10024:(DBD) plasma reactors, it has been employed for water treatment with ozone. However, with cheaper alternative disinfectants like chlorine, such applications of DBD ozone water decontamination have been limited by high power consumption and bulky equipment. Despite this, with research revealing the negative impacts of common disinfectants like chlorine with respect to toxic residuals and ineffectiveness in killing certain micro-organisms, DBD plasma-based ozone decontamination is of interest in current available technologies. Although ozonation of water with a high concentration of bromide does lead to the formation of undesirable brominated disinfection byproducts, unless drinking water is produced by desalination, ozonation can generally be applied without concern for these byproducts. Advantages of ozone include high thermodynamic oxidation potential, less sensitivity to organic material and better tolerance for pH variations while retaining the ability to kill bacteria, fungi, viruses, as well as spores and cysts. Although, ozone has been widely accepted in Europe for decades, it is sparingly used for decontamination in the U.S. due to limitations of high-power consumption, bulky installation and stigma attached with ozone toxicity. Considering this, recent research efforts have been directed towards the study of effective ozone water treatment systems. Researchers have looked into lightweight and compact low power surface DBD reactors, energy efficient volume DBD reactors and low power micro-scale DBD reactors. Such studies can help pave the path to re-acceptance of DBD plasma-based ozone decontamination of water, especially in the U.S.
8428:
mechanism of ozone pathology in the lungs, as the functioning of these cell types have been shown to change after exposure to ozone. Macrophages, cells that serve the purpose of eliminating pathogens or foreign material through the process of "phagocytosis", have been shown to change the level of inflammatory signals they release in response to ozone, either up-regulating and resulting in an inflammatory response in the lung, or down-regulating and reducing immune protection. Neutrophils, another important cell type of the innate immune system that primarily targets bacterial pathogens, are found to be present in the airways within 6 hours of exposure to high ozone levels. Despite high levels in the lung tissues, however, their ability to clear bacteria appears impaired by exposure to ozone.
8963:. The diatomic oxygen is split into single atoms, which then recombine in triplets to form ozone. It is common in the industry to mislabel some DBD ozone generators as CD Corona Discharge generators. Typically all solid flat metal electrode ozone generators produce ozone using the dielectric barrier discharge method. Cold plasma machines use pure oxygen as the input source and produce a maximum concentration of about 24% ozone. They produce far greater quantities of ozone in a given time compared to ultraviolet production that has about 2% efficiency. The discharges manifest as filamentary transfer of electrons (micro discharges) in a gap between two electrodes. In order to evenly distribute the micro discharges, a dielectric
8188:
more specific plan to help decrease NOx emissions. These efforts are increasingly difficult to implement and take many years to come to pass. Of course there are also other reasons that ozone levels remain high. These include: a growing population meaning more car emissions, and the mountains along the NCFR that can trap emissions. If interested, daily air quality readings can be found at the
Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment's website. As noted earlier, Denver continues to experience high levels of ozone to this day. It will take many years and a systems-thinking approach to combat this issue of high ozone levels in the Front Range of Colorado.
7004:
wavelengths < 200 nm) through the lower UV-C (200–280 nm) and the entire UV-B band (280–315 nm). The small unabsorbed part that remains of UV-B after passage through ozone causes sunburn in humans, and direct DNA damage in living tissues in both plants and animals. Ozone's effect on mid-range UV-B rays is illustrated by its effect on UV-B at 290 nm, which has a radiation intensity 350 million times as powerful at the top of the atmosphere as at the surface. Nevertheless, enough of UV-B radiation at similar frequency reaches the ground to cause some sunburn, and these same wavelengths are also among those responsible for the production of
1316:
8853:
3314:
8276:
8477:, "There is evidence to show that at concentrations that do not exceed public health standards, ozone is not effective at removing many odor-causing chemicals", and "If used at concentrations that do not exceed public health standards, ozone applied to indoor air does not effectively remove viruses, bacteria, mold, or other biological pollutants.". Furthermore, another report states that "results of some controlled studies show that concentrations of ozone considerably higher than these standards are possible even when a user follows the manufacturer's operating instructions".
17120:
50:
386:
229:
8801:
while lipid peroxidation and solute leakage were significantly higher than in ozone-free controls. The data indicated that ozone triggered protective mechanisms against oxidative stress in citrus." Studies that have used pepper plants as a model have shown that ozone decreased fruit yield and changed fruit quality. Furthermore, it was also observed a decrease in chlorophylls levels and antioxidant defences on the leaves, as well as increased the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and lipid and protein damages.
783:
6553:
41:
778:
7994:
63:
8528:
773:
1575:
8517:
6990:
73:
793:
788:
18349:
17102:
846:
8203:
18313:
8885:
8620:
Directive 2008/50/EC. Ozone concentration is measured as a maximum daily mean of 8 hour averages and the target should not be exceeded on more than 25 calendar days per year, starting from
January 2010. Whilst the directive requires in the future a strict compliance with 120 μg/m limit (i.e. mean ozone concentration not to be exceeded on any day of the year), there is no date set for this requirement and this is treated as a long-term objective.
9188:
6545:
6565:
9562:
4039:
catalysts, and it has many advantages such as a higher conversion with a lower temperature. Furthermore, the product and the catalyst can be instantaneously separated, and this way the catalyst can be easily recovered without using any separation operation. Moreover, the most used materials in the catalytic decomposition of ozone in the gas phase are noble metals like Pt, Rh or Pd and transition metals such as Mn, Co, Cu, Fe, Ni or Ag.
3339:
1593:
17111:
8006:
7055:
1471:
18337:
18325:
1020:
16435:
8176:
ozone through a process called photochemistry. One hour elevated ozone events (<75 ppb) "occur during June–August indicating that elevated ozone levels are driven by regional photochemistry". According to an article from the
University of Colorado-Boulder, "Oil and natural gas VOC emission have a major role in ozone production and bear the potential to contribute to elevated O
9235:
851:
8660:– related adverse health effects that range from decreased lung function and increased respiratory symptoms to serious indicators of respiratory morbidity including emergency department visits and hospital admissions for respiratory causes, and possibly cardiovascular-related morbidity as well as total non- accidental and cardiopulmonary mortality ...
8930:
ozone production rate. Another disadvantage of this method is that it requires the ambient air (oxygen) to be exposed to the UV source for a longer amount of time, and any gas that is not exposed to the UV source will not be treated. This makes UV generators impractical for use in situations that deal with rapidly moving air or water streams (in-duct air
8424:
response, as well as altering the protective function of lung epithelial cells. It is thought that these changes in immune response and the related inflammatory response are factors that likely contribute to the increased risk of lung infections, and worsening or triggering of asthma and reactive airways after exposure to ground-level ozone pollution.
1372:, had as its official slogan "Beaumont: Zone of Ozone", as evidenced on postcards and Chamber of Commerce letterhead. Naturalists working outdoors often considered the higher elevations beneficial because of their ozone content. "There is quite a different atmosphere with enough ozone to sustain the necessary energy ", wrote naturalist
8436:
ozone, the cilia become damaged and mucociliary clearance of pathogens is reduced. Furthermore, the epithelial barrier becomes weakened, allowing pathogens to cross the barrier, proliferate and spread into deeper tissues. Together, these changes in the epithelial barrier help make individuals more susceptible to pulmonary infections.
6153:
8671:(AQI) to help explain air pollution levels to the general public. Under the current standards, eight-hour average ozone mole fractions of 85 to 104 nmol/mol are described as "unhealthy for sensitive groups", 105 nmol/mol to 124 nmol/mol as "unhealthy", and 125 nmol/mol to 404 nmol/mol as "very unhealthy".
8759:. The cause-and-effect relationship of how the ozone is created in the body and what it does is still under consideration and still subject to various interpretations, since other body chemical processes can trigger some of the same reactions. There is evidence linking the antibody-catalyzed water-oxidation pathway of the human
8597:. A study of 450,000 people living in U.S. cities saw a significant correlation between ozone levels and respiratory illness over the 18-year follow-up period. The study revealed that people living in cities with high ozone levels, such as Houston or Los Angeles, had an over 30% increased risk of dying from lung disease.
8420:
breath, wheezing, and coughing which may exacerbate lung diseases, like asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) resulting in the need to receive medical treatment. Acute and chronic exposure to ozone has been shown to cause an increased risk of respiratory infections, due to the following mechanism.
10199:) content is observed but the positive effect on total phenol content and flavonoids can overcome the negative effect. Tomatoes upon treatment with ozone show an increase in β-carotene, lutein and lycopene. However, ozone application on strawberries in pre-harvest period shows decrease in ascorbic acid content.
10234:
Crop pollination is an essential part of an ecosystem. Ozone can have detrimental effects on plant-pollinator interactions. Pollinators carry pollen from one plant to another. This is an essential cycle inside of an ecosystem. Causing changes in certain atmospheric conditions around pollination sites
9013:
Ozone cannot be stored and transported like other industrial gases (because it quickly decays into diatomic oxygen) and must therefore be produced on site. Available ozone generators vary in the arrangement and design of the high-voltage electrodes. At production capacities higher than 20 kg per
8996:
required to produce ozone as compared to oxygen. This is why ozone is not produced during typical water electrolysis. However, it is possible to increase the overpotential of oxygen by careful catalyst selection such that ozone is preferentially produced under electrolysis. Catalysts typically chosen
8439:
Inhaling ozone not only affects the immune system and lungs, but it may also affect the heart as well. Ozone causes short-term autonomic imbalance leading to changes in heart rate and reduction in heart rate variability; and high levels exposure for as little as one-hour results in a supraventricular
8427:
The innate (cellular) immune system consists of various chemical signals and cell types that work broadly and against multiple pathogen types, typically bacteria or foreign bodies/substances in the host. The cells of the innate system include phagocytes, neutrophils, both thought to contribute to the
8419:
Acute ozone exposure ranges from hours to a few days. Because ozone is a gas, it directly affects the lungs and the entire respiratory system. Inhaled ozone causes inflammation and acute—but reversible—changes in lung function, as well as airway hyperresponsiveness. These changes lead to shortness of
8234:
rubber. Products made using these polymers are especially susceptible to attack, which causes cracks to grow longer and deeper with time, the rate of crack growth depending on the load carried by the rubber component and the concentration of ozone in the atmosphere. Such materials can be protected by
8175:
industry situated in the Denver-Julesburg Basin (DJB) which overlaps with a majority of
Colorado's metropolitan areas. Ozone is created naturally in the Earth's stratosphere, but is also created in the troposphere from human efforts. Briefly mentioned above, NOx and VOCs react with sunlight to create
4548:
However, this equation depends on the concentration of oxygen (intermediate), which can be determined considering the first step. Since the first step is faster and reversible and the second step is slower, the reactants and products from the first step are in equilibrium, so the concentration of the
8831:
has established an
Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health Limit (IDLH) of 5 μmol/mol. Work environments where ozone is used or where it is likely to be produced should have adequate ventilation and it is prudent to have a monitor for ozone that will alarm if the concentration exceeds the OSHA
8818:
Even very low concentrations of ozone can be harmful to the upper respiratory tract and the lungs. The severity of injury depends on both the concentration of ozone and the duration of exposure. Severe and permanent lung injury or death could result from even a very short-term exposure to relatively
8452:
One study finds significant positive associations between chronic ozone and all-cause, circulatory, and respiratory mortality with 2%, 3%, and 12% increases in risk per 10 ppb and report an association (95% CI) of annual ozone and all-cause mortality with a hazard ratio of 1.02 (1.01–1.04), and
8435:
The airway epithelial cells also play an important role in protecting individuals from pathogens. In normal tissue, the epithelial layer forms a protective barrier, and also contains specialized ciliary structures that work to clear foreign bodies, mucus and pathogens from the lungs. When exposed to
8163:
per 1997's 8-hour ozone standard, but later deferred this status until 2007. The non-attainment standard indicates that an area does not meet the EPA's air quality standards. The
Colorado Ozone Action Plan was created in response, and numerous changes were implemented from this plan. The first major
7011:
The ozone layer has little effect on the longer UV wavelengths called UV-A (315–400 nm), but this radiation does not cause sunburn or direct DNA damage. While UV-A probably does cause long-term skin damage in certain humans, it is not as dangerous to plants and to the health of surface-dwelling
6532:
On the high wavelength side, the
Hartley band transitions to the so-called Huggins band, which falls off rapidly until disappearing by ~360 nm. Above 400 nm, extending well out into the NIR, are the Chappius and Wulf bands. There, unstructured absorption bands are useful for detecting high
5805:
4467:
The following mechanism allows to explain the rate law of the ozone decomposition observed experimentally, and also it allows to determine the reaction orders with respect to ozone and oxygen, with which the overall reaction order will be determined. The slower step, the bimolecular reaction, is the
4334:
These two steps have different reaction rates, the first one is reversible and faster than the second reaction, which is slower, so this means that the determining step is the second reaction and this is used to determine the observed reaction rate. The reaction rate laws for every step are the ones
9557:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{\ce {3 H2O -> O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e-}}&&(\Delta E^{\circ }=-{\text{1.53 V}})\\&{\ce {6 H+ + 6 e- -> 3 H2}}&&(\Delta E^{\circ }={\text{0 V}})\\&{\ce {2 H2O -> O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e-}}&&(\Delta E^{\circ }={\text{1.23 V}})\end{aligned}}}
8991:
in water without other competing gases found in corona discharge method, such as nitrogen gases present in ambient air. This method of generation can achieve concentrations of 20–30% and is independent of air quality because water is used as the source material. Production of ozone electrolytically
8946:
applications ranging to millions of gallons of water. VUV ozone generators, unlike corona discharge generators, do not produce harmful nitrogen by-products and also unlike corona discharge systems, VUV ozone generators work extremely well in humid air environments. There is also not normally a need
8875:
Temperature and humidity play a large role in how much ozone is being produced using traditional generation methods (such as corona discharge and ultraviolet light). Old generation methods will produce less than 50% of nominal capacity if operated with humid ambient air, as opposed to very dry air.
8800:
Ozone has been implicated to have an adverse effect on plant growth: "... ozone reduced total chlorophylls, carotenoid and carbohydrate concentration, and increased 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) content and ethylene production. In treated plants, the ascorbate leaf pool was decreased,
8631:
for several pollutants, including ground-level ozone, and counties out of compliance with these standards are required to take steps to reduce their levels. In May 2008, under a court order, the EPA lowered its ozone standard from 80 nmol/mol to 75 nmol/mol. The move proved controversial,
6993:
Levels of ozone at various altitudes and blocking of different bands of ultraviolet radiation. Essentially all UVC (100–280 nm) is blocked by dioxygen (at 100–200 nm) or by ozone (at 200–280 nm) in the atmosphere. The shorter portion of this band and even more energetic UV causes the
4214:
The ozone decomposition consists of two elementary steps: The first one corresponds to a unimolecular reaction because one only molecule of ozone decomposes into two products (molecular oxygen and oxygen). Then, the oxygen from the first step is an intermediate because it participates as a reactant
4045:
The first one is a thermal decomposition where the ozone can be decomposed using only the action of heat. The problem is that this type of decomposition is very slow with temperatures below 250 °C. However, the decomposition rate can be increased working with higher temperatures but this would
4038:
Ozone is a toxic substance, commonly found or generated in human environments (aircraft cabins, offices with photocopiers, laser printers, sterilizers...) and its catalytic decomposition is very important to reduce pollution. This type of decomposition is the most widely used, especially with solid
10091:
to kill bacteria in the water and to reduce the amount of chlorine or bromine required by reactivating them to their free state. Since ozone does not remain in the water long enough, ozone by itself is ineffective at preventing cross-contamination among bathers and must be used in conjunction with
9599:
It is often desirable to contain the ozone. This can be done with an apparatus consisting of two concentric glass tubes sealed together at the top with gas ports at the top and bottom of the outer tube. The inner core should have a length of metal foil inserted into it connected to one side of the
9037:
The dominating parameter influencing ozone generation efficiency is the gas temperature, which is controlled by cooling water temperature and/or gas velocity. The cooler the water, the better the ozone synthesis. The lower the gas velocity, the higher the concentration (but the lower the net ozone
8929:
UV ozone generators use ambient air for ozone production, no air prep systems are used (air dryer or oxygen concentrator), therefore these generators tend to be less expensive. However, UV ozone generators usually produce ozone with a concentration of about 0.5% or lower which limits the potential
8897:
or ozone plate. They are typically cost-effective and do not require an oxygen source other than the ambient air to produce ozone concentrations of 3–6%. Fluctuations in ambient air, due to weather or other environmental conditions, cause variability in ozone production. However, they also produce
8187:
Contained in the
Colorado Ozone Action Plan, created in 2008, plans exist to evaluate "emission controls for large industrial sources of NOx" and "statewide control requirements for new oil and gas condensate tanks and pneumatic valves". In 2011, the Regional Haze Plan was released that included a
8143:
pollution can be 20% higher than usual. Ozone pollution in urban areas reaches higher levels of exceedance in the summer and autumn, which may be explained by weather patterns and traffic patterns. People experiencing poverty are more affected by pollution in general, even though these populations
10099:
Ozone is also widely used in the treatment of water in aquariums and fishponds. Its use can minimize bacterial growth, control parasites, eliminate transmission of some diseases, and reduce or eliminate "yellowing" of the water. Ozone must not come in contact with fishes' gill structures. Natural
8619:
According to scientists with the EPA, susceptible people can be adversely affected by ozone levels as low as 40 nmol/mol. In the EU, the current target value for ozone concentrations is 120 μg/m which is about 60 nmol/mol. This target applies to all member states in accordance with
1415:
that ozone's healthful effects "have, by mere iteration, become part and parcel of common belief; and yet exact physiological evidence in favour of its good effects has been hitherto almost entirely wanting ... The only thoroughly well-ascertained knowledge concerning the physiological effect of
8906:
can reduce or eliminate nitric acid formation by removing water vapor and increase ozone production. At room temperature, nitric acid will form into a vapour that is hazardous if inhaled. Symptoms can include chest pain, shortness of breath, headaches and a dry nose and throat causing a burning
8492:
All portable indoor air cleaning devices sold in
California must be certified by the California Air Resources Board (CARB). To be certified, air cleaners must be tested for electrical safety and ozone emissions, and meet an ozone emission concentration limit of 0.050 parts per million. For more
8423:
Multiple studies have been conducted to determine the mechanism behind ozone's harmful effects, particularly in the lungs. These studies have shown that exposure to ozone causes changes in the immune response within the lung tissue, resulting in disruption of both the innate and adaptive immune
7003:
Ozone in the ozone layer filters out sunlight wavelengths from about 200 nm UV rays to 315 nm, with ozone peak absorption at about 250 nm. This ozone UV absorption is important to life, since it extends the absorption of UV by ordinary oxygen and nitrogen in air (which absorb all
14393:
Bortolin, Rafael
Calixto; Caregnato, Fernanda Freitas; Divan, Armando Molina; Reginatto, Flávio Henrique; Gelain, Daniel Pens; Moreira, José Cláudio Fonseca (2014-02-01). "Effects of chronic elevated ozone concentration on the redox state and fruit yield of red pepper plant Capsicum baccatum".
10779:
Protecting the ozone layer: lessons, models, and prospects; [product of the Tenth Anniversary Colloquium of the Montreal Protocol, held on September 13, 1997; part of a series of events held in Montreal to mark the 10th anniversary of the signing of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that
8871:
will not react. Ozone used in industry is measured in μmol/mol (ppm, parts per million), nmol/mol (ppb, parts per billion), μg/m, mg/h (milligrams per hour) or weight percent. The regime of applied concentrations ranges from 1% to 5% (in air) and from 6% to 14% (in oxygen) for older generation
8379:
For the last few decades, scientists studied the effects of acute and chronic ozone exposure on human health. Hundreds of studies suggest that ozone is harmful to people at levels currently found in urban areas. Ozone has been shown to affect the respiratory, cardiovascular and central nervous
8431:
The adaptive immune system is the branch of immunity that provides long-term protection via the development of antibodies targeting specific pathogens and is also impacted by high ozone exposure. Lymphocytes, a cellular component of the adaptive immune response, produce an increased amount of
6880:
The excess kinetic energy heats the stratosphere when the O atoms and the molecular oxygen fly apart and collide with other molecules. This conversion of UV light into kinetic energy warms the stratosphere. The oxygen atoms produced in the photolysis of ozone then react back with other oxygen
14448:
Bortolin, Rafael Calixto; Caregnato, Fernanda Freitas; Divan Junior, Armando Molina; Zanotto-Filho, Alfeu; Moresco, Karla Suzana; de Oliveira Rios, Alessandro; de Oliveira Salvi, Aguisson; Ortmann, Caroline Flach; de Carvalho, Pâmela (2016-07-01). "Chronic ozone exposure alters the secondary
6634:
between 200 and 160 nm where ozone does not absorb. While shorter wavelength light, extending to even the X-Ray limit, is energetic enough to dissociate molecular oxygen, there is relatively little of it, and, the strong solar emission at Lyman-alpha, 121 nm, falls at a point where
6964:
by the presence of certain free radicals, of which the most important are hydroxyl (OH), nitric oxide (NO) and atomic chlorine (Cl) and bromine (Br). In the second half of the 20th century, the amount of ozone in the stratosphere was discovered to be declining, mostly because of increasing
1305:
8440:
arrhythmia in the elderly, both increase the risk of premature death and stroke. Ozone may also lead to vasoconstriction resulting in increased systemic arterial pressure contributing to increased risk of cardiac morbidity and mortality in patients with pre-existing cardiac diseases.
8453:
with cardiovascular mortality of 1.03 (1.01–1.05). A similar study finds similar associations with all-cause mortality and even larger effects for cardiovascular mortality. An increased risk of mortality from respiratory causes is associated with long-term chronic exposure to ozone.
6510:
with three vibrational modes: the symmetric stretch (1103.157 cm), bend (701.42 cm) and antisymmetric stretch (1042.096 cm). The symmetric stretch and bend are weak absorbers, but the antisymmetric stretch is strong and responsible for ozone being an important minor
1281:
may be used as a systematic name, according to substitutive nomenclature. By default, these names pay no regard to the radicality of the ozone molecule. In an even more specific context, this can also name the non-radical singlet ground state, whereas the diradical state is named
6998:
of dioxygen (below 240 nm) react with more dioxygen. The ozone layer itself then blocks most, but not quite all, sunburn-producing UVB (280–315 nm). The band of UV closest to visible light, UVA (315–400 nm), is hardly affected by ozone, and most of it reaches the
1204:. Ozone's instability with regard to more common dioxygen is such that both concentrated gas and liquid ozone may decompose explosively at elevated temperatures, physical shock, or fast warming to the boiling point. It is therefore used commercially only in low concentrations.
9004:
The ozone to oxygen ratio is improved by increasing current density at the anode, cooling the electrolyte around the anode close to 0 °C, using an acidic electrolyte (such as dilute sulfuric acid) instead of a basic solution, and by applying pulsed current instead of DC.
8892:
This is the most common type of ozone generator for most industrial and personal uses. While variations of the "hot spark" coronal discharge method of ozone production exist, including medical grade and industrial grade ozone generators, these units usually work by means of a
2995:
3290:
849:
8644:... EPA proposes that the level of the 8-hour primary standard, which was set at 0.075 μmol/mol in the 2008 final rule, should instead be set at a lower level within the range of 0.060 to 0.070 μmol/mol, to provide increased protection for children and other
1211:(far more so than dioxygen) and has many industrial and consumer applications related to oxidation. This same high oxidizing potential, however, causes ozone to damage mucous and respiratory tissues in animals, and also tissues in plants, above concentrations of about
15713:
8126:
Low level ozone, or tropospheric ozone, is the most concerning type of ozone pollution in urban areas and is increasing in general. Ozone pollution in urban areas affects denser populations, and is worsened by high populations of vehicles, which emit pollutants
5837:
2081:
10165:). Despite these apparent positive effects, ozone use in recirculation systems has been linked to reducing the level of bioavailable iodine in salt water systems, resulting in iodine deficiency symptoms such as goitre and decreased growth in Senegalese sole (
4210:
It has been determined that the ozone decomposition follows a first order kinetics, and from the rate law above it can be determined that the partial order respect to molecular oxygen is -1 and respect to ozone is 2, therefore the global reaction order is 1.
8084:, which can be powerful eye irritants. The atmospheric lifetime of tropospheric ozone is about 22 days; its main removal mechanisms are being deposited to the ground, the above-mentioned reaction giving HO•, and by reactions with OH and the peroxy radical HO
1660:
varies with atmospheric conditions such as temperature, humidity, and air movement. Under laboratory conditions, the half-life will average ~1500 minutes (25 hours) in still air at room temperature (24 °C), zero humidity with zero air changes per hour.
8460:
Adults suffering from respiratory diseases (asthma, COPD, lung cancer) are at a higher risk of mortality and morbidity and critically ill patients have an increased risk of developing acute respiratory distress syndrome with chronic ozone exposure as well.
1462:) was the first to successfully solidify ozone and perform accurate analysis which conclusively refuted the oxozone hypothesis. Further hitherto unmeasured physical properties of pure concentrated ozone were determined by the Riesenfeld group in the 1920s.
8813:
Because of the strongly oxidizing properties of ozone, ozone is a primary irritant, affecting especially the eyes and respiratory systems and can be hazardous at even low concentrations. The Canadian Centre for Occupation Safety and Health reports that:
4023:
11222:
9966:
Many hospitals around the world use large ozone generators to decontaminate operating rooms between surgeries. The rooms are cleaned and then sealed airtight before being filled with ozone which effectively kills or neutralizes all remaining bacteria.
9779:
Although low levels of ozone have been advertised to be of some disinfectant use in residential homes, the concentration of ozone in dry air required to have a rapid, substantial effect on airborne pathogens exceeds safe levels recommended by the U.S.
8456:
Chronic ozone has detrimental effects on children, especially those with asthma. The risk for hospitalization in children with asthma increases with chronic exposure to ozone; younger children and those with low-income status are even at greater risk.
1395:
documented that frogs grew sluggish, birds gasped for breath, and rabbits' blood showed decreased levels of oxygen after exposure to "ozonized air", which "exercised a destructive action". Schönbein himself reported that chest pains, irritation of the
9803:
was introduced for aerial disinfection. The process was found to be worthwhile, but was phased out by 1956. However the beneficial effect was maintained by the ozone created incidentally from the electrical discharges of the train motors (see above:
8804:
A 2022 study concludes that East Asia loses 63 billion dollars in crops per year due to ozone pollution, a byproduct of fossil fuel combustion. China loses about one-third of its potential wheat production and one-fourth of its rice production.
1926:
8164:
change was that car emission testing was expanded across the state to more counties that did not previously mandate emissions testing, like areas of Larimer and Weld County. There have also been changes made to decrease Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) and
14012:
1497:. Exposure of 0.1 to 1 μmol/mol produces headaches, burning eyes and irritation to the respiratory passages. Even low concentrations of ozone in air are very destructive to organic materials such as latex, plastics and animal lung tissue.
8925:
UV ozone generators, or vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) ozone generators, employ a light source that generates a narrow-band ultraviolet light, a subset of that produced by the Sun. The Sun's UV sustains the ozone layer in the stratosphere of Earth.
6629:
Ozone in the stratosphere is mostly produced from short-wave ultraviolet rays between 240 and 160 nm. Oxygen starts to absorb weakly at 240 nm in the Herzberg bands, but most of the oxygen is dissociated by absorption in the strong
8566:
is a natural precursor, and the very low natural background level of ozone at ground level is considered safe. This section examines the health impacts of fossil fuel burning, which raises ground level ozone far above background levels.
9775:
is abundant, ozone is a cost-effective method of treating water, since it is produced on demand and does not require transportation and storage of hazardous chemicals. Once it has decayed, it leaves no taste or odour in drinking water.
6528:
after absorbing a photon. The most important absorption is the Hartley band, extending from slightly above 300 nm down to slightly above 200 nm. It is this band that is responsible for absorbing UV C in the stratosphere.
10182:
eggs against nodavirus. Nodavirus is a lethal and vertically transmitted virus which causes severe mortality in fish. Haddock eggs should not be treated with high ozone level as eggs so treated did not hatch and died after 3–4 days.
10235:
or with xenobiotics could cause unknown changes to the natural cycles of pollinators and flowering plants. In a study conducted in North-Western Europe, crop pollinators were negatively affected more when ozone levels were higher.
5102:
1486:. It is dangerous to allow this liquid to warm to its boiling point, because both concentrated gaseous ozone and liquid ozone can detonate. At temperatures below 80 K (−193.2 °C; −315.7 °F), it forms a violet-black
8295:
energy emitted by the earth. Quantifying the greenhouse gas potency of ozone is difficult because it is not present in uniform concentrations across the globe. However, the most widely accepted scientific assessments relating to
14013:"Comments of the American Lung Association, Environmental Defense, Sierra Club on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Proposed Revisions to the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ozone July 11, 2007 – 72 FR 37818"
9119:
in electrical contacts, motor brushes, or mechanical switches breaks down the chemical bonds of the atmospheric oxygen surrounding the contacts . Free radicals of oxygen in and around the arc recombine to create ozone . Certain
8345:
Because of its short-lived nature, tropospheric ozone does not have strong global effects, but has very strong radiative forcing effects on regional scales. In fact, there are regions of the world where tropospheric ozone has a
5561:
10104:, and the ozone entirely decays in a few seconds to minutes. If oxygen-fed ozone is used, the water will be higher in dissolved oxygen and fishes' gill structures will atrophy, making them dependent on oxygen-enriched water.
16330:
6621:
between about 10 and 50 km above the surface (or between about 6 and 31 miles). However, even in this "layer", the ozone concentrations are only two to eight parts per million, so most of the oxygen there is dioxygen,
1353:) meaning "to smell". For this reason, Schönbein is generally credited with the discovery of ozone. He also noted the similarity of ozone smell to the smell of phosphorus, and in 1844 proved that the product of reaction of
16016:
Ribeiro, A.R.A.; Ribeiro, L.; Saele, Ø.; Hamre, K.; Dinis, M.T.; Moren, M. (2009). "Iodine-enriched rotifers andArtemiaprevent goitre in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) larvae reared in a recirculation system".
8678:, partly as a result of electronic equipment such as photocopiers. A connection has also been known to exist between the increased pollen, fungal spores, and ozone caused by thunderstorms and hospital admissions of
8448:
Breathing ozone for periods longer than eight hours at a time for weeks, months or years defines chronic exposure. Numerous studies suggest a serious impact on the health of various populations from this exposure.
15805:
Kuvshinov, Dmitriy; Lozano-Parada, Jaime; Siswanto, Anggun; Zimmerman, William (2014). "Efficient compact micro DBD plasma reactor for ozone generation for industrial application in liquid and gas phase systems".
16044:
Buchan, K.; Martin-Robinchaud, D.; Benfey, T.J.; MacKinnon, A; Boston, L (2006). "The efficacy of ozonated seawater for surface disinfection of haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) eggs against piscine nodavirus".
14889:
852:
8867:, are used to produce ozone for cleaning air or removing smoke odours in unoccupied rooms. These ozone generators can produce over 3 g of ozone per hour. Ozone often forms in nature under conditions where O
8632:
since the Agency's own scientists and advisory board had recommended lowering the standard to 60 nmol/mol. Many public health and environmental groups also supported the 60 nmol/mol standard, and the
4916:
3642:
3493:
8639:
On January 7, 2010, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced proposed revisions to the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for the pollutant ozone, the principal component of smog:
4674:
6875:
5180:
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1327:
was conducting experiments involving electrical sparking above water when he noticed an unusual smell, which he attributed to the electrical reactions, failing to realize that he had in fact created ozone.
2590:
2448:
801:
14346:
Iglesias, Domingo J.; Ángeles Calatayuda; Eva Barrenob; Eduardo Primo-Milloa; Manuel Talon (2006). "Responses of citrus plants to ozone: leaf biochemistry, antioxidant mechanisms and lipid peroxidation".
8473:, and use misleading terms to describe ozone. Some examples are describing it as "energized oxygen" or "pure air", suggesting that ozone is a healthy or "better" kind of oxygen. However, according to the
5423:
8843:
regulations set a limit of 250 nmol/mol with a maximum four-hour average of 100 nmol/mol. Some planes are equipped with ozone converters in the ventilation system to reduce passenger exposure.
8255:
made of reinforced rubber are also susceptible to attack, especially within the engine compartment, where some ozone is produced by electrical components. Storing rubber products in close proximity to a
6496:
15692:
Choudhury, Bhaswati; Portugal, Sherlie; Johnson, Judith A.; Roy, Subrata (2020). "Performance evaluation of fan and comb shaped plasma reactors for distribution of generated ozone in a confined space".
3751:
14019:
12297:
Tessum, Christopher W.; Apte, Joshua S.; Good kind, Andrew L.; Muller, Nicholas Z.; Mullins, Kimberley A.; Paolella, David A.; Polasky, Stephen; Springer, Nathaniel P.; Thakrar, Sumil K. (2019-03-11).
