reform
5834:Nilüfer Hatun Imareti
5710:Fountain of Ahmed III
5687:Nusretiye Clock Tower
5384:Tomb of Turhan Sultan
5374:Tomb of Abdul Hamid I
5283:Sulayman Pasha Mosque
5193:Green Mosque of İznik
5153:Esmahan Sultan Mosque
4865:Other regional styles
4681:Artan, Tülay (1989).
4625:Kuban, Doğan (2010).
3729:Akşit, İlhan (2014).
1996:of the 19th century.
1632:
1377:
1234:
999:
836:Reign of Abdülhamid I
661:
506:Sultan Ahmed I Mosque
401:
374:
7002:Ottoman architecture
6281:Outer Palace Service
6197:Inner Palace Service
5624:Hatice Sultan Palace
5350:Rüstem Pasha Medrese
5308:Veled-i Yaniç Mosque
5253:Old Mosque of Edirne
5213:Ibrahim Pasha Mosque
4987:Hırka-i Şerif Mosque
4982:Haseki Sultan Mosque
4801:Ottoman architecture
4627:Ottoman Architecture
4545:Acun, Hakkı (2011).
4183:Burns, Ross (2007).
3543:, pp. 430, 435.
3314:, pp. 247, 254.
3006:, pp. 537, 544.
2712:, pp. 387, 418.
2445:, pp. 532, 536.
1994:Romanticist movement
1960:designs and Ottoman
912:Tomb of Abdülhamid I
840:During the reign of
720:Cihanoğlu Mosque in
631:Reign of Mustafa III
601:Sebil of the complex
228:. The Baroque-style
101:Baroque architecture
97:Ottoman architecture
58:Clockwise from top:
6476:Classic period army
6317:Chamber of Deputies
6292:Imperial Government
5208:Hüdavendigar Mosque
5128:Behram Pasha Mosque
5037:Piyale Pasha Mosque
5027:Nuruosmaniye Mosque
4997:Mahmut Pasha Mosque
4440:, pp. 605–606.
4416:, pp. 609–612.
4356:, pp. 583–584.
4344:, pp. 404–407.
4186:Damascus: A History
4094:, pp. 592–593.
4010:, pp. 400–401.
3969:, pp. 418–419.
3957:, pp. 417–418.
3879:, pp. 414–415.
3770:, pp. 255–256.
3758:, pp. 437–438.
3651:, pp. 435–436.
3639:, pp. 158–159.
3615:, pp. 392–393.
3492:, pp. 258–259.
3468:, pp. 259–260.
3456:, pp. 258–260.
3326:, pp. 254–255.
3290:, pp. 548–550.
3191:, pp. 546–548.
3150:, pp. 519–520.
3081:, pp. 398–399.
3069:, pp. 236–237.
3030:, pp. 397–398.
3018:, pp. 234–235.
2967:, pp. 212–214.
2955:, pp. 198–200.
2931:, pp. 199–200.
2856:, pp. 194–195.
2844:, pp. 190–191.
2805:, pp. 540–541.
2631:, pp. 126–130.
2619:, pp. 125–128.
2595:, pp. 128–130.
2556:, pp. 112–113.
2544:, pp. 528–529.
2493:, pp. 144–145.
2481:, pp. 141–144.
2457:, pp. 139–140.
2433:, pp. 138–145.
2370:, p. 122, 138.
2256:, pp. 377–379.
2232:, pp. 375–376.
2118:, pp. 517–518.
1868:, near present-day
1704:(1830–1848) in the
945:Abu Ayyub al-Ansari
384:Nuruosmaniye Mosque
376:Nuruosmaniye Mosque
125:Nuruosmaniye Mosque
60:Nuruosmaniye Mosque
18:
6103:Translation Office
5987:2nd Constitutional
5975:1st Constitutional
5929:Sultanate of Women
5788:Mahmut Pasha Hamam
5773:Çemberlitaş Hamamı
5692:Yıldız Clock Tower
5629:Ishak Pasha Palace
5303:Üç Şerefeli Mosque
5298:Tzistarakis Mosque
5288:Suleymaniye Mosque
5248:Murat Pasha Mosque
5233:Kasım Pasha Mosque
5228:Karađoz Bey Mosque
5148:Emir Sultan Mosque
5133:Bursa Grand Mosque
5082:Yavuz Selim Mosque
5072:Süleymaniye Mosque
5067:Sultanahmet Mosque
5022:Murat Pasha Mosque
4967:Eyüp Sultan Mosque
4932:Atik Valide Mosque
4266:, p. 180-181.
4131:, p. 251-255.
3731:The Topkapı Palace
3702:, pp. 64, 71.
1950:Alexandre Vallaury
1885:Izzet Pasha Mosque
1866:Ishak Pasha Palace
1721:Ishak Pasha Palace
1673:Takiyya Mahmudiyya
1642:
1593:Izzet Pasha Mosque
1499:in Istanbul (1818)
1388:
1237:
1136:Emir Sultan Mosque
1093:Eyüp Sultan Mosque
1005:
977:charitable complex
954:Emir Sultan Mosque
941:Eyüp Sultan Mosque
932:Reign of Selim III
667:
408:
380:
95:, was a period in
16:
6989:
6988:
6956:
6955:
6948:Star and crescent
6619:
6618:
6615:
6614:
6454:
6453:
6391:
6390:
6143:Ottoman Caliphate
6024:Foreign relations
5847:
5846:
5798:Süleymaniye Hamam
5768:Davud Pasha Hamam
5682:Jaffa Clock Tower
5677:İzmit Clock Tower
5672:İzmir Clock Tower
5609:Dolmabahçe Palace
5599:Beylerbeyi Palace
5566:Yedikule Fortress
5556:Kilitbahir Castle
5503:Arslanagić Bridge
5335:Büyük Aga Medrese
5321:
5320:
5263:Osman Shah Mosque
5258:Orhan Gazi Mosque
5203:Haji Özbek Mosque
4962:Dolmabahçe Mosque
4947:Beylerbeyi Mosque
4942:Bayezid II Mosque
4927:Altunizade Mosque
4808:Historical stages
4757:978-0-295-98667-8
4196:978-1-134-48850-6
3686:978-0-86356-067-5
3603:, pp. 32–34.
3579:, pp. 98–99.
2244:, pp. 70–73.
2196:, pp. 64–65.
2091:, pp. 21–22.
