Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom

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islands on horseback, talking to the people about her ideas and receiving overwhelming support, including a lengthy petition in support of a new constitution. However, when the Queen informed her cabinet of her plans, they withheld their support due to an understanding of what her opponents' likely response to these plans would be. Though there were threats to Hawaii's sovereignty throughout the Kingdom's history, it was not until the signing of the Bayonet Constitution in 1887 that this threat began to be realized. The precipitating event leading to the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom on January 17, 1893, was the attempt by Queen Liliʻuokalani to promulgate a new constitution that would have strengthened the power of the monarch relative to the legislature, where Euro-American business elites held disproportionate power. The stated goals of the conspirators, who were non-native Hawaiian Kingdom subjects (five United States nationals, one English national, and one German national) were to depose the queen, overthrow the monarchy, and seek Hawaii's annexation to the United States.

1325: 1218: 1458:... the military demonstration upon the soil of Honolulu was of itself an act of war; unless made either with the consent of the government of Hawaii or for the bona fide purpose of protecting the imperiled lives and property of citizens of the United States. But there is no pretense of any such consent on the part of the government of the queen ... the existing government, instead of requesting the presence of an armed force, protested against it. There is as little basis for the pretense that forces were landed for the security of American life and property. If so, they would have been stationed in the vicinity of such property and so as to protect it, instead of at a distance and so as to command the Hawaiian Government Building and palace ... When these armed men were landed, the city of Honolulu was in its customary orderly and peaceful condition ... 3534:: "W.D. Alexander (History of Later Years of the Hawaiian Monarchy and the Revolution of 1893, p. 37) gives the following as the wording of Thurston's motion : 'That preliminary steps be taken at once to form and declare a Provisional Government with a view to annexation to the United States.' Thurston later wrote that his motion was 'substantially as follows: "I move that it is the sense of this meeting that the solution of the present situation is annexation to the United States."'(Memoirs, p. 250) Lt. Lucien Young (The Boston at Hawaii, p. 175) gives the following version of the motion: 'Resolved, That it is the sense of this committee that in view of the present unsatisfactory state of affairs, the proper course to pursue is to abolish the monarchy and apply for annexation to the United States.'" 1485: 4831: 237: 190: 50: 5713: 4838: 1388: 505: 1649: 279: 267: 255: 203: 1431:

mobilized any pro-royalist forces. Historian William Russ states, "the injunction to prevent fighting of any kind made it impossible for the monarchy to protect itself." Due to the Queen's desire "to avoid any collision of armed forces, and perhaps the loss of life" for her subjects and after some deliberation, at the urging of advisers and friends, the Queen ordered her forces to surrender. The Honolulu Rifles took over government buildings, disarmed the Royal Guard, and declared a provisional government.

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conspirators and stop the overthrow before it could begin. The Committee of Safety initiated the overthrow by organizing armed non-native men, under their leadership, intending to depose Queen Liliʻuokalani. The Committee of Safety issued an ultimatum to the Queen, who was forced to remain in ‘Iolani Palace under armed guard: relinquish her power and role as Queen of the Kingdom of Hawai’i, or have her subjects face violence at the hands of the Committee and the militia. The forces garrisoned

5706: 1136: 1073: 5956: 5568: 5092: 4607: 988: 1442:"came and told me that he had come on a painful duty, that the opposition party had requested that I should abdicate." After consulting with her ministers, including Walker, the Queen concluded that "since the troops of the United States had been landed to support the revolutionists, by the order of the American minister, it would be impossible for us to make any resistance." Despite repeated claims that the overthrow was "bloodless", the 1037:, was content to let Bishop run almost all business affairs but the ceding of lands would become unpopular with the native Hawaiians. Many islanders thought that all the islands, rather than just Pearl Harbor, might be lost and opposed any cession of land. By November 1873, Lunalilo canceled negotiations and returned to drinking, against his doctor's advice; his health declined swiftly, and he died on February 3, 1874. 1673:

the government's intention to campaign for Hawaii's annexation to the United States. The rationale behind the annexation of Hawaii included a strong economic component—Hawaiian goods and services which were exported to the mainland would not be subjected to United States tariffs, and the United States and Hawaii would both benefit from each other's domestic bounties, if Hawaii was part of the United States.

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citizenship and vote as citizens of the kingdom. Along with voting privileges, Americans could now run for office and still retain their United States citizenship, something not afforded in any other nation of the world and even allowed Americans to vote without becoming naturalized. Asian immigrants were completely shut out and were no longer able to acquire citizenship or vote at all.

1839:, refused to accede to the Provisional Government's demands that he strike the colors of the Kingdom, but later lowered the colors on order of the Japanese Government. Along with every other international legations in Honolulu, the Japanese Consulate-General, Suburo Fujii, quickly recognized the Provisional Government as the "de facto" legitimate successor to the monarchy. 959:. Pressure from these foreign-born politicians was being felt by the King and chiefs with demands of land tenure. The 1839 Hawaiian Bill of Rights, also known as the 1839 Constitution of Hawaii, was an attempt by Kamehameha III and his chiefs to guarantee that the Hawaiian people would not lose their tenured land, and provided the groundwork for a 1684:, which stated that the annexation of Hawaii would occur on July 7, 1898. The formal ceremony which marked the annexation of Hawaii to the United States was held at the Iolani Palace on August 12, 1898. Almost no Native Hawaiians attended the annexation ceremony, and those few Hawaiians who were on the streets wore royalist 1412:. He decided to send in a U.S. military detachment after the Queen was deposed to support the new government and prevent a vacuum that might open the way for Japan. Advised about supposed threats to non-combatant American lives and property by the Committee of Safety, Stevens obliged their request and summoned 162 U.S. 913:. As a result of the recognition of Hawaiian independence, the Hawaiian Kingdom entered into treaties with the major nations of the world and established over ninety legations and consulates in multiple seaports and cities. The kingdom would continue for another 21 years until its overthrow in 1893 with the fall of the 1009:, U.S. commander of the military division of the Pacific, and Brevet Brigadier General Burton S. Alexander arrived in Hawaii to ascertain its defensive capabilities. United States control of Hawaii was considered vital for the defense of the west coast of the United States, and they were especially interested in 3754:, "At the request of many citizens, whose wives and families were helpless and in terror of an expected uprising of the mob, which would burn and destroy, a request was made and signed by all of the committee, addressed to Minister Stevens, that troops might be landed to protect houses and private property. 1603:

Germany, Sweden, Spain, Japan, Italy, Portugal, Denmark, Belgium, China, Peru, and France. When the Republic of Hawaii was declared on July 4, 1894, immediate de facto recognition was given by every nation with diplomatic relations with Hawaii, except for Britain, whose response came in November 1894.

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I Liliʻuokalani, by the Grace of God and under the Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, Queen, do hereby solemnly protest against any and all acts done against myself and the Constitutional Government of the Hawaiian Kingdom by certain persons claiming to have established a Provisional Government of

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The provisional government, with all its faults, had major difficulties in obtaining recognition, especially from Cleveland, and it was not considered likely that the republic would have any foreign problems. Recognition albeit de facto came about even more quickly than it had in 1893, for at least

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contradicted the Blount Report, and exonerated Minister Stevens and the U.S. military troops finding them "not guilty" of involvement in the overthrow. Cleveland became stalled with his earlier efforts to restore the queen and adopted a position of recognition of the so-called Provisional Government

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The deposed Queen was kept in ʻIolani Palace under house arrest. The American sailors and Marines did not enter the Palace grounds or take over any buildings, and never fired a shot, but their presence served effectively. The Queen never had an army, the local police did not support her, and no one

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from June 1892 to February 1893 actively worked for the annexation of Hawaii. Pro-American business interests had overthrown the Queen when she rejected constitutional limits on her powers. The new government realized that Hawaii was too small and militarily weak to survive in a world of aggressive

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sent written instructions to the American minister George W. Merrill that in the event of another revolution in Hawaii, it was a priority to protect American commerce, lives and property. Bayard specified, "the assistance of the officers of our Government vessels, if found necessary, will therefore