8827:
has established a permissible exposure limit (PEL) of 0.1 μmol/mol (29 CFR 1910.1000 table Z-1), calculated as an 8-hour time weighted average. Higher concentrations are especially hazardous and
15727:
Draou, Abdelkader; Nemmich, Said; Nassour, Kamel; Benmimoun, Youcef; Tilmatine, Amar (2019). "Experimental analysis of a novel ozone generator configuration for use in water treatment applications".
13113:
Janeway CA Jr, Travers P, Walport M, et al. Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. 5th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2001. The components of the immune system. Available from:
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in the second step, which is a bimolecular reaction because there are two different reactants (ozone and oxygen) that give rise to one product, that corresponds to molecular oxygen in the gas phase.
3880:
2809:
12942:
Desqueyroux, H.; Pujet, J. C.; Prosper, M.; Squinazi, F.; Momas, I. (2002). "Short-term effects of low-level air pollution on respiratory health of adults suffering from moderate to severe asthma".
11827:
8180:
levels in the Northern Colorado Front Range (NCFR)". Using complex analyses to research wind patterns and emissions from large oil and natural gas operations, the authors concluded that "elevated O
1431:
for wounds. The gas was applied directly to wounds for as long as 15 minutes. This resulted in damage to both bacterial cells and human tissue. Other sanitizing techniques, such as irrigation with
6271:
3114:
2787:
12650:
Life Cycle Assessment Methodology Sufficient to Support Public Declarations and Claims, Committee Draft Standard, Version 2.1. Scientific Certification Systems, February 2011. Annex B, Section 4.
4785:
9240:
5842:
5566:
5542:
3911:
3119:
2814:
1974:
8184:
levels in the NCFR are predominantly correlated with air transport from N– ESE, which are the upwind sectors where the O&NG operations in the Wattenberg Field area of the DJB are located".
6148:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{\ce {2 Fe^2+{}+ O3 + 5 H2O -> 2 Fe(OH)_3{(s)}{}+ O2{}+ 4 H+}}\\&{\ce {2 Mn^2+{}+ 2 O3 + 4 H2O -> 2 MnO(OH)_2{(s)}{}+ 2 O2{}+ 4 H+}}\end{aligned}}}
1296:) is used, non-systematically, to refer to the substituent group (-OOO-). Care should be taken to avoid confusing the name of the group for the context-specific name for the ozone given above.
753:
2682:
10127:. If nitrite levels in the water are high, nitrites will also accumulate in the blood and tissues of fish, where it interferes with oxygen transport (it causes oxidation of the heme-group of
6362:
3095:
1357:
with air is identical. A subsequent effort to call ozone "electrified oxygen" he ridiculed by proposing to call the ozone from white phosphorus "phosphorized oxygen". The formula for ozone, O
12880:
Jule, Y.; Michaudel, C.; Fauconnier, L.; Togbe, D.; Riffel, B. (2018). "Ozone-induced acute and chronic alterations in the lung in mice: a combined digital imaging and functional analysis".
9175:, though ozone's instability makes it dubious that it has any effect on the ozonosphere. It is the world's largest single natural generator of ozone, lending calls for it to be designated a
9014:
hour, a gas/water tube heat-exchanger may be utilized as ground electrode and assembled with tubular high-voltage electrodes on the gas-side. The regime of typical gas pressures is around 2
6807:
5308:
2271:
14914:
Ibanez, Jorge G.; Rodrigo Mayen-Mondragon; M. T. Moran-Moran (2005). "Laboratory Experiments on the Electrochemical Remediation of the Environment. Part 7: Microscale Production of Ozone".
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16457:
1969:
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de Boer, Hero E. L.; van Elzelingen-Dekker, Carla M.; van Rheenen-Verberg, Cora M. F.; Spanjaard, Lodewijk (October 2006). "Use of Gaseous Ozone for Eradication of Methicillin-Resistant
8287:, peak concentrations are now far higher than the pre-industrial levels, and even background concentrations well away from sources of pollution are substantially higher. Ozone acts as a
14295:
Paul Wentworth; Nieva, J; Takeuchi, C; Galve, R; Wentworth, AD; Dilley, RB; Delaria, GA; Saven, A; et al. (2003). "Evidence for Ozone Formation in Human Atherosclerotic Arteries".
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Devices generating high levels of ozone, some of which use ionization, are used to sanitize and deodorize uninhabited buildings, rooms, ductwork, woodsheds, boats and other vehicles.
7774:
4270:
4118:
1718:
15981:
Ferreira, O; de Costa, O.T.; Ferreira, Santos; Mendonca, F. (2004). "Susceptibility of the Amazonian fish, Colossoma macropomum (Serrasalminae), to short-term exposure to nitrite".
10038:
Ozone levels which are safe for people are ineffective at killing fungi and bacteria. Some consumer disinfection and cosmetic products emit ozone at levels harmful to human health.
7953:
850:
15278:
13092:
Informed Health Online . Cologne, Germany: Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG); 2006-. The innate and adaptive immune systems. 2010 Dec 7 . Available from
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4543:
3906:
9708:
4057:
The process of ozone decomposition is a complex reaction involving two elementary reactions that finally lead to molecular oxygen, and this means that the reaction order and the
8135:, the main contributors to problematic ozone levels. Ozone pollution in urban areas is especially concerning with increasing temperatures, raising heat-related mortality during
15770:
Zito, Justin C.; Durscher, Ryan J.; Soni, Jignesh; Roy, Subrata; Arnold, David P. (2012). "Flow and force inducement using micron size dielectric barrier discharge actuators".
10060:
demonstrated that 0.3 μmol/mol levels of ozone dissolved in filtered tapwater can produce a reduction of more than 99.99% in such food-borne microorganisms as salmonella,
6735:
1740:
15370:
Sorlini, Sabrina; Collivignarelli, Carlo (2005). "Trihalomethane formation during chemical oxidation with chlorine, chlorine dioxide and ozone of ten Italian natural waters".
15103:
14780:
Arihara, Kazuki; Terashima, Chiaki; Fujishimam Akira (2007). "Electrochemical Production of High-Concentration Ozone-Water Using Freestanding Perforated Diamond Electrodes".
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8664:
On October 26, 2015, the EPA published a final rule with an effective date of December 28, 2015, that revised the 8-hour primary NAAQS from 0.075 ppm to 0.070 ppm.
12899:
Burnett, R. T.; Brook, J. R.; Yung, W. T.; Dales, R. E.; Krewski, D. (1997). "Association between ozone and hospitalization for respiratory diseases in 16 Canadian cities".
10119:
Ozonation – a process of infusing water with ozone – can be used in aquaculture to facilitate organic breakdown. Ozone is also added to recirculating systems to reduce
8770:
When inhaled, ozone reacts with compounds lining the lungs to form specific, cholesterol-derived metabolites that are thought to facilitate the build-up and pathogenesis of
6881:
molecule as in the previous step to form more ozone. In the clear atmosphere, with only nitrogen and oxygen, ozone can react with the atomic oxygen to form two molecules of
13813:
Jerrett, Michael; Burnett, Richard T.; Pope, C. Arden III; Ito, Kazuhiko; Thurston, George; Krewski, Daniel; Shi, Yuanli; Calle, Eugenia; Thun, Michael (March 12, 2009).
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17662:
17432:
17392:
16884:
14893:
11247:
Tanaka, Takehiko; Morino, Yonezo (1970). "Coriolis interaction and anharmonic potential function of ozone from the microwave spectra in the excited vibrational states".
1387:
Much of ozone's appeal seems to have resulted from its "fresh" smell, which evoked associations with purifying properties. Scientists noted its harmful effects. In 1873
8911:
can further increase the ozone production and further reduce the risk of nitric acid formation by removing not only the water vapor, but also the bulk of the nitrogen.
1368:
For much of the second half of the 19th century and well into the 20th, ozone was considered a healthy component of the environment by naturalists and health-seekers.
9982:. It is often used in conjunction with oxygen and hydrogen peroxide to eliminate the need for chlorine-containing compounds in the manufacture of high-quality, white
17593:
17568:
17558:
10278:
6518:
The electromagnetic spectrum of ozone is quite complex. An overview can be seen at the MPI Mainz UV/VIS Spectral Atlas of Gaseous Molecules of Atmospheric Interest.
4049:
The second one is a photochemical decomposition, which consists of radiating ozone with ultraviolet radiation (UV) and it gives rise to oxygen and radical peroxide.
9788:. Humidity control can vastly improve both the killing power of the ozone and the rate at which it decays back to oxygen (more humidity allows more effectiveness).
13396:
Jerrett, Michael; Burnett, Richard T.; Pope, C. Arden; Ito, Kazuhiko; Thurston, George; Krewski, Daniel; Shi, Yuanli; Calle, Eugenia; Thun, Michael (2009-03-12).
9596:
is connected to two metal rods with the ends placed sufficiently close to each other to allow an arc. The resulting arc will convert atmospheric oxygen to ozone.
8401:
People with existing lung diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (also known as COPD, which includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis)
13349:"Ambient PM2. 5, O3, and NO2 exposures and associations with mortality over 16 years of follow-up in the Canadian Census Health and Environment Cohort (CanCHEC)"
10298:
9038:
produced). At typical industrial conditions, almost 90% of the effective power is dissipated as heat and needs to be removed by a sufficient cooling water flow.
6952:
An estimate of the rate of this termination step to the cycling of atomic oxygen back to ozone can be found simply by taking the ratios of the concentration of O
14219:
17964:
17292:
17233:
17141:
13553:"A time-stratified case-crossover study of ambient ozone exposure and emergency department visits for specific respiratory diagnoses in California (2005–2008)"
12566:
11632:
8411:
Additional evidence suggests that women, those with obesity and low-income populations may also face higher risk from ozone, although more research is needed.
9743:
substances and for killing microorganisms in air and water sources. Many municipal drinking water systems kill bacteria with ozone instead of the more common
5800:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\ce {3 Ca + 10 NH3 + 6 O3 ->\ }}&{\ce {Ca*6NH3 + Ca(OH)2 + Ca(NO3)2}}\\&+{\ce {2 NH4O3 + 2 O2 + H2}}\end{aligned}}}
1931:
This can be observed as an unwanted reaction in a Hoffman gas apparatus during the electrolysis of water when the voltage is set above the necessary voltage.
18053:
17869:
17804:
17744:
17672:
17578:
17472:
17342:
17297:
16968:
10500:
10416:
8747:) as a means of destroying foreign bodies. Ozone reacts directly with organic double bonds. Also, when ozone breaks down to dioxygen it gives rise to oxygen
1376:, working in Hawaii. Seaside air was considered to be healthy because of its believed ozone content. The smell giving rise to this belief is in fact that of
931:
18133:
10191:
Ozone application on freshly cut pineapple and banana shows increase in flavonoids and total phenol contents when exposure is up to 20 minutes. Decrease in
4936:
1734:
Ozone can also be produced from oxygen at the anode of an electrochemical cell. This reaction can create smaller quantities of ozone for research purposes.
17598:
17442:
17412:
14504:
11838:
17528:
17508:
17181:
16080:
Alothman, M.; Kaur, B.; Fazilah, A.; Bhat, Rajeev; Karim, Alias A. (2010). "Ozone-induced changes of antioxidant capacity of fresh-cut tropical fruits".
8778:). These metabolites have been confirmed as naturally occurring in human atherosclerotic arteries and are categorized into a class of secosterols termed
1454:, were also present in ozone samples due to the difficulty of applying analytical chemistry techniques to the explosive concentrated chemical. In 1923,
874:
17553:
8876:
New generators, using electrolytic methods, can achieve higher purity and dissolution through using water molecules as the source of ozone production.
8824:
8543:
1033:
16107:
Tzortzakis, N.; Borland, A.; Singleton, I.; Barnes, J (2007). "Impact of atmospheric ozone-enrichment on quality-related attributes of tomato fruit".
9077:
or shrinkage is the common mode of failure of elastomers with exposure to ozone. Ozone cracking is the common mode of failure of elastomer seals like
13600:
Vanwinge, C.; Gilles, C.; Gerard, C.; Blacher, S.; Noel, A.; Cataldo, D.; Rocks, N. (2017). "A Role For Ozone Pollution In Lung Cancer Progression".
10680:
10448:
10214:) thereby making it possible to dissolve them out from contaminated soil. If contaminated soil is pre-treated with ozone, the extraction efficacy of
6812:
where "M" denotes the third body that carries off the excess energy of the reaction. The ozone molecule can then absorb a UV-C photon and dissociate
8099:(EPA) has proposed a secondary regulation to reduce crop damage, in addition to the primary regulation designed for the protection of human health.
1416:
ozone, so far attained, is that it causes irritation and œdema of the lungs, and death if inhaled in relatively strong concentration for any time."
17191:
16893:
16510:
15532:
Mujovic, Selman; Foster, John E. (2018). "Plasma Physics and Chemistry for Water Reuse: Scaling the Plasma-Water Interface as an AOP Alternative".
11984:
8987:. In most EOG methods, the hydrogen gas will be removed to leave oxygen and ozone as the only reaction products. Therefore, EOG can achieve higher
1219:, a higher concentration in the ozone layer (from two to eight ppm) is beneficial, preventing damaging UV light from reaching the Earth's surface.
15920:
15494:
World Health Organization. (2003). "Atrazine in drinking-water: background document for development of WHO guidelines for drinking-water quality".
14072:
11929:
9160:
inside the unit. Large motors that use brushes, such as those used by elevators or hydraulic pumps, will generate more ozone than smaller motors.
9069:
may be used with the restriction of constant mechanical forces and absence of humidity (humidity limitations apply depending on the formulation).
8243:
used to be a serious problem in car tires, for example, but it is not an issue with modern tires. On the other hand, many critical products, like
17548:
16877:
15048:
13679:
10272:
8432:
inflammatory chemicals called "cytokines" after exposure to ozone, which may contribute to airway hyperreactivity and worsening asthma symptoms.
4468:
one that determines the rate of product formation, and considering that this step gives rise to two oxygen molecules the rate law has this form:
16134:
Keutgen, A.J.; Pawelzik, E. (2008). "Influence of pre-harvest ozone exposure on quality of strawberry fruit under simulated retail conditions".
14865:
12462:
Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Regional Air Quality Council, & North Front Range Metropolitan Planning Organization.
10825:
8080:
HO• and this plays a part in the removal of hydrocarbons from the air, but is also the first step in the creation of components of smog such as
17218:
16607:
12672:
Liu, Wei; Hegglin, Michaela I.; Checa-Garcia, Ramiro; Li, Shouwei; Gillett, Nathan P.; Lyu, Kewei; Zhang, Xuebin; Swart, Neil C. (April 2022).
7958:
8091:
There is evidence of significant reduction in agricultural yields because of increased ground-level ozone and pollution which interferes with
17764:
17161:
15927:
14993:
9781:
9600:
power source. The other side of the power source should be connected to another piece of foil wrapped around the outer tube. A source of dry
8474:
8279:
Ozone with an anthropogenic "fingerprint" contributes to global warming and climate change, especially when present in the upper troposphere.
8096:
3351:, at a temperature of −78 °C. After a sequence of cleavage and rearrangement, an organic ozonide is formed. With reductive workup (e.g.
15149:
12407:"Investigation of the influence of transport from oil and natural gas regions on elevated ozone levels in the northern Colorado front range"
17312:
16760:
16522:
14652:
11334:
435:
49:
3313:
17223:
12031:
8935:
8155:
is the 14th most ozone-polluted area in the U.S. The problem of high ozone levels is not new to this area. In 2004, the EPA allotted the
8152:
8036:
7724:
15290:
10912:
8689:, one British folk myth held that the smell of the sea was caused by ozone. In fact, the characteristic "smell of the sea" is caused by
8123:. Houston has a reading of around 41 nmol/mol, while Mexico City is far more hazardous, with a reading of about 125 nmol/mol.
6536:
There are additional absorption bands in the far UV, which increase slowly from 200 nm down to reaching a maximum at ~120 nm.
16870:
16537:
16207:
Plaue, J.W.; Czerwinski, K.R. (2003). "The influence of ozone on ligand-assisted extraction of 239Pu and 241Am from rocky flats soil".
15859:(the report also shows that tapwater removes 99.95% of pathogens from lettuce; samples were inoculated with pathogens before treatment)
13741:
4796:
3515:
3393:
12002:
8494:
6981:
chemicals and in the first and second decade of the 21st century the beginning of the recovery of stratospheric ozone concentrations.
18091:
17407:
15068:
10516:
8374:
8301:
5110:
4555:
14949:
11856:
10889:
8239:, such as waxes, which bond to the surface to create a protective film or blend with the material and provide long term protection.
6818:
4341:
15110:
10600:
9572:
2471:
2336:
11454:
Solomons, T.W. Graham & Fryhle, Craig B. (2008). "Chapter 8 Alkenes and Alkynes – Part II: Addition Reactions and Synthesis".
9811:
Ozone generators were made available to schools and universities in Wales for the Autumn term 2021, to disinfect classrooms after
5323:
2990:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{\ce {S + H2O + O3 -> H2SO4}}\\&{\ce {3 SO2 + 3 H2O + O3 -> 3 H2SO4}}\end{aligned}}}
1482:
or fluorocarbons, in which it forms a blue solution. At 161 K (−112 °C; −170 °F), it condenses to form a dark blue
40:
15870:
15405:
Gallard, Hervé; Gunten, Urs von (2002). "Chlorination of natural organic matter: kinetics of chlorination and of THM formation".
12060:
11870:
11624:
10844:
10057:
6377:
14449:
metabolite profile, antioxidant potential, anti-inflammatory property, and quality of red pepper fruit from Capsicum baccatum".
12364:
10249:
The use of ozone for the treatment of medical conditions is not supported by high quality evidence, and is generally considered
9792:
forms of most pathogens are very tolerant of atmospheric ozone in concentrations at which asthma patients start to have issues.
8947:
for expensive off-gas mechanisms, and no need for air driers or oxygen concentrators which require extra costs and maintenance.
3653:
3647:
Ozone could also react with potassium iodide to give oxygen and iodine gas that can be titrated for quantitative determination:
17623:
17382:
17302:
14153:
8628:
8388:
The American Lung Association has identified five populations who are especially vulnerable to the effects of breathing ozone:
3285:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{\ce {H2S + O3 -> S + O2 + H2O}}\\&{\ce {3 H2S + 4 O3 -> 3 H2SO4}}\end{aligned}}}
14609:
12601:
8338:. This means that over a 20-year span, the global warming potential of tropospheric ozone is much less, roughly 62 to 69 tons
8147:
As mentioned above, Denver, Colorado, is one of the many cities in the U.S. that have high amounts of ozone. According to the
6572:
The standard way to express total ozone levels (the amount of ozone in a given vertical column) in the atmosphere is by using
16390:
15904:
15261:
15031:
12105:
11908:
11787:
11762:
11737:
11548:
11463:
11438:
11413:
11178:
11121:
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10100:
saltwater (with life forms) provides enough "instantaneous demand" that controlled amounts of ozone activate bromide ions to
8380:
system. Early death and problems in reproductive health and development are also shown to be associated with ozone exposure.
7943:
3786:
1493:
Most people can detect about 0.01 μmol/mol of ozone in air where it has a very specific sharp odour somewhat resembling
722:
277:
18004:
14036:
1478:
Ozone is a colourless or pale blue gas, slightly soluble in water and much more soluble in inert non-polar solvents such as
16161:
Lestan, D.; Hanc, A.; Finzgar, N. (2005). "Influence of ozonation on extractability of Pb and Zn from contaminated soils".
10044:
Ozonated water is used to launder clothes and to sanitize food, drinking water, and surfaces in the home. According to the
8605:
7217:
14634:
6172:
2714:
15844:
13720:
7344:
7264:
4680:
15448:
Croué, J. P.; Koudjonou, B. K.; Legube, B. (1996). "Parameters affecting the formation of bromate ion during ozonation".
11169:
Brown, Theodore L.; LeMay, H. Eugene Jr.; Bursten, Bruce E.; Burdge, Julia R. (2003) . "22". In Nicole Folchetti (ed.).
11104:
Block, J. H. (1986), Vanselow, R.; Howe, R. (eds.), "Georg-Maria Schwab: Early Endeavours in the Science of Catalysis",
5473:
18256:
16600:
15829:
13991:
12660:
NASA GODDARD HOMEPAGE FOR TROPOSPHERIC OZONE NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Code 613.3, Chemistry and Dynamics Branch
10381:
This includes Adams, Arapahoe, Boulder, Broomfield, Denver, Douglas, Jefferson, and parts of Larimer and Weld counties.
8939:
7938:
7852:
7294:
1251:
2609:
2076:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{\ce {Cu + O3 -> CuO + O2}}\\&{\ce {Ag + O3 -> AgO + O2}}\end{aligned}}}
18156:
16483:
16408:
14239:
11804:
11203:
10045:
9796:
8334:. However, tropospheric ozone is a short-lived greenhouse gas, which decays in the atmosphere much more quickly than
7794:
7699:
6293:
3014:
1632:
1424:
400:
12855:
12558:
9578:
In the net reaction, three equivalents of water are converted into one equivalent of ozone and three equivalents of
6746:
6515:. This IR band is also used to detect ambient and atmospheric ozone although UV-based measurements are more common.
5233:
2196:
18400:
16753:
15505:
Khadre, M. A.; Yousef, A. E.; Kim, J-G. (2001). "Microbiological aspects of ozone applications in food: a review".
12626:
12485:
Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment. (n.d.). Colorado Air Quality. Retrieved March 20, 2019, from
3104:
solution, however, two competing simultaneous reactions occur, one to produce elemental sulfur, and one to produce
2105:
1410:
1255:
16564:
Institute for Space Studies (GISS) study shows the warming effect of ozone in the Arctic during winter and spring.
12985:
Gent, J. F.; Triche, E. W.; Holford, T. R.; Belanger, K.; Bracken, M. B.; Beckett, W. S.; Leaderer, B. P. (2003).
12808:
12750:
Stewart, D. R.; Saunders, E.; Perea, R. A.; Fitzgerald, R.; Campbell, D. E.; Stockwell, W. R. (13 November 2017).
11282:
Mack, Kenneth M.; Muenter, J. S. (1977). "Stark and Zeeman properties of ozone from molecular beam spectroscopy".
1332:
1308:
1040:
18281:
15711:, Subrata Roy & Sherlie Portugal, "Compact portable plasma reactor", issued May 12, 2020.
14840:
13218:"Inhalation of fine particulate air pollution and ozone causes acute arterial vasoconstriction in healthy adults"
11068:
9785:
9640:
which will flow out the top port. This is called a Siemen's ozoniser. The reaction can be summarized as follows:
8840:
8029:
7739:
7502:
7084:
1154:. It is present in very low concentrations throughout the atmosphere, with its highest concentration high in the
1028:
13978:
9767:
mandates that these systems introduce an amount of chlorine to maintain a minimum of 0.2 μmol/mol residual
13683:
11383:"Electrochemical Production of High-Concentration Ozone-Water Using Freestanding Perforated Diamond Electrodes"
10444:"On the Refraction and Dispersion of the Halogens, Halogen Acids, Ozone, Steam Oxides of Nitrogen, and Ammonia"
9073:
may be used with the restriction that no water comes in contact with it, except for normal atmospheric levels.
8481:
8469:
Ozone generators sold as air cleaners intentionally produce the gas ozone. These are often marketed to control
1614:
16567:
16244:"Interactive effects of ozone and carbon dioxide on plant-pollinator interactions and yields in a legume crop"
10961:
6894:
4277:
4125:
4018:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{\ce {H + O3 -> HO2 + O}}\\&{\ce {2 HO2 -> H2O4}}\end{aligned}}}
62:
18390:
18206:
16593:
16356:
15459:
Siddiqui, Mohamed S.; Amy, Gary L. (1993). "Factors affecting DBP formation during ozone–bromide reactions".
13347:
Crouse, D. L.; Peters, P. A.; Hystad, P.; Brook, J. R.; van Donkelaar, A.; Martin, R. V.; Brauer, M. (2015).
12827:
8624:
7974:
7424:
5205:. Derivatives of this anion are explosive and must be stored at cryogenic temperatures. Ozonides for all the
4921:
Finally, the mechanism presented allows to establish the rate observed experimentally, with a rate constant (
860:
102:
13257:
Zanobetti, A.; Canner, M. J.; Stone, P. H.; Schwartz, J.; Sher, D.; Eagan-Bengston, E.; Gold, D. R. (2004).
10804:
Schönbein, Christian Friedrich (1840). "Research on the nature of the odour in certain chemical reactions".
8872:
methods. New electrolytic methods can achieve up 20% to 30% dissolved ozone concentrations in output water.
4221:
4067:
1667:
18241:
13932:"The exposure-response curve for ozone and risk of mortality and the adequacy of current ozone regulations"
13169:"Ambient particulate air pollution and cardiac arrhythmia in a panel of older adults in Steubenville, Ohio"
12299:"Inequity in consumption of goods and services adds to racial–ethnic disparities in air pollution exposure"
11671:
Batakliev, Todor; Georgiev, Vladimir; Anachkov, Metody; Rakovsky, Slavcho; Zaikov, Gennadi E. (June 2014).
10746:
10543:
Batakliev, Todor; Georgiev, Vladimir; Anachkov, Metody; Rakovsky, Slavcho; Zaikov, Gennadi E. (June 2014).
10340:
10021:
8960:
8931:
8755:. Moreover, it is believed that the powerful oxidizing properties of ozone may be a contributing factor of
7512:
7364:
7339:
7134:
1921:{\displaystyle {\ce {O3_{(g)}{}+ 2H+{}+ 2e- <=> O2_{(g)}{}+ H2O}}\quad (E^{\circ }={\text{2.075 V}})}
343:
224:
16284:
15326:
Siemens, Werner (1857). "About the electrostatic induction and the delay of the current in bottle wires".
11479:
Al-Baarri, A. N.; Legowo, A. M.; Abduh, S. B. M.; Mawarid, A. A.; Farizha, K. M.; Silvia, M. (June 2019).
10696:
10443:
8570:
There is a great deal of evidence to show that ground-level ozone can harm lung function and irritate the
1184:
structure was determined in 1865. The molecule was later proven to have a bent structure and to be weakly
772:
17437:
16746:
16634:
16561:
15708:
13298:
Turner, M. C.; Jerrett, M.; Pope, III; Krewski, D.; Gapstur, S. M.; Diver, W. R.; Burnett, R. T. (2016).
11943:
Matsumi, Yutaka; Kawasaki, Masahiro (2003). "Photolysis of Atmospheric Ozone in the Ultraviolet Region".
10309:
7623:
7374:
4474:
3310:, giving alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids, depending on the second step of the workup.
1401:
364:
166:
16507:
11981:
11069:"The History of Ozone. IV. The Isolation of Pure Ozone and Determination of its Physical Properties (1)"
9911:
Clean and bleach fabrics (the former use is utilized in fabric restoration; the latter use is patented);
9646:
782:
14710:
Dohan, J. M.; W. J. Masschelein (1987). "Photochemical Generation of Ozone: Present State-of-the-Art".
12463:
12006:
11316:
Half-life time of ozone as a function of air conditions and movement McClurkin, J.D.*#1, Maier, D.E.2.
9176:
9034:
between 3,000 and 20,000 volts. Applied voltage is usually inversely related to the applied frequency.
8050:
8022:
7379:
7229:
955:
942:
72:
15551:
Guzel-Seydim, Zeynep B.; Greene, Annel K.; Seydim, A. C. (2004). "Use of ozone in the food industry".
12675:"Stratospheric ozone depletion and tropospheric ozone increases drive Southern Ocean interior warming"
12363:
American Lung Association. (n.d.). How healthy is the air you breathe? Retrieved March 20, 2019, from
10630:
6648:
18420:
18415:
18410:
18405:
18196:
18191:
17372:
16534:—Video of Nobel Laureate Paul Crutzen talking to Nobel Laureate Harry Kroto by the Vega Science Trust
15178:
13619:
Ware, L. B.; Zhao, Z.; Koyama, T.; May, A. K.; Matthay, M. A.; Lurmann, F. W.; Calfee, C. S. (2016).
12987:"Association of low-level ozone and fine particles with respiratory symptoms in children with asthma"
12525:
Yu, Xinyuan; Fiore, Arlene M.; Santer, Benjamin D.; Correa, Gustavo P.; et al. (2 August 2024).
10069:
9112:
8633:
8601:
8339:
8323:
8165:
8148:
8132:
8054:
7754:
7719:
7679:
7332:
7299:
7149:
3329:
product. If the reaction is performed in the presence of water, the anhydride hydrolyzes to give two
236:
15627:
Choudhury, Bhaswati; Portugal, Sherlie; Mastanaiah, Navya; Johnson, Judith A.; Roy, Subrata (2018).
13551:
Malig, B. J.; Pearson, D. L.; Chang, Y. B.; Broadwin, R.; Basu, R.; Green, R. S.; Ostro, B. (2015).
9755:
compounds, nor does it remain in the water after treatment. Ozone can form the suspected carcinogen
1339:. In 1839, he succeeded in isolating the gaseous chemical and named it "ozone", from the Greek word
294:
18236:
16465:
16461:
16445:
15135:
13621:"Long-term ozone exposure increases the risk of developing the acute respiratory distress syndrome"
12853:
11926:"The MPI-Mainz UV/VIS Spectral Atlas of Gaseous Molecules of Atmospheric Interest: O2, Lyman-alpha"
11405:
10033:
9091:
in ozone concentrations below 1 wt%, such as in equipment for accelerated aging of rubber samples.
8852:
8319:
8156:
8049:
Low level ozone (or tropospheric ozone) is an atmospheric pollutant. It is not emitted directly by
7749:
7369:
7304:
7241:
6631:
1459:
381:
288:
15001:
13126:
Gold, D. R.; Litonjua, A.; Schwartz, J.; Lovett, E.; Larson, A.; Nearing, B.; Verrier, R. (2000).
12752:"Linking Air Quality and Human Health Effects Models: An Application to the Los Angeles Air Basin"
12527:"Anthropogenic Fingerprint Detectable in Upper Tropospheric Ozone Trends Retrieved from Satellite"
11969:
See the graphical absorption of ozone in two of its absorption bands, as a function of wavelength.
8763:
to the production of ozone. In this system, ozone is produced by antibody-catalyzed production of
1400:
and difficulty breathing occurred as a result of inhaling ozone, and small mammals died. In 1911,
777:
18316:
16334:
15157:
14621:
14171:
9848:
plants can make effective use of dissolved ozone as a replacement to chemical sanitizers such as
9764:
9062:
8988:
8771:
8304:
7779:
7734:
7354:
3885:
Ozone can react at cryogenic temperatures. At 77 K (−196.2 °C; −321.1 °F), atomic
1603:
1536:
591:
16519:
14656:
11365:
11108:, Springer Series in Surface Sciences, vol. 5, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 1–8,
10877:
Henry Henshaw to William Brewster, July 2, 1902, Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology Archives.
10868:
Redlands Chamber of Commerce Collection, City Archives, A.K. Smiley Public Library, Redlands, CA
10096:. Gaseous ozone created by ultraviolet light or by corona discharge is injected into the water.
1315:
18395:
18385:
18171:
17136:
17046:
16923:
16918:
12165:
Diem, Jeremy E.; Stauber, Christine E.; Rothenberg, Richard (2017-05-16). Añel, Juan A. (ed.).
9979:
9905:(agglomeration of molecules, which aids in filtration, where the iron and arsenic are removed);
9058:
8405:
7917:
7404:
6604:
1610:
1509:
698:
20:
15808:
International Journal of Chemical, Molecular, Nuclear, Materials and Metallurgical Engineering
15251:
12580:
12167:"Heat in the southeastern United States: Characteristics, trends, and potential health impact"
12035:
10938:
10648:
8068:
and thus begins their removal from the air, but the products are themselves key components of
8061:
that react to form ozone directly at the source of the pollution or many kilometers downwind.
6533:
ambient concentrations of ozone, but are so weak that they do not have much practical effect.