1403:(d. 1822), had a
1214:Selimiye Barracks
1031:Selimiye Barracks
855:Abdülhamid built
846:Beylerbeyi Mosque
791:, Istanbul (1764)
404:Cornelius Gurlitt
83:
82:
7029:
6720:Social structure
6713:
6712:
6566:Imperial Arsenal
6465:
6464:
6299:
6238:
6236:(classic period)
6231:Imperial Council
6226:
6225:
6118:
6117:
6017:
6016:
5874:
5867:
5860:
5851:
5850:
5743:Bayezid II Hamam
5720:Tophane Fountain
5518:Uzunköprü Bridge
5432:Khan As'ad Pasha
5407:Büyük Valide Han
5340:Caferağa Medrese
5223:Juma-Jami Mosque
5163:Ferhadija Mosque
5138:Çapanoğlu Mosque
5123:Bayezid I Mosque
5113:Ali Pasha Mosque
5017:Muradiye Complex
4917:
4916:
4859:
4799:
4789:
4782:
4775:
4766:
4765:
4761:
4740:
4707:
4696:
4670:
4661:
4640:
4621:
4600:
4579:
4560:
4532:
4526:
4520:
4514:
4508:
4502:
4496:
4490:
4481:
4475:
4469:
4459:
4453:
4447:
4441:
4435:
4429:
4423:
4417:
4411:
4405:
4399:
4393:
4387:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4377:
4363:
4357:
4351:
4345:
4339:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4329:
4315:
4309:
4308:
4300:
4294:
4293:
4273:
4267:
4261:
4255:
4249:
4243:
4242:
4218:
4201:
4200:
4180:
4174:
4168:
4162:
4161:
4143:
4132:
4126:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4116:
4101:
4095:
4089:
4083:
4077:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4067:
4052:
4046:
4045:
4029:
4023:
4017:
4011:
4005:
3999:
3993:
3987:
3981:
3970:
3964:
3958:
3952:
3946:
3940:
3931:
3925:
3916:
3910:
3901:
3895:
3880:
3874:
3868:
3862:
3856:
3850:
3841:
3835:
3829:
3823:
3814:
3808:
3795:
3789:
3783:
3777:
3771:
3765:
3759:
3753:
3747:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3726:
3720:
3719:
3709:
3703:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3670:
3664:
3658:
3652:
3646:
3640:
3634:
3628:
3622:
3616:
3610:
3604:
3598:
3592:
3586:
3580:
3574:
3568:
3562:
3556:
3550:
3544:
3538:
3532:
3526:
3517:
3511:
3505:
3499:
3493:
3487:
3481:
3475:
3469:
3463:
3457:
3451:
3445:
3439:
3428:
3422:
3416:
3410:
3401:
3395:
3389:
3383:
3377:
3371:
3362:
3356:
3339:
3333:
3327:
3321:
3315:
3309:
3303:
3297:
3291:
3285:
3279:
3273:
3264:
3258:
3252:
3246:
3240:
3234:
3228:
3222:
3216:
3210:
3204:
3198:
3192:
3186:
3180:
3174:
3168:
3162:
3151:
3145:
3139:
3133:
3124:
3118:
3112:
3106:
3097:
3091:
3082:
3076:
3070:
3064:
3058:
3052:
3043:
3037:
3031:
3025:
3019:
3013:
3007:
3001:
2995:
2989:
2980:
2974:
2968:
2962:
2956:
2950:
2944:
2938:
2932:
2926:
2920:
2914:
2908:
2902:
2896:
2890:
2884:
2878:
2869:
2863:
2857:
2851:
2845:
2839:
2833:
2827:
2818:
2812:
2806:
2800:
2794:
2788:
2779:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2748:
2742:
2736:
2725:
2719:
2713:
2707:
2701:
2695:
2689:
2683:
2674:
2668:
2662:
2656:
2647:
2641:
2632:
2626:
2620:
2614:
2608:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2569:
2563:
2557:
2551:
2545:
2539:
2533:
2527:
2518:
2512:
2506:
2500:
2494:
2488:
2482:
2476:
2470:
2464:
2458:
2452:
2446:
2440:
2434:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2377:
2371:
2365:
2359:
2353:
2344:
2338:
2332:
2326:
2320:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2296:
2290:
2281:
2275:
2269:
2263:
2257:
2251:
2245:
2239:
2233:
2227:
2221:
2215:
2209:
2203:
2197:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2155:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2119:
2113:
2107:
2101:
2092:
2086:
2075:
2074:
2056:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2010:
1946:Fossati brothers
1942:Ottoman Armenian
1900:
1881:
1862:
1847:Çapanoğlu Mosque
1843:
1827:
1808:
1796:
1781:
1762:
1743:
1662:Khan As'ad Pasha
1634:Khan As'ad Pasha
1585:Çapanoğlu Mosque
1559:
1547:
1535:
1523:
1512:Nusretiye Mosque
1508:
1492:
1476:
1453:Nusretiye Mosque
1361:
1349:
1337:
1325:
1313:
1301:
1210:
1198:
1186:
1174:
1159:
1147:
1132:
1116:
1104:
1089:
1077:
1062:
923:
908:
896:
884:
827:
812:
800:
785:
773:
760:Interior of the
757:
745:
733:
717:
648:Nusretiye Mosque
622:
610:
598:
586:
574:
562:
550:
538:
358:
347:Beşir Ağa Mosque
343:
331:
319:
307:
295:
272:Beşir Ağa Mosque
131:, were built by
129:Nusretiye Mosque
117:decorative forms
91:, also known as
50:
43:
32:
19:
15:
7037:
7036:
7032:
7031:
7030:
7028:
7027:
7026:
6992:
6991:
6990:
6985:
6952:
6916:
6888:
6855:
6756:
6745:Ottoman Turkish
6702:
6611:
6585:
6535:
6530:Modernized army
6514:Sekban-i Djedid
6450:
6387:
6342:Shaykh al-Islām
6323:
6300:
6295:
6294:
6285:
6239:
6234:
6233:
6213:
6128:Ottoman dynasty
6107:
6008:
5883:
5878:
5848:
5843:
5839:Imaret (Kavala)
5824:Köprülü Library
5817:other monuments
5812:
5803:Tahtakale Hamam
5758:Cağaloğlu Hamam
5729:
5696:
5643:
5580:
5522:
5489:
5471:
5388:
5354:
5317:
5268:Selimiye Mosque
5143:Dzhumaya Mosque
5118:Bajrakli Mosque
5101:
5047:Selimiye Mosque
4906:
4860:
4851:
4803:
4793:
4758:
4677:
4675:Further reading
4658:
4637:
4618:
4597:
4576:
4557:
4541:
4536:
4535:
4527:
4523:
4515:
4511:
4503:
4499:
4491:
4484:
4476:
4472:
4460:
4456:
4448:
4444:
4436:
4432:
4424:
4420:
4412:
4408:
4400:
4396:
4388:
4384:
4375:
4373:
4365:
4364:
4360:
4352:
4348:
4340:
4336:
4327:
4325:
4317:
4316:
4312:
4301:
4297:
4290:
4274:
4270:
4262:
4258:
4250:
4246:
4219:
4204:
4197:
4181:
4177:
4169:
4165:
4158:
4144:
4135:
4127:
4123:
4114:
4112:
4103:
4102:
4098:
4090:
4086:
4078:
4074:
4065:
4063:
4054:
4053:
4049:
4030:
4026:
4018:
4014:
4006:
4002:
3994:
3990:
3982:
3973:
3965:
3961:
3953:
3949:
3941:
3934:
3926:
3919:
3911:
3904:
3896:
3883:
3875:
3871:
3863:
3859:
3851:
3844:
3836:
3832:
3824:
3817:
3809:
3798:
3790:
3786:
3778:
3774:
3766:
3762:
3754:
3750:
3742:
3738:
3727:
3723:
3710:
3706:
3698:
3694:
3687:
3671:
3667:
3659:
3655:
3647:
3643:
3635:
3631:
3623:
3619:
3611:
3607:
3599:
3595:
3587:
3583:
3575:
3571:
3563:
3559:
3551:
3547:
3539:
3535:
3527:
3520:
3512:
3508:
3500:
3496:
3488:
3484:
3476:
3472:
3464:
3460:
3452:
3448:
3440:
3431:
3423:
3419:
3411:
3404:
3396:
3392:
3384:
3380:
3372:
3365:
3357:
3342:
3334:
3330:
3322:
3318:
3310:
3306:
3298:
3294:
3286:
3282:
3274:
3267:
3259:
3255:
3247:
3243:
3235:
3231:
3223:
3219:
3211:
3207:
3199:
3195:
3187:
3183:
3175:
3171:
3163:
3154:
3146:
3142:
3134:
3127:
3119:
3115:
3107:
3100:
3092:
3085:
3077:
3073:
3065:
3061:
3053:
3046:
3038:
3034:
3026:
3022:
3014:
3010:
3002:
2998:
2990:
2983:
2975:
2971:
2963:
2959:
2951:
2947:
2939:
2935:
2927:
2923:
2915:
2911:
2903:
2899:
2891:
2887:
2879:
2872:
2864:
2860:
2852:
2848:
2840:
2836:
2828:
2821:
2813:
2809:
2801:
2797:
2789:
2782:
2774:
2770:
2761:
2759:
2749:
2745:
2737:
2728:
2720:
2716:
2708:
2704:
2696:
2692:
2684:
2677:
2669:
2665:
2657:
2650:
2642:
2635:
2627:
2623:
2615:
2611:
2603:
2599:
2591:
2587:
2579:
2572:
2564:
2560:
2552:
2548:
2540:
2536:
2528:
2521:
2513:
2509:
2501:
2497:
2489:
2485:
2477:
2473:
2465:
2461:
2453:
2449:
2441:
2437:
2429:
2425:
2417:
2413:
2405:
2398:
2389:
2387:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2366:
2362:
2354:
2347:
2339:
2335:
2327:
2323:
2315:
2311:
2303:
2299:
2291:
2284:
2276:
2272:
2264:
2260:
2252:
2248:
2240:
2236:
2228:
2224:
2216:
2212:
2204:
2200:
2192:
2188:
2180:
2176:
2168:
2164:
2156:
2149:
2141:
2137:
2129:
2122:
2114:
2110:
2102:
2095:
2087:
2078:
2071:
2057:
2050:
2042:
2038:
2030:
2026:
2011:
2007:
2002:
1978:
1917:
1911:
1904:
1901:
1892:
1882:
1873:
1863:
1854:
1844:
1835:
1828:
1819:
1809:
1800:
1797:
1788:
1782:
1773:
1763:
1754:
1744:
1583:(1779) and the
1576:
1570:
1563:
1560:
1551:
1548:
1539:
1536:
1527:
1524:
1515:
1509:
1500:
1497:Nakşidil Sultan
1493:
1484:
1479:Kapı Mosque in
1477:
1430:Nakşidil Sultan
1426:
1372:
1365:
1362:
1353:
1350:
1341:
1338:
1329:
1326:
1317:
1314:
1305:
1302:
1279:Mihrişah Sultan
1229:
1224:
1217:
1211:
1202:
1199:
1190:
1187:
1178:
1175:
1166:
1163:Selimiye Mosque
1160:
1151:
1148:
1139:
1133:
1124:
1117:
1108:
1105:
1096:
1090:
1081:
1078:
1069:
1063:
1042:Selimiye Mosque
973:Mihrişah Sultan
962:1855 earthquake
934:
927:
924:
915:
909:
900:
897:
888:
885:
838:
831:
828:
819:
813:
804:
801:
792:
786:
777:
774:
765:
758:
749:
746:
737:
734:
725:
718:
702:1766 earthquake
633:
626:
623:
614:
611:
602:
599:
590:
587:
578:
575:
566:
563:
554:
551:
542:
539:
495:Şehsuvar Sultan
466:müezzin mahfili
425:Selimiye Mosque
369:
362:
359:
350:
344:
335:
332:
323:
320:
311:
308:
299:
296:
230:Cağaloğlu Hamam
206:
201:
195:
171:classical style
147:
141:
113:classical style
93:Turkish Baroque
86:
71:
56:
55:
54:
53:
52:
51:
44:
35:
34:
33:
12:
11:
5:
7035:
7025:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7004:
6987:
6986:
6984:
6983:
6976:
6969:
6961:
6958:
6957:
6954:
6953:
6951:
6950:
6945:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6924:
6922:
6918:
6917:
6915:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6898:
6896:
6890:
6889:
6887:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6865:
6863:
6857:
6856:
6854:
6853:
6848:
6847:
6846:
6841:
6831:
6830:
6829:
6824:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6803:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6779:
6778:
6777:
6766:
6764:
6758:
6757:
6755:
6754:
6749:
6748:
6747:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6716:
6710:
6704:
6703:
6701:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6684:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6642:
6641:
6636:
6629:
6627:
6621:
6620:
6617:
6616:
6613:
6612:
6610:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6593:
6591:
6587:
6586:
6584:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6557:
6556:
6545:
6543:
6537:
6536:
6534:
6533:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6509:Nizam-i Djedid
6500:
6495:
6490:
6489:
6488:
6471:
6469:
6462:
6456:
6455:
6452:
6451:
6449:
6448:
6443:
6434:
6432:Mutasarrifates
6429:
6428:
6427:
6417:
6412:
6411:
6410:
6399:
6397:
6393:
6392:
6389:
6388:
6386:
6385:
6384:
6383:
6373:
6372:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6346:
6345:
6344:
6333:
6331:
6325:
6324:
6322:
6321:
6320:
6319:
6314:
6303:
6301:
6290:
6287:
6286:
6284:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6271:Reis ül-Küttab
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6242:
6240:
6229:
6223:
6215:
6214:
6212:
6211:
6210:
6209:
6207:Palace Schools
6204:
6194:
6193:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6155:Imperial Harem
6152:
6151:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6124:
6122:
6121:House of Osman
6115:
6109:
6108:
6106:
6105:
6100:
6099:
6098:
6093:
6085:
6084:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6053:
6052:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6020:
6014:
6010:
6009:
6007:
6006:
6005:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5979:
5978:
5977:
5972:
5962:
5961:
5960:
5950:
5949:
5948:
5943:
5941:Decline thesis
5936:Transformation
5933:
5932:
5931:
5921:
5920:
5919:
5917:Constantinople
5914:
5909:
5899:
5893:
5891:
5885:
5884:
5881:Ottoman Empire
5877:
5876:
5869:
5862:
5854:
5845:
5844:
5842:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5820:
5818:
5814:
5813:
5811:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5739:
5737:
5731:
5730:
5728:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5706:
5704:
5698:
5697:
5695:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5653:
5651:
5645:
5644:
5642:
5641:
5636:
5634:Topkapi Palace
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5604:Çırağan Palace
5601:
5596:
5590:
5588:
5582:
5581:
5579:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5551:Castle of Kars
5548:
5543:
5538:
5536:Ajyad Fortress
5532:
5530:
5528:Fortifications
5524:
5523:
5521:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5499:
5497:
5491:
5490:
5488:
5487:
5481:
5479:
5473:
5472:
5470:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5412:Büyük Yeni Han
5409:
5404:
5398:
5396:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5365:
5363:
5356:
5355:
5353:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5331:
5329:
5323:
5322:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5109:
5107:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5042:Şehzade Mosque
5039:
5034:
5032:Ortaköy Mosque
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4923:
4921:
4914:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4868:
4866:
4862:
4861:
4854:
4852:
4843:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4811:
4809:
4805:
4804:
4792:
4791:
4784:
4777:
4769:
4763:
4762:
4756:
4741:
4708:
4697:
4676:
4673:
4672:
4671:
4662:
4656:
4641:
4635:
4622:
4616:
4601:
4595:
4580:
4574:
4561:
4555:
4540:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4521:
4519:, p. 8-9.
4509:
4507:, p. 6-7.
4497:
4482:
4470:
4454:
4442:
4430:
4428:, p. 419.
4418:
4406:
4394:
4382:
4358:
4346:
4334:
4310:
4295:
4288:
4268:
4256:
4244:
4202:
4195:
4175:
4173:, p. 586.
4163:
4156:
4133:
4121:
4096:
4084:
4082:, p. 594.
4072:
4047:
4024:
4022:, p. 402.
4012:
4000:
3998:, p. 417.
3988:
3986:, p. 418.
3971:
3959:
3947:
3945:, p. 631.
3932:
3930:, p. 270.
3917:
3915:, p. 269.
3902:
3900:, p. 417.
3881:
3869:
3867:, p. 610.
3857:
3855:, p. 605.
3842:
3840:, p. 550.
3830:
3828:, p. 416.
3815:
3813:, p. 404.
3796:
3794:, p. 363.
3784:
3782:, p. 438.
3772:
3760:
3748:
3746:, p. 437.
3736:
3721:
3704:
3692:
3685:
3665:
3653:
3641:
3629:
3627:, p. 159.
3617:
3605:
3593:
3581:
3569:
3567:, p. 238.
3557:
3545:
3533:
3531:, p. 393.
3518:
3506:
3494:
3482:
3480:, p. 545.
3470:
3458:
3446:
3444:, p. 256.
3429:
3427:, p. 420.
3417:
3415:, p. 555.
3402:
3400:, p. 264.
3390:
3388:, p. 257.
3378:
3376:, p. 248.
3363:
3361:, p. 554.
3340:
3338:, p. 255.
3328:
3316:
3304:
3302:, p. 552.
3292:
3280:
3278:, p. 520.
3265:
3263:, p. 253.
3253:
3251:, p. 366.
3241:
3239:, p. 254.
3229:
3227:, p. 412.
3217:
3215:, p. 365.
3205:
3203:, p. 252.
3193:
3181:
3179:, p. 546.
3169:
3167:, p. 411.
3152:
3140:
3138:, p. 230.
3125:
3123:, p. 226.
3113:
3111:, p. 225.
3098:
3096:, p. 223.
3083:
3071:
3059:
3057:, p. 397.
3044:
3042:, p. 236.
3032:
3020:
3008:
2996:
2994:, p. 396.
2981:
2979:, p. 215.
2969:
2957:
2945:
2943:, p. 200.
2933:
2921:
2909:
2907:, p. 166.
2897:
2895:, p. 184.
2885:
2883:, p. 391.
2870:
2868:, p. 185.
2858:
2846:
2834:
2832:, p. 541.
2819:
2817:, p. 186.
2807:
2795:
2793:, p. 540.
2780:
2778:, p. 182.
2768:
2743:
2741:, p. 180.
2726:
2724:, p. 543.
2714:
2702:
2700:, p. 176.
2690:
2688:, p. 174.
2675:
2673:, p. 172.
2663:
2661:, p. 387.
2648:
2646:, p. 537.
2633:
2621:
2609:
2607:, p. 125.
2597:
2585:
2583:, p. 536.
2570:
2568:, p. 382.
2558:
2546:
2534:
2532:, p. 388.
2519:
2517:, p. 146.
2507:
2505:, p. 145.
2495:
2483:
2471:
2469:, p. 138.
2459:
2447:
2435:
2423:
2421:, p. 137.
2411:
2409:, p. 532.
2396:
2372:
2360:
2358:, p. 147.
2345:
2343:, p. 527.
2333:
2331:, p. 386.
2321:
2319:, p. 115.
2309:
2307:, p. 111.
2297:
2295:, p. 526.
2282:
2280:, p. 518.
2270:
2258:
2246:
2234:
2222:
2210:
2198:
2186:
2184:, p. 260.
2174:
2162:
2160:, p. 505.
2147:
2145:, p. 507.
2135:
2133:, p. 517.