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concedes that "the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii occurred with the active participation of agents and citizens of the United States and the Native Hawaiian people never directly relinquished to the United States their claims to their inherent sovereignty as a people over their national lands,

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declared Sanford Dole president of the new Provisional Government of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi on January 17, 1893, only removing the queen, her cabinet, and her marshal from office. On July 4, 1894, the Republic of Hawaiʻi was proclaimed. Dole was president of both governments. As a republic, it was

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Now to avoid any collision of armed forces, and perhaps the loss of life, I do this under protest and impelled by said force yield my authority until such time as the Government of the United States shall, upon facts being presented to it, undo the action of its representatives and reinstate me in

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A four-day uprising between January 6–9, 1895, began with an attempted coup d'état to restore the monarchy, and included battles between royalists and the republican rebels. Later, after a weapons cache was found on the palace grounds after the attempted rebellion in 1895, Queen Lili'uokalani was

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Every government with a diplomatic presence in Hawaii, except for the United Kingdom, recognized the Provisional Government within 48 hours of the overthrow via their consulates. Countries recognizing the new Provisional Government included Chile, Austria-Hungary, Mexico, Russia, the Netherlands,

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sought reciprocity. The monarch wished to lower the tariffs being paid out to the U.S. while still maintaining the Kingdom's sovereignty and making Hawaiian sugar competitive with other foreign markets. In 1854 Kamehameha III proposed a policy of reciprocity between the countries but the proposal

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The influence of the United States in Hawaiian government began with American-born plantation owners advocating for fair representation in the Kingdom's politics, owing to the significant tax contributions made from the plantations to both the Royal family and national economy. This was driven by

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that, "Upon the facts developed it seemed to me the only honorable course for our Government to pursue was to undo the wrong that had been done by those representing us and to restore as far as practicable the status existing at the time of our forcible intervention." The matter was referred by

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on July 17, 1893, "United States diplomatic and military representatives had abused their authority and were responsible for the change in government." Minister Stevens was recalled, and the military commander of forces in Hawaiʻi was forced to resign his commission. President Cleveland stated,

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Grover Cleveland's 2nd Annual Message, December 3, 1894 – "Since communicating the voluminous correspondence in regard to Hawaii and the action taken by the Senate and House of Representatives on certain questions submitted to the judgment and wider discretion of Congress the organization of a

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would have increased suffrage by reducing some property requirements, and eliminated the voting privileges extended to European and American residents. It would have disenfranchised many resident European and American businessmen who were not citizens of Hawaii. The Queen toured several of the

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The Bayonet Constitution allowed the monarch to appoint cabinet ministers, but had stripped him of the power to dismiss them without approval from the Legislature. Eligibility to vote for the House of Nobles was also altered, stipulating that both candidates and voters were now required to own

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The events began on January 17, 1893, when John Good, a revolutionist, shot Leialoha, a native policeman who was trying to stop a wagon carrying weapons to the Committee of Safety led by Lorrin Thurston. The Committee of Safety feared the shooting would bring government forces to rout out the

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who had previously held the right to vote but were no longer able to meet the new voting requirements. This new constitution benefited the white, foreign plantation owners. With the legislature now responsible for naturalizing citizens, Americans and Europeans could retain their home country

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had crippled the Hawaiian sugar industry by removing the duties on sugar imports from other countries into the US, eliminating the previous Hawaiian advantage gained via the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875. Many Hawaii businesses and citizens felt pressure from the loss of revenue; in response

1692:('my beloved flag'). Most of the 40,000 Native Hawaiians, including Lili'uokalani and the Hawaiian royal family, protested against the action by shuttering themselves in their homes. "When the news of the Annexation came, it was bitterer than death to me", Lili'uokalani's niece, Princess 1123:

be promptly afforded to promote the reign of law and respect for orderly government in Hawaii." In July 1889, there was a small scale rebellion, and Minister Merrill landed Marines to protect Americans; the State Department explicitly approved his action. Merrill's replacement, minister

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had been in office less than a week, and whatever they thought about the need for a new constitution... they knew enough about the temper of the queen's opponents to realize that they would endure the chance to challenge her, and no minister of the crown could look forward... to that

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for seven years in exchange for Ford Island. After the treaty, sugar production expanded from 12,000 acres (49 km) of farm land to 125,000 acres (510 km) in 1891. At the end of the seven-year reciprocity agreement, the United States showed little interest in renewal.

1098:, the Hawaiian Minister of the Interior who used the Hawaiian militia as threat against Kalākaua. Kalākaua was forced under threat of assassination to dismiss his cabinet ministers and sign a new constitution which greatly lessened his power. It would become known as the " 1446:

notes that Liliʻuokalani received "friends expressed their sympathy in person; amongst these Mrs. J. S. Walker, who had lost her husband by the treatment he received from the hands of the insurgents. He was one of many who from persecution had succumbed to death."

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as the next monarch. The new ruler was pressured by the U.S. government to surrender Pearl Harbor to the Navy. Kalākaua was concerned that this would lead to annexation by the U.S. and to the contravention of the traditions of the Hawaiian people, who believed that

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That I yield to the superior force of the United States of America whose Minister Plenipotentiary, His Excellency John L. Stevens, has caused United States troops to be landed at Honolulu and declared that he would support the Provisional Government.

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licensing bill. Her ministers, and closest friends, were all opposed to this plan; they unsuccessfully tried to dissuade her from pursuing these initiatives, both of which came to be used against her in the brewing constitutional crisis.

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The Native Hawaiian Study Commission of the United States Congress in its 1983 final report found no historical, legal, or moral obligation for the U.S. government to provide reparations, assistance, or group rights to Native Hawaiians.

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government in place of the provisional arrangement which followed the deposition of the Queen has been announced, with evidence of its effective operation. The recognition usual in such cases has been accorded the new Government."

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Economic Opportunity Act of 1964, Amendments of 1977: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Economic Opportunity of the Committee on Education and Labor, House of Representatives, Ninety-fifth Congress, First Session, on H.R.

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The overthrow of the monarchy was started by newspaper publisher Lorrin Thurston, a Hawaiian subject and former Minister of the Interior who was the grandson of American missionaries, and formally led by the Chairman of the

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Liliʻuokalani's chief desire was to restore power to the monarch by abrogating the 1887 Bayonet Constitution and promulgating a new one, an idea that seems to have been broadly supported by the Hawaiian population. The

1562:(D-Alabama) and composed mostly of senators in favor of annexation, initiated their own investigation to discredit Blount's earlier report, using pro-annexationist affidavits from Hawaii, and testimony provided to the 1731:, with a new government which was established on February 22, 1900. Sanford Dole was appointed the territory's first governor. The Iolani Palace served as the capitol building of the Hawaiian government until 1969. 1550:"Substantial wrong has thus been done which a due regard for our national character as well as the rights of the injured people requires we should endeavor to repair the monarchy." Cleveland further stated in his 1909: 1312:

and the Queen's cabinet, fearing if approved, the arrests would escalate the situation. After a failed negotiation with Thurston, Wilson began to collect his men for the confrontation. Wilson and Captain of the

4044:. File Unit: Petitions and Memorials Referred to the Committee on the Territiories of the 55th Congress Regarding Hawaii, 1825 - 1946. The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. December 19, 1898 4518:"Hawaii Statehood – straightening out the history-twisters. A historical narrative defending the legitimacy of the revolution of 1893, the annexation of 1898, and the statehood vote of 1959. FULL VERSION" 3880:

He (Minister Stevens) certainly overstepped his authority when he brought troops ashore, especially since he knew that the 'general alarm and terror' of which the Committee of Safety had complained was a

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property valuing at least three thousand dollars, or have an annual income of no less than six hundred dollars. This resulted in disenfranchising two-thirds of the native Hawaiians as well as other

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that deposed the queen were United States and European citizens who were also Kingdom subjects. They included legislators, government officers, and a Supreme Court Justice of the Hawaiian Kingdom.