787:
18226:
18201:
17839:
17457:
17004:
16382:
14876:
12728:
12234:"Long-term Changes in Extreme Air Pollution Meteorology and the Implications for Air Quality"
9593:
9216:
8964:
8705:
An investigation to assess the joint mortality effects of ozone and heat during the European
8326:/tons tropospheric ozone. This means on a per-molecule basis, ozone in the troposphere has a
8284:
8275:
8264:
7887:
7729:
7595:
7507:
7204:
2309:
1544:
1151:
815:
765:
667:
644:
92:
14111:"Asthma admissions and thunderstorms: a study of pollen, fungal spores, rainfall, and ozone"
11496:
11397:
10777:
8612:
are based on detailed studies designed to identify the levels that can cause measurable ill
18287:
18271:
17896:
17267:
17238:
17119:
16943:
16616:
16403:. Series in Plasma Physics. Bristol and Philadelphia: Institute of Physics Publishing Ltd;
16296:
16255:
16170:
16054:
15990:
15779:
15736:
15648:
15591:
15468:
15414:
15379:
14923:
14789:
14754:
14719:
14540:
14458:
14403:
14356:
14304:
13515:
12951:
12908:
12763:
12687:
12659:
12418:
12310:
12245:
12178:
12137:
12010:
11573:
11492:
11349:
11291:
11256:
11007:
10649:"electrochemical reaction | Definition, Process, Types, Examples, & Facts | Britannica"
10457:
10365:
10250:
9728:
9121:
8675:
7429:
7162:
6568:
Total ozone concentration in June 2000 as measured by the NASA EP-TOMS satellite instrument
2291:
1479:
1392:
1369:
1235:
792:
554:
352:
206:
142:
15845:"POU Ozone Food Sanitation: A Viable Option for Consumers & the Food Service Industry"
15637:
in an open water system with ozone generated by a compact, atmospheric DBD plasma reactor"
15076:
14345:
13216:
Brook, R. D.; Brook, J. R.; Urch, B.; Vincent, R.; Rajagopalan, S.; Silverman, F. (2002).
12376:
3363:), ketones and aldehydes will be formed, with oxidative workup (e.g. aqueous or alcoholic
1656:. It is also unstable at high concentrations, decaying into ordinary diatomic oxygen. Its
8:
18231:
18211:
18024:
17714:
17202:
17066:
17041:
17009:
16928:
16542:
15604:
15579:
14957:
13167:
Sarnat, S. E.; Suh, H. H.; Coull, B. A.; Schwartz, J.; Stone, P. H.; Gold, D. R. (2006).
12498:
Layer, Robert W.; Lattimer, Robert P. (July 1990). "Protection of Rubber against Ozone".
11505:
11480:
11398:
10820:
10335:
10262:
9748:
9164:
9141:
8908:
8594:
8160:
8081:
7764:
7709:
7674:
7600:
7527:
7477:
7472:
7457:
7114:
6552:
5314:
3893:
1362:
1189:
132:
16300:
16259:
16174:
16058:
15994:
15783:
15740:
15652:
15595:
15472:
15418:
15383:
15194:
14927:
14793:
14758:
14723:
14544:
14462:
14407:
14360:
14308:
14273:
14059:
13519:
12955:
12912:
12767:
12691:
12549:
12526:
12422:
12314:
12249:
12182:
12141:
11577:
11353:
11295:
11260:
11011:
10461:
1335:
noticed the same pungent odour and recognized it as the smell often following a bolt of
186:
18425:
18329:
18251:
18221:
18166:
18043:
18019:
17518:
17452:
17317:
17277:
17128:
17091:
17051:
17030:
16973:
16948:
16787:
16769:
16552:
16414:
United States Environmental Protection Agency. Risk and Benefits Group. (August 2014).
16312:
16224:
15752:
15669:
15628:
15518:
15480:
15232:
15216:
14581:
14564:
14328:
13956:
13931:
13915:
13890:
13839:
13814:
13790:
13765:
13645:
13620:
13577:
13552:
13479:
13454:
13430:
13397:
13373:
13348:
13324:
13299:
13275:
13258:
13234:
13217:
13193:
13168:
13063:
13038:
12784:
12751:
12711:
12486:
12341:
12298:
12274:
12233:
12209:
12166:
12086:
11705:
11672:
11518:
10577:
10544:
10167:
9832:
9800:
8836:
8571:
8559:
8551:
8507:
8470:
8362:
8140:
8069:
7998:
7759:
7635:
7397:
7179:
7119:
7089:
7038:
7029:
7025:
6966:
6740:
followed by reaction of the oxygen atom with another molecule of oxygen to form ozone.
6507:
5456:
5097:{\displaystyle V={K_{\text{obs}}\cdot ^{2} \over }=K_{\text{obs}}\cdot ^{2}\cdot ^{-1}}
1516:
1455:
1324:
1216:
656:
385:
228:
16182:
16147:
16120:
16002:
15966:
15949:
15874:
15426:
12064:
11878:
11481:"Production of Ozone and the Simple Detection using Potassium Iodide Titration Method"
11048:
10848:
8053:
or by industrial operations, but formed by the reaction of sunlight on air containing
4790:
Then using these equations, the formation rate of molecular oxygen is as shown below:
18276:
17859:
17759:
17729:
17647:
17387:
17272:
17228:
17176:
16983:
16978:
16910:
16404:
16386:
16350:
16316:
16186:
16030:
15900:
15756:
15674:
15609:
15430:
15257:
15224:
15027:
14683:
14568:
14556:
14528:
14482:
14474:
14427:
14419:
14372:
14320:
14277:
14193:
14132:
13961:
13844:
13795:
13697:
13650:
13582:
13533:
13484:
13435:
13417:
13378:
13329:
13280:
13239:
13198:
13149:
13068:
13008:
12967:
12924:
12789:
12715:
12703:
12674:
12444:
12436:
12346:
12328:
12279:
12261:
12214:
12196:
12101:
11960:
11904:
11783:
11758:
11733:
11710:
11692:
11597:
11589:
11544:
11522:
11510:
11459:
11434:
11409:
11382:
11268:
11199:
11174:
11117:
11076:
10784:
10688:
10582:
10564:
10052:
regulations to provide for the safe use of ozone in gaseous and aqueous phases as an
9948:
9740:
9732:
9022:) absolute in oxygen and 3 bars (300 kPa) absolute in air. Several megawatts of
8732:
8668:
8516:
8347:
8327:
8308:
8231:
7647:
7570:
7563:
7517:
7384:
7174:
7169:
7079:
6974:
3777:
3384:
3364:
2176:
1176:
998:
16862:
16308:
16228:
15236:
14332:
14150:
3765:
reactions and combustible gases; ozone provides higher temperatures than burning in
18353:
18341:
18261:
18161:
18066:
18014:
17447:
17322:
17287:
17208:
17196:
17156:
17061:
16994:
16772:
16557:
16374:
16304:
16263:
16216:
16178:
16143:
16116:
16089:
16062:
16026:
15998:
15961:
15787:
15744:
15664:
15656:
15599:
15560:
15514:
15476:
15422:
15387:
15356:
US Environmental Protection Agency. (2009). "Drinking Water Treatability Database".
15335:
15208:
14931:
14797:
14762:
14727:
14548:
14466:
14411:
14364:
14312:
14269:
14231:
14183:
14122:
14109:
Anderson, W.; G.J. Prescott; S. Packham; J. Mullins; M. Brookes; A. Seaton (2001).
13951:
13943:
13910:
13902:
13871:
13834:
13826:
13785:
13777:
13640:
13632:
13572:
13564:
13523:
13474:
13466:
13425:
13409:
13368:
13360:
13319:
13311:
13270:
13229:
13188:
13180:
13139:
13058:
13050:
12998:
12959:
12916:
12779:
12771:
12695:
12605:
12559:"Scientists find a human 'fingerprint' in the upper troposphere's increasing ozone"
12544:
12534:
12507:
12426:
12336:
12318:
12269:
12253:
12204:
12186:
12145:
12093:
12003:"Multimodel ensemble simulations of present-day and near-future tropospheric ozone"
11982:
Health Aspects of Air Pollution with Particulate Matter, Ozone and Nitrogen Dioxide
11952:
11700:
11684:
11581:
11500:
11357:
11317:
11299:
11264:
11109:
11044:
11015:
10720:
10572:
10556:
10525:
10465:
10369:
10179:
10101:
9975:
9891:
9153:
9027:
8956:
8894:
8752:
8740:
8690:
8532:
8077:
7907:
7804:
7744:
7630:
7583:
7532:
7492:
7467:
7452:
7434:
7409:
7349:
7234:
7184:
6548:
The distribution of atmospheric ozone in partial pressure as a function of altitude
6159:
5552:
3380:
3360:
3005:
2705:
2701:
2462:
2454:
2096:
1560:
1397:
1381:
1354:
1090:
1058:
604:
583:
536:
458:
16066:
15748:
13528:
13503:
12723:
12431:
12406:
11857:"The MPI-Mainz UV/VIS Spectral Atlas of Gaseous Molecules of Atmospheric Interest"
10206:. EDTA forms strong, water-soluble coordination compounds with some heavy metals (
8488:) meeting their indoor ozone limit of 0.050 parts per million. From that article:
6584:
in μg/m. The study of ozone concentration in the atmosphere started in the 1920s.
6276:
These three reactions are central in the use of ozone-based well water treatment.
316:
17949:
17924:
17462:
17402:
17186:
17086:
17071:
17056:
16963:
16953:
16526:
16514:
16268:
16243:
14872:
14816:
14470:
14415:
14368:
14157:
13724:
13455:"Chronic exposure to ambient ozone and asthma hospital admissions among children"
12191:
11988:
11321:
10294:
9935:
9929:
9724:
9168:
9116:
9084:
9042:
7692:
7652:
7522:
7487:
7419:
7359:
7287:
7224:
7124:
6978:
6608:
3506:
3348:
3330:
2187:
1960:
1727:
of ozone can be triggered by a spark and can occur in ozone concentrations of 10
1567:. Naturally occurring ozone can be composed of substituted isotopes (O, O, O). A
1494:
681:
255:
16568:
Ground-level ozone information from the American Lung Association of New England
16220:
16093:
15391:
14779:
14678:
14596:: NIOSH Chemical Listing and Documentation of Revised IDLH Values (as of 3/1/95)
13093:
11113:
8574:. Exposure to ozone (and the pollutants that produce it) is linked to premature
8546:
are a group of pollutants, predominantly those emitted during the combustion of
18380:
18186:
18151:
17934:
17824:
17789:
17774:
17709:
17704:
17603:
17503:
17422:
17397:
17362:
17307:
17282:
17151:
16999:
16659:
16653:
16453:
15660:
14594:
Documentation for Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH)
14593:
14552:
14260:
Smith, LL (2004). "Oxygen, oxysterols, ouabain, and ozone: a cautionary tale".
14188:
14096:
13875:
13636:
13315:
13144:
13127:
13114:
12699:
12150:
12125:
12032:"Rising Ozone Levels Pose Challenge to U.S. Soybean Production, Scientists Say"
11564:
Menzel, D. B. (1984). "Ozone: an overview of its toxicity in man and animals".
10492:
10009:
9849:
9772:
9752:
9612:
is applied to the bottom port. When high voltage is applied to the foil leads,
9200:
9149:
9124:
generate significant levels of ozone. This is especially true of devices using
9041:
Because of the high reactivity of ozone, only a few materials may be used like
9023:
8920:
8899:
8728:
8609:
8511:
8359:
8351:
8335:
8331:
8312:
8297:
8288:
8260:
8257:
8240:
8227:
8223:
8207:
8197:
8112:
8092:
8058:
8010:
7814:
7714:
7669:
7662:
7657:
7414:
7109:
6557:
6512:
6163:
3322:
2800:
2600:
1267:
1193:
1011:
990:
881:
578:
568:
16738:
16547:
16502:
15851:
15564:
14913:
14745:
Foller, Peter C.; Tobias, Charles W. (1982). "The Anodic Evolution of Ozone".
14731:
13717:
13054:
11585:
11361:
11333:
Koike, K; Nifuku, M; Izumi, K; Nakamura, S; Fujiwara, S; Horiguchi, S (2005).
10412:
907:
18430:
18374:
18216:
18071:
17954:
17929:
17910:
17854:
17734:
17692:
17687:
17427:
17417:
17377:
17252:
17146:
17101:
17076:
16958:
16938:
16797:
16531:
15339:
14500:
14478:
14423:
14127:
14110:
13421:
13003:
12986:
12775:
12707:
12440:
12332:
12265:
12200:
11696:
11593:
11514:
10568:
10314:
10304:
10244:
10192:
10053:
10049:
9867:
with reduced chemical consumption, water bleed-off and increased performance.
9860:
9768:
9219:
9133:
9074:
9019:
8993:
8775:
8760:
8694:
8686:
8613:
8527:
7993:
7829:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7067:
6639:
6581:
6577:
4058:
3105:
2792:
1528:
1373:
1270:
neuter present participle for smell, referring to ozone's distinctive smell.
561:
525:
515:
217:
16572:
14316:
13667:
13184:
12539:
12323:
11688:
10560:
10430:
9191:
A laboratory method for the preparation of ozone by using Siemen's Ozoniser.
6521:
All of the bands are dissociative, meaning that the molecule falls apart to
4042:
There are two other possibilities for the ozone decomposition in gas phase:
18292:
18146:
17999:
17939:
17919:
17891:
17819:
17699:
17682:
17637:
17588:
17493:
17213:
17166:
17014:
16683:
16190:
15678:
15613:
15434:
15228:
15053:
14560:
14486:
14431:
14376:
14324:
14281:
14197:
14136:
13965:
13848:
13799:
13654:
13586:
13537:
13488:
13439:
13382:
13333:
13284:
13243:
13202:
13153:
13072:
13012:
12971:
12963:
12920:
12793:
12448:
12350:
12283:
12218:
11964:
11714:
11655:
11020:
10995:
10586:
10470:
10267:
9902:
9853:
9831:
air and objects, such as after a fire. This process is extensively used in
9589:
9586:
9196:
9125:
8998:
8756:
8748:
8736:
8587:
8547:
7862:
7824:
7809:
7640:
7605:
7550:
7269:
7129:
6614:
5206:
2092:
1724:
1574:
1568:
1428:
1405:
1377:
1228:
1159:
1002:
14447:
13906:
13830:
13413:
12928:
11601:
8593:
Long-term exposure to ozone has been shown to increase risk of death from
6989:
873:
27:
18266:
18176:
18141:
18108:
18034:
18009:
17849:
17754:
17724:
17608:
17523:
17513:
17243:
17171:
16817:
16700:
15950:"Diseases encountered in rainbow trout cultured in recirculating systems"
14108:
13781:
13259:"Ambient pollution and blood pressure in cardiac rehabilitation patients"
13037:
Al-Hegelan, M.; Tighe, R. M.; Castillo, C.; Hollingsworth, J. W. (2011).
12854:
American Lung Association Scientific and Medical Editorial Review Panel.
12124:
Sharma, Sumit; Sharma, Prateek; Khare, Mukesh; Kwatra, Swati (May 2016).
10128:
9613:
9222:
9145:
9137:
9129:
8832:
PEL. Continuous monitors for ozone are available from several suppliers.
8555:
8520:
8485:
8355:
8236:
8219:
8172:
8116:
7784:
7482:
7462:
7099:
7013:
6618:
6593:
6573:
5828:
3356:
1552:
1548:
1439:
1432:
1420:
1388:
1185:
1155:
1147:
880:
629:
13992:"DIRECTIVE 2008/50/EC on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe"
13568:
13364:
12630:
10529:
8967:
must be used to separate the metallic electrodes and to prevent arcing.
8856:
Ozone production demonstration, Fixed Nitrogen Research Laboratory, 1926
8202:
4052:
1215:. While this makes ozone a potent respiratory hazard and pollutant near
859:
18181:
18123:
18086:
18061:
17959:
17769:
17632:
16716:
15804:
15365:
15363:
15279:"Enzone Bleaching Sequence and Color Reversion of Ozone-Bleached Pulps"
14935:
14505:"Ozone harms East Asian crops, costing $ 63 bln a year, scientists say"
10330:
10113:
9952:
9864:
9015:
8789:
8785:
8780:
8764:
8724:
8718:
8583:
8073:
7834:
7590:
7094:
6995:
6970:
3890:
3762:
3307:
3301:
1617: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1556:
1274:
866:
547:
474:
267:
237:
197:
16553:
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Ozone Information
16043:
15791:
15220:
14801:
14766:
14235:
13470:
12511:
12257:
11956:
10202:
Ozone facilitates the extraction of some heavy metals from soil using
9187:
8888:
A homemade ozone generator. Ozone is produced in the corona discharge.
8884:
8171:
One large contributor to high ozone levels in the area is the oil and
6994:
formation of the ozone layer, when single oxygen atoms produced by UV
6564:
18113:
17978:
17814:
17618:
17498:
17352:
17327:
16837:
16807:
16416:
16399:
Becker, K. H., U. Kogelschatz, K. H. Schoenbach, R. J. Barker (ed.).
15315:. Research Triangle Park, N.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
15104:"Application of Ozonation in Sanitizing Vegetable Process Washwaters"
14073:"Federal Register | National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ozone"
13947:
13300:"Long-term ozone exposure and mortality in a large prospective study"
11453:
11303:
11136:
10284:
10223:
10219:
10196:
10081:
10073:
9924:
Age rubber samples to determine the useful life of a batch of rubber;
9915:
9841:
9828:
9226:
9172:
9157:
9050:
8903:
8839:, with levels depending on altitude and atmospheric turbulence. U.S.
8706:
8252:
8136:
7902:
7857:
7819:
7769:
7704:
7610:
7074:
7046:
7005:
6973:. The concern over the health effects of the decline led to the 1987
6961:
6671:
5820:
3897:
3503:
3001:
1657:
1646:
1524:
1336:
1107:
1106:. It is a pale blue gas with a distinctively pungent smell. It is an
994:
825:
16585:
16285:"Effects of ozone air pollution on crop pollinators and pollination"
15360:
14582:
What are the main health hazards associated with breathing in ozone?
13504:"Critical review of long-term ozone exposure and asthma development"
13036:
10229:
9673:
6710:
6544:
3338:
1592:
1010:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
18081:
17993:
17794:
17657:
17642:
17613:
17482:
17257:
17081:
17025:
17019:
16988:
16933:
16901:
16847:
16464:
external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into
15355:
15212:
15026:(3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 97.
11631:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 28 February 2022.
10319:
10093:
9971:
9960:
9876:
Scrub yeast and mold spores from the air in food processing plants;
9812:
9744:
9579:
9208:
9046:
8292:
8251:, may be attacked by ozone produced within compressed air systems.
8065:
7274:
3886:
3766:
3326:
1948:
1170:
1143:
1115:
1086:
832:
821:
15626:
15313:
Ozone Treatment of Cyanide-Bearing Wastes, EPA Report 600/2-77-104
15049:"Concerns over plan to use ozone to disinfect classrooms in Wales"
14744:
12097:
10410:
9879:
Wash fresh fruits and vegetables to kill yeast, mold and bacteria;
4911:{\displaystyle V={2K_{2}\cdot K_{1}\cdot ^{2} \over K_{-1}\cdot }}
4061:
cannot be determined by the stoichiometry of the fitted equation.
3637:{\displaystyle {\ce {I2 + 6 HClO4 + O3 -> 2 I(ClO4)3 + 3 H2O}}}
3488:{\displaystyle {\ce {3 SnCl2 + 6 HCl + O3 -> 3 SnCl4 + 3 H2O}}}
1535:² hybridized with one lone pair. Ozone is a polar molecule with a
1173:, and detectable by many people at concentrations of as little as
165:
18246:
18076:
18029:
17988:
17944:
17886:
17881:
17844:
17834:
17829:
17784:
17779:
17719:
17652:
17543:
17538:
17488:
17367:
17357:
17110:
16503:
European Environment Agency's near real-time ozone map (ozoneweb)
13502:
Zu, K.; Shi, L.; Prueitt, R. L.; Liu, X.; Goodman, J. E. (2018).
12629:. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2001. Archived from
11670:
10542:
10324:
10175:
10124:
10120:
10088:
10005:
9990:
9944:
9895:
9887:
9760:
9756:
9592:. In its simplest form, high voltage AC, such as the output of a
9204:
9088:
9078:
9070:
9031:
9026:
may be installed in large facilities, applied as single phase AC
8975:
Electrolytic ozone generation (EOG) splits water molecules into H
8744:
8563:
8536:
8215:
7054:
6284:
6280:
5548:
5190:
3306:
Alkenes can be oxidatively cleaved by ozone, in a process called
3101:
2697:
2693:
2458:
1952:
1723:
This reaction proceeds more rapidly with increasing temperature.
1564:
1304:
1208:
867:
618:
1.2226 (liquid), 1.00052 (gas, STP, 546 nm—note high dispersion)
505:
303:
16106:
15980:
14294:
13862:
Wilson, Elizabeth K. (March 16, 2009). "Ozone's Health Impact".
12088:
Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Urban and Regional Air Pollution
9822:
Disinfect laundry in hospitals, food factories, care homes etc.;
8554:) is created near the Earth's surface by the action of daylight
5313:
Although KO3 can be formed as above, it can also be formed from
4669:{\displaystyle K_{1}={\frac {K_{1}}{K_{-1}}}={\frac {\cdot }{}}}
26:"Oxygen 3" redirects here. For the Jean-Michel Jarre album, see
18297:
18118:
18100:
17563:
17533:
17035:
16647:
14392:
12941:
12662:. Acdb-ext.gsfc.nasa.gov (2006-09-20). Retrieved on 2012-02-01.
11777:
11538:
10001:
9998:
9956:
9736:
9616:
will discharge between the dry dioxygen in the middle and form
8679:
8579:
8248:
8244:
8120:
8108:
7912:
7892:
7799:
7789:
7497:
6984:
6870:{\displaystyle {\ce {O3 -> O + O2}}+{\text{kinetic energy}}}
5175:{\displaystyle K_{\text{obs}}={2K_{2}\cdot K_{1} \over K_{-1}}}
4457:{\displaystyle V_{1}=K_{1}\cdot \qquad V_{2}=K_{2}\cdot \cdot }
3499:
2796:
2596:
1483:
1470:
1197:
1111:
15136:"Ozone may provide environmentally safe protection for grains"
14622:
Air Quality In Airplanes: Blame Ozone And Natural Oils On Skin
12749:
10072:-recommended limits stated above. Ozone can be used to remove
8792:
as well as a secondary condensation product via aldolization.
8697:. Victorian Britons considered the resulting smell "bracing".
2585:{\displaystyle {\ce {2 NH3 + 4 O3 -> NH4NO3 + 4 O2 + H2O}}}
2443:{\displaystyle {\ce {NO2 + ClO2 + 2 O3 -> NO2ClO4 + 2 O2}}}
17332:
15827:
15199:
From the Home Environment of a Colonized Hospital Employee".
11825:
10943:
The Practitioner: A Journal of Therapeutics and Public Health
10497:
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH)
10077:
9983:
9845:
9789:
9212:
9066:
9054:
8828:
8575:
7922:
7867:
5824:
5418:{\displaystyle {\ce {2 KOH + 5 O3 -> 2 KO3 + 5 O2 + H2O}}}
1956:
1940:
1540:
1520:
1487:
1438:
Until the 1920s, it was not certain whether small amounts of
1247:
1201:
327:
177:
155:
15830:"An Investigation of Ozone Emissions From Consumer Products"
15726:
13256:
12879:
8107:
Certain examples of cities with elevated ozone readings are
6638:
The process of ozone creation and destruction is called the
6491:{\displaystyle {\ce {(NH2)2CO + O3 -> N2 + CO2 + 2 H2O}}}
573:
55.7 atm (−12.15 °C or 10.13 °F or 261.00 K)
369:
16417:
Health Risk and Exposure Assessment for Ozone: Final Report
15707:
15691:
15580:"Ozone in indoor environments: concentration and chemistry"
13599:
12604:. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Archived from
12061:"Statewide Potential Crop Yield Losses From Ozone Exposure"
11478:
10215:
10211:
10207:
10203:
10112:"Ozonation" redirects here. For the chemical reaction, see
9994:
9883:
8955:
In the cold plasma method, pure oxygen gas is exposed to a
8267:
of the motor generates sparks which in turn produce ozone.
7897:
7144:
7139:
7104:
6368:
5816:
4930:) and corresponding to a first order kinetics, as follows:
3746:{\displaystyle {\ce {2KI + O3 + H2O -> 2KOH + O2 + I2}}}
3376:
3352:
1944:
1728:
1070:
1064:
968:
495:
15493:
13891:"Ozone Overload: Current Standards May Not Protect Health"
13625:
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
13304:
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
13125:
15109:. California Polytechnic State University. Archived from
14624:. Sciencedaily.com (2007-09-05). Retrieved on 2012-02-01.
13745:
13737:
13550:
12984:
12296:
11657:
Estudio cinético de la descomposición catalítica de ozono
11534:
11532:
10289:
10279:
International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer
9771:
in the pipes, based on results of regular testing. Where
9696:
9665:
9480:
9461:
9405:
9278:
9259:
8943:
8795:
8751:, which are highly reactive and capable of damaging many
6935:
6909:
6855:
6833:
6789:
6767:
6663:
6613:
The highest levels of ozone in the atmosphere are in the
6481:
6461:
6445:
6429:
6410:
6397:
6350:
6321:
6259:
6239:
6226:
6207:
6191:
6118:
6083:
6049:
6029:
5964:
5933:
5899:
5879:
5789:
5773:
5753:
5740:
5711:
5698:
5674:
5647:
5614:
5594:
5530:
5488:
5408:
5392:
5372:
5352:
5296:
5280:
5264:
5248:
5077:
5046:
5006:
4976:
4898:
4852:
4767:
4728:
4656:
4619:
4528:
4447:
4385:
4318:
4292:
4252:
4236:
4188:
4158:
4106:
4086:
4007:
3994:
3978:
3948:
3932:
3868:
3838:
3818:
3805:
3739:
3723:
3694:
3678:
3627:
3607:
3594:
3566:
3550:
3530:
3478:
3458:
3438:
3412:
3274:
3261:
3241:
3218:
3191:
3175:
3153:
3134:
3080:
3064:
3048:
3029:
2979:
2966:
2946:
2927:
2907:
2883:
2870:
2854:
2835:
2775:
2755:
2739:
2670:
2650:
2634:
2575:
2559:
2539:
2526:
2510:
2490:
2436:
2416:
2403:
2387:
2367:
2351:
2259:
2243:
2227:
2211:
2158:
2142:
2126:
2065:
2043:
2017:
1995:
1886:
1868:
1766:
1706:
1686:
1163:
16015:
15550:
13297:
12671:
11854:
11332:
9921:
Assist in processing plastics to allow adhesion of inks;
8144:
are less likely to be contributing to pollution levels.
3875:{\displaystyle {\ce {3 C4N2 + 4 O3 -> 12 CO + 3 N2}}}
16497:
16079:
15921:"Alternative Disinfectants and Oxidant Guidance Manual"
13346:
12123:
11335:"Explosion properties of highly concentrated ozone gas"
11168:
11000:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
10962:"THE HISTORY OF OZONE. THE SCHÖNBEIN PERIOD, 1839–1868"
10681:"The History of Ozone: The Schönbein Period, 1839–1868"
10226:
increases by 11.0–28.9%, 43.5% and 50.7% respectively.
8168:(VOC) emissions, which should help lower ozone levels.
2795:
can be produced from ozone, water and either elemental
15369:
14709:
14529:"Air pollution takes a bite out of Asia's grain crops"
14062:. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Proposed rule
13166:
12724:"Ozone may be heating the planet more than we realize"
12381:
Colorado Department of Public Health & Environment
11529:
11485:
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
10441:
9111:
by electrical discharges and by action of high energy
8942:. VUV ozone generators are used in swimming pools and
8523:
leaf, showing discolouration caused by ozone pollution
8283:
Although ozone was present at ground level before the
1828:
16:
Allotrope of oxygen (O₃) present in Earth's atmosphere
16892:
14866:¿Relámpagos del Catatumbo regeneran la capa de ozono?
14676:
13812:
13736:
13395:
13215:
12898:
12411:
Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association
12164:
11173:(9th ed.). Pearson Education. pp. 882–883.
11035:
Stoker, George (1916). "The Surgical Uses of Ozone".
10501:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
10417:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
10174:
Ozonate seawater is used for surface disinfection of
9908:
Manufacture chemical compounds via chemical synthesis
9649:
9238:
8709:
in 2003, concluded that these appear to be additive.
8095:
and stunts overall growth of some plant species. The
8064:
Ozone reacts directly with some hydrocarbons such as
6897:
6821:
6749:
6651:
6380:
6296:
6266:{\displaystyle {\ce {3 O3 + H2S -> H2SO3 + 3 O2}}}
6175:
5840:
5564:
5476:
5326:
5236:
5113:
4939:
4799:
4683:
4558:
4477:
4344:
4280:
4224:
4128:
4070:
4053:
Kinetics of ozone decomposition into molecular oxygen
3909:
3789:
3776:). The following is a reaction for the combustion of
3656:
3518:
3396:
3117:
3017:
2812:
2782:{\displaystyle {\ce {PbS + 4 O3 -> PbSO4 + 4 O2}}}
2717:
2612:
2474:
2339:
2199:
2108:
2086:
1972:
1743:
1670:
1547:
hybrid with two contributing structures, each with a
1073:
1067:
15534:
Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2018
15447:
14677:
Smith, L. I.; Greenwood, F. L.; Hudrlik, O. (1946).
14584:, Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety
12581:"Tropospheric Ozone in EU – The consolidated report"
12487:
https://www.colorado.gov/airquality/air_quality.aspx
12126:"Statistical behavior of ozone in urban environment"
12034:. NASA Earth Observatory. 2003-07-31. Archived from
11809:
NIST: National Institute of Standards and Technology
11342:
Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries
11198:(5th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 452.
10913:"Secrets of 'bracing' sea air bottled by scientists"
10514:
Streng, A. G. (1961). "Tables of Ozone Properties".
9898:, and complex organics lumped together as "colour");
4780:{\displaystyle ={\frac {K_{1}\cdot }{K_{-1}\cdot }}}
16401:
Non-Equilibrium Air Plasmas at Atmospheric Pressure
15769:
15101:
13742:"Health Effects of Ozone in the General Population"
13088:
13086:
13084:
13082:
12524:
10818:
8767:from water and neutrophil-produced singlet oxygen.
8743:and other biological systems (such as the roots of
8723:Ozone, along with reactive forms of oxygen such as
8322:of tropospheric ozone is between 918 and 1022 tons
6642:and starts with the photolysis of molecular oxygen
5537:{\displaystyle {\ce {CsO3 + Na+ -> Cs+ + NaO3}}}
5227:can be prepared from their respective superoxides:
3347:Usually ozonolysis is carried out in a solution of
1555:on the other. The arrangement possesses an overall
1531:). The O–O–O angle is 116.78°. The central atom is
1061:
276:
15897:Improving the Safety of Fresh Fruit and Vegetables
15075:. Wilmington Media Ltd. 2007-04-01. Archived from
14980:Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, Vol. 5 part C
13453:Lin, S.; Liu, X.; Le, L. H.; Hwang, S. A. (2008).
12673:
12085:
10888:
9723:The largest use of ozone is in the preparation of
9702:
9556:
8934:, for example). Production of ozone is one of the
8825:U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration
6941:
6869:
6801:
6729:
6490:
6356:
6265:
6147:
5799:
5536:
5417:
5302:
5174:
5096:
4910:
4779:
4668:
4537:
4456:
4324:
4264:
4200:
4112:
4017:
3874:
3745:
3636:
3487:
3284:
3089:
2989:
2781:
2676:
2584:
2442:
2265:
2164:
2075:
1920:
1712:
1319:A prototype ozonometer built by John Smyth in 1865
1146:). Ozone is formed from dioxygen by the action of
16448:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines
16373:
16160:
16082:Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies
15828:CARB Indoor Air Quality Group (January 5, 2021).
15133:
14443:
14441:
14388:
14386:
13766:"Ozone nation: EPA standard panned by the people"
13618:
13109:
13107:
13105:
13103:
13101:
12405:Evans, Jason M.; Helmig, Detlev (February 2017).
10449:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A
10230:Unintentional Environmental Effect on Pollinators
10056:on food, including meat and poultry." Studies at
8823:To protect workers potentially exposed to ozone,
8464:
8102:
2677:{\displaystyle {\ce {C + 2 O3 -> CO2 + 2 O2}}}
1836:
1835:
1818:
1817:
18372:
14060:National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ozone
13929:
13759:
13757:
13755:
13079:
12063:. California Air Resources Board. Archived from
11752:
11727:
11625:"Ozone Generators that are Sold as Air Cleaners"
10847:. Global Change Master Directory. Archived from
10780:Deplete the Ozone Layer, September 16, 1987]
10740:
10738:
10736:
10734:
6626:, at about 210,000 parts per million by volume.
6357:{\displaystyle {\ce {CN- + O3 -> CNO- + O2}}}
3090:{\displaystyle {\ce {H2S + O3 -> SO2 + H2O}}}
1578:Resonance Lewis structures of the ozone molecule
1273:In appropriate contexts, ozone can be viewed as
1150:(UV) light and electrical discharges within the
315:
16768:
16206:
16133:
15947:
15504:
13501:
12303:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
11942:
11835:Part I: Measurement of Meteorological Variables
11194:Cotton, F. Albert; Wilkinson, Geoffrey (1988).
11193:
10442:Cuthbertson, Clive; Cuthbertson, Maude (1914).