2120:
2108:
2093:
2076:
2069:
2048:
2036:
2024:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1977:
1974:
1913:Main article:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1895:
1893:
1883:
1876:
1874:
1864:
1857:
1855:
1845:
1838:
1836:
1829:
1822:
1820:
1810:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1791:
1789:
1783:
1776:
1774:
1764:
1757:
1755:
1745:
1738:
1736:
1614:, present-day
1569:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1518:
1516:
1510:
1503:
1501:
1494:
1487:
1485:
1478:
1471:
1469:
1425:
1422:
1378:Engraving (by
1371:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1296:
1294:
1281:. Designed by
1228:
1227:Topkapı Palace
1225:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1212:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1169:
1167:
1161:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1142:
1140:
1134:
1127:
1125:
1118:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1099:
1097:
1091:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1072:
1070:
1064:
1057:
1055:
989:, the Tomb of
933:
930:
929:
928:
925:
918:
916:
910:
903:
901:
898:
891:
889:
886:
879:
877:
837:
834:
833:
832:
829:
822:
820:
814:
807:
805:
802:
795:
793:
789:Büyük Yeni Han
787:
780:
778:
775:
768:
766:
759:
752:
750:
747:
740:
738:
735:
728:
726:
719:
712:
710:
679:Büyük Yeni Han
632:
629:
628:
627:
624:
617:
615:
612:
605:
603:
600:
593:
591:
588:
581:
579:
576:
569:
567:
564:
557:
555:
552:
545:
543:
540:
533:
531:
453:semielliptical
368:
365:
364:
363:
360:
353:
351:
345:
338:
336:
333:
326:
324:
321:
314:
312:
309:
302:
300:
297:
290:
288:
276:Topkapı Palace
205:
202:
194:
191:
155:Western Europe
151:Ottoman Empire
140:
137:
84:
81:
80:
79:1740s to 1820s
77:
73:
72:
57:
45:
38:
37:
36:
27:
26:
25:
24:
23:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7034:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6999:
6997:
6982:
6981:
6977:
6975:
6974:
6970:
6968:
6967:
6963:
6962:
6959:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6925:
6923:
6919:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6899:
6897:
6895:
6891:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6866:
6864:
6862:
6858:
6852:
6849:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6836:
6835:
6832:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6819:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6782:
6780:
6776:
6773:
6772:
6771:
6768:
6767:
6765:
6763:
6759:
6753:
6750:
6746:
6743:
6742:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6735:Ottoman court
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6717:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6705:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6658:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6640:
6637:
6634:
6633:
6631:
6630:
6628:
6626:
6622:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6594:
6592:
6588:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6576:Naval battles
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6555:
6552:
6551:
6550:
6549:Kapudan Pasha
6547:
6546:
6544:
6542:
6538:
6532:
6531:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6506:
6505:
6504:Reform period
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6487:
6484:
6483:
6482:
6478:
6477:
6473:
6472:
6470:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6457:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6426:
6423:
6422:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6409:
6406:
6405:
6404:
6401:
6400:
6398:
6394:
6382:
6379:
6378:
6377:
6374:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6351:
6350:
6347:
6343:
6340:
6339:
6338:
6335:
6334:
6332:
6330:
6326:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6309:
6308:
6305:
6304:
6302:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6243:
6241:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6224:
6221:
6216:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6199:
6198:
6195:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6165:Haseki sultan
6163:
6161:
6160:Valide sultan
6158:
6157:
6156:
6153:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6130:
6129:
6126:
6125:
6123:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6110:
6104:
6101:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6088:
6086:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6058:
6057:
6054:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6039:United States
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6026:
6025:
6022:
6021:
6018:
6015:
6011:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5984:
5983:
5980:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5967:
5966:
5963:
5959:
5956:
5955:
5954:
5951:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5938:
5937:
5934:
5930:
5927:
5926:
5925:
5924:Classical Age
5922:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5904:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5897:Osman's Dream
5895:
5894:
5892:
5890:
5886:
5882:
5875:
5870:
5868:
5863:
5861:
5856:
5855:
5852:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5821:
5819:
5815:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5793:Ömeriye Baths
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5740:
5738:
5736:
5732:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5707:
5705:
5703:
5699:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5654:
5652:
5650:
5646:
5640:
5639:Yıldız Palace
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5591:
5589:
5587:
5583:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5541:Anadoluhisarı
5539:
5537:
5534:
5533:
5531:
5529:
5525:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5508:Mostar Bridge
5506:
5504:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5496:
5492:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5478:
5474:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5427:Khan al-Umdan
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5399:
5397:
5395:
5394:Caravanserais
5391:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5357:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5330:
5328:
5324:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5293:Tombul Mosque
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5110:
5108:
5104:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4992:Laleli Mosque
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4957:Çinili Mosque
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4937:Ayazma Mosque
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4909:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4863:
4858:
4850:
4848:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4812:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4790:
4785:
4783:
4778:
4776:
4771:
4770:
4767:
4759:
4753:
4749:
4748:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4709:
4705:
4704:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4685:
4679:
4678:
4668:
4663:
4659:
4657:9780691181875
4653:
4649:
4648:
4642:
4638:
4636:9781851496044
4632:
4628:
4623:
4619:
4617:0-500-27429-0
4613:
4609:
4608:
4602:
4598:
4596:9780300064650
4592:
4588:
4587:
4581:
4577:
4575:9786055495060
4571:
4567:
4562:
4558:
4556:9789751623706
4552:
4548:
4543:
4542:
4530:
4525:
4518:
4513:
4506:
4501:
4494:
4489:
4487:
4479:
4474:
4467:
4463:
4458:
4451:
4446:
4439:
4434:
4427:
4422:
4415:
4410:
4403:
4398:
4391:
4386:
4372:
4368:
4362:
4355:
4350:
4343:
4338:
4324:
4320:
4314:
4306:
4299:
4291:
4289:9789004096264
4285:
4281:
4280:
4272:
4265:
4260:
4253:
4248:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4217:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4209:
4207:
4198:
4192:
4188:
4187:
4179:
4172:
4167:
4159:
4153:
4149:
4142:
4140:
4138:
4130:
4125:
4110:
4106:
4100:
4093:
4088:
4081:
4076:
4061:
4057:
4051:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4028:
4021:
4016:
4009:
4004:
3997:
3992:
3985:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3968:
3963:
3956:
3951:
3944:
3939:
3937:
3929:
3924:
3922:
3914:
3909:
3907:
3899:
3894:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3878:
3873:
3866:
3861:
3854:
3849:
3847:
3839:
3834:
3827:
3822:
3820:
3812:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3793:
3788:
3781:
3776:
3769:
3764:
3757:
3752:
3745:
3740:
3732:
3725:
3717:
3716:
3708:
3701:
3696:
3688:
3682:
3678:
3677:
3669:
3663:, p. 58.
3662:
3657:
3650:
3645:
3638:
3633:
3626:
3621:
3614:
3609:
3602:
3597:
3591:, p. 79.
3590:
3585:
3578:
3573:
3566:
3561:
3554:
3549:
3542:
3537:
3530:
3525:
3523:
3516:, p. 99.
3515:
3510:
3504:, p. 76.