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and an alliance with the Royal Guard, but the plot was accidentally discovered in January 1888, less than 48 hours before the revolt would have been initiated. No one was prosecuted but Wilcox was

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succeeded Cleveland as United States president. In his first year in office, the U.S. Senate failed twice to ratify a Treaty to Annex the Hawaiian Islands. A year later, he signed the

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WHO WERE THE PARTIES THAT ASKED FOR AMERICAN AID. Six of them were Hawaiians, one English, and one German; five were Americans, but residents of Honolulu; a majority alien to us.

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signed into law, offering an apology to Native Hawaiians on behalf of the United States for its involvement in the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom. The law is known as the

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who had forced the Bayonet Constitution on her brother, but she believed she would become a powerless figurehead like her brother and rejected the offers outright.

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Native Hawaiian Study Commission: See Conclusions and Recommendations p.27 and also Existing Law, Native Hawaiians, and Compensation, pgs 333–339 and pgs 341–345

1728: 1049:. In 1874 through 1875, Kalākaua traveled to the United States for a state visit to Washington, DC to help gain support for a new treaty. Congress agreed to the 791: 4919: 545: 1405:

imperialism, especially on the part of Japan. It was eager for American annexation. Foster believed Hawaii was vital to American interests in the Pacific.

5324: 4202: 1702:. "It was bad enough to lose the throne, but it was infinitely worse to have the flag go down." The Hawaiian flag was lowered for the last time while the 6016: 5986: 1479: 1277:, an American lawyer. They derived their support primarily from the American and European business class residing in Hawaii and other supporters of the 535: 1959: 1427:

to land on Oahu under orders of neutrality and take up positions at the U.S. Legation, Consulate, and Arion Hall on the afternoon of January 16, 1893.

1256: 1228: 1194:, returned to Hawaii. The funding had stopped for his study program when the new constitution was signed. They had 300 Hawaiian conspirators hidden in 715: 17: 5996: 4909: 4125:, "In reply to the direct question from Mr. Parker as to whether this was the final decision of the Senate, I said that in my opinion it was final." 5859: 5442: 3444:, p. 67: "She ... defended her act by showing that, out of a possible 9,500 native voters in 1892, 6,500 asked for a new Constitution." 5247: 4109: 3893: 2682: 2508: 1086:

On January 20, 1887, the United States began leasing Pearl Harbor. Shortly afterwards, a group of mostly non-Hawaiians calling themselves the

979:. During the 1850s, the U.S. import tariff on sugar from Hawaii was much higher than the import tariffs Hawaiians were charging the U.S., and 5252: 4859: 401: 5869: 5294: 1768: 4681: 5726: 5685: 5361: 5334: 5230: 4767: 4735: 4235:"Abdication of Queen Liliuokalani: Safety at the Price of a Kingdom, of Little Moment Now for the Cause of the Royalists is a Lost Cause" 1555:

Cleveland to Congress on December 18, 1893, after the Queen refused to accept amnesty for the traitors as a condition of reinstatement.

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As these events were unfolding, the Committee of Safety expressed concern for the safety and property of American residents in Honolulu.

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either through the Kingdom of Hawaii or through a plebiscite or referendum". Debates regarding the event play an important role in the

4165: 2086: 5894: 5418: 1099: 1067: 710: 4368: 5879: 5811: 5680: 5356: 5329: 5225: 5187: 4924: 4805: 394: 1980:"Remembering the Committee of Safety: Identifying the Citizenship, Descent, and Occupations of the Men Who Overthrew the Monarchy" 5821: 5626: 5373: 5150: 4756: 2106:"Historical Collections of The Hawaiian Islands – Treaties, Conventions, and International Agreements of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi" 1164:

in response to increased political tension between the legislature and the king after the 1887 constitution. Kalākaua's sister,

5734: 5242: 2413: 777: 757: 486: 4269: 5864: 5452: 4462: 4386: 4253: 3918: 3865: 3667: 3607: 3574: 3321: 3210: 3165: 3087: 3039: 2991: 2958: 2874: 2805: 2747: 2712: 2658: 2581: 2484: 2377: 2300: 2211: 2148: 2054: 951:. Within thirty years there would be plantations on four of the main islands. Sugar had completely altered Hawaii's economy. 3751: 1656:. Several pro-royalist groups submitted petitions against annexation in 1897. In 1900 those groups disbanded and formed the 1040:

Lunalilo left no heirs. The legislature was empowered by the constitution to elect the monarch in these instances and chose

5899: 5284: 4864: 4662: 2235: 1745: 1026: 995: 4530: 1484: 1237:. He died there on January 20, 1891. His sister Liliʻuokalani assumed the throne in the middle of an economic crisis. The 5816: 5690: 5670: 5447: 5366: 5339: 5235: 4929: 4810: 4800: 4795: 3994: 3963: 3947: 3501: 3466: 3289: 3243: 3227: 1755:– historical novel by James Michener has fictionalized account of the Overthrow in Chapter IV "From the Starving Village" 1091: 1063: 607: 418: 1885: 1586:

In 1993, the 100th anniversary of the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom, Congress passed a resolution, which President

1359:(the official royal residence) and read aloud a proclamation that formally deposed Queen Liliʻuokalani, abolished the 5831: 4854: 4643: 4435: 4214: 3692: 3640: 3401: 3358: 2913: 2544: 2447: 1688:

blossoms in their hats or hair, and on their breasts, they wore Hawaiian flags which were emblazoned with the motto:

1080: 41: 2435: 5217: 4615: 1635: 1364: 1173: 899: 648: 571: 138: 2276: 1496:, a militia group which had defended the system of government promulgated by the Bayonet Constitution against the 5267: 4846: 4728: 4223:

there was no question of a overthrow having taken place or of the government's control of the domestic situation.

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Morgan, William Michael (September 1982). "The Anti-Japanese Origins of the Hawaiian Annexation Treaty of 1897".

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Roark, James L.; Johnson, Michael P.; Cohen, Patricia Cline; Stage, Sarah; Hartmann, Susan M. (January 9, 2012).

3015: 1594:, and represents one of the few times that the United States government has formally apologized for its actions. 1551: 1383:

John L. Stevens, a United States diplomat, supported the new government in Hawaii with a small Marine detachment.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Education and Labor. Subcommittee on Economic Opportunity (1977).

1934: 4584: 2900: 2791: 1029:, and owned a country home near Pu'uloa. He showed the two U.S. officers around the lochs, although his wife, 5192: 5161: 2472: 1763: 1202:. So on February 11, 1888, Wilcox left Hawaii for San Francisco, intending to return to Italy with his wife. 871: 494: 432: 6006: 5388: 5197: 3726: 1669: 1348: 1297: 1282: 1270: 823: 183: 4589: 4234: 1466:. Among them was Lorrin A. Thurston, a drafter of the Bayonet Constitution. The Committee of Safety asked 444: 5744: 5655: 5383: 5279: 5257: 5182: 4973: 4945: 4879: 4869: 4554: 3393: 3031: 3020: 2795: 1234: 926: 695: 3384: 1470:

to become President of the forcibly instated Republic. He agreed, and became president on July 4, 1894.

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Devine, Michael J. (February 1, 1977). "John W. Foster and the Struggle for the Annexation of Hawaii".

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called for an investigation into the overthrow. This investigation was conducted by former Congressman

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The Republic of Hawaii was nonetheless declared in 1894 by the same parties which had established the

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The Queen's statement yielding authority, on January 17, 1893, protested against the overthrow:

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Leialoha, a native policeman who tried to stop a wagon taking weapons to the Committee of Safety

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and imprisoned in her own home. On January 24, Lili'uokalani abdicated, formally ending the

1127:, read those official instructions, and followed them in his controversial actions of 1893. 5923: 5695: 5498: 5413: 5164: 5047: 4889: 4815: 4577: 1618:

placed under arrest, tried by a military tribunal of the Republic of Hawaiʻi, convicted of

1563: 1387: 1334: 1094:. They drafted their own constitution on July 6, 1887. The new constitution was written by 730: 643: 149: 1773: 971:

in 1843, Kamehameha III relented to the foreign advisors to private land demands with the

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Lost Kingdom: Hawaii's Last Queen, the Sugar Kings and America's First Imperial Adventure

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As early as 1873, a United States military commission recommended attempting to obtain

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the authority which I claim as the Constitutional Sovereign of the Hawaiian Islands.