10273:Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars
6802:{\displaystyle {\ce {O + O2 + M -> O3 + M}}}
5303:{\displaystyle {\ce {KO2 + O3 -> KO3 + O2}}}
4033:
3379:of ozone may also react, as in the reaction of
2266:{\displaystyle {\ce {NO2 + O3 -> NO3 + O2}}}
848:
141:
16337:. Archived from the original on March 21, 2012
15729:International Journal of Environmental Studies
14438:
14383:
13718:Answer to follow-up questions from CAFE (2004)
13128:"Ambient pollution and heart rate variability"
13098:
12119:
12117:
11566:Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health
10939:"Clinic of the Month: Dr. McKendrick on Ozone"
8600:Air quality guidelines such as those from the
8562:is primarily from fossil fuel precursors, but
6539:
2165:{\displaystyle {\ce {NO + O3 -> NO2 + O2}}}
1277:with two hydrogen atoms removed, and as such,
16878:
16754:
16601:
16577:
15928:United States Environmental Protection Agency
15531:
15404:
15253:Wood Chemistry: Fundamentals and Applications
14635:"Visual Encyclopedia of Chemical Engineering"
14610:Airplane Air Heavy On The Ozone – Daily Brief
14604:
14602:
13981:. Eur-lex.europa.eu. Retrieved on 2013-01-17.
13752:
13695:
13452:
13094:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279396/
13039:"Ambient ozone and pulmonary innate immunity"
13032:
13030:
13028:
13026:
13024:
13022:
12497:
12400:
12398:
12396:
12054:
12052:
11977:
11975:
11433:. Vol. 2. New York, NY: Academic Press.
11210:Ozone. The diamagnetic triatomic molecule ...
11099:
11097:
10890:"The science behind that fresh seaside smell"
10886:
10731:
9837:Kill bacteria on food or on contact surfaces;
9782:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
8992:is typically unfavorable because of the high
8636:recommends 100 μg/m (51 nmol/mol).
8358:is shown to be responsible for ~30% of upper
8097:United States Environmental Protection Agency
8030:
1192:, ozone is a pale blue gas that condenses at
16276:
14818:The Manufacture of Chemicals by Electrolysis
13115:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK27092/
12602:"Atmospheric Chemistry and Greenhouse Gases"
11991:. WHO-Europe report 13–15 January 2003 (PDF)
11778:Horvath M.; Bilitzky L.; Huttner J. (1985).
11757:(2nd ed.). Prentice Hall. p. 265.
11732:(2nd ed.). Prentice Hall. p. 439.
11653:
11539:Horvath M.; Bilitzky L.; Huttner J. (1985).
11246:
10806:Letter to the Académie des Sciences in Paris
9582:. Oxygen formation is a competing reaction.
9195:In the laboratory, ozone can be produced by
8493:information about the regulation, visit the
8270:
6985:Importance to surface-dwelling life on Earth
6971:chlorinated and brominated organic molecules
3889:reacts with liquid ozone to form a hydrogen
3312:
1523:molecule). The O–O distances are 127.2
520:−192.2 °C; −313.9 °F; 81.0 K
15868:
15458:
15201:Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology
14982:. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. pp. 83–141.
14169:
12404:
12114:
11815:(3). U.S. Department of Commerce: 993–1102.
11802:
11619:
11617:
11615:
11613:
11611:
11281:
10631:"Precursor Era Contributors to Meteorology"
10624:
10622:
10034:Air purifier § Potential ozone hazards
8879:
8484:has a page listing air cleaners (many with
8311:of tropospheric ozone is about 25% that of
7016:for more information on near ultraviolet).
6580:in nmol/mol (parts per billion, ppb) or as
6501:
4549:intermediate can be determined as follows:
4274:Step 2: Bimolecular reaction
4218:Step 1: Unimolecular reaction
3498:Iodine perchlorate can be made by treating
3295:
1348:
1341:
1130:, breaking down in the lower atmosphere to
16885:
16871:
16761:
16747:
16608:
16594:
14847:. Arc Suppression Technologies. April 2011
14612:". Portfolio.com. Retrieved on 2012-02-01.
14599:
13763:
13668:EPA report on consumer ozone air purifiers
13019:
12393:
12049:
11972:
11106:Chemistry and Physics of Solid Surfaces VI
11094:
10775:
10769:
10517:Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data
9805:
8037:
8023:
7053:
6635:molecular oxygen absorption is a minimum.
6598:
6556:Concentration of ozone as measured by the
3780:which can also cause higher temperatures:
384:
227:
205:
16558:NASA Study Links "Smog" to Arctic Warming
16538:NASA's Earth Observatory article on Ozone
16484:Learn how and when to remove this message
16267:
16202:
16200:
15974:
15965:
15668:
15603:
15069:"Decontamination: Ozone scores on spores"
14808:
14187:
14149:University of East Anglia press release,
14126:
14115:QJM: An International Journal of Medicine
13955:
13914:
13838:
13789:
13680:California Certified Air Cleaning Devices
13673:
13644:
13576:
13527:
13478:
13429:
13372:
13323:
13274:
13233:
13192:
13143:
13062:
13002:
12783:
12548:
12538:
12430:
12340:
12322:
12273:
12208:
12190:
12149:
12000:
11753:Housecroft, C. E.; Sharpe, A. G. (2004).
11728:Housecroft, C. E.; Sharpe, A. G. (2004).
11704:
11504:
11019:
10993:
10826:Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences
10803:
10576:
10469:
9882:Chemically attack contaminants in water (
9685:
9654:
9506:
9489:
9450:
9394:
9377:
9360:
9304:
9287:
9248:
9008:
8443:
8383:
8375:Environmental impact of the coal industry
8302:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
6942:{\displaystyle {\ce {O3 + O -> 2 O2}}}
6924:
6722:
6470:
6248:
6180:
6129:
6107:
6061:
6038:
6018:
5996:
5975:
5911:
5888:
5850:
5762:
5729:
5636:
5603:
5583:
5573:
5381:
5361:
5341:
5331:
4325:{\displaystyle {\ce {O3 + O -> 2 O2}}}
4307:
4201:{\displaystyle V={\frac {K\cdot ^{2}}{}}}
4095:
4075:
3967:
3857:
3847:
3827:
3794:
3706:
3661:
3616:
3575:
3539:
3467:
3447:
3421:
3401:
3321:Ozone can also cleave alkynes to form an
3250:
3230:
3207:
2955:
2916:
2896:
2764:
2728:
2659:
2623:
2548:
2499:
2479:
2425:
2376:
1796:
1777:
1695:
1675:
1633:Learn how and when to remove this message
351:
15871:"lotus Sanitises Food without Chemicals"
15823:
15821:
15577:
15351:
15349:
15249:
15097:
15095:
15093:
15021:
14217:
13930:Bell, ML; Peng, RD; Dominici, F (2006).
13815:"Long-Term Ozone Exposure and Mortality"
13398:"Long-Term Ozone Exposure and Mortality"
12849:
12847:
11923:
11608:
11164:
11162:
11160:
11158:
11156:
10994:Hill, L.; Flack, M. (28 December 1911).
10880:
10744:
10619:
10411:NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards.
10297:, including the phenomenon known as the
9927:Eradicate water-borne parasites such as
9186:
9182:
9094:
8883:
8851:
8526:
8515:
8330:effect roughly 1,000 times as strong as
8274:
8201:
6988:
6563:
6551:
6543:
5184:
2687:
1573:
1508:According to experimental evidence from
1469:
1314:
1303:
1250:names, are constructed according to the
16543:International Chemical Safety Card 0068
15899:. Boca Raton: Woodhead Publishing Ltd.
15325:
15310:
15277:Su, Yu-Chang; Chen, Horng-Tsai (2001).
14843:Environmental Impact of Arc Suppression
14653:"Ozone Cell vs Ozone Plate – A2Z Ozone"
13689:
13173:Occupational and Environmental Medicine
12058:
11898:
11892:
11447:
11062:
11060:
11058:
10628:
10238:
9739:-carbon bonds. It can also be used for
8788:of cholesterol's double bond to form a
8414:
8076:by UV light leads to production of the
4265:{\displaystyle {\ce {O3 -> O2 + O}}}
4113:{\displaystyle {\ce {2 O3 -> 3 O2}}}
3317:General reaction equation of ozonolysis
1811:
1713:{\displaystyle {\ce {2 O3 -> 3 O2}}}
1543:. The molecule can be represented as a
1458:(working for his doctoral thesis under
530:−112 °C; −170 °F; 161 K
380:
293:
18373:
16548:NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
16282:
16241:
16197:
15948:Noble, A.C.; Summerfelt, S.T. (1996).
15941:
15894:
15888:
15276:
15256:. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, Inc.
15134:Steeves, Susan A. (January 30, 2003).
15046:
14977:
14882:
14859:
14782:Journal of the Electrochemical Society
14747:Journal of the Electrochemical Society
14499:
14451:Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
14396:Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
13861:
12825:
12806:
11563:
11428:
11395:
11034:
11028:
10996:"The Physiological Influence of Ozone"
10936:
10930:
10821:"Recherches sur la densité de l'ozone"
10797:
10674:
10672:
10670:
10668:
10513:
10406:
10404:
10402:
10400:
10398:
9795:In 1908 artificial ozonisation of the
8796:Impact on plant growth and crop yields
8629:National Ambient Air Quality Standards
8590:, and other cardiopulmonary problems.
8501:
4028:
1465:
218:
16866:
16742:
16615:
16589:
16576:
15818:
15346:
15090:
14821:. D. Van Nostrand Co. pp. 15, 16
14259:
12844:
12583:. European Environmental Agency. 1998
12231:
11153:
11103:
11066:
10969:Bulletin for the History of Chemistry
10959:
10953:
10887:O'Connell, Sanjida (18 August 2009).
10776:Le Prestre, Philippe G., ed. (1998).
10678:
10507:
10153:), making haemoglobin unable to bind
10015:
9731:, and many other commercially useful
9053:(as long as no moisture is present),
8835:Elevated ozone exposure can occur on
8808:
8354:. For example, ozone increase in the
6576:. Point measurements are reported as
6367:Ozone will also completely decompose
5551:in ammonia reacts with ozone to give
1571:has been predicted but not observed.
412:Key: CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
185:
16428:
16323:
16319:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
15842:
15605:10.1034/j.1600-0668.2000.010004269.x
14814:
13888:
12531:Environmental Science and Technology
12232:Hou, Pei; Wu, Shiliang (July 2016).
11635:from the original on 9 February 2022
11055:
10987:
10068:. This quantity is 20,000 times the
9825:Disinfect water in place of chlorine
8914:
8606:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
8398:People who work or exercise outdoors
8222:within its chain structure, such as
8139:. During heat waves in urban areas,
6977:, the ban on the production of many
4538:{\displaystyle V=2K_{2}\cdot \cdot }
3367:), carboxylic acids will be formed.
1615:adding citations to reliable sources
1586:
1365:and confirmed by Schönbein in 1867.
15179:"Clean and bleach fabrics by ozone"
15102:Montecalvo, Joseph; Doug Williams.
14274:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.04.024
14262:Free Radical Biology & Medicine
13670:. Epa.gov. Retrieved on 2012-02-01.
13402:The New England Journal of Medicine
12809:"Health Effects of Ozone Pollution"
12569:from the original on 2 August 2024.
12556:
11826:World Meteorological Organization.
11782:. Elsevier. pp. 259, 269–270.
11429:Bailey, P. S. (1982). "Chapter 2".
11223:"Microwave Rotational Spectroscopy"
10665:
10395:
9970:Ozone is used as an alternative to
9951:in the laboratory and in industry.
9703:{\displaystyle {\ce {3O2->2O3}}}
8263:can accelerate ozone cracking. The
7265:Radium and radon in the environment
7012:organisms on Earth in general (see
3370:
2453:Ozone does not react with ammonium
1500:The ozone molecule is diamagnetic.
1361:, was not determined until 1865 by
422:Key: CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYAY
306:
13:
18257:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
16367:
16136:Postharvest Biology and Technology
16109:Postharvest Biology and Technology
15519:10.1111/j.1365-2621.2001.tb15196.x
15481:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1993.tb05922.x
15047:Weaver, Matthew (30 August 2021).
13276:10.1161/01.cir.0000143831.33243.d8
13235:10.1161/01.cir.0000013838.94747.64
11828:"Chapter 16: Measurement of Ozone"
9939:in surface water treatment plants.
9526:
9417:
9324:
8940:ultraviolet germicidal irradiation
7019:
6158:Ozone will also oxidize dissolved
3337:
2087:With nitrogen and carbon compounds
1512:, ozone is a bent molecule, with C
1311:(18 October 1799 – 29 August 1868)
1114:that is much less stable than the
844:
71:
61:
14:
18442:
18157:Atomic and molecular astrophysics
16894:Molecules detected in outer space
16424:
16183:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.03.005
16148:10.1016/j.postharvbio.2007.12.003
16121:10.1016/j.postharvbio.2007.03.004
15553:LWT - Food Science and Technology
14349:Plant Physiology and Biochemistry
14037:"Ambient (outdoor) air pollution"
13557:Environmental Health Perspectives
13459:Environmental Health Perspectives
13353:Environmental Health Perspectives
11654:Roca Sánchez, Anna (2015-09-01).
11249:Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy
10721:"Scientists born on October 18th"
10058:California Polytechnic University
10046:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
9840:Water intense industries such as
9713:
9163:Ozone is similarly formed in the
9156:can generate ozone from repeated
8368:
8191:
6730:{\displaystyle {\ce {O2->2O}}}
1645:Ozone is among the most powerful
1425:Queen Alexandra Military Hospital
18347:
18335:
18323:
18312:
18311:
17118:
17109:
17100:
16433:
16235:
16154:
16127:
16100:
16073:
16037:
16031:10.1111/j.1365-2095.2009.00740.x
16009:
15913:
15862:
15836:
15798:
15763:
15720:
15701:
15685:
15620:
15571:
15544:
15525:
15498:
15487:
15461:American Water Works Association
15452:
15441:
15398:
15319:
15304:
15283:Taiwan Journal of Forest Science
15270:
15243:
15188:
15171:
15142:
15127:
15061:
15040:
15015:
14986:
14971:
14942:
14907:
14833:
14773:
14738:
14703:
14670:
14645:
14639:encyclopedia.che.engin.umich.edu
14627:
14615:
14587:
14575:
14521:
14493:
14339:
14288:
14253:
14218:Hoffmann, Roald (January 2004).
14211:
14163:
14151:Cloning the smell of the seaside
14143:
14102:
14090:
14065:
14053:
14029:
14005:
13984:
13972:
13923:
13882:
13855:
13806:
13740:Course Developers (2016-03-21).
13730:
13711:
13661:
13612:
13593:
12130:Sustainable Environment Research
10901:from the original on 2022-01-12.
9870:Sanitize swimming pools and spas
9818:Industrially, ozone is used to:
9087:are usually adequate for use as
8648:populations against an array of
8550:. Ground-level ozone pollution (
8004:
7992:
6617:, in a region also known as the
2175:This reaction is accompanied by
1649:agents known, far stronger than
1591:
1411:Proceedings of the Royal Society
1057:
1018:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
48:
39:
18282:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
16498:International Ozone Association
16309:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102529
15150:"Chemical Synthesis with Ozone"
13864:Chemical & Engineering News
13544:
13495:
13446:
13389:
13340:
13291:
13250:
13209:
13160:
13119:
12978:
12935:
12892:
12873:
12819:
12800:
12743:
12665:
12653:
12644:
12619:
12594:
12573:
12557:Chu, Jennifer (2 August 2024).
12518:
12500:Rubber Chemistry and Technology
12491:
12479:
12455:
12369:
12357:
12290:
12225:
12158:
12078:
12059:Mutters, Randall (March 1999).
12024:
12001:Stevenson; et al. (2006).
11994:
11936:
11917:
11899:Hultman, G. Eric (1980-01-01).
11863:
11848:
11819:
11796:
11771:
11746:
11721:
11664:
11647:
11557:
11472:
11422:
11389:
11375:
11326:
11310:
11275:
11240:
11215:
11187:
11129:
10905:
10871:
10862:
10837:
10812:
10713:
10641:
10375:
10364:This vapor pressure is for the
10123:levels through conversion into
9786:Environmental Protection Agency
9030:at 50 to 8000 Hz and peak
8970:
8841:Federal Aviation Administration
7085:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
5810:
4392:
1959:of the metals in their highest
1893:
1602:needs additional citations for
1222:
1169:Ozone's odor is reminiscent of
1166:'s ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
1014:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
15954:Annual Review of Fish Diseases
14994:"Oxidation Potential of Ozone"
14172:"The 2003 European heat waves"
13684:California Air Resources Board
12377:"History of ozone in Colorado"
11855:Max Planck Institute – Mainz.
11506:10.1088/1755-1315/292/1/012062
11456:Organic Chemistry, 9th Edition
11431:Ozonation in Organic Chemistry
11400:Quantitative Chemical Analysis
11171:Chemistry: The Central Science
10605:Online Etymological Dictionary
10593:
10536:
10485:
10435:
10423:
10358:
10186:
10107:
9989:Ozone can be used to detoxify
9585:It can also be generated by a
9547:
9523:
9467:
9438:
9414:
9388:
9348:
9321:
9265:
8950:
8558:rays on these precursors. The
8482:California Air Resources Board
8465:Ozone produced by air cleaners
8103:Low level ozone in urban areas
7954:Least polluted cities by PM2.5
6960:. The termination reaction is
6918:
6836:
6776:
6706:
6672:
6587:
6432:
6400:
6384:
6324:
6213:
6094:
6088:
6073:
6067:
6055:
5944:
5938:
5923:
5917:
5905:
5701:
5685:
5664:
5658:
5617:
5504:
5441:must be prepared by action of
5355:
5267:
5082:
5063:
5051:
5032:
5010:
4992:
4981:
4962:
4902:
4884:
4857:
4838:
4771:
4753:
4732:
4714:
4692:
4684:
4660:
4642:
4637:
4629:
4623:
4605:
4532:
4514:
4508:
4500:
4451:
4433:
4427:
4419:
4389:
4371:
4301:
4239:
4192:
4174:
4163:
4144:
4089:
3981:
3935:
3841:
3700:
3597:
3581:
3569:
3441:
3244:
3156:
3051:
2949:
2857:
2742:
2637:
2513:
2390:
2230:
2129:
2046:
1998:
1934:
1915:
1894:
1862:
1856:
1838:
1813:
1760:
1754:
1689:
1234:is the most commonly used and
464:
1:
18207:Extraterrestrial liquid water
16283:Rollin, Orianne (July 2022).
16242:Otieno, Mark (October 2022).
16067:10.1016/j.aquaeng.2005.10.001
16003:10.1016/S0044-8486(03)00524-6
15967:10.1016/S0959-8030(96)90006-X
15749:10.1080/00207233.2018.1499698
15578:Weschler, Charles J. (2000).
15427:10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00187-7
14916:Journal of Chemical Education
14608:Lai, Jennifer (2008-05-08). "
14018:. Lungusa.org. Archived from
13529:10.1080/08958378.2018.1455772
12756:Environmental Health Insights
12432:10.1080/10962247.2016.1226989
11049:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)31717-8
10783:. Boston: Kluwer. p. 2.
10346:
8847:
8712:
8700:
8674:Ozone can also be present in
8395:People 65 years old and older
7425:Electrical resistance heating
5189:Reduction of ozone gives the
3756:
1559:of 1.5 for both sides. It is
1333:Christian Friedrich Schönbein
1309:Christian Friedrich Schönbein
936:(US health exposure limits):
66:Ball and stick model of ozone
16269:10.1016/j.envadv.2022.100285
14875:. Agencia de noticias de la
14471:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.03.004
14416:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.09.035
14369:10.1016/j.plaphy.2006.03.007
13698:"Watching Our Ozone Weather"
13696:Jeannie Allen (2003-08-22).
12882:European Respiratory Journal
12464:"Colorado Ozone Action Plan"
12192:10.1371/journal.pone.0177937
11677:Interdisciplinary Toxicology
11543:. Elsevier. pp. 44–49.
11322:10.5073/jka.2010.425.167.326
11269:10.1016/0022-2852(70)90148-7
11196:Advanced Inorganic Chemistry
10819:Jacques-Louis Soret (1865).
10549:Interdisciplinary Toxicology
10341:Sterilization (microbiology)
10027:
10022:Dielectric Barrier Discharge
9918:in chlorine-based bleaching;
9873:Kill insects in stored grain
9735:, where it is used to sever
9573:standard electrode potential
9229:reactions taking place are:
7135:Persistent organic pollutant
7059:Air pollution from a factory
5815:Ozone can be used to remove
4046:involve a high energy cost.
4034:Types of ozone decomposition
2603:, even at room temperature:
1582:
1503:
1196:temperatures to a dark blue
1162:, which absorbs most of the
490:Colourless to pale blue gas
7:
17438:Protonated hydrogen cyanide
16289:Global Environmental Change
16221:10.1524/ract.91.6.309.20026
16094:10.1016/j.ifset.2010.08.008
15392:10.1016/j.desal.2004.10.022
15289:(2): 93–102. Archived from
12828:"Ground-level Ozone Basics"
12807:US EPA, OAR (5 June 2015).
11284:Journal of Chemical Physics
11114:10.1007/978-3-642-82727-3_1
11067:Rubin, Mordecai B. (2004).
10960:Rubin, Mordecai B. (2001).
10679:Rubin, Mordecai B. (2001).
10310:Ozone Monitoring Instrument
10256:
10087:Ozone is used in homes and
10048:(FDA), it is "amending the
9718:
8902:as a by-product. Use of an
6540:Ozone in Earth's atmosphere
2186:can be further oxidized to
1200:and finally a violet-black
924:24.8 ppm (guinea pig, 3 hr)
896:or concentration (LD, LC):
57:
10:
18447:
16508:NASA's Ozone Resource Page
15661:10.1038/s41598-018-36003-0
15633:and Methicillin-resistant
14698:, vol. 3, p. 673
14553:10.1038/d41586-022-00117-3
14189:10.2807/esm.10.07.00552-en
13876:10.1021/cen-v087n011.p009a
13637:10.1164/rccm.201507-1418oc
13316:10.1164/rccm.201508-1633oc
13145:10.1161/01.cir.101.11.1267
12826:US EPA, OAR (2015-05-29).
12700:10.1038/s41558-022-01320-w
12151:10.1016/j.serj.2016.04.006
12007:American Geophysical Union
11871:"Measured Ozone Depletion"
11404:. W. H. Freeman. pp.
11396:Harris, Daniel C. (2007).
10745:Jacewicz, Natalie (2017).
10695:(1): 40–56. Archived from
10629:Toth, Gary; Hillger, Don.
10242:
10111:
10031:
10004:) by oxidizing cyanide to
9759:in source water with high
9177:UNESCO World Heritage Site
9165:Catatumbo lightning storms
8918:
8716:
8693:, a chemical generated by
8505:
8372:
8342:/ ton tropospheric ozone.
8195:
7023:
6602:
6591:
3299:
1299:
25:
18:
18306:
18197:Earliest known life forms
18192:Diffuse interstellar band
18132:
18052:
17977:
17868:
17803:
17743:
17671:
17663:Protonated cyanoacetylene
17577:
17471:
17433:Protonated carbon dioxide
17393:Hydromagnesium isocyanide
17341:
17127:
17098:
16909:
16900:
16779:
16623:
16583:
16578:Links to related articles
16379:Chemistry of the Elements
16377:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997).
16355:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
15565:10.1016/j.lwt.2003.10.014
14950:"Ozone and Color Removal"
14732:10.1080/01919518708552147
14539:(7894): 487. 2022-01-21.
14170:Kosatsky T. (July 2005).
13602:Am J Respir Crit Care Med
13055:10.1007/s12026-010-8180-z
12860:American Lung Association
11924:Keller-Rudek, Hannelore.
11901:The Ozone Survival Manual
11586:10.1080/15287398409530493
11362:10.1016/j.jlp.2005.07.020
9993:wastes (for example from
9763:concentrations. The U.S.
9113:electromagnetic radiation
9099:Ozone may be formed from
8667:The EPA has developed an
8634:World Health Organization
8602:World Health Organization
8539:indicating an ozone watch
8340:carbon dioxide equivalent
8324:carbon dioxide equivalent
8271:Ozone as a greenhouse gas
8166:Volatile Organic Compound
8149:American Lung Association
7680:War and environmental law
7300:Health effects from noise
7150:Volatile organic compound
6279:Ozone will also detoxify
5555:and not calcium ozonide:
1435:, were found preferable.
1349:
1258:, respectively. The name
1008:
979:
930:
892:
752:
747:
691:
622:
510:2.144 g/L (at 0 °C)
451:
431:
396:
125:
113:
101:
91:
86:
56:
47:
38:
18242:Iron–sulfur world theory
18237:Photodissociation region
17940:Methyl-cyano-diacetylene
16047:Aquacultural Engineering
15709:US Issued 10,651,014
15340:10.1002/andp.18571780905
15022:Postgate, J. R. (1992).
14815:Hale, Arthur J. (1919).
13936:Environ. Health Perspect
13895:Environ. Health Perspect
13770:Environ. Health Perspect
13700:. NASA Earth Observatory
13004:10.1001/jama.290.14.1859
12776:10.1177/1178630217737551
11803:Shimanouchi, T. (1972).
10937:Anstie, Francis (1874).
10725:Today in Science History
9747:. Ozone has a very high
9203:, a pencil graphite rod
9001:or boron-doped diamond.
8880:Coronal discharge method
8320:global warming potential
8291:, absorbing some of the
7305:Marine mammals and sonar
6502:Spectroscopic properties
3296:With alkenes and alkynes
3008:to form sulfur dioxide:
1939:Ozone will oxidize most
1460:Ernst Hermann Riesenfeld
1427:in London as a possible
1380:seaweed metabolites and
542:1.05 g L (at 0 °C)
76:Spacefill model of ozone
18401:Environmental chemistry
18317:Category:Astrochemistry
17907:, fullerene, buckyball)
17594:Cyanobutadiynyl radical
17569:Silicon-carbide cluster
17559:Protonated formaldehyde
16335:American Cancer Society
15772:Applied Physics Letters
15695:AIAA Scitech 2020 Forum
15507:Journal of Food Science
15311:Bollyky, L. J. (1977).
15250:Sjöström, Eero (1993).
14679:"A laboratory ozonizer"
14317:10.1126/science.1089525
14077:www.federalregister.gov
13185:10.1136/oem.2006.027292
12540:10.1021/acs.est.4c01289
12324:10.1073/pnas.1818859116
11689:10.2478/intox-2014-0008
11497:2019E&ES..292a2062A
10561:10.2478/intox-2014-0008
10020:Since the invention of
9765:Safe Drinking Water Act
9063:polyvinylidene fluoride
8772:atherosclerotic plaques
8627:directs the EPA to set
8365:between 1955 and 2000.
8305:Third Assessment Report
8218:possessing olefinic or
7780:Freshwater salinization
7700:Agricultural wastewater
6599:Location and production
5831:which can be filtered:
1323:In 1785, Dutch chemist
1238:. The systematic names
949:TWA 0.1 ppm (0.2 mg/m)
592:Magnetic susceptibility
18330:Outer space portal
18172:Circumstellar envelope
17137:Aluminium(I) hydroxide
17047:Phosphorus mononitride
16924:Aluminium monofluoride
16919:Aluminium monochloride
16532:Paul Crutzen Interview
16520:OSHA Ozone Information
16248:Environmental Advances
15631:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
14128:10.1093/qjmed/94.8.429
12964:10.1006/enrs.2002.4357
12944:Environmental Research
12921:10.1006/enrs.1996.3685
12901:Environmental Research
11458:. Wiley. p. 344.
11021:10.1098/rspb.1911.0086
10471:10.1098/rsta.1914.0001
9980:bleaching of wood pulp
9955:is the cleavage of an
9751:. Ozone does not form
9704:
9558:
9192:
9059:polytetrafluorethylene
9009:Special considerations
8997:for this approach are
8889:
8857:
8821:
8662:
8540:
8524:
8499:
8495:air cleaner regulation
8444:Chronic ozone exposure
8406:cardiovascular disease
8384:Vulnerable populations
8280:
8214:Ozone gas attacks any
8211:
8159:/North Front Range as
7999:Environment portal
7000:
6943:
6871:
6803:
6731:
6717:
6569:
6561:
6549:
6492:
6358:
6283:by converting them to
6267:
6149:
5801:
5538:
5419:
5304:
5176:
5098:
4912:
4781:
4670:
4539:
4458:
4326:
4266:
4202:
4114:
4019:
3876:
3761:Ozone can be used for
3747:
3638:
3489:
3342:
3318:
3286:
3091:
2991:
2783:
2678:
2586:
2444:
2283:formed can react with
2267:
2166:
2077:
1922:
1714:
1579:
1510:microwave spectroscopy
1475:
1423:, ozone was tested at
1342:
1331:A half century later,
1320:
1312:
1256:additive nomenclatures
916:50 ppm (human, 30 min)
914:12.6 ppm (mouse, 3 hr)
855:
77:
67:
21:Ozone (disambiguation)
18227:Interplanetary medium
18202:Extraterrestrial life
17840:Octatetraynyl radical
17458:Tricarbon monosulfide
17005:Magnesium monohydride
16383:Butterworth-Heinemann
16375:Greenwood, Norman N.
16019:Aquaculture Nutrition
15635:Staphylococcus aureus
15197:Staphylococcus aureus
15154:Ozone-Information.com
14998:Ozone-Information.com
14877:Universidad del Zulia
13907:10.1289/ehp.114-a240a
13831:10.1056/NEJMoa0803894
13508:Inhalation Toxicology
13414:10.1056/NEJMoa0803894
12729:University of Reading
12680:Nature Climate Change
12627:"Climate Change 2001"
12555:Further explained by
11875:Ozone-Information.com
11673:"Ozone decomposition"
10545:"Ozone decomposition"
9806:Incidental production
9705:
9594:neon-sign transformer
9559:
9190:
9183:Laboratory production
9095:Incidental production
8907:sensation. Use of an
8895:corona discharge tube
8887:
8855:
8816:
8739:ions, is produced by
8642:
8560:ozone at ground level
8530:
8519:
8506:Further information:
8490:
8285:Industrial Revolution
8278:
8205:
7740:Industrial wastewater
7508:Municipal solid waste
7430:Soil guideline values
6992:
6944:
6872:
6804:
6732:
6667:
6567:
6555:
6547:
6493:
6359:
6268:
6150:
5802:
5539:
5420:
5305:
5185:Reduction to ozonides
5177:
5099:
4913:
4782:
4671:
4540:
4459:
4327:
4267:
4203:
4122:Rate law (observed):
4115:
4020:
3877:
3748:
3639:
3490:
3341:
3316:
3287:
3092:
2992:
2784:
2688:With sulfur compounds
2679:
2587:
2445:
2310:nitronium perchlorate
2268:
2167:
2078:
1923:
1715:
1577:
1473:
1318:
1307:
962:C 0.1 ppm (0.2 mg/m)
918:36 ppm (rabbit, 3 hr)
854:
645:Coordination geometry
103:Systematic IUPAC name
75:
65:
18391:Allotropes of oxygen
18354:Chemistry portal
18342:Astronomy portal
18288:RNA world hypothesis
18272:PAH world hypothesis
17965:Heptatrienyl radical
17897:Buckminsterfullerene
17785:Methylcyanoacetylene
17293:Silicon carbonitride
17268:Methylidynephosphane
17234:Magnesium isocyanide
17142:Aluminium isocyanide
16944:Carbon monophosphide
16454:improve this article
15869:Tersano Inc (2007).
15073:Hospital Development
13979:Directive 2008/50/EC
13782:10.1289/ehp.116-a302
12762:: 1178630217737551.
12721:Lay summary report:
11227:Chemistry LibreTexts
10949:(January–June): 123.
10747:"A Killer of a Cure"
10366:critical temperature
10251:alternative medicine
10239:Alternative medicine
9729:synthetic lubricants
9647:
9236:
9122:electrical equipment
8819:low concentrations."