3503:
3498:
3491:
3486:
3479:
3474:
3467:
3462:
3455:
3450:
3443:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3426:
3421:
3414:
3409:
3407:
3399:
3394:
3387:
3382:
3375:
3370:
3368:
3360:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3337:
3332:
3325:
3320:
3313:
3308:
3301:
3296:
3289:
3284:
3277:
3272:
3270:
3262:
3257:
3250:
3245:
3238:
3233:
3226:
3221:
3214:
3209:
3202:
3197:
3190:
3185:
3178:
3173:
3166:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3149:
3144:
3137:
3132:
3130:
3122:
3117:
3110:
3105:
3103:
3095:
3090:
3088:
3080:
3075:
3068:
3063:
3056:
3051:
3049:
3041:
3036:
3029:
3024:
3017:
3012:
3005:
3000:
2993:
2988:
2986:
2978:
2973:
2966:
2961:
2954:
2949:
2942:
2937:
2930:
2925:
2918:
2913:
2906:
2901:
2894:
2889:
2882:
2877:
2875:
2867:
2862:
2855:
2850:
2843:
2838:
2831:
2826:
2824:
2816:
2811:
2804:
2799:
2792:
2787:
2785:
2777:
2772:
2758:
2754:
2747:
2740:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2723:
2718:
2711:
2706:
2699:
2694:
2687:
2682:
2680:
2672:
2667:
2660:
2655:
2653:
2645:
2640:
2638:
2630:
2625:
2618:
2613:
2606:
2601:
2594:
2589:
2582:
2577:
2575:
2567:
2562:
2555:
2550:
2543:
2538:
2531:
2526:
2524:
2516:
2511:
2504:
2499:
2492:
2487:
2480:
2475:
2468:
2463:
2456:
2451:
2444:
2439:
2432:
2427:
2420:
2415:
2408:
2403:
2401:
2386:
2382:
2376:
2369:
2364:
2357:
2352:
2350:
2342:
2337:
2330:
2325:
2318:
2313:
2306:
2301:
2294:
2289:
2287:
2279:
2274:
2268:, p. 64.
2267:
2262:
2255:
2250:
2243:
2238:
2231:
2226:
2220:, p. 70.
2219:
2214:
2208:, p. 68.
2207:
2202:
2195:
2190:
2183:
2178:
2171:
2166:
2159:
2154:
2152:
2144:
2139:
2132:
2127:
2125:
2117:
2112:
2105:
2100:
2098:
2090:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2072:
2070:9780195309911
2066:
2062:
2055:
2053:
2046:, p. 21.
2045:
2040:
2033:
2028:
2020:
2016:
2009:
2005:
1997:
1995:
1990:
1988:
1982:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1802:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1558:
1553:
1546:
1541:
1534:
1529:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1475:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1462:Neoclassicism
1458:
1454:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1442:Krikor Balian
1439:
1435:
1431:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1413:Neo-Classical
1410:
1406:
1402:
1401:Hadice Sultan
1398:
1394:
1393:Edirne Palace
1385:
1381:
1376:
1370:Other palaces
1360:
1355:
1348:
1343:
1336:
1331:
1324:
1319:
1312:
1307:
1300:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1267:
1266:trompe-l'oeil
1263:carvings and
1262:
1256:
1254:
1253:valide sultan
1250:
1249:Hünkâr Sofası
1245:
1243:
1233:
1215:
1209:
1204:
1197:
1192:
1185:
1180:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1158:
1153:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1115:
1110:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1083:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1061:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1018:Nizam-I Cedid
1014:
1010:
1003:
998:
994:
992:
988:
983:
978:
974:
970:
965:
963:
959:
955:
950:
946:
942:
938:
922:
917:
913:
907:
902:
895:
890:
883:
878:
875:
874:
873:
869:
867:
863:
858:
853:
851:
847:
843:
826:
821:
817:
811:
806:
799:
794:
790:
784:
779:
772:
767:
763:
762:Laleli Mosque
756:
751:
744:
739:
732:
727:
723:
716:
711:
708:
707:
706:
703:
699:
694:
692:
687:
682:
680:
674:
672:
671:Laleli Mosque
664:
663:Laleli Mosque
660:
656:
653:
649:
645:
641:
640:Ayazma Mosque
637:
621:
616:
609:
604:
597:
592:
585:
580:
573:
568:
561:
556:
549:
544:
537:
532:
529:
528:
527:
525:
524:
519:
515:
511:
507:
502:
500:
497:, has ornate
496:
492:
488:
483:
481:
477:
473:
468:
467:
462:
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
437:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
405:
400:
396:
393:
389:
385:
377:
373:
357:
352:
348:
342:
337:
330:
325:
318:
313:
306:
301:
294:
289:
286:
285:
284:
281:
277:
273:
269:
268:
262:
260:
256:
252:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
200:
190:
188:
183:
179:
174:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
146:
136:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
78:
74:
69:
68:Laleli Mosque
65:
61:
49:
42:
31:
20:
6978:
6973:Bibliography
6971:
6964:
6933:Coat of arms
6907:Christianity
6861:Demographics
6844:of Armenians
6785:Illumination
6770:Architecture
6651:Central bank
6602:Conscription
6528:
6519:Mansure Army
6502:
6474:
6381:Hakham Bashi
6349:Christianity
6296:
6246:Grand Vizier
6235:
6087:Civil codes
6061:Constitution
5907:Ghaza thesis
5783:Király Baths
5763:Čifte Hammam
5649:Clock towers
5619:Grand Serail
5561:Rumelihisarı
5198:Hadum Mosque
5106:Other cities
4972:Fatih Mosque
4844:
4829:
4746:
4720:
4716:
4702:
4693:1721.1/14456
4683:
4666:
4646:
4626:
4606:
4585:
4565:
4546:
4539:Bibliography
4524:
4512:
4500:
4495:, p. 6.