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The annexation program was coordinated by the chief American diplomat on the scene,

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In November 1889, Kalākaua traveled to San Francisco for his health, staying at the

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Memorial of Queen Liliuokalani in relation to the Crown lands of Hawaii, 12/19/1898

4039: 3816: 3773: 3733:. Vol. V, no. 626. Honolulu: J. W. Robertson. January 17, 1893. p. 3 3259: 3153: 3145: 3131: 3075: 2946: 2288: 1999: 1991: 1677: 1567: 1538: 1451: 1360: 1292:, was tipped off by detectives to the imminent planned overthrow. Wilson requested 1119: 1115: 1046: 827: 566: 514: 278: 266: 254: 207: 202: 126: 3197:

Campbell, Charles S. (1976). "The Hawaiian revolution of 1893 and its aftermath".

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Pacific Gibraltar: U.S.-Japanese rivalry over the annexation of Hawaiʻi, 1885-1898

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The United States in the Pacific: Private Interests and Public Policies, 1784-1899

1221: 1165: 886:

was the reigning monarchy of the Hawaiian Kingdom, beginning with its founding by

815: 69:, at the time of the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy, January 1893. Lieutenant 5675: 5393: 5299: 5059: 4894: 4319: 4151: 4090: 3594:

Mass Immigration and the National Interest: Policy Directions for the New Century

2088: 1832: 1493: 1467: 1409: 1368: 1352: 1305: 1274: 1238: 1124: 902: 835: 241: 157: 114: 972: 5522: 5486: 5434: 5398: 4570: 1751: 1401: 1318: 1177: 1006: 980: 976: 956: 944: 910: 561: 271: 4396: 3988:"Foreign Relations of the United States, 1894, Appendix II, Affairs in Hawaii" 3928: 3157: 2923: 2722: 2554: 1629: 5975: 5510: 5378: 5029: 4963: 4472: 4418: 3828: 3785: 3331: 3267:"Foreign Relations of the United States, 1894. Appendix 2: Affairs in Hawaii" 3175: 3105: 3049: 3001: 2968: 2884: 2757: 2668: 2494: 2432:

Merchant prince of the Sandalwood Mountains: Afong and the Chinese in Hawaiʻi

2365: 2346: 2184: 2158: 2013: 1788: 1716: 1571: 1546: 1321:, had rallied a force of 496 men who were kept at hand to protect the Queen. 1293: 975:, distributing the lands as pushed on heavily by the missionaries, including 964: 705: 700: 510: 236: 195: 118: 4445: 3875: 3411: 3368: 3347:

Pacific Diaspora: Island Peoples in the United States and Across the Pacific

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system to raise money for her government. Also proposed was a controversial

1169: 1005:

in exchange for the tax-free importation of sugar to the U.S. Major General

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Johnson, Donald Dalton; Best, Gary Dean (1995). "Americans in Hawaiʻi II".

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Darwin's Laboratory: Evolutionary Theory and Natural History in the Pacific

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Spickard, Paul R.; Rondilla, Joanne L.; Hippolite Wright, Debbie (2002).

2532:"Varieties of Social Dawinism in Australia, Japan, and Hawaii, 1883–1921" 2314: 2310: 1685: 1522:"Memorial of Queen Liliuokalani in relation to the Crown lands of Hawaii" 1301: 1263: 1135: 1002: 960: 361: 3836: 2823: 1157: 1072: 1041: 517:

in distress and is the main symbol of the Hawaiian sovereignty movement.

73:, USN, commanded the detachment, and is presumably the officer at right. 5794: 5779: 4884: 4548: 3793: 3266: 2004: 932: 906: 851: 740: 4293: 3685:

Unconquerable Rebel: Robert W. Wilcox and Hawaiian Politics, 1880–1903

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arrived in 1778. The first permanent plantation in the islands was on

386: 5705: 5314: 4904: 3566:

The American Promise, Combined Volume: A History of the United States

1664:, the first congressional representative from the Territory of Hawaii 1520:

On December 19, 1898, the queen would amend the declaration with the

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A provisional government was set up with the strong support of the

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Princess Liliʻuokalani was offered the throne several times by the

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Aloha Betrayed: Native Hawaiian Resistance to American Colonialism

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Online images and transcriptions of the entire 1894 Morgan Report

3858:

Overthrow: America's Century of Regime Change from Hawaii to Iraq

1243: 1057: 3344: 2372:. Vol. 1. Westport, Conn.: Praeger Publishers. p. 69. 1047:

the land ('Āina) was fertile, sacred, and not for sale to anyone

846:

of the United States of America. The insurgents established the

4673: 1861:. History.navy.mil (March 22, 2005). Retrieved on July 6, 2011. 1379: 1033:, privately disapproved of selling Hawaiian lands. As monarch, 909:, formally recognized Hawaii's independence under the reign of 591: 224: 178: 4531:"When Hawaii's Monarchy Was Overthrown, With Rogue US Support" 3491:"Annexation of Hawaii – University of Hawaii at Manoa Library" 2283:

From a Native Daughter: Colonialism and Sovereignty in Hawaiʻi

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The Transformation of American Foreign Relations, 1865-1900

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Republic, United States annexation, United States Territory

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The Senate Foreign Relations Committee, chaired by Senator

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United States Marine Corps in the 18th and 19th centuries

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List of bilateral treaties signed by the Hawaiian Kingdom

1524:, further protesting the overthrow and loss of property. 3390:

Race Over Empire: Racism and U.S. Imperialism, 1865–1900

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Culturally Responsive Counseling with Asian American Men

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Native America: A State-by-State Historical Encyclopedia

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Sugar had been a major export from Hawaii since Captain

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The Imperial Cruise: A Secret History of Empire and War

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American Invasions: Canada To Afghanistan, 1775 To 2010

2625:. Honolulu: The Kamehameha Schools Press. p. 218. 2479:. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, California. p. 268. 2425: 2423: 2179:. Vol. 1. London: Chapman and Hall Ltd. p. . 1835:, who later commanded the Japanese battleship fleet at 1160:, king of Hawaii, and replace him with his sister in a 3562: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2321: 1264:

1893 Hawaiian coup d'état and overthrow of the kingdom

1017:. The sale of one of Hawaii's harbors was proposed by 818:

that took place on January 17, 1893, on the island of

4920:

List of federal judges appointed by Benjamin Harrison

4502:"The Annexation Of Hawaii: A Collection Of Documents" 4430:. Selinsgrove, PA, US: Susquehanna University Press. 3800: 3757: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3392:. Chapel Hill: Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 2986:. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press. p. 57. 2539:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 494. 1831:

was docked at Pearl Harbor. The gunboat's commander,

1156:

The Wilcox Rebellion of 1888 was a plot to overthrow

4166:"Five Times the United States Officially Apologized" 3338: 2939:"Redefining Asian American Identity and Masculinity" 2420: 2287:. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press. p. 6. 3935: 3008: 2780: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2637: 2515: 2362:"Racism, Racial Stereotypes, and American Politics" 1952: 1935:"Hawaiian Monarchy Overthrown; Territory of Hawaii" 1914:. Honolulu: Papapai Mahu Press Publishing Company. 1480:

Opposition to the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom

4341: 4066: 3910:US Cruisers 1883–1904: The birth of the steel navy 3851: 3624: 3591: 3537: 3383: 3316:. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing. p. 76. 3120: 3019: 2937:Liu, William Ming; Concepcion, William R. (2010). 2899: 2614: 2530: 2341:. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. pp. 260–261. 2332: 2280: 2199: 2134: 1229:Proposed 1893 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom 5785:Forest Service Organic Administration Act of 1897 4910:First International Conference of American States 4522:Hawaiian Sovereignty: Thinking Carefully About It 4320:"Hawaii's Own: A look at a century of annexation" 4209:. The University Press of Colorado. p. 147. 3907:Burr, Lawrence; Palmer, Ian; White, John (2011). 3843: 3649: 3489:Library, University of Hawaii at Manoa Hamilton. 3349:. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press. p. 3056: 2975: 2535:. In MacLeod, Roy M.; Rehbock, Philip F. (eds.). 2464: 2143:. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press. p. 220. 834:. 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U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 12. 1729:United States organized incorporated territory 1606: 1058:Rebellion of 1887 and the Bayonet Constitution 5599: 5123: 4729: 4703:Overthrows by a foreign power are italicized. 4317: 3687:. University Press of Colorado. p. 130. 3418: 2936: 2901:"Coup d'Etat and Annexation to United States" 2729: 2049:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 147–. 1978:Kam, Ralph Thomas; Lyons, Jeffrey K. (2019). 1864: 955:missionary religion and the economics of the 785: 402: 5870:McKinley Birthplace Home and Research Center 5295:Agricultural Experiment Stations Act of 1887 4403: 4298:The Spanish American War Centennial web site 4061: 4059: 3969: 3953: 3772:(1). University of California Press: 29–50. 3295: 3249: 3233: 2094:U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 92. 1374: 5686:William McKinley 1896 presidential campaign 3815:(4). Oxford University Press (OUP): 23–44. 3715:. Silver, Burdett and company. p. 333. 3682: 3458:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 271. 3425:United States. Department of State (1895). 2567: 2063: 1288:On January 16, the Marshal of the Kingdom, 1130: 854:of the islands to the United States, which 6017:United States involvement in regime change 5606: 5592: 5130: 5116: 4736: 4722: 4363: 4275: 4259: 4108:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4000: 3892:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3616: 3583: 3523: 3507: 3472: 3305: 2681:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2507:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2360:Slocum, Frederick; Lee, Yueh-Ting (2004). 2165: 1891: 1805:United States involvement in regime change 1355:, addressed a crowd assembled in front of 1118:was president, and his secretary of state 943:leased 980 acres (4 km) of land from 792: 778: 546:US federal recognition of Native Hawaiians 409: 395: 4528: 4508:. University of Hawaiʻi at Manoa Library. 4496:. University of Hawaiʻi at Manoa Library. 4494:"Blount Report: Affairs in Hawaii (1893)" 4085: 4056: 3985: 3070:. Durham: Duke University Press. p. 2359: 2123: 2003: 1964:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1894. 1933:Legacy, Nisei Veteran (August 31, 2022). 1347:On January 17, 1893, the Chairman of the 1068:1887 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom 5997:Battles and conflicts without fatalities 5880:McKinley Birthplace Memorial gold dollar 5812:1900 United States presidential election 5681:1896 United States presidential election 5188:New York Institute for Special Education 4925:1892 United States presidential election 4806:1888 United States presidential election 4553: 4457:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 4452: 4098:. Washington, DC – via Wikisource. 3900: 3662:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 181. 3375: 3196: 2897: 2843: 2792:"Chapter 29: 'The Bayonet Constitution'" 2770: 2604: 2236:"Kingdom of Hawaii Constitution of 1839" 1977: 1769:Hawaiian Kingdom–United States relations 1647: 1483: 1400:President Harrison's Secretary of State 1386: 1378: 1323: 1216: 1134: 1114:At the time of the Bayonet Constitution 1071: 986: 5822:Second inauguration of William McKinley 4695:Successful overthrows are in bold font. 4512: 4201: 4018:"Liliuokalani, 1893 to Sanford B. Dole" 3986:Cleveland, Grover (December 18, 1893). 3707: 3676: 3201:. New York: Harper & Row. pp. 3126: 3066:(2004). "The Antiannexation Struggle". 3014: 2643: 2528: 2406:"Ford Island History — Hawaii Aviation" 2334:"A Treaty Ends Hawaii's Pioneer Period" 1907: 1296:to arrest the 13-member council of the 1176:immediately after news reached them in 1102:" because of the threat of force used. 1021:, a foreigner who had married into the 416: 14: 5974: 5735:First inauguration of William McKinley 4596:Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom 1893 3849: 3806: 3763: 3428:Foreign Relations of the United States 3311: 2981: 2859: 2620: 2070:United States. Dept. of State (1895). 1932: 5865:National McKinley Birthplace Memorial 5587: 5111: 4743: 4717: 4699:Failed overthrows are in normal font. 4552: 4529:Greenspan, Jesse (January 17, 2013). 3913:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 35. 3569:. Bedford/St. Martin's. p. 660. 3062: 2700: 2470: 2330: 2271: 2171: 2129: 1873: 1706:played the Hawaiian national anthem, 1341:and waited for the Queen's response. 390: 5987:1890s coups d'état and coup attempts 5613: 5285:Dependent and Disability Pension Act 5137: 4865:Dependent and Disability Pension Act 4425: 3941: 3631:. Cornell University Press. p. 3590:Vernon M. Briggs (January 1, 2003). 3550: 3453: 3441: 3381: 3285:– via The Library of Congress. 2945:. New York: Routledge. p. 133. 2572:. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. p. 2197: 1279:Reform Party of the Hawaiian Kingdom 1027:Hawaiian Minister of Foreign Affairs 1025:, had risen in the government to be 996:Minister of Foreign Affairs (Hawaii) 920: 5817:1900 Republican National Convention 5691:1896 Republican National Convention 5671:1888 Republican National Convention 5258:Presidential Succession Act of 1886 4930:1892 Republican National Convention 4811:1888 Republican National Convention 4801:1880 Republican National Convention 4796:Benjamin Harrison Presidential Site 4455:Who owns the Crown lands of Hawaii? 3853:"A Hell of a Time up at the Palace" 3488: 2735: 2707:. Trafford Publishing. p. 80. 2429: 2398: 24: 4346:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 4071:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 3821:10.1111/j.1467-7709.1982.tb00790.x 2797:Hawaiʻi's Story by Hawaiʻi's Queen 850:, but their ultimate goal was the 654:125th anniversary of the overthrow 25: 18:Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii 6028: 5982:Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom 5832:Assassination of William McKinley 5404:Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom 5320:Indian Appropriations Act of 1889 4855:Inauguration of Benjamin Harrison 4644:1895 Counter-Revolution in Hawaii 4480: 4428:The Hawaiian Revolution (1893-94) 4241:. San Francisco. February 7, 1895 4163: 3627:Immigration and American Unionism 3382:Love, Eric Tyrone Lowery (2004). 