8676:indoor air pollution
8471:indoor air pollution
8415:Acute ozone exposure
8161:non-attainment areas
7949:Most polluted cities
7601:Overhead power lines
6895:
6819:
6747:
6649:
6632:Schumann–Runge bands
6378:
6294:
6173:
5838:
5562:
5474:
5324:
5234:
5111:
4937:
4797:
4681:
4556:
4475:
4342:
4278:
4222:
4126:
4068:
3907:
3787:
3654:
3516:
3394:
3115:
3015:
3004:, ozone reacts with
2810:
2715:
2610:
2472:
2337:
2292:dinitrogen pentoxide
2197:
2106:
2091:Ozone also oxidizes
1970:
1741:
1668:
1611:improve this article
1480:carbon tetrachloride
1393:John Gray McKendrick
1370:Beaumont, California
1236:preferred IUPAC name
1207:Ozone is a powerful
926:4.8 ppm (rat, 4 hr)
922:21.8 ppm (rat, 3 hr)
920:21 ppm (mouse, 3 hr)
837:(fire diamond)
19:For other uses, see
18232:Interstellar medium
18212:Forbidden mechanism
18025:Hydrogen isocyanide
17715:Hexatriynyl radical
17298:c-Silicon dicarbide
17203:Hydrogen isocyanide
17067:Silicon monosulfide
17042:Phosphorus monoxide
17010:Methylidyne radical
16969:Fluoromethylidynium
16929:Aluminium(II) oxide
16466:footnote references
16301:2022GEC....7502529R
16260:2022EnvAd...900285O
16215:(6–2003): 309–313.
16175:2005Chmsp..61.1012L
16059:2006AqEng..35..102B
15995:2004Aquac.232..627F
15784:2012ApPhL.100s3502Z
15741:2019IJEnS..76..338D
15653:2018NatSR...817573C
15596:2000InAir..10..269W
15473:1993JAWWA..85a..63S
15419:2002WatRe..36...65G
15384:2005Desal.176..103S
14978:Hoigné, J. (1998).
14928:2005JChEd..82.1546A
14794:2007JElS..154E..71A
14759:1982JElS..129..506F
14724:1987OzSE....9..315D
14545:2022Natur.601R.487.
14463:2016EcoES.129...16B
14408:2014EcoES.100..114B
14361:2006PlPB...44..125I
14309:2003Sci...302.1053W
13764:Weinhold B (2008).
13569:10.1289/ehp.1409495
13520:2018InhTx..30...99Z
13365:10.1289/ehp.1409276
12956:2002ER.....89...29D
12913:1997ER.....72...24B
12768:2017EnvHI..1173755S
12692:2022NatCC..12..365L
12423:2017JAWMA..67..196E
12315:2019PNAS..116.6001T
12250:2016NatSR...623792H
12183:2017PLoSO..1277937D
12142:2016SuEnR..26..142S
11755:Inorganic Chemistry
11730:Inorganic Chemistry
11578:1984JTEH...13..181M
11354:2005JLPPI..18..465K
11296:1977JChPh..66.5278M
11261:1970JMoSp..33..538T
11012:1911RSPSB..84..404H
10917:www.telegraph.co.uk
10530:10.1021/je00103a031
10462:1914RSPTA.213....1C
10336:Polymer degradation
10263:Chappuis absorption
10054:antimicrobial agent
9749:oxidation potential
9698:
9679:
9667:
9482:
9463:
9407:
9280:
9261:
9130:ionic air purifiers
9117:Unsuppressed arcing
8909:oxygen concentrator
8595:respiratory illness
8502:Ozone air pollution
8307:) suggest that the
8082:peroxyacyl nitrates
7765:Ocean acidification
7675:Unexploded ordnance
7596:Advertising clutter
7528:Post-consumer waste
7473:Foam food container
7458:Biodegradable waste
7115:Global distillation
6967:chlorofluorocarbons
6937:
6911:
6857:
6835:
6791:
6769:
6716:
6709:
6665:
6483:
6463:
6447:
6431:
6412:
6399:
6352:
6323:
6261:
6241:
6228:
6209:
6193:
6120:
6085:
6051:
6031:
5966:
5935:
5901:
5881:
5791:
5775:
5755:
5742:
5713:
5700:
5676:
5649:
5616:
5596:
5532:
5490:
5410:
5394:
5374:
5354:
5315:potassium hydroxide
5298:
5282:
5266:
5250:
5079:
5048:
5008:
4978:
4900:
4854:
4769:
4730:
4658:
4621:
4530:
4449:
4387:
4320:
4294:
4254:
4238:
4190:
4160:
4108:
4088:
4029:Ozone decomposition
4009:
3996:
3980:
3950:
3934:
3870:
3840:
3820:
3807:
3741:
3725:
3696:
3680:
3629:
3609:
3596:
3568:
3552:
3532:
3480:
3460:
3440:
3414:
3276:
3263:
3243:
3220:
3193:
3177:
3155:
3136:
3082:
3066:
3050:
3031:
2981:
2968:
2948:
2929:
2909:
2885:
2872:
2856:
2837:
2777:
2757:
2741:
2672:
2652:
2636:
2577:
2561:
2541:
2528:
2512:
2492:
2438:
2418:
2405:
2389:
2369:
2353:
2261:
2245:
2229:
2213:
2160:
2144:
2128:
2067:
2045:
2019:
1997:
1888:
1870:
1824:
1768:
1708:
1688:
1466:Physical properties
1363:Jacques-Louis Soret
1190:standard conditions
537:Solubility in water
482: g·mol
35:
18252:Molecules in stars
18222:Intergalactic dust
18167:Circumstellar dust
18109:Naphthalene cation
18044:Trihydrogen cation
18020:Hydrogen deuteride
17945:Methyltriacetylene
17780:Hexapentaenylidene
17599:E-Cyanomethanimine
17519:Cyclopropenylidene
17453:Tricarbon monoxide
17443:Silicon tricarbide
17413:Methylene amidogen
17403:Isothiocyanic acid
17318:Thioxoethenylidene
17278:Trihydrogen cation
17092:Titanium(II) oxide
17052:Potassium chloride
17031:Sulfur mononitride
16974:Helium hydride ion
16949:Carbon monosulfide
16629:
16525:2016-01-20 at the
16513:2013-04-06 at the
15895:Jongen, W (2005).
15843:Long, Ron (2008).
15641:Scientific Reports
14936:10.1021/ed082p1546
14871:2016-03-05 at the
14224:American Scientist
14160:, February 2, 2007
14156:2012-10-31 at the
13723:2005-09-09 at the
12238:Scientific Reports
11987:2012-04-14 at the
10653:www.britannica.com
10429:Gas Encyclopedia;
10168:Solea senegalensis
10016:Water disinfection
10008:and eventually to
9901:Provide an aid to
9833:fabric restoration
9801:London Underground
9700:
9686:
9655:
9554:
9552:
9470:
9451:
9395:
9268:
9249:
9193:
9167:phenomenon on the
8890:
8858:
8837:passenger aircraft
8809:Safety regulations
8572:respiratory system
8552:tropospheric ozone
8541:
8525:
8508:Ground level ozone
8392:Children and teens
8281:
8212:
8206:Ozone cracking in
8153:Denver–Aurora area
8141:ground level ozone
8011:Ecology portal
7636:Herbicidal warfare
7180:Introduced species
7120:Indoor air quality
7090:Chlorofluorocarbon
7030:Photochemical smog
7026:Tropospheric ozone
7001:
6969:(CFC) and similar
6965:concentrations of
6939:
6925:
6899:
6867:
6845:
6823:
6799:
6779:
6757:
6727:
6653:
6605:Ozone–oxygen cycle
6570:
6562:
6550:
6508:triatomic molecule
6488:
6471:
6451:
6435:
6419:
6387:
6382:
6354:
6340:
6311:
6263:
6249:
6229:
6216:
6197:
6181:
6145:
6143:
6108:
6065:
6039:
6019:
5954:
5915:
5889:
5869:
5797:
5795:
5779:
5763:
5743:
5730:
5688:
5683:
5656:
5637:
5604:
5584:
5534:
5520:
5478:
5457:ion-exchange resin
5415:
5398:
5382:
5362:
5342:
5300:
5286:
5270:
5254:
5238:
5172:
5094:
5067:
5036:
4996:
4966:
4908:
4888:
4842:
4777:
4757:
4718:
4666:
4646:
4609:
4535:
4518:
4454:
4437:
4375:
4322:
4308:
4282:
4262:
4242:
4226:
4198:
4178:
4148:
4110:
4096:
4076:
4064:Overall reaction:
4015:
4013:
3997:
3984:
3968:
3938:
3922:
3872:
3858:
3828:
3808:
3795:
3743:
3729:
3713:
3684:
3668:
3634:
3617:
3584:
3579:
3556:
3540:
3520:
3502:dissolved in cold
3485:
3468:
3448:
3428:
3402:
3343:
3319:
3282:
3280:
3264:
3251:
3231:
3208:
3181:
3165:
3143:
3124:
3087:
3070:
3054:
3038:
3019:
2987:
2985:
2969:
2956:
2936:
2917:
2897:
2873:
2860:
2844:
2825:
2779:
2765:
2745:
2729:
2674:
2660:
2640:
2624:
2595:Ozone reacts with
2582:
2565:
2549:
2529:
2516:
2500:
2480:
2457:, but it oxidizes
2440:
2426:
2406:
2393:
2377:
2357:
2341:
2263:
2249:
2233:
2217:
2201:
2162:
2148:
2132:
2116:
2073:
2071:
2055:
2033:
2007:
1985:
1918:
1876:
1847:
1843:
1745:
1710:
1696:
1676:
1580:
1476:
1456:Georg-Maria Schwab
1325:Martinus van Marum
1321:
1313:
1152:Earth's atmosphere
1085:) is an inorganic
1041:Infobox references
980:Related compounds
971:(Immediate danger)
856:
550:in other solvents
409:InChI=1S/O3/c1-3-2
78:
68:
33:
18368:
18367:
18362:
18361:
18277:Pseudo-panspermia
17973:
17972:
17920:Cyanodecapentayne
17860:N-Methylformamide
17835:Methyldiacetylene
17760:Aminoacetonitrile
17730:Methyl isocyanate
17648:Methyl isocyanide
17529:Isocyanoacetylene
17509:Cyanoformaldehyde
17388:Hydrogen peroxide
17273:Potassium cyanide
17229:Magnesium cyanide
17182:Disilicon carbide
17177:Dicarbon monoxide
16984:Hydrogen fluoride
16979:Hydrogen chloride
16860:
16859:
16773:chemical elements
16736:
16735:
16731:
16730:
16617:Oxygen allotropes
16494:
16493:
16486:
16392:978-0-08-037941-8
15906:978-1-85573-956-7
15792:10.1063/1.4712068
15629:"Inactivation of
15328:Annals of Physics
15263:978-0-12-647481-7
15207:(10): 1120–1122.
15033:978-0-521-41259-9
14954:Ozone Information
14890:"Fire in the Sky"
14802:10.1149/1.2509385
14767:10.1149/1.2123890
14696:Collected Volumes
14684:Organic Syntheses
14236:10.1511/2004.1.23
14025:on July 10, 2010.
13825:(11): 1085–1095.
13631:(10): 1143–1150.
13471:10.1289/ehp.11184
13465:(12): 1725–1730.
13408:(11): 1085–1095.
13359:(11): 1180–1186.
13310:(10): 1134–1142.
13269:(15): 2184–2189.
13228:(13): 1534–1536.
13138:(11): 1267–1273.
12997:(14): 1859–1867.
12512:10.5254/1.3538264
12309:(13): 6001–6006.
12258:10.1038/srep23792
12107:978-0-309-04631-2
11957:10.1021/cr0205255
11910:978-0-915498-73-4
11844:on 31 March 2016.
11789:978-0-444-99625-1
11764:978-0-13-039913-7
11739:978-0-13-039913-7
11550:978-0-444-99625-1
11465:978-0-470-16982-7
11440:978-0-12-073102-2
11415:978-0-7167-7694-9
11290:(12): 5278–5283.
11180:978-0-13-066997-1
11123:978-3-642-82727-3
11077:Bull. Hist. Chem.
10919:. 2 February 2007
10790:978-0-7923-8245-4
10689:Bull. Hist. Chem.
10607:. Merriam-Webster
10456:(497–508): 1–26.
10368:, which is below
9949:organic reactions
9733:organic compounds
9689:
9680:
9677:
9658:
9545:
9510:
9493:
9473:
9466:
9454:
9436:
9398:
9381:
9364:
9346:
9308:
9291:
9271:
9264:
9252:
8936:potential dangers
8915:Ultraviolet light
8753:organic molecules
8741:white blood cells
8733:hydrogen peroxide
8669:air quality index
8348:radiative forcing
8328:radiative forcing
8309:radiative forcing
8232:styrene-butadiene
8047:
8046:
7982:
7981:
7648:Nuclear holocaust
7571:Urban heat island
7385:Radioactive waste
7170:Biological hazard
7080:Air quality index
6975:Montreal Protocol
6928:
6917:
6902:
6865:
6848:
6841:
6826:
6797:
6782:
6775:
6760:
6753:
6725:
6714:
6704:
6700:
6694:
6688:
6682:
6678:
6656:
6486:
6474:
6454:
6438:
6422:
6415:
6390:
6343:
6330:
6314:
6301:
6252:
6232:
6219:
6212:
6200:
6184:
6133:
6111:
6093:
6072:
6064:
6054:
6042:
6022:
6000:
5979:
5957:
5943:
5922:
5914:
5904:
5892:
5872:
5854:
5782:
5766:
5746:
5733:
5691:
5682:
5663:
5655:
5640:
5629:
5622:
5607:
5587:
5576:
5523:
5510:
5497:
5481:
5413:
5401:
5385:
5365:
5345:
5334:
5289:
5273:
5257:
5241:
5170:
5121:
5070:
5039:
5026:
5014:
4999:
4969:
4956:
4906:
4891:
4845:
4775:
4760:
4721:
4690:
4664:
4649:
4635:
4612:
4597:
4521:
4506:
4440:
4425:
4378:
4311:
4300:
4285:
4260:
4245:
4229:
4196:
4181:
4151:
4099:
4079:
4000:
3987:
3971:
3956:
3941:
3925:
3918:
3861:
3850:
3831:
3811:
3798:
3778:carbon subnitride
3732:
3716:
3709:
3699:
3687:
3671:
3664:
3632:
3620:
3587:
3578:
3559:
3543:
3523:
3483:
3471:
3451:
3431:
3424:
3405:
3385:hydrochloric acid
3365:hydrogen peroxide
3267:
3254:
3234:
3223:
3211:
3196:
3184:
3168:
3161:
3146:
3139:
3127:
3085:
3073:
3057:
3041:
3034:
3022:
2972:
2959:
2939:
2932:
2920:
2900:
2876:
2863:
2847:
2840:
2828:
2821:
2768:
2748:
2732:
2721:
2663:
2643:
2627:
2616:
2580:
2568:
2552:
2532:
2519:
2503:
2483:
2429:
2409:
2396:
2380:
2360:
2344:
2312:can be made from
2252:
2236:
2220:
2204:
2177:chemiluminescence
2151:
2135:
2119:
2112:
2058:
2051:
2036:
2029:
2010:
2003:
1988:
1981:
1913:
1891:
1879:
1861:
1850:
1845:
1800:
1781:
1759:
1748:
1699:
1679:
1643:
1642:
1635:
1565:the nitrite anion
1180:in air. Ozone's O
1049:Chemical compound
1047:
1046:
999:Disulfur monoxide
986:Related compounds
816:Hazard statements
419:InChI=1/O3/c1-3-2
365:CompTox Dashboard
167:Interactive image
82:
81:
18438:
18421:Oxidizing agents
18416:Industrial gases
18411:Greenhouse gases
18406:Gases with color
18352:
18351:
18350:
18340:
18339:
18338:
18328:
18327:
18326:
18315:
18314:
18262:Organic compound
18162:Chemical formula
18067:Dihydroxyacetone
18015:Hydrogen cyanide
17700:Cyanodiacetylene
17554:Propadienylidene
17448:Thioformaldehyde
17323:Titanium dioxide
17288:Sodium hydroxide
17209:Hydrogen sulfide
17197:Hydrogen cyanide
17157:Carbonyl sulfide
17122:
17113:
17104:
17062:Silicon monoxide
16995:Hydroxyl radical
16907:
16906:
16887:
16880:
16873:
16864:
16863:
16853:
16843:
16833:
16823:
16813:
16803:
16793:
16763:
16756:
16749:
16740:
16739:
16725:
16709:
16693:
16669:
16640:
16626:
16625:
16610:
16603:
16596:
16587:
16586:
16574:
16573:
16489:
16482:
16478:
16475:
16469:
16437:
16436:
16429:
16396:
16381:(2nd ed.).
16361:
16360:
16354:
16346:
16344:
16342:
16331:"Oxygen Therapy"
16327:
16321:
16320:
16280:
16274:
16273:
16271:
16239:
16233:
16232:
16204:
16195:
16194:
16169:(7): 1012–1019.
16158:
16152:
16151:
16131:
16125:
16124:
16104:
16098:
16097:
16077:
16071:
16070:
16041:
16035:
16034:
16013:
16007:
16006:
15989:(1–4): 627–636.
15978:
15972:
15971:
15969:
15945:
15939:
15938:
15936:
15935:
15925:
15917:
15911:
15910:
15892:
15886:
15885:
15883:
15882:
15873:. Archived from
15866:
15860:
15858:
15856:
15850:. Archived from
15849:
15840:
15834:
15833:
15825:
15816:
15815:
15802:
15796:
15795:
15767:
15761:
15760:
15724:
15718:
15717:
15716:
15712:
15705:
15699:
15698:
15689:
15683:
15682:
15672:
15624:
15618:
15617:
15607:
15575:
15569:
15568:
15548:
15542:
15541:
15529:
15523:
15522:
15513:(9): 1242–1252.
15502:
15496:
15495:
15491:
15485:
15484:
15456:
15450:
15449:
15445:
15439:
15438:
15402:
15396:
15395:
15378:(1–3): 103–111.
15367:
15358:
15357:
15353:
15344:
15343:
15323:
15317:
15316:
15308:
15302:
15301:
15299:
15298:
15274:
15268:
15267:
15247:
15241:
15240:
15192:
15186:
15185:
15183:
15175:
15169:
15168:
15166:
15165:
15156:. Archived from
15146:
15140:
15139:
15131:
15125:
15124:
15122:
15121:
15115:
15108:
15099:
15088:
15087:
15085:
15084:
15065:
15059:
15058:
15044:
15038:
15037:
15024:Microbes and man
15019:
15013:
15012:
15010:
15009:
15000:. Archived from
14990:
14984:
14983:
14975:
14969:
14968:
14966:
14965:
14956:. Archived from
14946:
14940:
14939:
14911:
14905:
14904:
14902:
14901:
14892:. Archived from
14886:
14880:
14863:
14857:
14856:
14854:
14852:
14837:
14831:
14830:
14828:
14826:
14812:
14806:
14805:
14777:
14771:
14770:
14742:
14736:
14735:
14707:
14701:
14699:
14692:
14674:
14668:
14667:
14665:
14664:
14655:. Archived from
14649:
14643:
14642:
14631:
14625:
14619:
14613:
14606:
14597:
14591:
14585:
14579:
14573:
14572:
14525:
14519:
14518:
14516:
14515:
14497:
14491:
14490:
14445:
14436:
14435:
14390:
14381:
14380:
14355:(2–3): 125–131.
14343:
14337:
14336:
14303:(5647): 1053–6.
14292:
14286:
14285:
14257:
14251:
14250:
14248:
14247:
14238:. Archived from
14220:"The Story of O"
14215:
14209:
14208:
14206:
14204:
14191:
14176:Eurosurveillance
14167:
14161:
14147:
14141:
14140:
14130:
14106:
14100:
14094:
14088:
14087:
14085:
14084:
14069:
14063:
14057:
14051:
14050:
14048:
14047:
14033:
14027:
14026:
14024:
14017:
14009:
14003:
14002:
14000:
13999:
13994:. EC. 2008-06-11
13988:
13982:
13976:
13970:
13969:
13959:
13948:10.1289/ehp.8816
13927:
13921:
13920:
13918:
13889:Dahl, R (2006).
13886:
13880:
13879:
13859:
13853:
13852:
13842:
13810:
13804:
13803:
13793:
13776:(7): A302–A305.
13761:
13750:
13749:
13734:
13728:
13715:
13709:
13708:
13706:
13705:
13693:
13687:
13677:
13671:
13665:
13659:
13658:
13648:
13616:
13610:
13609:
13597:
13591:
13590:
13580:
13548:
13542:
13541:
13531:
13499:
13493:
13492:
13482:
13450:
13444:
13443:
13433:
13393:
13387:
13386:
13376:
13344:
13338:
13337:
13327:
13295:
13289:
13288:
13278:
13254:
13248:
13247:
13237:
13213:
13207:
13206:
13196:
13164:
13158:
13157:
13147:
13123:
13117:
13111:
13096:
13090:
13077:
13076:
13066:
13034:
13017:
13016:
13006:
12982:
12976:
12975:
12939:
12933:
12932:
12896:
12890:
12889:
12877:
12871:
12870:
12868:
12866:
12851:
12842:
12841:
12839:
12838:
12823:
12817:
12816:
12804:
12798:
12797:
12787:
12747:
12741:
12740:
12738:
12736:
12719:
12677:
12669:
12663:
12657:
12651:
12648:
12642:
12641:
12639:
12638:
12623:
12617:
12616:
12614:
12613:
12598:
12592:
12591:
12589:
12588:
12577:
12571:
12570:
12554:
12552:
12542:
12522:
12516:
12515:
12495:
12489:
12483:
12477:
12476:
12474:
12473:
12468:
12459:
12453:
12452:
12434:
12402:
12391:
12390:
12388:
12387:
12373:
12367:
12361:
12355:
12354:
12344:
12326:
12294:
12288:
12287:
12277:
12229:
12223:
12222:
12212:
12194:
12162:
12156:
12155:
12153:
12121:
12112:
12111:
12091:
12082:
12076:
12075:
12073:
12072:
12056:
12047:
12046:
12044:
12043:
12028:
12022:
12021:
12019:
12018:
12009:. Archived from
11998:
11992:
11979:
11970:
11968:
11945:Chemical Reviews
11940:
11934:
11933:
11928:. Archived from
11921:
11915:
11914:
11896:
11890:
11889:
11887:
11886:
11877:. Archived from
11867:
11861:
11860:
11852:
11846:
11845:
11843:
11837:. Archived from
11832:
11823:
11817:
11816:
11800:
11794:
11793:
11775:
11769:
11768:
11750:
11744:
11743:
11725:
11719:
11718:
11708:
11668:
11662:
11661:
11651:
11645:
11644:
11642:
11640:
11621:
11606:
11605:
11572:(2–3): 183–204.
11561:
11555:
11554:
11536:
11527:
11526:
11508:
11476:
11470:
11469:
11451:
11445:
11444:
11426:
11420:
11419:
11403:
11393:
11387:
11386:
11379:
11373:
11372:
11370:
11364:. Archived from
11339:
11330:
11324:
11314:
11308:
11307:
11304:10.1063/1.433909
11279:
11273:
11272:
11244:
11238:
11237:
11235:
11234:
11219:
11213:
11212:
11191:
11185:
11184:
11166:
11151:
11150:
11148:
11147:
11133:
11127:
11126:
11101:
11092:
11091:
11089:
11088:
11073:
11064:
11053:
11052:
11032:
11026:
11025:
11023:
11006:(573): 404–415.
10991:
10985:
10984:
10982:
10980:
10966:
10957:
10951:
10950:
10934:
10928:
10927:
10925:
10924:
10909:
10903:
10902:
10892:
10884:
10878:
10875:
10869:
10866:
10860:
10859:
10857:
10856:
10841:
10835:
10834:
10816:
10810:
10809:
10801:
10795:
10794:
10773:
10767:
10766:
10764:
10762:
10742:
10729:
10728:
10717:
10711:
10710:
10708:
10707:
10701:
10685:
10676:
10663:
10662:
10660:
10659:
10645:
10639:
10638:
10626:
10617:
10616:
10614:
10612:
10597:
10591:
10590:
10580:
10540:
10534:
10533:
10511:
10505:
10504:
10489:
10483:
10482:
10480:
10478:
10473:
10439:
10433:
10427:
10421:
10420:
10408:
10382:
10379:
10373:
10370:room temperature
10362:
10180:Atlantic halibut
10164:
10163:
10162:
10152:
10151:
10150:
10141:
10140:
10139:
10102:hypobromous acid
9976:chlorine dioxide
9892:hydrogen sulfide
9773:electrical power
9709:
9707:
9706:
9701:
9699:
9697:
9694:
9687:
9681:
9678:
9675:
9669:
9666:
9663:
9656:
9639:
9638:
9637:
9627:
9626:
9625:
9611:
9610:
9609:
9570:
9563:
9561:
9560:
9555:
9553:
9546:
9543:
9538:
9537:
9519:
9517:
9516:
9515:
9508:
9499:
9498:
9491:
9481:
9478:
9471:
9464:
9462:
9459:
9452:
9444:
9437:
9434:
9429:
9428:
9410:
9408:
9406:
9403:
9396:
9387:
9386:
9379:
9370:
9369:
9362:
9354:
9347:
9344:
9336:
9335:
9317:
9315:
9314:
9313:
9306:
9297:
9296:
9289:
9279:
9276:
9269:
9262:
9260:
9257:
9250:
9242:
9110:
9109:
9108:
9085:Silicone rubbers
9045:(quality 316L),
9024:electrical power
8861:Ozone generators
8691:dimethyl sulfide
8659:
8658:
8657:
8544:Ozone precursors
8363:interior warming
8109:Denver, Colorado
8078:hydroxyl radical
8039:
8032:
8025:
8009:
8008:
8007:
7997:
7996:
7928:
7927:
7631:Chemical warfare
7533:Waste management
7493:Industrial waste
7468:Electronic waste
7453:Advertising mail
7435:Phytoremediation
7410:Land degradation
7350:Depleted uranium
7235:Overillumination
7185:Invasive species
7057:
7034:
7033:
6948:
6946:
6945:
6940:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6926:
6915:
6910:
6907:
6900:
6887:
6876:
6874:
6873:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6846:
6839:
6834:
6831:
6824:
6808:
6806:
6805:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6790:
6787:
6780:
6773:
6768:
6765:
6758:
6751:
6736:
6734:
6733:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6718:
6715:
6712:
6705:
6702:
6698:
6692:
6686:
6680:
6679:
6676:
6664:
6661:
6654:
6527:
6506:Ozone is a bent
6497:
6495:
6494:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6472:
6462:
6459:
6452:
6446:
6443:
6436:
6430:
6427:
6420:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6395:
6388:
6363:
6361:
6360:
6355:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6341:
6336:
6335:
6328:
6322:
6319:
6312:
6307:
6306:
6299:
6272:
6270:
6269:
6264:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6250:
6240:
6237:
6230:
6227:
6224:
6217:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6198:
6192:
6189:
6182:
6160:hydrogen sulfide
6154:
6152:
6151:
6146:
6144:
6140:
6139:
6138:
6131:
6122:
6119:
6116:
6109:
6100:
6098:
6097:
6091:
6084:
6081:
6076:
6070:
6062:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6040:
6030:
6027:
6020:
6011:
6009:
6008:
5998:
5990:
5986:
5985:
5984:
5977:
5968:
5965:
5962:
5955:
5950:
5948:
5947:
5941:
5934:
5931:
5926:
5920:
5912:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5890:
5880:
5877:
5870:
5865:
5863:
5862:
5852:
5844:
5806:
5804:
5803:
5798:
5796:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5780:
5774:
5771:
5764:
5754:
5751:
5744:
5741:
5738:
5731:
5718:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5696:
5689:
5680:
5675:
5672:
5667:
5661:
5653:
5648:
5645:
5638:
5627:
5623:
5620:
5615:
5612:
5605:
5595:
5592:
5585:
5574:
5553:ammonium ozonide
5543:
5541:
5540:
5535:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5521:
5516:
5515:
5508:
5503:
5502:
5495:
5489:
5486:
5479:
5466:
5462:
5454:
5447:
5440:
5433:
5424:
5422:
5421:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5399:
5393:
5390:
5383:
5373:
5370:
5363:
5353:
5350:
5343:
5332:
5309:
5307:
5306:
5301:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5287:
5281:
5278:
5271:
5265:
5262:
5255:
5249:
5246:
5239:
5226:
5219:
5204:
5203:
5202:
5199:
5181:
5179:
5178:
5173:
5171:
5169:
5168:
5156:
5155:
5154:
5142:
5141:
5128:
5123:
5122:
5119:
5103:
5101:
5100:
5095:
5093:
5092:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5068:
5059:
5058:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5037:
5028:
5027:
5024:
5015:
5013:
5009:
5007:
5004:
4997:
4990:
4989:
4988:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4967:
4958:
4957:
4954:
4947:
4929:
4917:
4915:
4914:
4909:
4907:
4905:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4889:
4880:
4879:
4866:
4865:
4864:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4843:
4834:
4833:
4821:
4820:
4807:
4786:
4784:
4783:
4778:
4776:
4774:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4758:
4749:
4748:
4735:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4719:
4710:
4709:
4699:
4691:
4688:
4675:
4673:
4672:
4667:
4665:
4663:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4647:
4640:
4636:
4633:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4610:
4603:
4598:
4596:
4595:
4583:
4582:
4573:
4568:
4567:
4544:
4542:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4519:
4507:
4504:
4496:
4495:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4438:
4426:
4423:
4415:
4414:
4402:
4401:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4376:
4367:
4366:
4354:
4353:
4331:
4329:
4328:
4323:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4309:
4298:
4293:
4290:
4283:
4271:
4269:
4268:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4253:
4250:
4243:
4237:
4234:
4227:
4207:
4205:
4204:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4179:
4172:
4171:
4170:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4149:
4136:
4119:
4117:
4116:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4097:
4087:
4084:
4077:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4016:
4014:
4010:
4008:
4005:
3998:
3995:
3992:
3985:
3979:
3976:
3969:
3961:
3957:
3954:
3949:
3946:
3939:
3933:
3930:
3923:
3916:
3913:
3881:
3879:
3878:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3859:
3848:
3839:
3836:
3829:
3819:
3816:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3796:
3775:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3730:
3724:
3721:
3714:
3707:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3685:
3679:
3676:
3669:
3662:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3618:
3608:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3592:
3585:
3576:
3567:
3564:
3557:
3551:
3548:
3541:
3531:
3528:
3521:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3469:
3459:
3456:
3449:
3439:
3436:
3429:
3422:
3413:
3410:
3403:
3381:tin(II) chloride
3371:Other substrates
3361:dimethyl sulfide
3331:carboxylic acids
3291:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3252:
3242:
3239:
3232:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3209:
3201:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3182:
3176:
3173:
3166:
3159:
3154:
3151:
3144:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3125:
3121:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3071:
3065:
3062:
3055:
3049:
3046:
3039:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3020:
3006:hydrogen sulfide
2996:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2957:
2947:
2944:
2937:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2918:
2908:
2905:
2898:
2890:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2861:
2855:
2852:
2845:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2826:
2819:
2816:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2766:
2756:
2753:
2746:
2740:
2737:
2730:
2719:
2706:lead(II) sulfate
2702:lead(II) sulfide
2683:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2661:
2651:
2648:
2641:
2635:
2632:
2625:
2614:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2566:
2560:
2557:
2550:
2540:
2537:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2517:
2511:
2508:
2501:
2491:
2488:
2481:
2463:ammonium nitrate
2449:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2427:
2417:
2414:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2394:
2388:
2385:
2378:
2368:
2365:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2342:
2329:
2322:
2304:
2289:
2282:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2250:
2244:
2241:
2234:
2228:
2225:
2218:
2212:
2209:
2202:
2185:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2149:
2143:
2140:
2133:
2127:
2124:
2117:
2110:
2097:nitrogen dioxide
2082:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2056:
2049:
2044:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2024:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1996:
1993:
1986:
1979:
1976:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1911:
1906:
1905:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1877:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1859:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1834:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1816:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1798:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1779:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1757:
1746:
1719:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1697:
1687:
1684:
1677:
1655:
1638:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1618:
1595:
1587:
1551:on one side and
1519:(similar to the
1453:
1452:
1451:
1398:mucous membranes
1382:dimethyl sulfide
1355:white phosphorus
1352:
1351:
1345:
1279:trioxidanylidene
1244:catena-trioxygen
1214:
1179:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1091:chemical formula
1080:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1031:
1025:
1022:
1021:
908:lowest published
883:
876:
869:
862:
847:
827:
823:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
739:
712:
692:Thermochemistry
605:Refractive index
584:Protonated ozone
553:Very soluble in
481:
466:
459:Chemical formula
389:
388:
373:
371:
355:
319:
308:
297:
280:
256:Gmelin Reference
239:
231:
220:
209:
189:
169:
145:
116:2λ-trioxidiene;
58:
52:
43:
36:
32:
18446:
18445:
18441:
18440:
18439:
18437:
18436:
18435:
18371:
18370:
18369:
18364:
18363:
18358:
18348:
18346:
18336:
18334:
18324:
18322:
18302:
18128:
18104:
18095:
18048:
18038:
17981:
17969:
17950:Propionaldehyde
17925:Ethylene glycol
17914:
17906:
17902:
17873:
17871:
17864:
17820:Cyanohexatriyne
17806:
17799:
17746:
17739:
17674:
17667:
17627:
17580:
17573:
17544:Methoxy radical
17474:
17467:
17463:Thiocyanic acid
17344:
17337:
17247:
17187:Ethynyl radical
17123:
17117:
17116:
17115:
17114:
17108:
17107:
17106:
17105:
17096:
17087:Sulfur monoxide
17072:Sodium chloride
17057:Silicon carbide
16964:Diatomic carbon
16954:Carbon monoxide
16896:
16891:
16861:
16856:
16851:
16846:
16841:
16836:
16831:
16826:
16821:
16816:
16811:
16806:
16801:
16796:
16791:
16786:
16775:
16767:
16737:
16732:
16727:
16724:
16720:
16719:
16711:
16708:
16704:
16703:
16695:
16692:
16688:
16687:
16682: and
16671:
16668:
16664:
16663:
16658: and
16642:
16638:
16637:
16619:
16614:
16579:
16527:Wayback Machine
16515:Wayback Machine
16490:
16479:
16473:
16470:
16451:
16442:This section's
16438:
16434:
16427:
16393:
16370:
16368:Further reading
16365:
16364:
16348:
16347:
16340:
16338:
16329:
16328:
16324:
16281:
16277:
16240:
16236:
16209:Radiochim. Acta
16205:
16198:
16159:
16155:
16132:
16128:
16105:
16101:
16078:
16074:
16042:
16038:
16014:
16010:
15979:
15975:
15946:
15942:
15933:
15931:
15923:
15919:
15918:
15914:
15907:
15893:
15889:
15880:
15878:
15867:
15863:
15854:
15847:
15841:
15837:
15826:
15819:
15803:
15799:
15768:
15764:
15725:
15721:
15714:
15706:
15702:
15690:
15686:
15625:
15621:
15576:
15572:
15549:
15545:
15530:
15526:
15503:
15499:
15492:
15488:
15457:
15453:
15446:
15442:
15403:
15399:
15368:
15361:
15354:
15347:
15324:
15320:
15309:
15305:
15296:
15294:
15275:
15271:
15264:
15248:
15244:
15193:
15189:
15181:
15177:
15176:
15172:
15163:
15161:
15148:
15147:
15143:
15132:
15128:
15119:
15117:
15116:on May 28, 2008
15113:
15106:
15100:
15091:
15082:
15080:
15067:
15066:
15062:
15045:
15041:
15034:
15020:
15016:
15007:
15005:
14992:
14991:
14987:
14976:
14972:
14963:
14961:
14948:
14947:
14943:
14912:
14908:
14899:
14897:
14888:
14887:
14883:
14873:Wayback Machine
14864:
14860:
14850:
14848:
14841:"Lab Note #106
14839:
14838:
14834:
14824:
14822:
14813:
14809:
14778:
14774:
14743:
14739:
14708:
14704:
14694:
14675:
14671:
14662:
14660:
14651:
14650:
14646:
14633:
14632:
14628:
14620:
14616:
14607:
14600:
14592:
14588:
14580:
14576:
14527:
14526:
14522:
14513:
14511:
14498:
14494:
14446:
14439:
14391:
14384:
14344:
14340:
14293:
14289:
14258:
14254:
14245:
14243:
14216:
14212:
14202:
14200:
14168:
14164:
14158:Wayback Machine
14148:
14144:
14107:
14103:
14095:
14091:
14082:
14080:
14071:
14070:
14066:
14058:
14054:
14045:
14043:
14035:
14034:
14030:
14022:
14015:
14011:
14010:
14006:
13997:
13995:
13990:
13989:
13985:
13977:
13973:
13928:
13924:
13887:
13883:
13860:
13856:
13819:N. Engl. J. Med
13811:
13807:
13762:
13753:
13735:
13731:
13725:Wayback Machine
13716:
13712:
13703:
13701:
13694:
13690:
13678:
13674:
13666:
13662:
13617:
13613:
13598:
13594:
13549:
13545:
13500:
13496:
13451:
13447:
13394:
13390:
13345:
13341:
13296:
13292:
13255:
13251:
13214:
13210:
13179:(10): 700–706.