4493:Goodwin 1971
4473:
4466:Introduction
4465:
4457:
4445:
4433:
4426:Goodwin 1971
4421:
4409:
4397:
4385:
4374:. Retrieved
4370:
4361:
4349:
4342:Goodwin 1971
4337:
4326:. Retrieved
4322:
4313:
4304:
4298:
4278:
4271:
4259:
4247:
4230:
4226:
4185:
4178:
4166:
4147:
4124:
4113:. Retrieved
4111:(in Turkish)
4108:
4099:
4087:
4075:
4064:. Retrieved
4062:(in Turkish)
4059:
4050:
4033:
4027:
4020:Goodwin 1971
4015:
4008:Goodwin 1971
4003:
3991:
3984:Goodwin 1971
3967:Goodwin 1971
3962:
3955:Goodwin 1971
3950:
3898:Goodwin 1971
3877:Goodwin 1971
3872:
3860:
3833:
3826:Goodwin 1971
3811:Goodwin 1971
3787:
3775:
3763:
3751:
3739:
3730:
3724:
3714:
3707:
3695:
3675:
3668:
3656:
3644:
3632:
3620:
3613:Goodwin 1971
3608:
3596:
3584:
3572:
3560:
3548:
3536:
3529:Goodwin 1971
3509:
3497:
3485:
3473:
3461:
3449:
3425:Goodwin 1971
3420:
3393:
3381:
3331:
3319:
3307:
3295:
3283:
3256:
3244:
3232:
3225:Goodwin 1971
3220:
3208:
3196:
3184:
3172:
3165:Goodwin 1971
3143:
3116:
3079:Goodwin 1971
3074:
3062:
3055:Goodwin 1971
3035:
3028:Goodwin 1971
3023:
3011:
2999:
2992:Goodwin 1971
2972:
2960:
2948:
2936:
2924:
2912:
2900:
2888:
2881:Goodwin 1971
2861:
2849:
2837:
2810:
2798:
2771:
2760:. Retrieved
2756:
2746:
2717:
2710:Goodwin 1971
2705:
2693:
2666:
2659:Goodwin 1971
2624:
2612:
2600:
2588:
2566:Goodwin 1971
2561:
2549:
2537:
2530:Goodwin 1971
2510:
2498:
2486:
2474:
2462:
2450:
2438:
2426:
2414:
2388:. Retrieved
2384:
2375:
2363:
2336:
2329:Goodwin 1971
2324:
2312:
2300:
2273:
2261:
2254:Goodwin 1971
2249:
2237:
2230:Goodwin 1971
2225:
2213:
2201:
2189:
2177:
2170:Goodwin 1971
2165:
2138:
2111:
2060:
2039:
2034:, p. 6.
2027:
2018:
2008:
1991:
1987:early modern
1983:
1979:
1925:Neoclassical
1921:Empire style
1918:
1710:
1698:Muhammad Ali
1672:
1666:
1643:
1601:
1577:
1450:
1438:Empire style
1428:The Tomb of
1427:
1389:
1271:
1264:
1257:
1248:
1246:
1241:
1238:
1039:
1016:
1006:
966:
935:
870:
861:
854:
842:Abdulhamid I
839:
816:Fatih Mosque
695:
683:
675:
668:
634:
522:
510:Hünkâr Kasrı
509:
503:
491:Hünkâr Kasır
490:
484:
464:
457:
441:pointed arch
433:
409:
381:
265:
263:
238:Hagia Sophia
218:Fatih Mosque
207:
193:Developments
175:
163:Tulip Period
148:
105:Tulip Period
92:
88:
87:
76:Years active
6800:Shadow play
6646:Agriculture
6639:Reformation
6635:Enlargement
6481:Janissaries
6190:Kizlar Agha
6175:Hanımefendi
6170:Kadınefendi
5982:Dissolution
5912:Interregnum
5808:Rudas Baths
5753:Büyük Hamam
4845:(See also:
4723:: 185–197.
4529:Rüstem 2019
4517:Rüstem 2019
4505:Rüstem 2019
4478:Rüstem 2019
4462:Rüstem 2019
4264:Rüstem 2019
4252:Rüstem 2019
4233:: 195–220.
3928:Rüstem 2019
3913:Rüstem 2019
3768:Rüstem 2019
3700:Atasoy 2011
3661:Atasoy 2011
3637:Rüstem 2019
3625:Rüstem 2019
3601:Atasoy 2011
3577:Rüstem 2019
3565:Rüstem 2019
3553:Rüstem 2019
3514:Rüstem 2019
3490:Rüstem 2019
3466:Rüstem 2019
3454:Rüstem 2019
3442:Rüstem 2019
3398:Rüstem 2019
3386:Rüstem 2019
3374:Rüstem 2019
3336:Rüstem 2019
3324:Rüstem 2019
3312:Rüstem 2019
3261:Rüstem 2019
3237:Rüstem 2019
3201:Rüstem 2019
3136:Rüstem 2019
3121:Rüstem 2019
3109:Rüstem 2019
3094:Rüstem 2019
3067:Rüstem 2019
3040:Rüstem 2019
3016:Rüstem 2019
2977:Rüstem 2019
2965:Rüstem 2019
2953:Rüstem 2019
2941:Rüstem 2019
2929:Rüstem 2019
2917:Rüstem 2019
2893:Rüstem 2019
2866:Rüstem 2019
2854:Rüstem 2019
2842:Rüstem 2019
2815:Rüstem 2019
2776:Rüstem 2019
2757:Daily Sabah
2739:Rüstem 2019
2698:Rüstem 2019
2686:Rüstem 2019
2671:Rüstem 2019
2629:Rüstem 2019
2617:Rüstem 2019
2605:Rüstem 2019
2593:Rüstem 2019
2554:Rüstem 2019
2515:Rüstem 2019
2503:Rüstem 2019
2491:Rüstem 2019
2479:Rüstem 2019
2467:Rüstem 2019
2455:Rüstem 2019
2431:Rüstem 2019
2419:Rüstem 2019
2368:Rüstem 2019
2356:Rüstem 2019
2317:Rüstem 2019
2305:Rüstem 2019
2266:Rüstem 2019
2242:Rüstem 2019
2218:Rüstem 2019
2206:Rüstem 2019
2194:Rüstem 2019
2182:Rüstem 2019
2089:Rüstem 2019
2044:Rüstem 2019
2032:Rüstem 2019
1970:Art Nouveau
1958:Orientalist
1870:Doğubayazıt
1818:(1763–1764)
1772:(1744–1745)
1717:Doğubayazıt
1693:Iznik tiles
1658:'Azm family
1432:(mother of
1035:Janissaries
698:historicism
636:Mustafa III
280:Doğan Kuban
70:(1760–1764)
6996:Categories
6817:Literature
6730:Ottomanism
6425:Sanjakbeys
6408:Beylerbeys
6396:Provincial
6113:Government
6076:Family law
5657:Büyük Saat
5614:Eski Saray
5594:Azm Palace
5571:Kalemegdan
5442:Kürkçü Han
4450:Kuban 2010
4438:Kuban 2010
4414:Kuban 2010
4402:Kuban 2010
4390:Kuban 2010
4376:2021-08-28
4354:Kuban 2010
4328:2021-08-28
4171:Kuban 2010
4157:2080304569
4115:2022-03-07
4092:Kuban 2010
4080:Kuban 2010
4066:2022-03-08
3943:Kuban 2010
3865:Kuban 2010
3853:Kuban 2010
3838:Kuban 2010
3780:Kuban 2010
3756:Kuban 2010
3744:Kuban 2010
3649:Kuban 2010
3541:Kuban 2010
3478:Kuban 2010
3413:Kuban 2010
3359:Kuban 2010
3300:Kuban 2010
3288:Kuban 2010
3276:Kuban 2010
3189:Kuban 2010
3177:Kuban 2010
3148:Kuban 2010
3004:Kuban 2010
2830:Kuban 2010
2803:Kuban 2010
2791:Kuban 2010
2762:2021-09-21
2722:Kuban 2010
2644:Kuban 2010
2581:Kuban 2010
2542:Kuban 2010
2443:Kuban 2010
2407:Kuban 2010
2390:2021-08-28
2341:Kuban 2010
2293:Kuban 2010
2278:Kuban 2010
2158:Kuban 2010
2143:Kuban 2010
2131:Kuban 2010
2116:Kuban 2010
2104:Kuban 2010
2000:References
1962:revivalism
1954:Beaux-arts
1889:Safranbolu
1785:Azm Palace
1713:Azm Palace
1597:Safranbolu
1572:See also:
1242:Sofa Köşkü
1121:Şah Sultan
991:Şah Sultan
644:his mother
514:New Mosque
482:capitals.