3140:. Duke University Press. p. 1081:Minister of the Interior (Hawaii) 806:overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom 531:Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom 452:Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom 35:Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom 5955: 5954: 5711: 5704: 5567: 5566: 5091: 5090: 4836: 4829: 4616:Provisional Government of Hawaii 4605: 4318:Michael Tighe (August 9, 1998). 4093:Sixth State of the Union Address 2982:Morgan, William Michael (2011). 2869:. Penguin Group US. p. 90. 2475:. In Murphree, Daniel S. 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Most of the leaders of the 877: 872:Hawaiian sovereignty movement 42:Hawaiian Rebellions (1887–95) 5198:1882 New York state election 3683:Andrade Jr., Ernest (1996). 2136:"Crime of the Century, 1893" 1537:Newly inaugurated President 1473: 1300:, and put the Kingdom under 890:in 1795, until the death of 7: 5666:Coal miners' strike of 1873 5656:23rd Ohio Infantry Regiment 5384:Sherman Silver Purchase Act 5183:Grover Cleveland Birthplace 4880:Sherman Silver Purchase Act 4870:51st United States Congress 4506:Hawaiian Digital Collection 4413:. Boston: Lee and Shepard. 4399:– via Nā Puke Ulukau. 3752:The Morgan Report, p808–809 3385:"The Policy of Last Resort" 2800:. Boston: Lee and Shepard. 2198:Doak, Robin Santos (2003). 1908:Spencer, Thomas P. (1895). 1734: 1607:Hawaiian counter-revolution 1527: 927:Sugar plantations in Hawaii 696:Sovereignty Restoration Day 536:Opposition to the overthrow 10: 6033: 5855:McKinley National Memorial 5357:1892 presidential election 5330:1888 presidential election 5226:1884 presidential election 5012:William Henry Harrison III 4357: 2898:Chambers, John H. (2006). 2621:Curtis, Catherine (1966). 1823:During the overthrow, the 1660:, under the leadership of 1658:Hawaiian Independent Party 1633: 1610: 1545:. Blount concluded in his 1477: 1438:, her friend and minister 1226: 1145: 1061: 1051:Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 924: 898:in 1874. On July 6, 1846, 716:Proposed 1893 Constitution 680:Office of Hawaiian Affairs 5933: 5910: 5886:William McKinley Monument 5875:William McKinley Memorial 5840: 5720: 5702: 5648: 5621: 5538: 5473: 5427: 5419:National Democratic Party 5409:Venezuelan crisis of 1895 5248:Wedding to Frances Folsom 5216: 5175: 5145: 5069: 5050:(great-great-grandfather) 5006:Elizabeth Harrison Walker 4994:Russell Benjamin Harrison 4972: 4938: 4845: 4827: 4778: 4751: 4690: 4672: 4652: 4634: 4614: 4603: 4561: 4453:Van Dyke, Jon M. (2008). 4365:Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson 4294:"Hawaiʻi: America's Ally" 3766:Pacific Historical Review 3623:Vernon M. 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(2010). 1810: 1498:Wilcox rebellion of 1889 1488:December 19, 1898 letter 1152:Wilcox Rebellion of 1889 1148:Wilcox Rebellion of 1888 1131:Wilcox Rebellion of 1888 1035:William Charles Lunalilo 613:Wilcox rebellion of 1889 5827:Pan-American Exposition 5765:China Relief Expedition 5745:Philippine–American War 4900:Immigration Act of 1891 4207:The Unconquerable Rebel 3598:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 2653:. Lanham. p. 316. 2202:Hawaii, the Aloha State 2046:Remaking Queen Victoria 1699:San Francisco Chronicle 1337:across the street from 900:U.S. Secretary of State 87:; 131 years ago 5750:Treaty of Paris (1898) 5460:Cleveland, Mississippi 5156:(1885–1889, 1893–1897) 5024:William Henry Harrison 4954:Fort Benjamin Harrison 4682:Statehood Day Takeover 4020:. University of Hawaii 2529:Laurent, John (1994). 1859:U.S. Navy History site 1827:Imperial Navy gunboat 1779:Legal Status of Hawaii 1665: 1543:James Henderson Blount 1518: 1508:and for this Kingdom. 1489: 1464:provisional government 1460: 1397: 1384: 1329: 1224: 1166:Princess Liliʻuokalani 1143: 1083: 998: 572:Provisional Government 541:Legal status of Hawaii 214:Commanders and leaders 139:Provisional Government 5770:Hay–Pauncefote Treaty 5638:39th Governor of Ohio 5054:Benjamin Harrison III 4988:Mary Dimmick Harrison 4875:Sherman Antitrust Act 4379:10.1515/9780824847357 4150:July 8, 2012, at the 3713:Hawaii and its people 3150:10.1515/9780822394853 3128:Kauanui, J. Kēhaulani 3080:10.1215/9780822386223 2951:10.4324/9780203879870 2416:on November 19, 2014. 2293:10.1515/9780824847029 1996:10.1353/hjh.2019.0002 1651: 1620:misprision of treason 1613:1895 Wilcox rebellion 1505: 1487: 1456: 1390: 1382: 1327: 1315:Royal Household Guard 1220: 1185:Robert William Wilcox 1138: 1075: 1031:Bernice Pauahi Bishop 990: 965:five-month occupation 925:Further information: 822:, and was led by the 628:1895 Wilcox rebellion 470:1895 Wilcox rebellion 439:Wilcox Rebellion 1889 373:Casualties and losses 357:8–14 artillery pieces 85:January 17, 1893 5946:Theodore Roosevelt → 5924:William McKinley Sr. 5740:Spanish–American War 5696:Front porch campaign 5499:Richard F. Cleveland 5414:Enabling Act of 1889 5280:Tenure of Office Act 5165:Governor of New York 5048:Benjamin Harrison IV 4890:General Revision Act 4816:Front porch campaign 4768:Senator from Indiana 4590:Burlesque Conspiracy 4555:Overthrows in Hawaii 4370:The Hawaiian Kingdom 4292:Robert W. Brockway. 4089:(December 3, 1894). 3454:Daws, Gavan (1974). 3132:Mallon, Florencia E. 2177:The History of Sugar 1363:, and established a 1100:Bayonet Constitution 731:Hawaiian Organic Act 711:Bayonet Constitution 644:Hawaiian Renaissance 600:Historical conflicts 495:Hawaiian sovereignty 446:Burlesque Conspiracy 333:(several) Volunteers 160:of the United States 6007:January 1893 events 5918:Ida Saxton McKinley 5755:Newlands Resolution 5551:←Benjamin Harrison→ 5544:← Chester A. Arthur 5531:(great-grandfather) 5374:Second inauguration 5263:Electoral Count Act 5044:(great-grandfather) 5038:(great-grandfather) 5036:Benjamin Harrison V 5018:John Scott Harrison 5000:Mary Harrison McKee 4821:Crown Hill Cemetery 4786:Berkeley Plantation 4654:Territory of Hawaii 4514:Conklin, Kenneth R. 3130:(October 6, 2020). 2645:Calhoun, Charles W. 2471:Mayer, Eve (2012). 2238:. The Morgan Report 1725:Territory of Hawaii 1704:Royal Hawaiian Band 1682:Newlands Resolution 1670:Committee of Safety 1644:Territory of Hawaii 1454:who told Congress: 1349:Committee of Safety 1298:Committee of Safety 1283:Committee of Safety 1271:Committee of Safety 1222:Queen Liliʻuokalani 1158:King David Kalākaua 1019:Charles Reed Bishop 992:Charles Reed Bishop 824:Committee of Safety 726:Newlands Resolution 688:Documents and ideas 623:Black Week (Hawaii) 618:Leper War on Kauaʻi 577:Government in Exile 420:Hawaiian Rebellions 260:Queen Liliʻuokalani 184:Committee of Safety 5939:← Grover Cleveland 5558:William McKinley → 5529:Richard Falley Jr. 5243:First inauguration 5082:Grover Cleveland → 5075:← Grover Cleveland 5042:John Cleves Symmes 4636:Republic of Hawaii 4322:. Associated Press 3809:Diplomatic History 3731:The Daily Bulletin 3709:Twombly, Alexander 3158:20.500.12657/52913 2863:(March 22, 2011). 