13165:
13161:
13124:
13120:
13112:
13099:
13091:
13080:
13049:(1–3): 173–91.
13035:
13020:
12983:
12979:
12940:
12936:
12897:
12893:
12878:
12874:
12864:
12862:
12852:
12845:
12836:
12834:
12824:
12820:
12805:
12801:
12748:
12744:
12734:
12732:
12722:
12720:
12670:
12666:
12658:
12654:
12649:
12645:
12636:
12634:
12625:
12624:
12620:
12611:
12609:
12600:
12599:
12595:
12586:
12584:
12579:
12578:
12574:
12523:
12519:
12496:
12492:
12484:
12480:
12471:
12469:
12466:
12460:
12456:
12403:
12394:
12385:
12383:
12375:
12374:
12370:
12362:
12358:
12295:
12291:
12230:
12226:
12177:(5): e0177937.
12163:
12159:
12122:
12115:
12108:
12084:
12083:
12079:
12070:
12068:
12057:
12050:
12041:
12039:
12030:
12029:
12025:
12016:
12014:
11999:
11995:
11989:Wayback Machine
11980:
11973:
11951:(12): 4767–82.
11941:
11937:
11922:
11918:
11911:
11903:. McGraw-Hill.
11897:
11893:
11884:
11882:
11869:
11868:
11864:
11853:
11849:
11841:
11830:
11824:
11820:
11801:
11797:
11790:
11776:
11772:
11765:
11751:
11747:
11740:
11726:
11722:
11669:
11665:
11652:
11648:
11638:
11636:
11623:
11622:
11609:
11562:
11558:
11551:
11537:
11530:
11477:
11473:
11466:
11452:
11448:
11441:
11427:
11423:
11416:
11394:
11390:
11381:
11380:
11376:
11368:
11337:
11331:
11327:
11315:
11311:
11280:
11276:
11245:
11241:
11232:
11230:
11221:
11220:
11216:
11206:
11192:
11188:
11181:
11167:
11154:
11145:
11143:
11135:
11134:
11130:
11124:
11102:
11095:
11086:
11084:
11071:
11065:
11056:
11033:
11029:
10992:
10988:
10978:
10976:
10964:
10958:
10954:
10935:
10931:
10922:
10920:
10911:
10910:
10906:
10885:
10881:
10876:
10872:
10867:
10863:
10854:
10852:
10843:
10842:
10838:
10817:
10813:
10802:
10798:
10791:
10774:
10770:
10760:
10758:
10743:
10732:
10719:
10718:
10714:
10705:
10703:
10699:
10683:
10677:
10666:
10657:
10655:
10647:
10646:
10642:
10627:
10620:
10610:
10608:
10599:
10598:
10594:
10541:
10537:
10512:
10508:
10491:
10490:
10486:
10476:
10474:
10440:
10436:
10428:
10424:
10409:
10396:
10386:
10385:
10380:
10376:
10363:
10359:
10349:
10295:Ozone depletion
10290:Nitrogen oxides
10259:
10247:
10241:
10232:
10189:
10161:
10158:
10157:
10156:
10154:
10149:
10147:
10146:
10145:
10143:
10138:
10136:
10135:
10134:
10132:
10117:
10110:
10036:
10030:
10018:
9936:Cryptosporidium
9930:Giardia lamblia
9725:pharmaceuticals
9721:
9716:
9695:
9690:
9674:
9668:
9664:
9659:
9650:
9648:
9645:
9644:
9636:
9633:
9632:
9631:
9629:
9624:
9621:
9620:
9619:
9617:
9608:
9605:
9604:
9603:
9601:
9571:represents the
9568:
9551:
9550:
9542:
9533:
9529:
9518:
9511:
9507:
9494:
9490:
9479:
9474:
9460:
9455:
9446:
9442:
9441:
9433:
9424:
9420:
9409:
9404:
9399:
9382:
9378:
9365:
9361:
9356:
9352:
9351:
9343:
9331:
9327:
9316:
9309:
9305:
9292:
9288:
9277:
9272:
9258:
9253:
9244:
9239:
9237:
9234:
9233:
9185:
9169:Catatumbo River
9150:Electric motors
9107:
9104:
9103:
9102:
9100:
9097:
9043:stainless steel
9011:
8986:
8982:
8978:
8973:
8953:
8923:
8917:
8900:nitrogen oxides
8882:
8870:
8850:
8811:
8798:
8784:, generated by
8761:immune response
8721:
8715:
8703:
8656:
8653:
8652:
8651:
8649:
8623:In the US, the
8608:(EPA), and the
8514:
8504:
8467:
8446:
8417:
8386:
8377:
8371:
8273:
8200:
8194:
8183:
8179:
8130:
8105:
8087:
8059:nitrogen oxides
8043:
8005:
8003:
7991:
7984:
7983:
7883:
7875:
7874:
7848:
7840:
7839:
7775:Pharmaceuticals
7755:Nonpoint source
7695:
7685:
7684:
7653:Nuclear fallout
7626:
7616:
7615:
7586:
7576:
7575:
7566:
7556:
7555:
7546:
7538:
7537:
7523:Packaging waste
7488:Hazardous waste
7448:
7440:
7439:
7400:
7390:
7389:
7360:Nuclear fallout
7355:Nuclear fission
7335:
7325:
7324:
7290:
7280:
7279:
7255:
7247:
7246:
7220:
7218:Electromagnetic
7210:
7209:
7200:
7192:
7191:
7165:
7155:
7154:
7125:Ozone depletion
7070:
7060:
7032:
7024:Main articles:
7022:
7020:Low level ozone
6987:
6979:ozone depleting
6959:
6955:
6934:
6929:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6892:
6886:
6882:
6862:
6854:
6849:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6816:
6788:
6783:
6766:
6761:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6744:
6711:
6701:
6675:
6666:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6646:
6625:
6611:
6609:Ozone depletion
6601:
6596:
6590:
6542:
6526:
6522:
6504:
6480:
6475:
6460:
6455:
6444:
6439:
6428:
6423:
6409:
6404:
6396:
6391:
6383:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6375:
6349:
6344:
6331:
6327:
6320:
6315:
6302:
6298:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6291:
6258:
6253:
6238:
6233:
6225:
6220:
6206:
6201:
6190:
6185:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6170:
6142:
6141:
6134:
6130:
6121:
6117:
6112:
6099:
6087:
6086:
6082:
6077:
6066:
6048:
6043:
6028:
6023:
6010:
6001:
5997:
5992:
5988:
5987:
5980:
5976:
5967:
5963:
5958:
5949:
5937:
5936:
5932:
5927:
5916:
5898:
5893:
5878:
5873:
5864:
5855:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5835:
5813:
5794:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5772:
5767:
5752:
5747:
5739:
5734:
5725:
5716:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5697:
5692:
5684:
5673:
5668:
5657:
5646:
5641:
5626:
5624:
5613:
5608:
5593:
5588:
5569:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5559:
5529:
5524:
5511:
5507:
5498:
5494:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5471:
5464:
5460:
5453:
5449:
5446:
5442:
5439:
5435:
5432:
5428:
5407:
5402:
5391:
5386:
5371:
5366:
5351:
5346:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5321:
5295:
5290:
5279:
5274:
5263:
5258:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5231:
5225:
5221:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5200:
5197:
5196:
5194:
5187:
5161:
5157:
5150:
5146:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5127:
5118:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5108:
5085:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5054:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5023:
5019:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4991:
4984:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4953:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4938:
4935:
4934:
4928:
4922:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4872:
4868:
4867:
4860:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4829:
4825:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4806:
4798:
4795:
4794:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4741:
4737:
4736:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4705:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4687:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4641:
4632:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4604:
4602:
4588:
4584:
4578:
4574:
4572:
4563:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4503:
4491:
4487:
4476:
4473:
4472:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4422:
4410:
4406:
4397:
4393:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4362:
4358:
4349:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4317:
4312:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4251:
4246:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4173:
4166:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4137:
4135:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4105:
4100:
4085:
4080:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4055:
4036:
4031:
4012:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3993:
3988:
3977:
3972:
3963:
3959:
3958:
3947:
3942:
3931:
3926:
3915:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3867:
3862:
3837:
3832:
3817:
3812:
3804:
3799:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3774:
3770:
3759:
3738:
3733:
3722:
3717:
3693:
3688:
3677:
3672:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3626:
3621:
3606:
3601:
3593:
3588:
3580:
3565:
3560:
3549:
3544:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3507:perchloric acid
3477:
3472:
3457:
3452:
3437:
3432:
3411:
3406:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3373:
3349:dichloromethane
3304:
3298:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3260:
3255:
3240:
3235:
3217:
3212:
3203:
3199:
3198:
3190:
3185:
3174:
3169:
3152:
3147:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3079:
3074:
3063:
3058:
3047:
3042:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3012:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2965:
2960:
2945:
2940:
2926:
2921:
2906:
2901:
2892:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2869:
2864:
2853:
2848:
2834:
2829:
2818:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2774:
2769:
2754:
2749:
2738:
2733:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2704:is oxidized to
2700:. For example,
2692:Ozone oxidizes
2690:
2669:
2664:
2649:
2644:
2633:
2628:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2574:
2569:
2558:
2553:
2538:
2533:
2525:
2520:
2509:
2504:
2489:
2484:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2435:
2430:
2415:
2410:
2402:
2397:
2386:
2381:
2366:
2361:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2328:
2324:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2258:
2253:
2242:
2237:
2226:
2221:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2188:nitrate radical
2184:
2180:
2157:
2152:
2141:
2136:
2125:
2120:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2089:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2042:
2037:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2011:
1994:
1989:
1978:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1963:. For example:
1961:oxidation state
1937:
1910:
1901:
1897:
1885:
1880:
1871:
1867:
1855:
1851:
1837:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1819:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1801:
1797:
1788:
1782:
1778:
1769:
1765:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1705:
1700:
1685:
1680:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1654:
1650:
1639:
1628:
1622:
1619:
1608:
1596:
1585:
1515:
1506:
1495:chlorine bleach
1468:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1360:
1302:
1225:
1212:
1183:
1174:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1060:
1056:
1050:
1043:
1038:
1037:
1036: ?)
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1001:
997:
993:
987:
972:
959:
946:
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
911:
905:
888:
887:
886:
885:
878:
871:
864:
857:
853:
845:
818:
804:
768:
740:
737:
731:
727:
724:
723:Std enthalpy of
716:238.92 J K mol
713:
710:
703:
700:
684:
659:
657:Molecular shape
647:
638:
632:
615:
613:
598:+6.7·10 cm/mol
595:
558:
539:
479:
469:
461:
447:
444:
439:
438:
427:
424:
423:
420:
414:
413:
410:
404:
403:
392:
374:
367:
358:
338:
322:
309:
283:
270:
258:
249:
212:
192:
172:
159:
148:
135:
121:
109:
108:
97:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
18444:
18434:
18433:
18428:
18423:
18418:
18413:
18408:
18403:
18398:
18393:
18388:
18383:
18366:
18365:
18360:
18359:
18357:
18356:
18344:
18332:
18320:
18307:
18304:
18303:
18301:
18300:
18295:
18290:
18285:
18279:
18274:
18269:
18264:
18259:
18254:
18249:
18244:
18239:
18234:
18229:
18224:
18219:
18214:
18209:
18204:
18199:
18194:
18189:
18187:Cosmochemistry
18184:
18179:
18174:
18169:
18164:
18159:
18154:
18152:Astrochemistry
18149:
18144:
18138:
18136:
18130:
18129:
18127:
18126:
18121:
18116:
18111:
18106:
18102:
18098:
18093:
18089:
18084:
18079:
18074:
18069:
18064:
18058:
18056:
18050:
18049:
18047:
18046:
18041:
18036:
18032:
18027:
18022:
18017:
18012:
18007:
18005:Formyl radical
18002:
17997:
17991:
17985:
17983:
17975:
17974:
17971:
17970:
17968:
17967:
17962:
17957:
17952:
17947:
17942:
17937:
17935:Methyl acetate
17932:
17927:
17922:
17917:
17912:
17908:
17904:
17900:
17894:
17889:
17884:
17878:
17876:
17866:
17865:
17863:
17862:
17857:
17852:
17847:
17842:
17837:
17832:
17827:
17825:Dimethyl ether
17822:
17817:
17811:
17809:
17801:
17800:
17798:
17797:
17792:
17790:Methyl formate
17787:
17782:
17777:
17775:Glycolaldehyde
17772:
17767:
17762:
17757:
17751:
17749:
17741:
17740:
17738:
17737:
17732:
17727:
17722:
17717:
17712:
17710:Glycolonitrile
17707:
17705:Ethylene oxide
17702:
17697:
17696:
17695:
17685:
17679:
17677:
17669:
17668:
17666:
17665:
17660:
17655:
17650:
17645:
17640:
17635:
17630:
17625:
17621:
17616:
17611:
17606:
17604:Cyclopropenone
17601:
17596:
17591:
17585:
17583:
17575:
17574:
17572:
17571:
17566:
17561:
17556:
17551:
17546:
17541:
17536:
17531:
17526:
17521:
17516:
17511:
17506:
17504:Cyanoacetylene
17501:
17496:
17491:
17486:
17479:
17477:
17469:
17468:
17466:
17465:
17460:
17455:
17450:
17445:
17440:
17435:
17430:
17425:
17423:Methyl radical
17420:
17415:
17410:
17405:
17400:
17398:Isocyanic acid
17395:
17390:
17385:
17380:
17375:
17370:
17365:
17363:Isocyanic acid
17360:
17355:
17349:
17347:
17339:
17338:
17336:
17335:
17330:
17325:
17320:
17315:
17310:
17308:Sulfur dioxide
17305:
17300:
17295:
17290:
17285:
17283:Sodium cyanide
17280:
17275:
17270:
17265:
17260:
17255:
17250:
17245:
17241:
17236:
17231:
17226:
17221:
17216:
17211:
17206:
17200:
17194:
17192:Formyl radical
17189:
17184:
17179:
17174:
17169:
17164:
17159:
17154:
17152:Carbon dioxide
17149:
17144:
17139:
17133:
17131:
17125:
17124:
17099:
17097:
17095:
17094:
17089:
17084:
17079:
17074:
17069:
17064:
17059:
17054:
17049:
17044:
17039:
17033:
17028:
17023:
17017:
17012:
17007:
17002:
17000:Iron(II) oxide
16997:
16992:
16986:
16981:
16976:
16971:
16966:
16961:
16956:
16951:
16946:
16941:
16936:
16931:
16926:
16921:
16915:
16913:
16904:
16898:
16897:
16890:
16889:
16882:
16875:
16867:
16858:
16857:
16855:
16854:
16849:
16844:
16839:
16834:
16829:
16824:
16819:
16814:
16809:
16804:
16799:
16794:
16789:
16783:
16781:
16777:
16776:
16766:
16765:
16758:
16751:
16743:
16734:
16733:
16729:
16728:
16722:
16714:
16712:
16706:
16698:
16696:
16690:
16674:
16672:
16666:
16645:
16643:
16635:Nascent oxygen
16632:
16630:
16624:
16621:
16620:
16613:
16612:
16605:
16598:
16590:
16584:
16581:
16580:
16571:
16570:
16565:
16555:
16550:
16545:
16540:
16535:
16529:
16517:
16505:
16500:
16492:
16491:
16446:external links
16441:
16439:
16432:
16426:
16425:External links
16423:
16422:
16421:
16412:
16397:
16391:
16369:
16366:
16363:
16362:
16322:
16275:
16234:
16196:
16153:
16126:
16115:(3): 317–325.
16099:
16088:(4): 666–671.
16072:
16053:(1): 102–107.
16036:
16025:(3): 248–257.
16008:
15973:
15940:
15912:
15905:
15887:
15861:
15857:on 2011-07-15.
15835:
15817:
15797:
15778:(19): 193502.
15762:
15735:(2): 338–350.
15719:
15700:
15684:
15619:
15590:(4): 269–288.
15570:
15559:(4): 453–460.
15543:
15524:
15497:
15486:
15451:
15440:
15407:Water Research
15397:
15359:
15345:
15318:
15303:
15269:
15262:
15242:
15213:10.1086/507966
15187:
15170:
15141:
15138:. Purdue News.
15126:
15089:
15060:
15039:
15032:
15014:
14985:
14970:
14941:
14906:
14881:
14858:
14832:
14807:
14772:
14737:
14718:(4): 315–334.
14712:Ozone Sci. Eng
14702:
14669:
14644:
14626:
14614:
14598:
14586:
14574:
14520:
14503:(2022-01-17).
14501:Dickie, Gloria
14492:
14437:
14382:
14338:
14287:
14252:
14210:
14162:
14142:
14121:(8): 429–433.
14101:
14099:airinfonow.org
14097:What is Ozone?
14089:
14064:
14052:
14028:
14004:
13983:
13971:
13922:
13881:
13854:
13805:
13751:
13729:
13710:
13688:
13672:
13660:
13611:
13592:
13563:(6): 745–753.
13543:
13494:
13445:
13388:
13339:
13290:
13249:
13208:
13159:
13118:
13097:
13078:
13018:
12977:
12934:
12891:
12872:
12843:
12818:
12799:
12742:
12686:(4): 365–372.
12664:
12652:
12643:
12618:
12593:
12572:
12517:
12506:(3): 426–450.
12490:
12478:
12454:
12417:(2): 196–211.
12392:
12368:
12356:
12289:
12224:
12157:
12136:(3): 142–148.
12113:
12106:
12092:. 1991-01-01.
12077:
12048:
12023:
11993:
11971:
11935:
11932:on 2015-11-17.
11916:
11909:
11891:
11862:
11847:
11818:
11795:
11788:
11770:
11763:
11745:
11738:
11720:
11663:
11646:
11607:
11556:
11549:
11528:
11471:
11464:
11446:
11439:
11421:
11414:
11388:
11374:
11371:on 2009-03-27.
11325:
11309:
11274:
11255:(3): 538–551.
11239:
11214:
11204:
11186:
11179:
11152:
11128:
11122:
11093:
11054:
11027:
10986:
10952:
10929:
10904:
10879:
10870:
10861:
10836:
10811:
10796:
10789:
10768:
10730:
10712:
10664:
10640:
10618:
10592:
10535:
10524:(3): 431–436.
10506:
10484:
10434:
10422:
10393:
10392:
10384:
10383:
10374:
10356:
10355:
10348:
10345:
10344:
10343:
10338:
10333:
10328:
10322:
10317:
10312:
10307:
10302:
10292:
10287:
10282:
10281:(September 16)
10276:
10270:
10265:
10258:
10255:
10240:
10237:
10231:
10228:
10188:
10185:
10159:
10148:
10137:
10131:from ferrous (
10109:
10106:
10076:residues from
10029:
10026:
10017:
10014:
10010:carbon dioxide
9941:
9940:
9925:
9922:
9919:
9912:
9909:
9906:
9899:
9880:
9877:
9874:
9871:
9868:
9861:cooling towers
9857:
9850:peracetic acid
9838:
9835:
9826:
9823:
9753:organochlorine
9720:
9717:
9715:
9712:
9711:
9710:
9693:
9684:
9672:
9662:
9653:
9634:
9622:
9606:
9565:
9564:
9549:
9541:
9536:
9532:
9528:
9525:
9522:
9520:
9514:
9505:
9502:
9497:
9488:
9485:
9477:
9469:
9458:
9449:
9445:
9443:
9440:
9432:
9427:
9423:
9419:
9416:
9413:
9411:
9402:
9393:
9390:
9385:
9376:
9373:
9368:
9359:
9355:
9353:
9350:
9342:
9339:
9334:
9330:
9326:
9323:
9320:
9318:
9312:
9303:
9300:
9295:
9286:
9283:
9275:
9267:
9256:
9247:
9243:
9241:
9201:9 volt battery
9184:
9181:
9134:laser printers
9105:
9096:
9093:
9010:
9007:
8984:
8980:
8976:
8972:
8969:
8952:
8949:
8921:Photochemistry
8916:
8913:
8881:
8878:
8868:
8849:
8846:
8810:
8807:
8797:
8794:
8790:5,6 secosterol
8729:singlet oxygen
8714:
8711:
8702:
8699:
8654:
8614:health effects
8610:European Union
8512:Climate change
8503:
8500:
8466:
8463:
8445:
8442:
8416:
8413:
8409:
8408:
8402:
8399:
8396:
8393:
8385:
8382:
8370:
8369:Health effects
8367:
8360:Southern Ocean
8352:carbon dioxide
8350:up to 150% of
8336:carbon dioxide
8332:carbon dioxide
8313:carbon dioxide
8298:climate change
8289:greenhouse gas
8272:
8269:
8261:electric motor
8241:Ozone cracking
8228:nitrile rubber
8224:natural rubber
8208:natural rubber
8198:Ozone cracking
8196:Main article:
8193:
8192:Ozone cracking
8190:
8181:
8177:
8128:
8113:Houston, Texas
8104:
8101:
8093:photosynthesis
8085:
8045:
8044:
8042:
8041:
8034:
8027:
8019:
8016:
8015:
8014:
8013:
8001:
7986:
7985:
7980:
7979:
7978:
7977:
7969:
7968:
7964:
7963:
7962:
7961:
7956:
7951:
7946:
7944:Law by country
7941:
7933:
7932:
7926:
7925:
7920:
7915:
7910:
7905:
7900:
7895:
7890:
7884:
7881:
7880:
7877:
7876:
7873:
7872:
7871:
7870:
7865:
7855:
7849:
7846:
7845:
7842:
7841:
7838:
7837:
7832:
7827:
7822:
7817:
7815:Surface runoff
7812:
7807:
7802:
7797:
7792:
7787:
7782:
7777:
7772:
7767:
7762:
7757:
7752:
7747:
7742:
7737:
7732:
7727:
7722:
7717:
7715:Eutrophication
7712:
7707:
7702:
7696:
7691:
7690:
7687:
7686:
7683:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7670:Scorched earth
7667:
7666:
7665:
7663:Nuclear winter
7660:
7658:Nuclear famine
7655:
7645:
7644:
7643:
7633:
7627:
7622:
7621:
7618:
7617:
7614:
7613:
7608:
7603:
7598:
7593:
7587:
7582:
7581:
7578:
7577:
7574:
7573:
7567:
7562:
7561:
7558:
7557:
7554:
7553:
7547:
7544:
7543:
7540:
7539:
7536:
7535:
7530:
7525:
7520:
7515:
7510:
7505:
7500:
7495:
7490:
7485:
7480:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7460:
7455:
7449:
7446:
7445:
7442:
7441:
7438:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7417:
7415:Bioremediation
7412:
7407:
7401:
7396:
7395:
7392:
7391:
7388:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7347:
7345:Bioremediation
7342:
7336:
7331:
7330:
7327:
7326:
7323:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7295:Transportation
7291:
7286:
7285:
7282:
7281:
7278:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7256:
7253:
7252:
7249:
7248:
7245:
7244:
7242:Radio spectrum
7239:
7238:
7237:
7232:
7221:
7216:
7215:
7212:
7211:
7208:
7207:
7201:
7198:
7197:
7194:
7193:
7190:
7189:
7188:
7187:
7177:
7172:
7166:
7161:
7160:
7157:
7156:
7153:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7110:Global dimming
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7071:
7066:
7065:
7062:
7061:
7058:
7050:
7049:
7043:
7042:
7021:
7018:
6986:
6983:
6957:
6953:
6950:
6949:
6932:
6923:
6920:
6914:
6906:
6884:
6878:
6877:
6864:kinetic energy
6861:
6852:
6844:
6838:
6830:
6810:
6809:
6794:
6786:
6778:
6772:
6764:
6756:
6738:
6737:
6721:
6708:
6697:
6691:
6685:
6674:
6670:
6660:
6623:
6600:
6597:
6592:Main article:
6589:
6586:
6582:concentrations
6578:mole fractions
6541:
6538:
6524:
6513:greenhouse gas
6503:
6500:
6499:
6498:
6478:
6469:
6466:
6458:
6450:
6442:
6434:
6426:
6418:
6407:
6402:
6394:
6386:
6365:
6364:
6347:
6339:
6334:
6326:
6318:
6310:
6305:
6274:
6273:
6256:
6247:
6244:
6236:
6223:
6215:
6204:
6196:
6188:
6179:
6164:sulfurous acid
6156:
6155:
6137:
6128:
6125:
6115:
6106:
6103:
6096:
6090:
6080:
6075:
6069:
6060:
6057:
6046:
6037:
6034:
6026:
6017:
6014:
6007:
6004:
5995:
5991:
5989:
5983:
5974:
5971:
5961:
5953:
5946:
5940:
5930:
5925:
5919:
5910:
5907:
5896:
5887:
5884:
5876:
5868:
5861:
5858:
5849:
5845:
5843:
5812:
5809:
5808:
5807:
5786:
5778:
5770:
5761:
5758:
5750:
5737:
5728:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5717:
5708:
5703:
5695:
5687:
5679:
5671:
5666:
5660:
5652:
5644:
5635:
5632:
5625:
5619:
5611:
5602:
5599:
5591:
5582:
5579:
5572:
5568:
5567:
5547:A solution of
5545:
5544:
5527:
5519:
5514:
5506:
5501:
5493:
5485:
5451:
5444:
5437:
5430:
5426:
5425:
5405:
5397:
5389:
5380:
5377:
5369:
5360:
5357:
5349:
5340:
5337:
5330:
5311:
5310:
5293:
5285:
5277:
5269:
5261:
5253:
5245:
5223:
5216:
5212:
5186:
5183:
5167:
5164:
5160:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5126:
5117:
5105:
5104:
5091:
5088:
5084:
5074:
5065:
5062:
5057:
5053:
5043:
5034:
5031:
5022:
5018:
5012:
5003:
4994:
4987:
4983:
4973:
4964:
4961:
4952:
4945:
4942:
4926:
4919:
4918:
4904:
4895:
4886:
4883:
4878:
4875:
4871:
4863:
4859:
4849:
4840:
4837:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4805:
4802:
4788:
4787:
4773:
4764:
4755:
4752:
4747:
4744:
4740:
4734:
4725:
4716:
4713:
4708:
4704:
4697:
4694:
4686:
4676:
4662:
4653:
4644:
4639:
4631:
4628:
4625:
4616:
4607:
4601:
4594:
4591:
4587:
4581:
4577:
4571:
4566:
4562:
4546:
4545:
4534:
4525:
4516:
4513:
4510:
4502:
4499:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4483:
4480:
4465:
4464:
4453:
4444:
4435:
4432:
4429:
4421:
4418:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4400:
4396:
4391:
4382:
4373:
4370:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4352:
4348:
4315:
4306:
4303:
4297:
4289:
4257:
4249:
4241:
4233:
4194:
4185:
4176:
4169:
4165:
4155:
4146:
4143:
4140:
4134:
4131:
4103:
4094:
4091:
4083:
4074:
4054:
4051:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4004:
3991:
3983:
3975:
3966:
3962:
3960:
3953:
3945:
3937:
3929:
3921:
3914:
3912:
3883:
3882:
3865:
3856:
3853:
3846:
3843:
3835:
3826:
3823:
3815:
3802:
3793:
3772:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3753:
3736:
3728:
3720:
3712:
3705:
3702:
3691:
3683:
3675:
3667:
3660:
3645:
3644:
3624:
3615:
3612:
3604:
3599:
3591:
3583:
3574:
3571:
3563:
3555:
3547:
3538:
3535:
3527:
3496:
3495:
3475:
3466:
3463:
3455:
3446:
3443:
3435:
3427:
3420:
3417:
3409:
3400:
3372:
3369:
3345:
3344:
3323:acid anhydride
3300:Main article:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3271:
3258:
3249:
3246:
3238:
3229:
3226:
3215:
3206:
3202:
3200:
3188:
3180:
3172:
3164:
3158:
3150:
3142:
3131:
3122:
3120:
3098:
3097:
3077:
3069:
3061:
3053:
3045:
3037:
3026:
2998:
2997:
2976:
2963:
2954:
2951:
2943:
2935:
2924:
2915:
2912:
2904:
2895:
2891:
2889:
2880:
2867:
2859:
2851:
2843:
2832:
2824:
2817:
2815:
2801:sulfur dioxide
2790:
2789:
2772:
2763:
2760:
2752:
2744:
2736:
2727:
2724:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2667:
2658:
2655:
2647:
2639:
2631:
2622:
2619:
2601:carbon dioxide
2593:
2592:
2572:
2564:
2556:
2547:
2544:
2536:
2523:
2515:
2507:
2498:
2495:
2487:
2478:
2451:
2450:
2433:
2424:
2421:
2413:
2400:
2392:
2384:
2375:
2372:
2364:
2356:
2348:
2326:
2319:
2315:
2301:
2297:
2286:
2279:
2274:
2273:
2256:
2248:
2240:
2232:
2224:
2216:
2208:
2182:
2173:
2172:
2155:
2147:
2139:
2131:
2123:
2115:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2062:
2054:
2048:
2040:
2032:
2025:
2023:
2014:
2006:
2000:
1992:
1984:
1977:
1975:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1917:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1883:
1875:
1864:
1858:
1854:
1840:
1833:
1822:
1815:
1804:
1795:
1792:
1785:
1776:
1773:
1762:
1756:
1752:
1721:
1720:
1703:
1694:
1691:
1683:
1674:
1652:
1641:
1640:
1599:
1597:
1590:
1584:
1581:
1513:
1505:
1502:
1467:
1464:
1448:
1408:stated in the
1358:
1301:
1298:
1290:Trioxidanediyl
1284:trioxidanediyl
1240:2λ-trioxidiene
1224:
1221:
1181:
1136:
1124:
1099:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1017:
1016:
1012:standard state
1009:
1006:
1005:
991:Sulfur dioxide
988:
985:
982:
981:
977:
976:
973:
967:
964:
963:
960:
954:
951:
950:
947:
941:
938:
937:
928:
927:
912:
903:
901:
898:
897:
890:
889:
879:
872:
865:
858:
843:
842:
841:
840:
838:
829:
828:
819:
814:
811:
810:
805:
800:
797:
796:
769:
764:
761:
760:
750:
749:
745:
744:
743:142.67 kJ mol
741:
735:
729:
721:
718:
717:
714:
708:
697:
694:
693:
689:
688:
685:
680:
677:
676:
670:
664:
663:
660:
655:
652:
651:
648:
643:
640:
639:
636:
633:
628:
625:
624:
620:
619:
616:
611:
603:
600:
599:
596:
590:
587:
586:
581:
579:Conjugate acid
575:
574:
571:
569:Vapor pressure
565:
564:
556:
551:
544:
543:
540:
535:
532:
531:
528:
522:
521:
518:
512:
511:
508:
502:
501:
498:
492:
491:
488:
484:
483:
477:
471:
470:
467:
462:
457:
454:
453:
449:
448:
446:
445:
442:
434:
433:
432:
429:
428:
426:
425:
421:
418:
417:
415:
411:
408:
407:
399:
398:
397:
394:
393:
391:
390:
377:
375:
363:
360:
359:
357:
356:
348:
346:
340:
339:
337:
336:
332:
330:
324:
323:
321:
320:
312:
310:
302:
299:
298:
291:
285:
284:
282:
281:
273:
271:
266:
263:
262:
259:
254:
251:
250:
248:
247:
243:
241:
233:
232:
222:
214:
213:
211:
210:
202:
200:
194:
193:
191:
190:
182:
180:
174:
173:
171:
170:
162:
160:
153:
150:
149:
147:
146:
138:
136:
131:
128:
127:
123:
122:
115:
111:
110:
106:
105:
99:
98:
95:
89:
88:
84:
83:
80:
79:
69:
54:
53:
45:
44:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
18443:
18432:
18429:
18427:
18424:
18422:
18419:
18417:
18414:
18412:
18409:
18407:
18404:
18402:
18399:
18397:
18396:Disinfectants
18394:
18392:
18389:
18387:
18386:Air pollution
18384:
18382:
18379:
18378:
18376:
18355:
18345:
18343:
18333:
18331:
18321:
18319:
18318:
18309:
18308:
18305:
18299:
18296:
18294:
18291:
18289:
18286:
18283:
18280:
18278:
18275:
18273:
18270:
18268:
18265:
18263:
18260:
18258:
18255:
18253:
18250:
18248:
18245:
18243:
18240:
18238:
18235:
18233:
18230:
18228:
18225:
18223:
18220:
18218:
18217:Homochirality
18215:
18213:
18210:
18208:
18205:
18203:
18200:
18198:
18195:
18193:
18190:
18188:
18185:
18183:
18180:
18178:
18175:
18173:
18170:
18168:
18165:
18163:
18160:
18158:
18155:
18153:
18150:
18148:
18145:
18143:
18140:
18139:
18137:
18135:
18131:
18125:
18122:
18120:
18117:
18115:
18112:
18110:
18107:
18105:
18099:
18097:
18090:
18088:
18085:
18083:
18080:
18078:
18075:
18073:
18072:Methoxyethane
18070:
18068:
18065:
18063:
18060:
18059:
18057:
18055:
18051:
18045:
18042:
18040:
18033:
18031:
18028:
18026:
18023:
18021:
18018:
18016:
18013:
18011:
18008:
18006:
18003:
18001:
17998:
17995:
17992:
17990:
17987:
17986:
17984:
17980:
17976:
17966:
17963:
17961:
17958:
17956:
17955:Butyronitrile
17953:
17951:
17948:
17946:
17943:
17941:
17938:
17936:
17933:
17931:
17930:Ethyl formate
17928:
17926:
17923:
17921:
17918:
17916:
17909:
17898:
17895:
17893:
17890:
17888:
17885:
17883:
17880:
17879:
17877:
17875:
17867:
17861:
17858:
17856:
17855:Propionitrile
17853:
17851:
17848:
17846:
17843:
17841:
17838:
17836:
17833:
17831:
17828:
17826:
17823:
17821:
17818:
17816:
17813:
17812:
17810:
17808:
17802:
17796:
17793:
17791:
17788:
17786:
17783:
17781:
17778:
17776:
17773:
17771:
17768:
17766:
17763:
17761:
17758:
17756:
17753:
17752:
17750:
17748:
17742:
17736:
17735:Vinyl alcohol
17733:
17731:
17728:
17726:
17723:
17721:
17718:
17716:
17713:
17711:
17708:
17706:
17703:
17701:
17698:
17694:
17693:Vinyl cyanide
17691:
17690:
17689:
17688:Acrylonitrile
17686:
17684:
17681:
17680:
17678:
17676:
17670:
17664:
17661:
17659:
17656:
17654:
17653:Pentynylidyne
17651:
17649:
17646:
17644:
17641:
17639:
17636:
17634:
17631:
17629:
17622:
17620:
17617:
17615:
17612:
17610:
17607:
17605:
17602:
17600:
17597:
17595:
17592:
17590:
17587:
17586:
17584:
17582:
17576:
17570:
17567:
17565:
17562:
17560:
17557:
17555:
17552:
17550:
17549:Methylenimine
17547:
17545:
17542:
17540:
17537:
17535:
17532:
17530:
17527:
17525:
17522:
17520:
17517:
17515:
17512:
17510:
17507:
17505:
17502:
17500:
17497:
17495:
17492:
17490:
17487:
17484:
17481:
17480:
17478:
17476:
17470:
17464:
17461:
17459:
17456:
17454:
17451:
17449:
17446:
17444:
17441:
17439:
17436:
17434:
17431:
17429:
17428:Propynylidyne
17426:
17424:
17421:
17419:
17418:Methyl cation
17416:
17414:
17411:
17409:
17406:
17404:
17401:
17399:
17396:
17394:
17391:
17389:
17386:
17384:
17381:
17379:
17378:Fulminic acid
17376:
17374:
17371:
17369:
17366:
17364:
17361:
17359:
17356:
17354:
17351:
17350:
17348:
17346:
17340:
17334:
17331:
17329:
17326:
17324:
17321:
17319:
17316:
17314:
17311:
17309:
17306:
17304:
17301:
17299:
17296:
17294:
17291:
17289:
17286:
17284:
17281:
17279:
17276:
17274:
17271:
17269:
17266:
17264:
17261:
17259:
17256:
17254:
17253:Nitrous oxide
17251:
17249:
17242:
17240:
17237:
17235:
17232:
17230:
17227:
17225:
17222:
17220:
17217:
17215:
17212:
17210:
17207:
17204:
17201:
17198:
17195:
17193:
17190:
17188:
17185:
17183:
17180:
17178:
17175:
17173:
17170:
17168:
17165:
17163:
17160:
17158:
17155:
17153:
17150:
17148:
17147:Amino radical
17145:
17143:
17140:
17138:
17135:
17134:
17132:
17130:
17126:
17121:
17112:
17103:
17093:
17090:
17088:
17085:
17083:
17080:
17078:
17077:Sodium iodide
17075:
17073:
17070:
17068:
17065:
17063:
17060:
17058:
17055:
17053:
17050:
17048:
17045:
17043:
17040:
17037:
17034:
17032:
17029:
17027:
17024:
17021:
17018:
17016:
17013:
17011:
17008:
17006:
17003:
17001:
16998:
16996:
16993:
16990:
16987:
16985:
16982:
16980:
16977:
16975:
16972:
16970:
16967:
16965:
16962:
16960:
16959:Cyano radical
16957:
16955:
16952:
16950:
16947:
16945:
16942:
16940:
16939:Carbon cation
16937:
16935:
16932:
16930:
16927:
16925:
16922:
16920:
16917:
16916:
16914:
16912:
16908:
16905:
16903:
16899:
16895:
16888:
16883:
16881:
16876:
16874:
16869:
16868:
16865:
16852:
16845:
16842:
16835:
16832:
16825:
16822:
16815:
16812:
16805:
16802:
16795:
16792:
16785:
16784:
16782:
16778:
16774:
16771:
16764:
16759:
16757:
16752:
16750:
16745:
16744:
16741:
16726:
16718:
16713:
16710:
16702:
16697:
16694:
16685:
16681:
16680:
16673:
16670:
16661:
16657:
16656:
16651:
16650:
16644:
16641:
16636:
16631:
16628:
16627:
16622:
16618:
16611:
16606:
16604:
16599:
16597:
16592:
16591:
16588:
16582:
16575:
16569:
16566:
16563:
16559:
16556:
16554:
16551:
16549:
16546:
16544:
16541:
16539:
16536:
16533:
16530:
16528:
16524:
16521:
16518:
16516:
16512:
16509:
16506:
16504:
16501:
16499:
16496:
16495:
16488:
16485:
16477:
16467:
16463:
16462:inappropriate
16459:
16455:
16449:
16447:
16440:
16431:
16430:
16419:
16418:
16413:
16410:
16409:0-7503-0962-8
16406:
16402:
16398:
16394:
16388:
16384:
16380:
16376:
16372:
16371:
16358:
16352:
16336:
16332:
16326:
16318:
16314:
16310:
16306:
16302:
16298:
16294:
16290:
16286:
16279:
16270:
16265:
16261:
16257:
16253:
16249:
16245:
16238:
16230:
16226:
16222:
16218:
16214:
16210:
16203:
16201:
16192:
16188:
16184:
16180:
16176:
16172:
16168:
16164:
16157:
16149:
16145:
16141:
16137:
16130:
16122:
16118:
16114:
16110:
16103:
16095:
16091:
16087:
16083:
16076:
16068:
16064:
16060:
16056:
16052:
16048:
16040:
16032:
16028:
16024:
16020:
16012:
16004:
16000:
15996:
15992:
15988:
15984:
15977:
15968:
15963:
15959:
15955:
15951:
15944:
15929:
15922:
15916:
15908:
15902:
15898:
15891:
15877:on 2007-02-11
15876:
15872:
15865:
15853:
15846:
15839:
15831:
15824:
15822:
15813:
15809:
15801:
15793:
15789:
15785:
15781:
15777:
15773:
15766:
15758:
15754:
15750:
15746:
15742:
15738:
15734:
15730:
15723:
15710:
15704:
15696:
15688:
15680:
15676:
15671:
15666:
15662:
15658:
15654:
15650:
15646:
15642:
15638:
15636:
15632:
15623:
15615:
15611:
15606:
15601:
15597:
15593:
15589:
15585:
15581:
15574:
15566:
15562:
15558:
15554:
15547:
15539:
15535:
15528:
15520:
15516:
15512:
15508:
15501:
15490:
15482:
15478:
15474:
15470:
15466:
15462:
15455:
15444:
15436:
15432:
15428:
15424:
15420:
15416:
15412:
15408:
15401:
15393:
15389:
15385:
15381:
15377:
15373:
15366:
15364:
15352:
15350:
15341:
15337:
15333:
15329:
15322:
15314:
15307:
15293:on 2010-10-14
15292:
15288:
15284:
15280:
15273:
15265:
15259:
15255:
15254:
15246:
15238:
15234:
15230:
15226:
15222:
15218:
15214:
15210:
15206:
15202:
15198:
15191:
15180:
15174:
15160:on 2008-04-10
15159:
15155:
15151:
15145:
15137:
15130:
15112:
15105:
15098:
15096:
15094:
15079:on 2007-09-29
15078:
15074:
15070:
15064:
15056:
15055:
15050:
15043:
15035:
15029:
15025:
15018:
15004:on 2008-04-19
15003:
14999:
14995:
14989:
14981:
14974:
14960:on 2011-07-15
14959:
14955:
14951:
14945:
14937:
14933:
14929:
14925:
14921:
14917:
14910:
14896:on 2011-07-21
14895:
14891:
14885:
14878:
14874:
14870:
14867:
14862:
14846:
14844:
14836:
14820:
14819:
14811:
14803:
14799:
14795:
14791:
14787:
14783:
14776:
14768:
14764:
14760:
14756:
14752:
14748:
14741:
14733:
14729:
14725:
14721:
14717:
14713:
14706:
14697:
14690:
14686:
14685:
14680:
14673:
14659:on 2020-01-10
14658:
14654:
14648:
14640:
14636:
14630:
14623:
14618:
14611:
14605:
14603:
14595:
14590:
14583:
14578:
14570:
14566:
14562:
14558:
14554:
14550:
14546:
14542:
14538:
14534:
14530:
14524:
14510:
14506:
14502:
14496:
14488:
14484:
14480:
14476:
14472:
14468:
14464:
14460:
14456:
14452:
14444:
14442:
14433:
14429:
14425:
14421:
14417:
14413:
14409:
14405:
14401:
14397:
14389:
14387:
14378:
14374:
14370:
14366:
14362:
14358:
14354:
14350:
14342:
14334:
14330:
14326:
14322:
14318:
14314:
14310:
14306:
14302:
14298:
14291:
14283:
14279:
14275:
14271:
14268:(3): 318–24.
14267:
14263:
14256:
14242:on 2006-09-25
14241:
14237:
14233:
14229:
14225:
14221:
14214:
14199:
14195:
14190:
14185:
14181:
14177:
14173:
14166:
14159:
14155:
14152:
14146:
14138:
14134:
14129:
14124:
14120:
14116:
14112:
14105:
14098:
14093:
14078:
14074:
14068:
14061:
14056:
14042:
14038:
14032:
14021:
14014:
14008:
13993:
13987:
13980:
13975:
13967:
13963:
13958:
13953:
13949:
13945:
13941:
13937:
13933:
13926:
13917:
13912:
13908:
13904:
13900:
13896:
13892:
13885:
13877:
13873:
13869:
13865:
13858:
13850:
13846:
13841:
13836:
13832:
13828:
13824:
13820:
13816:
13809:
13801:
13797:
13792:
13787:
13783:
13779:
13775:
13771:
13767:
13760:
13758:
13756:
13747:
13743:
13739:
13733:
13726:
13722:
13719:
13714:
13699:
13692:
13685:
13681:
13676:
13669:
13664:
13656:
13652:
13647:
13642:
13638:
13634:
13630:
13626:
13622:
13615:
13607:
13603:
13596:
13588:
13584:
13579:
13574:
13570:
13566:
13562:
13558:
13554:
13547:
13539:
13535:
13530:
13525:
13521:
13517:
13514:(3): 99–113.
13513:
13509:
13505:
13498:
13490:
13486:
13481:
13476:
13472:
13468:
13464:
13460:
13456:
13449:
13441:
13437:
13432:
13427:
13423:
13419:
13415:
13411:
13407:
13403:
13399:
13392:
13384:
13380:
13375:
13370:
13366:
13362:
13358:
13354:
13350:
13343:
13335:
13331:
13326:
13321:
13317:
13313:
13309:
13305:
13301:
13294:
13286:
13282:
13277:
13272:
13268:
13264:
13260:
13253:
13245:
13241:
13236:
13231:
13227:
13223:
13219:
13212:
13204:
13200:
13195:
13190:
13186:
13182:
13178:
13174:
13170:
13163:
13155:
13151:
13146:
13141:
13137:
13133:
13129:
13122:
13116:
13110:
13108:
13106:
13104:
13102:
13095:
13089:
13087:
13085:
13083:
13074:
13070:
13065:
13060:
13056:
13052:
13048:
13044:
13040:
13033:
13031:
13029:
13027:
13025:
13023:
13014:
13010:
13005:
13000:
12996:
12992:
12988:
12981:
12973:
12969:
12965:
12961:
12957:
12953:
12949:
12945:
12938:
12930:
12926:
12922:
12918:
12914:
12910:
12906:
12902:
12895:
12887:
12883:
12876:
12861:
12857:
12850:
12848:
12833:
12829:
12822:
12814:
12810:
12803:
12795:
12791:
12786:
12781:
12777:
12773:
12769:
12765:
12761:
12757:
12753:
12746:
12731:
12730:
12725:
12717:
12713:
12709:
12705:
12701:
12697:
12693:
12689:
12685:
12681:
12676:
12668:
12661:
12656:
12647:
12633:on 2006-09-13
12632:
12628:
12622:
12608:on 2006-07-10
12607:
12603:
12597:
12582:
12576:
12568:
12564:
12560:
12551:
12546:
12541:
12536:
12532:
12528:
12521:
12513:
12509:
12505:
12501:
12494:
12488:
12482:
12465:
12458:
12450:
12446:
12442:
12438:
12433:
12428:
12424:
12420:
12416:
12412:
12408:
12401:
12399:
12397:
12382:
12378:
12372:
12366:
12360:
12352:
12348:
12343:
12338:
12334:
12330:
12325:
12320:
12316:
12312:
12308:
12304:
12300:
12293:
12285:
12281:
12276:
12271:
12267:
12263:
12259:
12255:
12251:
12247:
12243:
12239:
12235:
12228:
12220:
12216:
12211:
12206:
12202:
12198:
12193:
12188:
12184:
12180:
12176:
12172:
12168:
12161:
12152:
12147:
12143:
12139:
12135:
12131:
12127:
12120:
12118:
12109:
12103:
12099:
12098:10.17226/1889
12095:
12090:
12089:
12081:
12067:on 2004-02-17
12066:
12062:
12055:
12053:
12038:on 2010-03-16
12037:
12033:
12027:
12013:on 2011-11-04
12012:
12008:
12004:
11997:
11990:
11986:
11983:
11978:
11976:
11966:
11962:
11958:
11954:
11950:
11946:
11939:
11931:
11927:
11920:
11912:
11906:
11902:
11895:
11881:on 2013-09-14
11880:
11876:
11872:
11866:
11858:
11851:
11840:
11836:
11829:
11822:
11814:
11810:
11806:
11799:
11791:
11785:
11781:
11774:
11766:
11760:
11756:
11749:
11741:
11735:
11731:
11724:
11716:
11712:
11707:
11702:
11698:
11694:
11690:
11686:
11682:
11678:
11674:
11667:
11659:
11658:
11650:
11634:
11630:
11626:
11620:
11618:
11616:
11614:
11612:
11603:
11599:
11595:
11591:
11587:
11583:
11579:
11575:
11571:
11567:
11560:
11552:
11546:
11542:
11535:
11533:
11524:
11520:
11516:
11512:
11507:
11502:
11498:
11494:
11491:(1): 012062.
11490:
11486:
11482:
11475:
11467:
11461:
11457:
11450:
11442:
11436:
11432:
11425:
11417:
11411:
11407:
11402:
11401:
11392:
11384:
11378:
11367:
11363:
11359:
11355:
11351:
11347:
11343:
11336:
11329:
11323:
11319:
11313:
11305:
11301:
11297:
11293:
11289:
11285:
11278:
11270:
11266:
11262:
11258:
11254:
11250:
11243:
11228:
11224:
11218:
11211:
11207:
11205:0-471-84997-9
11201:
11197:
11190:
11182:
11176:
11172:
11165:
11163:
11161:
11159:
11157:
11142:
11138:
11132:
11125:
11119:
11115:
11111:
11107:
11100:
11098:
11082:
11079:
11078:
11070:
11063:
11061:
11059:
11050:
11046:
11043:(4860): 712.
11042:
11038:
11031:
11022:
11017:
11013:
11009:
11005:
11001:
10997:
10990:
10974:
10970:
10963:
10956:
10948:
10944:
10940:
10933:
10918:
10914:
10908:
10900:
10896:
10895:The Telegraph
10891:
10883:
10874:
10865:
10851:on 2006-06-01
10850:
10846:
10840:
10832:
10828:
10827:
10822:
10815:
10807:
10800:
10792:
10786:
10782:
10781:
10772:
10756:
10752:
10751:Distillations
10748:
10741:
10739:
10737:
10735:
10726:
10722:
10716:
10702:on 2008-04-11
10698:
10694:
10691:
10690:
10682:
10675:
10673:
10671:
10669:
10654:
10650:
10644:
10636:
10635:colostate.edu
10632:
10625:
10623:
10606:
10602:
10596:
10588:
10584:
10579:
10574:
10570:
10566:
10562:
10558:
10554:
10550:
10546:
10539:
10531:
10527:
10523:
10519:
10518:
10510:
10502:
10498:
10494:
10488:
10472:
10467:
10463:
10459:
10455:
10451:
10450:
10445:
10438:
10432:
10426:
10418:
10414:
10407:
10405:
10403:
10401:
10399:
10394:
10391:
10390:
10378:
10371:
10367:
10361:
10357:
10354:
10353:
10342:
10339:
10337:
10334:
10332:
10329:
10326:
10323:
10321:
10318:
10316:
10315:Ozone therapy
10313:
10311:
10308:
10306:
10305:Ozone Monitor
10303:
10300:
10296:
10293:
10291:
10288:
10286:
10283:
10280:
10277:
10274:
10271:
10269:
10266:
10264:
10261:
10260:
10254:
10252:
10246:
10245:Ozone therapy
10236:
10227:
10225:
10221:
10217:
10213:
10209:
10205:
10200:
10198:
10195:(one form of
10194:
10193:ascorbic acid
10184:
10181:
10177:
10172:
10170:
10169:
10142:) to ferric (
10130:
10126:
10122:
10115:
10105:
10103:
10097:
10095:
10090:
10085:
10083:
10079:
10075:
10071:
10067:
10066:Campylobacter
10063:
10059:
10055:
10051:
10050:food additive
10047:
10042:
10039:
10035:
10025:
10023:
10013:
10011:
10007:
10003:
10000:
9996:
9992:
9987:
9985:
9981:
9977:
9973:
9968:
9964:
9962:
9958:
9954:
9950:
9946:
9938:
9937:
9932:
9931:
9926:
9923:
9920:
9917:
9913:
9910:
9907:
9904:
9900:
9897:
9893:
9889:
9885:
9881:
9878:
9875:
9872:
9869:
9866:
9862:
9858:
9855:
9851:
9847:
9843:
9839:
9836:
9834:
9830:
9827:
9824:
9821:
9820:
9819:
9816:
9814:
9809:
9807:
9802:
9798:
9793:
9791:
9787:
9783:
9777:
9774:
9770:
9769:free chlorine
9766:
9762:
9758:
9754:
9750:
9746:
9742:
9738:
9734:
9730:
9726:
9691:
9682:
9670:
9660:
9651:
9643:
9642:
9641:
9615:
9597:
9595:
9591:
9588:
9583:
9581:
9576:
9574:
9539:
9534:
9530:
9521:
9512:
9503:
9500:
9495:
9486:
9483:
9475:
9456:
9447:
9430:
9425:
9421:
9412:
9400:
9391:
9383:
9374:
9371:
9366:
9357:
9340:
9337:
9332:
9328:
9319:
9310:
9301:
9298:
9293:
9284:
9281:
9273:
9254:
9245:
9232:
9231:
9230:
9228:
9224:
9221:
9220:sulfuric acid
9218:
9214:
9210:
9206:
9202:
9198:
9189:
9180:
9178:
9174:
9170:
9166:
9161:
9159:
9155:
9151:
9147:
9143:
9139:
9135:
9131:
9127:
9126:high voltages
9123:
9118:
9114:
9092:
9090:
9086:
9082:
9080:
9076:
9075:Embrittlement
9072:
9068:
9064:
9060:
9056:
9052:
9048:
9044:
9039:
9035:
9033:
9029:
9025:
9021:
9017:
9006:
9002:
9000:
8995:
8994:overpotential
8990:
8968:
8966:
8962:
8958:
8948:
8945:
8941:
8937:
8933:
8932:sterilization
8927:
8922:
8912:
8910:
8905:
8901:
8896:
8886:
8877:
8873:
8866:
8862:
8854:
8845:
8842:
8838:
8833:
8830:
8826:
8820:
8815:
8806:
8802:
8793:
8791:
8787:
8783:
8782:
8777:
8776:heart disease
8773:
8768:
8766:
8762:
8758:
8754:
8750:
8749:free radicals
8746:
8742:
8738:
8734:
8730:
8726:
8720:
8710:
8708:
8698:
8696:
8695:phytoplankton
8692:
8688:
8687:Victorian era
8683:
8681:
8677:
8672:
8670:
8665:
8661:
8647:
8641:
8637:
8635:
8630:
8626:
8625:Clean Air Act
8621:
8617:
8615:
8611:
8607:
8603:
8598:
8596:
8591:
8589:
8585:
8581:
8577:
8573:
8568:
8565:
8561:
8557:
8553:
8549:
8545:
8538:
8534:
8531:Signboard in
8529:
8522:
8518:
8513:
8509:
8498:
8496:
8489:
8487:
8483:
8478:
8476:
8472:
8462:
8458:
8454:
8450:
8441:
8437:
8433:
8429:
8425:
8421:
8412:
8407:
8403:
8400:
8397:
8394:
8391:
8390:
8389:
8381:
8376:
8366:
8364:
8361:
8357:
8353:
8349:
8343:
8341:
8337:
8333:
8329:
8325:
8321:
8316:
8314:
8310:
8306:
8303:
8299:
8294:
8290:
8286:
8277:
8268:
8266:
8262:
8259:
8254:
8250:
8246:
8242:
8238:
8233:
8229:
8225:
8221:
8217:
8209:
8204:
8199:
8189:
8185:
8174:
8169:
8167:
8162:
8158:
8154:
8150:
8145:
8142:
8138:
8134:
8124:
8122:
8118:
8114:
8110:
8100:
8098:
8094:
8089:
8083:
8079:
8075:
8071:
8067:
8062:
8060:
8056:
8052:
8040:
8035:
8033:
8028:
8026:
8021:
8020:
8018:
8017:
8012:
8002:
8000:
7995:
7990:
7989:
7988:
7987:
7976:
7973:
7972:
7971:
7970:
7966:
7965:
7960:
7957:
7955:
7952:
7950:
7947:
7945:
7942:
7940:
7937:
7936:
7935:
7934:
7930:
7929:
7924:
7921:
7919:
7916:
7914:
7911:
7909:
7906:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7885:
7879:
7878:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7861:
7860:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7850:
7844:
7843:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7830:Water quality
7828:
7826:
7823:
7821:
7818:
7816:
7813:
7811:
7808:
7806:
7803:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7776:
7773:
7771:
7768:
7766:
7763:
7761:
7758:
7756:
7753:
7751:
7748:
7746:
7743:
7741:
7738:
7736:
7733:
7731:
7728:
7726:
7723:
7721:
7718:
7716:
7713:
7711:
7708:
7706:
7703:
7701:
7698:
7697:
7694:
7689:
7688:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7650:
7649:
7646:
7642:
7639:
7638:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7628:
7625:
7620:
7619:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7606:Traffic signs
7604:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7592:
7589:
7588:
7585:
7580:
7579:
7572:
7569:
7568:
7565:
7560:
7559:
7552:
7549:
7548:
7542:
7541:
7534:
7531:
7529:
7526:
7524:
7521:
7519:
7516:
7514:
7513:Nanomaterials
7511:
7509:
7506:
7504:
7501:
7499:
7496:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7451:
7450:
7444:
7443:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7402:
7399:
7394:
7393:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7375:Radioactivity
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7337:
7334:
7329:
7328:
7321:
7320:Soundproofing
7318:
7316:
7315:Noise control
7313:
7311:
7310:Noise barrier
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7292:
7289:
7284:
7283:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7257:
7251:
7250:
7243:
7240:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7227:
7226:
7223:
7222:
7219:
7214:
7213:
7206:
7203:
7202:
7196:
7195:
7186:
7183:
7182:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7167:
7164:
7159:
7158:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7072:
7069:
7064:
7063:
7056:
7052:
7051:
7048:
7045:
7044:
7040:
7036:
7035:
7031:
7027:
7017:
7015:
7009:
7007:
6997:
6991:
6982:
6980:
6976:
6972:
6968:
6963:
6930:
6921:
6912:
6904:
6891:
6890:
6889:
6859:
6850:
6842:
6828:
6815:
6814:
6813:
6792:
6784:
6770:
6762:
6754:
6743:
6742:
6741:
6719:
6695:
6689:
6683:
6668:
6658:
6645:
6644:
6643:
6641:
6640:Chapman cycle
6636:
6633:
6627:
6620:
6616:
6610:
6606:
6595:
6585:
6583:
6579:
6575:
6566:
6559:
6554:
6546:
6537:
6534:
6530:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6509:
6476:
6467:
6464:
6456:
6448:
6440:
6424:
6416:
6405:
6392:
6374:
6373:
6372:
6370:
6345:
6337:
6332:
6316:
6308:
6303:
6290:
6289:
6288:
6286:
6282:
6277:
6254:
6245:
6242:
6234:
6221:
6202:
6194:
6186:
6177:
6169:
6168:
6167:
6165:
6161:
6135:
6126:
6123:
6113:
6104:
6101:
6078:
6058:
6044:
6035:
6032:
6024:
6015:
6012:
6005:
6002:
5993:
5981:
5972:
5969:
5959:
5951:
5928:
5908:
5894:
5885:
5882:
5874:
5866:
5859:
5856:
5847:
5834:
5833:
5832:
5830:
5826:
5822:
5818:
5784:
5776:
5768:
5759:
5756:
5748:
5735:
5726:
5722:
5720:
5706:
5693:
5677:
5669:
5650:
5642:
5633:
5630:
5609:
5600:
5597:
5589:
5580:
5577:
5570:
5558:
5557:
5556:
5554:
5550:
5525:
5517:
5512:
5499:
5491:
5483:
5470:
5469:
5468:
5458:
5403:
5395:
5387:
5378:
5375:
5367:
5358:
5347:
5338:
5335:
5328:
5320:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5291:
5283:
5275:
5259:
5251:
5243:
5230:
5229:
5228:
5208:
5207:alkali metals
5192:
5182:
5165:
5162:
5158:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5124:
5115:
5089:
5086:
5072:
5060:
5055:
5041:
5029:
5020:
5016:
5001:
4985:
4971:
4959:
4950:
4943:
4940:
4933:
4932:
4931:
4925:
4893:
4881:
4876:
4873:
4869:
4861:
4847:
4835:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4803:
4800:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4762:
4750:
4745:
4742:
4738:
4723:
4711:
4706:
4702:
4695:
4677:
4651:
4626:
4614:
4599:
4592:
4589:
4585:
4579:
4575:
4569:
4564:
4560:
4552:
4551:
4550:
4523:
4511:
4497:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4481:
4478:
4471:
4470:
4469:
4442:
4430:
4416:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4398:
4394:
4380:
4368:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4350:
4346:
4338:
4337:
4336:
4335:that follow:
4332:
4313:
4304:
4295:
4287:
4272:
4255:
4247:
4231:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4183:
4167:
4153:
4141:
4138:
4132:
4129:
4120:
4101:
4092:
4081:
4072:
4062:
4060:
4050:
4047:
4043:
4040:
4002:
3989:
3973:
3964:
3951:
3943:
3927:
3919:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3895:
3892:
3888:
3863:
3854:
3851:
3844:
3833:
3824:
3821:
3813:
3800:
3791:
3783:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3768:
3764:
3734:
3726:
3718:
3710:
3703:
3689:
3681:
3673:
3665:
3658:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3622:
3613:
3610:
3602:
3589:
3572:
3561:
3553:
3545:
3536:
3533:
3525:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3501:
3473:
3464:
3461:
3453:
3444:
3433:
3425:
3418:
3415:
3407:
3398:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3340:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3315:
3311:
3309:
3303:
3269:
3256:
3247:
3236:
3227:
3224:
3213:
3204:
3186:
3178:
3170:
3162:
3148:
3140:
3129:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:sulfuric acid
3103:
3075:
3067:
3059:
3043:
3035:
3024:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3003:
2974:
2961:
2952:
2941:
2933:
2922:
2913:
2910:
2902:
2893:
2878:
2865:
2849:
2841:
2830:
2822:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2793:Sulfuric acid
2770:
2761:
2758:
2750:
2734:
2725:
2722:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2665:
2656:
2653:
2645:
2629:
2620:
2617:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2570:
2562:
2554:
2545:
2542:
2534:
2521:
2505:
2496:
2493:
2485:
2476:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2431:
2422:
2419:
2411:
2398:
2382:
2373:
2370:
2362:
2354:
2346:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2311:
2306:
2293:
2254:
2246:
2238:
2222:
2214:
2206:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2178:
2153:
2145:
2137:
2121:
2113:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2060:
2052:
2038:
2030:
2012:
2004:
1990:
1982:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1932:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1881:
1873:
1852:
1831:
1820:
1802:
1793:
1790:
1783:
1774:
1771:
1750:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1701:
1692:
1681:
1672:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1648:
1637:
1634:
1626:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1600:This section
1598:
1594:
1589:
1588:
1576:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1561:isoelectronic
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1539:of 0.53
1538:
1537:dipole moment
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1511:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1472:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1441:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1374:Henry Henshaw
1371:
1366:
1364:
1356:
1346:
1344:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1326:
1317:
1310:
1306:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1269:
1266:(ὄζειν), the
1265:
1262:derives from
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1220:
1218:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1178:
1172:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1054:
1042:
1035:
1030:
1013:
1007:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
989:
984:
983:
978:
974:
970:
966:
965:
961:
958:(Recommended)
957:
953:
952:
948:
945:(Permissible)
944:
940:
939:
935:
934:
929:
913:
909:
900:
899:
895:
891:
884:
877:
870:
863:
839:
836:
835:
831:
830:
820:
817:
813:
812:
809:
806:
803:
799:
798:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
770:
767:
763:
762:
758:
756:
751:
746:
742:
734:
726:
720:
719:
715:
707:
702:
696:
695:
690:
686:
683:
682:Dipole moment
679:
678:
674:
671:
669:
668:Hybridisation
666:
665:
661:
658:
654:
653:
649:
646:
642:
641:
634:
631:
627:
626:
621:
617:
610:
606:
602:
601:
597:
593:
589:
588:
585:
582:
580:
577:
576:
572:
570:
567:
566:
563:
562:sulfuric acid
559:
552:
549:
546:
545:
541:
538:
534:
533:
529:
527:
526:Boiling point
524:
523:
519:
517:
516:Melting point
514:
513:
509:
507:
504:
503:
499:
497:
494:
493:
489:
486:
485:
478:
476:
473:
472:
463:
460:
456:
455:
450:
441:
440:
437:
430:
416:
406:
405:
402:
395:
387:
383:
382:DTXSID0021098
379:
378:
376:
366:
362:
361:
354:
350:
349:
347:
345:
342:
341:
334:
333:
331:
329:
326:
325:
318:
314:
313:
311:
305:
301:
300:
296:
292:
290:
287:
286:
279:
275:
274:
272:
269:
265:
264:
260:
257:
253:
252:
245:
244:
242:
240:
235:
234:
230:
226:
223:
221:
219:ECHA InfoCard
216:
215:
208:
204:
203:
201:
199:
196:
195:
188:
184:
183:
181:
179:
176:
175:
168:
164:
163:
161:
157:
152:
151:
144:
140:
139:
137:
134:
130:
129:
124:
119:
112:
104:
100:
94:
90:
85:
74:
70:
64:
60:
59:
55:
51:
46:
42:
37:
29:
22:
18310:
18293:Spectroscopy
18147:Astrobiology
18000:Formaldehyde
17892:Benzonitrile
17683:Acetaldehyde
17638:Methanethiol
17589:Acetonitrile
17494:Carbodiimide
17373:Formaldehyde
17368:Cyanoethynyl
17262:
17219:Iron cyanide
17214:Hydroperoxyl
17015:Nitric oxide
16827:
16715:
16699:
16684:cyclic ozone
16678:
16677:
16675:
16654:
16648:
16646:
16633:
16562:NASA Goddard
16480:
16471:
16456:by removing
16443:
16415:
16400:
16378:
16339:. Retrieved
16325:
16292:
16288:
16278:
16251:
16247:
16237:
16212:
16208:
16166:
16162:
16156:
16139:
16135:
16129:
16112:
16108:
16102:
16085:
16081:
16075:
16050:
16046:
16039:
16022:
16018:
16011:
15986:
15982:
15976:
15957:
15953:
15943:
15932:. Retrieved
15930:. April 1999
15915:
15896:
15890:
15879:. Retrieved
15875:the original
15864:
15852:the original
15838:
15811:
15807:
15800:
15775:
15771:
15765:
15732:
15728:
15722:
15703:
15694:
15687:
15647:(1): 17573.