417:Edirnekapi
255:Corinthian
222:Dolmabahçe
197:See also:
143:See also:
139:Background
6869:Armenians
6834:Education
6790:Miniature
6740:Languages
6725:Devshirme
6698:Transport
6498:Timariots
6364:Bulgarian
6256:Kazaskers
6218:Central (
6202:Kapi Agha
6071:Electoral
5997:Abolition
5992:Partition
5748:Bey Hamam
5702:Fountains
5576:Yeni-Kale
5546:Depedogen
5477:Hospitals
5422:Kapan Han
5402:Büyük Han
4892:Palestine
4729:0732-2992
4042:1873-9830
4036:. Brill.
1599:(1796).
1434:Mahmud II
1287:gold leaf
1013:Kasımpaşa
937:Selim III
850:Mahmud II
686:Byzantine
436:pediments
392:Christian
388:Osman III
283:elements.
242:ablutions
178:Ahmed III
133:Mahmud II
6980:Category
6894:Religion
6807:Clothing
6693:Taxation
6656:Currency
6597:Aviation
6571:Admirals
6524:Hamidieh
6460:Military
6441:Kadiluks
6415:Vilayets
6369:Armenian
6307:Assembly
6044:Treaties
6013:Politics
5970:Tanzimat
5437:Koza Han
5327:Madrasas
4920:Istanbul
4737:25482459
4717:Muqarnas
4227:Muqarnas
4148:Damascus
1933:Tanzimat
1929:Napoleon
1729:Georgian
1725:Armenian
1696:rule of
1650:Damascus
1638:Damascus
1624:Nevşehir
1616:Bulgaria
1581:Gülşehir
1495:Tomb of
1448:(1812).
1119:Tomb of
1009:barracks
982:Rocaille
857:his tomb
523:selamlık
499:moldings
461:muezzins
449:acanthus
445:muqarnas
259:capitals
251:pediment
234:Mahmud I
214:Istanbul
157:was the
121:Mahmud I
6966:Outline
6921:Symbols
6912:Judaism
6839:Schools
6812:Cuisine
6775:Mosques
6762:Culture
6752:Slavery
6708:Society
6671:Sultani
6632:By era
6625:Economy
6607:Weapons
6420:Sanjaks
6403:Eyalets
6376:Judaism
6329:Millets
6266:Nişancı
6251:Viziers
6096:Halakha
6091:Mecelle
6034:Safavid
5946:Köprülü
5889:History
5735:Hammams
5586:Palaces
5495:Bridges
5362:(tombs)
4912:Mosques
4902:Tunisia
4872:Algeria
1938:Balians
1706:Citadel
1409:Ortaköy
1397:Salacak
1380:Melling
1002:Melling
866:thuluth
518:Eminönü
512:of the
487:madrasa
476:volutes
415:in the
267:külliye
226:Üsküdar
182:Western
159:Baroque
6943:Tughra
6928:Anthem
6874:Greeks
6827:Poetry
6312:Senate
6081:Düstur
5360:Türbes
4897:Serbia
4882:Cyprus
4754:
4735:
4727:
4654:
4633:
4614:
4593:
4572:
4553:
4286:
4193:
4154:
4040:
3683:
2067:
1891:(1796)
1851:Yozgat
1834:(1764)
1832:Rhodes
1816:Athens
1770:Shumen
1753:styles
1751:Mamluk
1727:, and
1719:, the
1677:Mamluk
1654:Aleppo
1640:(1753)
1618:, the
1612:Shumen
1608:Rhodes
1589:Yozgat
1483:(1812)
1417:Beyhan
1261:gilded
1047:arcade
1027:Hasköy
862:mescit
724:(1756)
472:minbar
429:Edirne
421:mihrab
257:-like
246:imaret
210:sebils
187:Rococo
6902:Islam
6884:Women
6851:Media
6822:Prose
6795:Music
6676:Kuruş
6590:Other
6581:Ships
6437:Kazas
6359:Ullah
6337:Islam
6220:Porte
5958:Tulip
4887:Egypt
4733:JSTOR
4566:Harem
1940:, an
1669:Cairo
1646:Syria
1481:Konya
1446:Konya
1382:) of
958:Bursa
722:Aydın
652:Aydın
480:Ionic
6938:Flag
6879:Jews
6781:Art
6681:Lira
6666:Para
6661:Akçe
6554:List
6541:Navy
6468:Army
6049:Wars
5902:Rise
4752:ISBN
4725:ISSN
4652:ISBN
4631:ISBN
4612:ISBN
4591:ISBN
4570:ISBN
4551:ISBN
4284:ISBN
4191:ISBN
4152:ISBN
4038:ISSN
3681:ISBN
2065:ISBN
1923:, a
1652:and
1451:The
1274:gilt
969:Eyüp
107:and
6354:Rūm
6056:Law
4689:hdl
4235:doi
1887:in
1849:in
1814:in
1768:in
1667:In
1636:in
1595:in
1587:in
956:in
516:in
431:.
427:in
6998::
6507::
6479::
4849:)
4731:.
4721:24
4719:.
4715:.
4485:^
4464:,
4369:.
4321:.
4231:28
4229:.
4225:.
4205:^
4136:^
4107:.
4058:.
3974:^
3935:^
3920:^
3905:^
3884:^
3845:^
3818:^
3799:^
3521:^
3432:^
3405:^
3366:^
3343:^
3268:^
3155:^
3128:^
3101:^
3086:^
3047:^
2984:^
2873:^
2822:^
2783:^
2755:.
2729:^
2678:^
2651:^
2636:^
2573:^
2522:^
2399:^
2383:.
2348:^
2285:^
2150:^
2123:^
2096:^
2079:^
2051:^
6439:/
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