2623:Builders of Hawaii 2273:Trask, Haunani-Kay 2131:Siler, Julia Flynn 1759:Hawaiian home land 1666: 1640:Republic of Hawaii 1592:Apology Resolution 1577:Republic of Hawaii 1490: 1398: 1385: 1330: 1310:Arthur P. Peterson 1225: 1144: 1084: 999: 947:and began growing 884:Kamehameha Dynasty 863:Apology Resolution 848:Republic of Hawaii 736:Apology Resolution 230:Lorrin A. Thurston 141:, later renamed a 135:relinquishes power 6002:Conflicts in 1893 5969: 5968: 5807:Gold Standard Act 5802:Lacey Act of 1900 5581: 5580: 5505:Francis Cleveland 5481:Frances Cleveland 5443:Buffalo, New York 5305:Berlin Conference 5290:Hatch Act of 1887 5105: 5104: 4982:Caroline Harrison 4947:Benjamin Harrison 4745:Benjamin Harrison 4711: 4710: 4571:Battle of Kuamo'o 4464:978-1-4356-6678-8 4388:978-0-8248-4735-7 4087:Cleveland, Grover 3970:Liliuokalani 1898 3954:Liliuokalani 1898 3920:978-1-84603-858-7 3867:978-0-8050-7861-9 3669:978-0-85793-121-4 3609:978-0-7656-0934-2 3576:978-0-312-66312-4 3495:libweb.hawaii.edu 3323:978-1-4396-3655-8 3296:Liliuokalani 1898 3250:Liliuokalani 1898 3234:Liliuokalani 1898 3212:978-0-06-010618-8 3167:978-0-8223-9485-3 3089:978-0-8223-8622-3 3041:978-0-316-03966-6 2993:978-1-61251-042-2 2960:978-1-135-96833-5 2876:978-1-101-48645-0 2866:Unfamiliar Fishes 2807:978-88-228-5368-4 2749:978-0-19-987796-6 2714:978-1-4669-5688-9 2660:978-0-7425-8168-5 2583:978-0-275-95055-2 2486:978-0-313-38127-0 2430:Dye, Bob (1997). 2379:978-0-275-98234-8 2302:978-0-585-25766-2 2213:978-0-8368-5149-6 2150:978-0-8021-2001-4 2056:978-0-521-57485-3 1795:Unfamiliar Fishes 1624:Hawaiian monarchy 1560:John Tyler Morgan 1434:According to the 1361:Hawaiian monarchy 1290:Charles B. Wilson 1257:1893 Constitution 1183:In October 1887, 1092:Rebellion of 1887 1023:Kamehameha family 921:Sugar reciprocity 915:House of Kalākaua 844:national interest 802: 801: 670:Aloha ʻĀina Party 479: 478: 433:Rebellion of 1887 385: 384: 284:Charles B. Wilson 166: 165: 125:Surrender of the 16:(Redirected from 6024: 5958: 5957: 5760:Open Door Policy 5715: 5708: 5641: 5633: 5615:William McKinley 5608: 5601: 5594: 5585: 5584: 5570: 5569: 5493:Esther Cleveland 5347:Murchison letter 5208:Westland Mansion 5168: 5157: 5139:Grover Cleveland 5132: 5125: 5118: 5109: 5108: 5094: 5093: 4915:Baltimore crisis 4840: 4833: 4771: 4763: 4738: 4731: 4724: 4715: 4714: 4609: 4563:Hawaiian Kingdom 4550: 4549: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4525: 4509: 4497: 4487:morganreport.org 4476: 4449: 4422: 4400: 4352: 4347: 4343: 4338: 4332: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4315: 4309: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4289: 4283: 4273: 4267: 4257: 4251: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4239:The Morning Call 4231: 4225: 4220: 4199: 4193: 4187: 4181: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4161: 4155: 4142: 4136: 4132: 4126: 4120: 4114: 4113: 4107: 4099: 4097: 4083: 4077: 4072: 4068: 4063: 4054: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4036: 4030: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4014: 4008: 3998: 3992: 3991: 3983: 3977: 3967: 3961: 3951: 3945: 3939: 3933: 3932: 3904: 3898: 3897: 3891: 3883: 3855: 3847: 3841: 3840: 3804: 3798: 3797: 3761: 3755: 3749: 3743: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3723: 3717: 3716: 3705: 3699: 3698: 3680: 3674: 3673: 3653: 3647: 3646: 3630: 3620: 3614: 3613: 3597: 3587: 3581: 3580: 3560: 3554: 3548: 3535: 3521: 3515: 3505: 3499: 3498: 3486: 3480: 3470: 3464: 3463: 3451: 3445: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3422: 3416: 3415: 3387: 3379: 3373: 3372: 3342: 3336: 3335: 3314:The Palace Hotel 3309: 3303: 3293: 3287: 3286: 3263: 3257: 3247: 3241: 3231: 3225: 3224: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3124: 3118: 3117: 3064:Silva, Noenoe K. 3060: 3054: 3053: 3023: 3012: 3006: 3005: 2979: 2973: 2972: 2934: 2928: 2927: 2903: 2895: 2889: 2888: 2857: 2851: 2841: 2835: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2784: 2778: 2768: 2762: 2761: 2733: 2727: 2726: 2698: 2687: 2686: 2680: 2672: 2641: 2635: 2634: 2618: 2612: 2602: 2596: 2595: 2565: 2559: 2558: 2534: 2526: 2513: 2512: 2506: 2498: 2468: 2462: 2461: 2427: 2418: 2417: 2412:. Archived from 2402: 2396: 2395: 2357: 2351: 2350: 2336: 2328: 2319: 2318: 2286: 2269: 2263: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2232: 2226: 2225: 2205: 2195: 2189: 2188: 2169: 2163: 2162: 2138: 2127: 2121: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2110:usgwarchives.net 2102: 2096: 2095: 2084: 2078: 2077: 2067: 2061: 2060: 2040: 2034: 2033: 2007: 1975: 1969: 1968: 1956: 1950: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1939:\nvlchawaii.org/ 1930: 1924: 1923: 1911:Kaua Kuloko 1895 1905: 1899: 1889: 1883: 1882: 1871: 1862: 1856: 1840: 1821: 1774:Kalākaua Dynasty 1678:William McKinley 1579:which followed. 1568:Washington, D.C. 1539:Grover Cleveland 1452:Grover Cleveland 1367:under President 1207:Missionary Party 1196:ʻIolani Barracks 1172:, returned from 1140:ʻIolani Barracks 1120:Thomas F. Bayard 1116:Grover Cleveland 963:system. After a 828:Hawaiian Kingdom 794: 787: 780: 765:Kaua Kuloko 1895 515:Hawaiian Kingdom 507: 482: 481: 423: 421: 411: 404: 397: 388: 387: 353:ʻIolani Barracks 282: 281: 270: 269: 258: 257: 240: 239: 228: 227: 208:Hawaiian Kingdom 206: 205: 194: 192: 191: 182: 181: 127:Hawaiian Kingdom 104:Honolulu, Hawaii 95: 93: 88: 79: 78: 52: 32: 31: 21: 6032: 6031: 6027: 6026: 6025: 6023: 6022: 6021: 5972: 5971: 5970: 5965: 5929: 5906: 5836: 5724: 5716: 5710: 5709: 5700: 5676:McKinley Tariff 5644: 5636: 5625: 5617: 5612: 5582: 5577: 5534: 5513:(granddaughter) 5469: 5423: 5300:Texas Seed Bill 5212: 5171: 5160: 5149: 5141: 5136: 5106: 5101: 5065: 5060:Robert Carter I 4968: 4934: 4895:McKinley Tariff 4841: 4835: 4834: 4825: 4774: 4766: 4755: 4747: 4742: 4712: 4707: 4686: 4674:State of Hawaii 4668: 4648: 4630: 4610: 4601: 4557: 4539: 4537: 4535:History Channel 4516:(August 2009). 4500: 4492: 4483: 4465: 4438: 4389: 4360: 4355: 4345: 4339: 4335: 4325: 4323: 4316: 4312: 4302: 4300: 4290: 4286: 4276:Kuykendall 1967 4274: 4270: 4260:Kuykendall 1967 4258: 4254: 4244: 4242: 4233: 4232: 4228: 4217: 4203:Andrade, Ernest 4200: 4196: 4188: 4184: 4174: 4172: 4162: 4158: 4152:Wayback Machine 4143: 4139: 4133: 4129: 4121: 4117: 4101: 4100: 4084: 4080: 4070: 4064: 4057: 4047: 4045: 4038: 4037: 4033: 4023: 4021: 4016: 4015: 4011: 4001:Kuykendall 1967 3999: 3995: 3984: 3980: 3968: 3964: 3952: 3948: 3940: 3936: 3921: 3905: 3901: 3885: 3884: 3868: 3848: 3844: 3805: 3801: 3778:10.2307/3637401 3762: 3758: 3750: 3746: 3736: 3734: 3725: 3724: 3720: 3706: 3702: 3695: 3681: 3677: 3670: 3654: 3650: 3643: 3621: 3617: 3610: 3588: 3584: 3577: 3561: 3557: 3549: 3538: 3524:Kuykendall 1967 3522: 3518: 3508:Kuykendall 1967 3506: 3502: 3487: 3483: 3473:Kuykendall 1967 3471: 3467: 3452: 3448: 3440: 3436: 3423: 3419: 3404: 3380: 3376: 3361: 3343: 3339: 3324: 3310: 3306: 3294: 3290: 3265: 3264: 3260: 3248: 3244: 3232: 3228: 3213: 3195: 3191: 3168: 3125: 3121: 3090: 3061: 3057: 3042: 3013: 3009: 2994: 2980: 2976: 2961: 2935: 2931: 2916: 2896: 2892: 2877: 2858: 2854: 2842: 2838: 2828: 2826: 2808: 2785: 2781: 2769: 2765: 2750: 2734: 2730: 2715: 2699: 2690: 2674: 2673: 2661: 2642: 2638: 2619: 2615: 2603: 2599: 2584: 2566: 2562: 2547: 2527: 2516: 2500: 2499: 2487: 2469: 2465: 2450: 2428: 2421: 2404: 2403: 2399: 2380: 2358: 2354: 2329: 2322: 2303: 2270: 2266: 2256: 2254: 2249: 2248: 2241: 2239: 2234: 2233: 2229: 2214: 2196: 2192: 2170: 2166: 2151: 2128: 2124: 2114: 2112: 2104: 2103: 2099: 2085: 2081: 2068: 2064: 2057: 2041: 2037: 1976: 1972: 1958: 1957: 1953: 1943: 1941: 1931: 1927: 1906: 1902: 1892:Kuykendall 1967 1890: 1886: 1879:The Real Hawaii 1872: 1865: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1844: 1843: 1833:Heihachiro Togo 1822: 1818: 1813: 1737: 1721:Stewart Islands 1646: 1634:Main articles: 1632: 1615: 1609: 1600: 1535: 1530: 1494:Honolulu Rifles 1482: 1476: 1410:John L. Stevens 1377: 1369:Sanford B. Dole 1353:Henry E. Cooper 1335:Ali'iolani Hale 1306:John L. Stevens 1275:Henry E. Cooper 1266: 1231: 1215: 1170:Queen Kapiolani 1154: 1146:Main articles: 1133: 1125:John L. Stevens 1096:Lorrin Thurston 1077:Lorrin Thurston 1070: 1062:Main articles: 1060: 961:free enterprise 929: 923: 907:President Tyler 905:, on behalf of 903:John C. Calhoun 880: 842:to protect the 838:to call in the 836:John L. Stevens 798: 518: 513:represents the 496: 480: 475: 424: 419: 417: 415: 368: 324: 288: 276: 264: 252: 246: 242:John L. Stevens 234: 222: 200: 189: 187: 186: 176: 115:Hawaiian League 105: 91: 89: 86: 63:Arlington Hotel 53: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6030: 6020: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5992:1893 in Hawaii 5989: 5984: 5967: 5966: 5964: 5963: 5950: 5949: 5942: 5934: 5931: 5930: 5928: 5927: 5921: 5914: 5912: 5908: 5907: 5905: 5904: 5903: 5902: 5897: 5889: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5844: 5842: 5838: 5837: 5835: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5798: 5797: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5731: 5729: 5718: 5717: 5703: 5701: 5699: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5652: 5650: 5646: 5645: 5643: 5642: 5634: 5622: 5619: 5618: 5611: 5610: 5603: 5596: 5588: 5579: 5578: 5576: 5575: 5562: 5561: 5554: 5547: 5539: 5536: 5535: 5533: 5532: 5526: 5523:Rose Cleveland 5520: 5514: 5508: 5502: 5496: 5490: 5487:Ruth Cleveland 5484: 5477: 5475: 5471: 5470: 5468: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5456: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5437: 5435:Cleveland Park 5431: 5429: 5425: 5424: 5422: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5399:Pullman Strike 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5370: 5369: 5364: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5343: 5342: 5337: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5276: 5275: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5253:Foreign policy 5250: 5245: 5240: 5239: 5238: 5233: 5222: 5220: 5214: 5213: 5211: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5179: 5177: 5173: 5172: 5170: 5169: 5158: 5146: 5143: 5142: 5135: 5134: 5127: 5120: 5112: 5103: 5102: 5100: 5099: 5086: 5085: 5078: 5070: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5063: 5057: 5051: 5045: 5039: 5033: 5027: 5021: 5015: 5009: 5003: 4997: 4991: 4985: 4978: 4976: 4970: 4969: 4967: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4942: 4940: 4936: 4935: 4933: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4860:Foreign policy 4857: 4851: 4849: 4843: 4842: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4782: 4780: 4776: 4775: 4773: 4772: 4764: 4752: 4749: 4748: 4741: 4740: 4733: 4726: 4718: 4709: 4708: 4706: 4705: 4700: 4697: 4691: 4688: 4687: 4685: 4684: 4678: 4676: 4670: 4669: 4667: 4666: 4658: 4656: 4650: 4649: 4647: 4646: 4640: 4638: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4628: 4620: 4618: 4612: 4611: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4599: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4573: 4567: 4565: 4559: 4558: 4547: 4546: 4526: 4510: 4498: 4490: 4482: 4481:External links 4479: 4478: 4477: 4463: 4450: 4436: 4423: 4401: 4387: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4353: 4333: 4310: 4284: 4268: 4252: 4226: 4215: 4194: 4182: 4164:Lewis, Danny. 4156: 4137: 4127: 4115: 4078: 4055: 4031: 4009: 3993: 3978: 3962: 3946: 3944:, p. 350. 3934: 3919: 3899: 3866: 3842: 3799: 3756: 3744: 3718: 3700: 3693: 3675: 3668: 3648: 3641: 3615: 3608: 3582: 3575: 3555: 3536: 3516: 3500: 3481: 3465: 3461:confrontation. 3446: 3434: 3417: 3402: 3374: 3359: 3337: 3322: 3304: 3288: 3258: 3242: 3226: 3211: 3189: 3166: 3119: 3088: 3055: 3040: 3016:Bradley, James 3007: 2992: 2974: 2959: 2929: 2914: 2890: 2875: 2852: 2836: 2806: 2779: 2763: 2748: 2728: 2713: 2688: 2659: 2636: 2613: 2597: 2582: 2560: 2545: 2514: 2485: 2463: 2448: 2419: 2397: 2378: 2366:Chin, Jean Lau 2352: 2320: 2301: 2277:"Introduction" 2264: 2227: 2212: 2190: 2164: 2149: 2122: 2097: 2079: 2062: 2055: 2035: 1970: 1951: 1925: 1900: 1884: 1863: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1841: 1815: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1808: 1807: 1802: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1756: 1748: 1743: 1736: 1733: 1717:Palmyra Island 1709:Hawaiʻi Ponoʻī 1654:Kūʻē Petitions 1631: 1628: 1611:Main article: 1608: 1605: 1599: 1596: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1475: 1472: 1402:John W. Foster 1376: 1373: 1357:ʻIolani Palace 1339:ʻIolani Palace 1319:Samuel Nowlein 1265: 1262: 1227:Main article: 1214: 1211: 1168:and his wife, 1132: 1129: 1059: 1056: 1042:David Kalākaua 1007:John Schofield 981:Kamehameha III 977:Gerrit P. Judd 957:sugar industry 945:Kamehameha III 941:William Hooper 922: 919: 911:Kamehameha III 879: 876: 814:against Queen 800: 799: 797: 796: 789: 782: 774: 771: 770: 769: 768: 761: 751: 750: 746: 745: 744: 743: 738: 733: 728: 723: 721:Kūʻē Petitions 718: 713: 708: 703: 698: 690: 689: 685: 684: 683: 682: 677: 672: 664: 663: 659: 658: 657: 656: 651: 646: 638: 637: 633: 632: 631: 630: 625: 620: 615: 610: 602: 601: 597: 596: 595: 594: 589: 584: 579: 574: 569: 564: 556: 555: 551: 550: 549: 548: 543: 538: 533: 525: 524: 520: 519: 508: 500: 499: 491: 490: 477: 476: 474: 473: 466: 459: 454: 449: 442: 435: 429: 426: 425: 414: 413: 406: 399: 391: 383: 382: 379: 375: 374: 370: 369: 367: 366: 365: 364: 358: 355: 349: 347:ʻIolani Palace 337: 334: 330: 325: 323: 322: 311: 301: 295: 294: 290: 289: 287: 286: 274: 272:Samuel Nowlein 262: 249: 247: 245: 244: 232: 219: 216: 215: 211: 210: 198: 173: 172: 168: 167: 164: 163: 162: 161: 146: 136: 129: 111: 107: 106: 103: 101: 97: 96: 83: 75: 74: 45: 44: 37: 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