15644:
15640:
15634:
15630:
15622:
15587:
15583:
15573:
15556:
15552:
15546:
15540:: 1969–1983.
15537:
15533:
15527:
15510:
15506:
15500:
15489:
15467:(1): 63–72.
15464:
15460:
15454:
15443:
15413:(1): 65–74.
15410:
15406:
15400:
15375:
15372:Desalination
15371:
15331:
15327:
15321:
15312:
15306:
15295:. Retrieved
15291:the original
15286:
15282:
15272:
15252:
15245:
15204:
15200:
15196:
15190:
15173:
15162:. Retrieved
15158:the original
15153:
15144:
15129:
15118:. Retrieved
15111:the original
15081:. Retrieved
15077:the original
15072:
15063:
15054:The Guardian
15052:
15042:
15023:
15017:
15006:. Retrieved
15002:the original
14997:
14988:
14979:
14973:
14962:. Retrieved
14958:the original
14953:
14944:
14922:(10): 1546.
14919:
14915:
14909:
14898:. Retrieved
14894:the original
14884:
14861:
14849:. Retrieved
14842:
14835:
14825:12 September
14823:. Retrieved
14817:
14810:
14785:
14781:
14775:
14750:
14746:
14740:
14715:
14711:
14705:
14695:
14688:
14682:
14672:
14661:. Retrieved
14657:the original
14647:
14638:
14629:
14617:
14589:
14577:
14536:
14532:
14523:
14512:. Retrieved
14508:
14495:
14454:
14450:
14399:
14395:
14352:
14348:
14341:
14300:
14296:
14290:
14265:
14261:
14255:
14244:. Retrieved
14240:the original
14227:
14223:
14213:
14201:. Retrieved
14179:
14175:
14165:
14145:
14118:
14114:
14104:
14092:
14081:. Retrieved
14079:. 2015-10-26
14076:
14067:
14055:
14044:. Retrieved
14040:
14031:
14020:the original
14007:
13996:. Retrieved
13986:
13974:
13942:(4): 532–6.
13939:
13935:
13925:
13898:
13894:
13884:
13867:
13863:
13857:
13822:
13818:
13808:
13773:
13769:
13732:
13713:
13702:. Retrieved
13691:
13675:
13663:
13628:
13624:
13614:
13605:
13601:
13595:
13560:
13556:
13546:
13511:
13507:
13497:
13462:
13458:
13448:
13405:
13401:
13391:
13356:
13352:
13342:
13307:
13303:
13293:
13266:
13262:
13252:
13225:
13221:
13211:
13176:
13172:
13162:
13135:
13131:
13121:
13046:
13042:
12994:
12990:
12980:
12950:(1): 29–37.
12947:
12943:
12937:
12907:(1): 24–31.
12904:
12900:
12894:
12885:
12881:
12875:
12863:. Retrieved
12859:
12835:. Retrieved
12831:
12821:
12812:
12802:
12759:
12755:
12745:
12733:. Retrieved
12727:
12683:
12679:
12667:
12655:
12646:
12635:. Retrieved
12631:the original
12621:
12610:. Retrieved
12606:the original
12596:
12585:. Retrieved
12575:
12562:
12530:
12520:
12503:
12499:
12493:
12481:
12470:. Retrieved
12457:
12414:
12410:
12384:. Retrieved
12380:
12371:
12359:
12306:
12302:
12292:
12244:(1): 23792.
12241:
12237:
12227:
12174:
12170:
12160:
12133:
12129:
12087:
12080:
12069:. Retrieved
12065:the original
12040:. Retrieved
12036:the original
12026:
12015:. Retrieved
12011:the original
11996:
11948:
11944:
11938:
11930:the original
11919:
11900:
11894:
11883:. Retrieved
11879:the original
11874:
11865:
11850:
11839:the original
11834:
11821:
11812:
11808:
11798:
11779:
11773:
11754:
11748:
11729:
11723:
11683:(2): 47–59.
11680:
11676:
11666:
11656:
11649:
11637:. Retrieved
11628:
11569:
11565:
11559:
11540:
11488:
11484:
11474:
11455:
11449:
11430:
11424:
11399:
11391:
11377:
11366:the original
11348:(4–6): 465.
11345:
11341:
11328:
11312:
11287:
11283:
11277:
11252:
11248:
11242:
11231:. Retrieved
11229:. 2013-10-02
11226:
11217:
11209:
11195:
11189:
11170:
11144:. Retrieved
11140:
11131:
11105:
11085:. Retrieved
11080:
11075:
11040:
11036:
11030:
11003:
10999:
10989:
10977:. Retrieved
10972:
10968:
10955:
10946:
10942:
10932:
10921:. Retrieved
10916:
10907:
10894:
10882:
10873:
10864:
10853:. Retrieved
10849:the original
10839:
10830:
10824:
10814:
10805:
10799:
10778:
10771:
10759:. Retrieved
10754:
10750:
10724:
10715:
10704:. Retrieved
10697:the original
10692:
10687:
10656:. Retrieved
10652:
10643:
10634:
10609:. Retrieved
10604:
10601:"ozone (n.)"
10595:
10555:(2): 47–59.
10552:
10548:
10538:
10521:
10515:
10509:
10496:
10487:
10475:. Retrieved
10453:
10447:
10437:
10425:
10388:
10387:
10377:
10360:
10351:
10350:
10268:Cyclic ozone
10248:
10233:
10201:
10190:
10173:
10166:
10118:
10098:
10086:
10065:
10064:0157:H7 and
10061:
10043:
10040:
10037:
10019:
9988:
9969:
9965:
9942:
9934:
9928:
9903:flocculation
9863:and control
9854:hypochlorite
9817:
9810:
9797:Central Line
9794:
9778:
9722:
9714:Applications
9598:
9587:high voltage
9584:
9577:
9566:
9197:electrolysis
9194:
9162:
9138:photocopiers
9098:
9083:
9040:
9036:
9012:
9003:
8999:lead dioxide
8974:
8971:Electrolytic
8954:
8928:
8924:
8891:
8874:
8864:
8860:
8859:
8834:
8822:
8817:
8812:
8803:
8799:
8779:
8769:
8757:inflammation
8737:hypochlorite
8722:
8704:
8684:
8673:
8666:
8663:
8645:
8643:
8638:
8622:
8618:
8599:
8592:
8588:heart attack
8569:
8548:fossil fuels
8542:
8491:
8479:
8468:
8459:
8455:
8451:
8447:
8438:
8434:
8430:
8426:
8422:
8418:
8410:
8404:People with
8387:
8378:
8344:
8317:
8282:
8237:antiozonants
8220:double bonds
8213:
8186:
8170:
8157:Denver Metro
8146:
8125:
8106:
8090:
8063:
8055:hydrocarbons
8048:
7918:Point source
7863:Heavy metals
7825:Urban runoff
7810:Sulfur water
7785:Septic tanks
7641:Agent Orange
7551:Space debris
7405:Agricultural
7270:Volcanic ash
7259:
7130:Particulates
7010:
7002:
6951:
6879:
6811:
6739:
6637:
6628:
6615:stratosphere
6612:
6574:Dobson units
6571:
6535:
6531:
6520:
6517:
6505:
6366:
6278:
6275:
6162:in water to
6157:
5827:, forming a
5814:
5811:Applications
5546:
5427:
5312:
5188:
5106:
4923:
4920:
4789:
4547:
4466:
4333:
4273:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4121:
4063:
4056:
4048:
4044:
4041:
4037:
3884:
3760:
3646:
3509:with ozone:
3497:
3374:
3346:
3320:
3305:
3099:
2999:
2791:
2691:
2594:
2452:
2307:
2275:
2174:
2093:nitric oxide
2090:
1938:
1930:
1733:
1725:Deflagration
1722:
1644:
1629:
1620:
1609:Please help
1604:verification
1601:
1532:
1527:(1.272
1507:
1499:
1492:
1477:
1474:Liquid ozone
1437:
1429:disinfectant
1418:
1409:
1406:Martin Flack
1402:Leonard Hill
1386:
1367:
1340:
1330:
1322:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1272:
1263:
1259:
1252:substitutive
1243:
1239:
1231:
1229:trivial name
1226:
1223:Nomenclature
1217:ground level
1213:0.1 ppm
1206:
1168:
1160:stratosphere
1093:
1082:
1052:
1051:
1003:Cyclic ozone
932:
893:
833:
807:
754:
732:
705:
672:
608:
328:RTECS number
126:Identifiers
117:
114:Other names
18267:Outer space
18177:Cosmic dust
18142:Abiogenesis
18054:Unconfirmed
18010:Heavy water
17850:Ethanethiol
17765:Cyanoallene
17755:Acetic acid
17725:Methylamine
17609:Diacetylene
17524:Formic acid
17514:Cyanomethyl
17172:Diazenylium
17162:CCP radical
17038:(molecular)
17022:(molecular)
16991:(molecular)
16701:Tetraoxygen
16676:Trioxygen (
16341:29 November
16163:Chemosphere
15983:Aquaculture
14851:October 10,
14402:: 114–121.
14203:January 14,
14041:www.who.int
13901:(4): A240.
13263:Circulation
13222:Circulation
13132:Circulation
13043:Immunol Res
11639:28 February
11141:WebElements
11083:(2): 99–106
10845:"Ozone FAQ"
10187:Agriculture
10129:haemoglobin
10108:Aquaculture
9963:compounds.
9943:Ozone is a
9815:outbreaks.
9676:electricity
9614:electricity
9223:electrolyte
9146:arc welders
8989:dissolution
8959:created by
8951:Cold plasma
8774:(a form of
8682:sufferers.
8356:troposphere
8318:The annual
8173:natural gas
8117:Mexico City
8051:car engines
7888:Area source
7730:Groundwater
7483:Green waste
7463:Brown waste
7447:Solid waste
7205:Information
7100:Exhaust gas
7014:ultraviolet
7008:in humans.
6619:ozone layer
6594:Ozone layer
6588:Ozone layer
5829:precipitate
5459:containing
5317:and ozone:
5209:are known.
3387:and ozone:
3357:acetic acid
1935:With metals
1731:or higher.
1569:cyclic form
1553:double bond
1549:single bond
1433:antiseptics
1421:World War I
1389:James Dewar
1378:halogenated
1186:diamagnetic
1156:ozone layer
1148:ultraviolet
894:Lethal dose
802:Signal word
630:Space group
487:Appearance
452:Properties
225:100.030.051
187:CHEBI:25812
18375:Categories
18182:Cosmic ray
18124:Silylidyne
18087:Hemolithin
18062:Anthracene
17979:Deuterated
17960:Pyrimidine
17770:Ethanimine
17633:Ketenimine
17489:Butadiynyl
17313:Thioformyl
17167:Chloronium
16717:Octaoxygen
16295:: 102529.
16254:: 100285.
15934:2008-01-14
15881:2007-02-11
15584:Indoor Air
15297:2007-08-31
15164:2008-05-17
15120:2008-03-24
15083:2007-05-30
15008:2008-05-17
14964:2009-01-09
14900:2008-08-16
14788:(4): E71.
14753:(3): 506.
14663:2020-01-10
14514:2022-01-23
14246:2006-10-11
14182:(7): 3–4.
14083:2016-05-16
14046:2020-07-31
13998:2010-08-23
13704:2008-10-11
12837:2020-11-26
12637:2006-09-12
12612:2006-05-10
12587:2006-05-10
12533:: Fig. 1.
12472:2019-03-21
12386:2023-04-18
12071:2006-05-10
12042:2006-05-10
12017:2006-09-16
11885:2014-01-22
11233:2022-07-13
11146:2006-09-23
11087:2021-04-12
10923:2022-05-13
10855:2006-05-10
10757:(1): 34–37
10706:2008-02-28
10658:2022-09-24
10477:4 February
10347:References
10331:Ozonolysis
10299:ozone hole
10243:See also:
10171:) larvae.
10114:ozonolysis
10082:vegetables
10032:See also:
9953:Ozonolysis
9914:Act as an
9865:Legionella
9859:Disinfect
9128:, such as
9018:(200
8919:See also:
8848:Production
8786:ozonolysis
8781:atheronals
8765:trioxidane
8725:superoxide
8719:Trioxidane
8717:See also:
8713:Physiology
8707:heat waves
8701:Heat waves
8584:bronchitis
8373:See also:
8300:(e.g. the
8265:commutator
8253:Fuel lines
8137:heat waves
8074:photolysis
7975:By country
7967:Categories
7858:Pollutants
7835:Wastewater
7805:Stagnation
7750:Monitoring
7725:Freshwater
7591:Air travel
7478:Food waste
7420:Defecation
7230:Ecological
7163:Biological
7095:Combustion
7037:Part of a
6996:photolysis
6603:See also:
5448:in liquid
3891:superoxide
3763:combustion
3757:Combustion
3375:All three
3308:ozonolysis
3302:ozonolysis
1623:March 2022
1557:bond order
1275:trioxidane
1118:allotrope
766:Pictograms
623:Structure
548:Solubility
475:Molar mass
353:66H7ZZK23N
268:IUPHAR/BPS
198:ChemSpider
154:3D model (
143:10028-15-6
133:CAS Number
120:-trioxygen
93:IUPAC name
18426:Pollution
18114:Phosphine
17982:molecules
17915:fullerene
17815:Acetamide
17619:Formamide
17499:Cyanamide
17353:Acetylene
17328:Tricarbon
17239:Methylene
17224:Isoformyl
17129:Triatomic
16902:Molecules
16770:Triatomic
16474:June 2023
16458:excessive
16317:249086005
16142:: 10–18.
15960:: 65–92.
15757:105285760
15334:(9): 66.
14569:246165555
14479:0147-6513
14457:: 16–24.
14424:0147-6513
14230:(1): 23.
13870:(11): 9.
13422:0028-4793
12716:247844868
12708:1758-6798
12441:1096-2247
12333:0027-8424
12266:2045-2322
12201:1932-6203
11697:1337-6853
11660:(Thesis).
11594:0098-4108
11523:198344024
11515:1755-1315
10761:April 13,
10569:1337-6853
10389:Citations
10352:Footnotes
10285:Lightning
10197:vitamin C
10074:pesticide
10028:Consumers
9916:antichlor
9842:breweries
9829:Deodorize
9741:bleaching
9535:∘
9527:Δ
9513:−
9468:⟶
9426:∘
9418:Δ
9389:⟶
9384:−
9341:−
9333:∘
9325:Δ
9311:−
9266:⟶
9227:half cell
9173:Venezuela
9051:aluminium
8965:insulator
8904:air dryer
8865:ozonators
8745:marigolds
8521:Red Alder
8066:aldehydes
7903:Garbology
7820:Turbidity
7770:Oil spill
7720:Firewater
7705:Biosolids
7611:Vandalism
7370:Poisoning
7365:Plutonium
7340:Actinides
7333:Radiation
7075:Acid rain
7047:Pollution
7006:vitamin D
6962:catalysed
6919:⟶
6837:⟶
6777:⟶
6684:λ
6677:radiation
6560:satellite
6433:⟶
6333:−
6325:⟶
6304:−
6214:⟶
6056:⟶
5906:⟶
5821:manganese
5631:⋅
5618:⟶
5505:⟶
5356:⟶
5268:⟶
5163:−
5144:⋅
5087:−
5061:⋅
5030:⋅
4960:⋅
4882:⋅
4874:−
4836:⋅
4823:⋅
4751:⋅
4743:−
4712:⋅
4627:⋅
4590:−
4512:⋅
4498:⋅
4431:⋅
4417:⋅
4369:⋅
4302:⟶
4240:⟶
4142:⋅
4090:⟶
3982:⟶
3936:⟶
3898:dimerizes
3842:⟶
3701:⟶
3570:⟶
3504:anhydrous
3442:⟶
3245:⟶
3157:⟶
3052:⟶
3002:gas phase
2950:⟶
2858:⟶
2743:⟶
2638:⟶
2514:⟶
2391:⟶
2231:⟶
2130:⟶
2047:⟶
1999:⟶
1903:∘
1839:⇀
1832:−
1821:−
1814:↽
1803:−
1690:⟶
1658:half-life
1647:oxidizing
1583:Reactions
1545:resonance
1504:Structure
1337:lightning
1194:cryogenic
1175:0.1
1108:allotrope
1089:with the
1083:trioxygen
995:Trisulfur
757:labelling
725:formation
699:Std molar
662:Dihedral
335:RS8225000
246:233–069–2
238:EC Number
107:Trioxygen
28:Oxygène 3
18101:Linear C
18082:Graphene
17994:Ammonium
17795:Acrolein
17658:Propynal
17643:Methanol
17614:Ethylene
17483:Ammonium
17258:Nitroxyl
17082:Sulfanyl
17026:Imidogen
17020:Nitrogen
16989:Hydrogen
16934:Argonium
16911:Diatomic
16649:Dioxygen
16523:Archived
16511:Archived
16351:cite web
16229:96019177
16191:16257321
15679:30514896
15614:11089331
15435:11766819
15237:11627160
15229:17006820
14869:Archived
14561:35064229
14487:26970882
14432:24238720
14377:16644230
14333:11099904
14325:14605372
14282:15223065
14198:29208081
14154:Archived
14137:11493720
13966:16581541
13849:19279340
13800:18629332
13721:Archived
13655:26681363
13608:: A2352.
13587:26647366
13538:29869579
13489:19079727
13440:19279340
13383:26528712
13334:26680605
13285:15466639
13244:11927516
13203:16757505
13154:10725286
13073:21132467
13013:14532314
12972:12051782
12865:24 March
12794:29162976
12735:19 April
12567:Archived
12563:Phys.org
12550:11325641
12449:27629587
12365:lung.org
12351:30858319
12284:27029386
12219:28520817
12171:PLOS ONE
11985:Archived
11965:14664632
11715:26109880
11633:Archived
11137:"Oxygen"
10979:13 April
10899:Archived
10587:26109880
10503:(NIOSH).
10419:(NIOSH).
10320:Ozoneweb
10257:See also
10094:halogens
10089:hot tubs
9972:chlorine
9961:carbonyl
9947:in many
9896:nitrites
9856:or heat.
9813:COVID-19
9745:chlorine
9719:Industry
9671:→
9580:hydrogen
9215:and a 3
9209:platinum
9199:using a
9158:sparking
9047:titanium
9032:voltages
8486:ionizers
8293:infrared
8072:. Ozone
7959:Treaties
7939:Diseases
7795:Shipping
7760:Nutrient
7710:Diseases
7275:Wildfire
6669:→
6558:Nimbus-7
6285:cyanates
6281:cyanides
4059:rate law
3896:, which
3887:hydrogen
3767:dioxygen
3327:diketone
2698:sulfates
2694:sulfides
2599:to form
2290:to form
1949:platinum
1943:(except
1517:symmetry
1246:, valid
1171:chlorine
1144:dioxygen
1116:diatomic
1087:molecule
834:NFPA 704
748:Hazards
650:Digonal
594:(χ)
500:Pungent
18247:Kerogen
18134:Related
18077:Glycine
18030:Propyne
17989:Ammonia
17887:Benzene
17882:Acetone
17874:or more
17845:Propene
17830:Ethanol
17720:Propyne
17539:Methane
17408:Ketenyl
17358:Ammonia
16660:triplet
16655:singlet
16452:Please
16444:use of
16297:Bibcode
16256:Bibcode
16171:Bibcode
16055:Bibcode
15991:Bibcode
15780:Bibcode
15737:Bibcode
15697:: 1165.
15670:6279761
15649:Bibcode
15592:Bibcode
15469:Bibcode
15415:Bibcode
15380:Bibcode
14924:Bibcode
14790:Bibcode
14755:Bibcode
14720:Bibcode
14541:Bibcode
14509:Reuters
14459:Bibcode
14404:Bibcode
14357:Bibcode
14305:Bibcode
14297:Science
13957:1440776
13916:1440818
13840:4105969
13791:2453178
13682:. From
13646:4872663
13578:4892911
13516:Bibcode
13480:2599770
13431:4105969
13374:4629747
13325:4872664
13194:2078044
13064:3747041
12952:Bibcode
12929:9012369
12909:Bibcode
12888:: 4313.
12856:"Ozone"
12785:5692127
12764:Bibcode
12688:Bibcode
12419:Bibcode
12342:6442600
12311:Bibcode
12275:4815017
12246:Bibcode
12210:5433771
12179:Bibcode
12138:Bibcode
11805:"Ozone"
11706:4427716
11602:6376815
11574:Bibcode
11493:Bibcode
11350:Bibcode
11292:Bibcode
11257:Bibcode
11008:Bibcode
10975:(1): 48
10578:4427716
10493:"Ozone"
10458:Bibcode
10413:"#0476"
10325:Ozonide
10275:(GOMOS)
10176:haddock
10125:nitrate
10121:nitrite
10062:E. coli
10006:cyanate
9991:cyanide
9978:in the
9945:reagent
9888:arsenic
9799:of the
9761:bromide
9757:bromate
9205:cathode
9154:brushes
9089:gaskets
9079:O-rings
9071:Hypalon
9028:current
8983:, and O
8685:In the
8646:at risk
8564:methane
8537:Houston
8533:Gulfton
8249:O-rings
8245:gaskets
8235:adding
8216:polymer
7853:History
7735:Hypoxia
7564:Thermal
7518:Plastic
7380:Uranium
7254:Natural
7199:Digital
7175:Genetic
6999:ground.
5549:calcium
5193:anion,
5191:ozonide
3894:radical
3102:aqueous
3000:In the
2459:ammonia
2330:gases:
1953:iridium
1912:2.075 V
1440:oxozone
1419:During
1300:History
1294:ozonide
1209:oxidant
1158:of the
1034:what is
1032: (
701:entropy
687:0.53 D
675:for O1
506:Density
304:PubChem
18298:Tholin
18119:Pyrene
17564:Silane
17534:Ketene
17036:Oxygen
16411:; 2005
16407:
16389:
16315:
16227:
16189:
15903:
15755:
15715:
15677:
15667:
15612:
15433:
15260:
15235:
15227:
15221:507966
15219:
15030:
14567:
14559:
14533:Nature
14485:
14477:
14430:
14422:
14375:
14331:
14323:
14280:
14196:
14135:
13964:
13954:
13913:
13847:
13837:
13798:
13788:
13653:
13643:
13585:
13575:
13536:
13487:
13477:
13438:
13428:
13420:
13381:
13371:
13332:
13322:
13283:
13242:
13201:
13191:
13152:
13071:
13061:
13011:
12970:
12927:
12832:US EPA
12813:US EPA
12792:
12782:
12714:
12706:
12547:
12447:
12439:
12349:
12339:
12331:
12282:
12272:
12264:
12217:
12207:
12199:
12104:
11963:
11907:
11786:
11761:
11736:
11713:
11703:
11695:
11600:
11592:
11547:
11521:
11513:
11462:
11437:
11412:
11202:
11177:
11120:
11037:Lancet
10833:: 941.
10787:
10611:24 May
10585:
10575:
10567:
10078:fruits
10002:mining
9999:silver
9957:alkene
9737:carbon
9567:where
9544:1.23 V
9345:1.53 V
9225:. The
9152:using
9142:tasers
8957:plasma
8735:, and
8680:asthma
8604:, the
8580:asthma
8230:, and
8210:tubing
8151:, the
8121:Mexico
8115:; and
7913:Midden
7908:Legacy
7893:Debris
7847:Topics
7800:Sludge
7790:Sewage
7745:Marine
7584:Visual
7503:Mining
7498:Litter
7039:series
6713:photon
6699:
6693:
6687:
6681:
5621:
5467:ions:
5455:on an
5220:, and
5107:where
3500:iodine
3100:In an
2797:sulfur
2597:carbon
2323:, and
2308:Solid
2179:. The
1957:oxides
1951:, and
1941:metals
1484:liquid
1198:liquid
1112:oxygen
1081:) (or
1029:verify
1026:
975:5 ppm
808:Danger
480:47.997
436:SMILES
118:catena
87:Names
34:Ozone
18381:Ozone
18284:(PAH)
17872:atoms
17807:atoms
17747:atoms
17745:Eight
17675:atoms
17673:Seven
17581:atoms
17475:atoms
17345:atoms
17333:Water
17263:Ozone
17205:(HNC)
17199:(HCN)
16679:ozone
16313:S2CID
16225:S2CID
15924:(PDF)
15855:(PDF)
15848:(PDF)
15753:S2CID
15233:S2CID
15217:JSTOR
15182:(PDF)
15114:(PDF)
15107:(PDF)
14565:S2CID
14329:S2CID
14023:(PDF)
14016:(PDF)
13727:(PDF)
12712:S2CID
12467:(PDF)
11842:(PDF)
11831:(PDF)
11780:Ozone
11541:Ozone
11519:S2CID
11369:(PDF)
11338:(PDF)
11072:(PDF)
10965:(PDF)
10700:(PDF)
10684:(PDF)
10431:Ozone
10327:(ion)
9984:paper
9846:dairy
9790:Spore
9217:molar
9213:anode
9211:wire
9067:Viton
9061:, or
9055:glass
8863:, or
8829:NIOSH
8576:death
7931:Lists
7923:Waste
7868:Paint
7693:Water
7545:Space
7288:Noise
7260:Ozone
7225:Light
6523:O + O
5825:water
5823:from
5215:, RbO
3383:with
3377:atoms
2455:salts
2318:, ClO
1955:) to
1563:with
1521:water
1488:solid
1350:ὄζειν
1343:ozein
1268:Greek
1264:ozein
1260:ozone
1248:IUPAC
1232:ozone
1202:solid
1188:. In
1053:Ozone
933:NIOSH
401:InChI
317:24823
295:Ozone
261:1101
207:23208
178:ChEBI
156:JSmol
96:Ozone
18431:Odor
17805:Nine
17473:Five
17383:HCCN
17343:Four
17303:SiNC
16780:List
16405:ISBN
16387:ISBN
16357:link
16343:2012
16187:PMID
15901:ISBN
15814:(1).
15675:PMID
15610:PMID
15431:PMID
15258:ISBN
15225:PMID
15028:ISBN
14853:2011
14827:2019
14691:: 63
14557:PMID
14483:PMID
14475:ISSN
14428:PMID
14420:ISSN
14373:PMID
14321:PMID
14278:PMID
14205:2014
14194:PMID
14133:PMID
13962:PMID
13845:PMID
13796:PMID
13651:PMID
13583:PMID
13534:PMID
13485:PMID
13436:PMID
13418:ISSN
13379:PMID
13330:PMID
13281:PMID
13240:PMID
13199:PMID
13150:PMID
13069:PMID
13009:PMID
12991:JAMA
12968:PMID
12925:PMID
12867:2019
12790:PMID
12737:2022
12704:ISSN
12445:PMID
12437:ISSN
12347:PMID
12329:ISSN
12280:PMID
12262:ISSN
12215:PMID
12197:ISSN
12102:ISBN
11961:PMID
11905:ISBN
11784:ISBN
11759:ISBN
11734:ISBN
11711:PMID
11693:ISSN
11641:2022
11598:PMID
11590:ISSN
11545:ISBN
11511:ISSN
11460:ISBN
11435:ISBN
11410:ISBN
11200:ISBN
11175:ISBN
11118:ISBN
10981:2018
10785:ISBN
10763:2018
10613:2023
10583:PMID
10565:ISSN
10479:2016
10222:and
10204:EDTA
10178:and
10080:and
9997:and
9995:gold
9933:and
9884:iron
9844:and
9784:and
9628:and
9207:, a
9144:and
9016:bars
8510:and
8480:The
8247:and
8133:VOCs
8131:and
8070:smog
8057:and
7898:Dust
7882:Misc
7398:Soil
7145:Soot
7140:Smog
7105:Haze
7028:and
6956:to O
6690:<
6607:and
6369:urea
5819:and
5817:iron
5434:and
3542:HClO
3450:SnCl
3404:SnCl
3353:zinc
2747:PbSO
2276:The
1945:gold
1404:and
1391:and
1292:(or
1254:and
1242:and
1227:The
969:IDLH
826:H314
822:H270
496:Odor
344:UNII
289:MeSH
278:6297
18096:NCO
17996:ion
17903:, C
17870:Ten
17579:Six
17485:ion
16460:or
16305:doi
16264:doi
16217:doi
16179:doi
16144:doi
16117:doi
16090:doi
16063:doi
16027:doi
15999:doi
15987:232
15962:doi
15788:doi
15776:100
15745:doi
15665:PMC
15657:doi
15600:doi
15561:doi
15515:doi
15477:doi
15423:doi
15388:doi
15376:176
15336:doi
15332:178
15209:doi
14932:doi
14798:doi
14786:154
14763:doi
14751:129
14728:doi
14549:doi
14537:601
14467:doi
14455:129
14412:doi
14400:100
14365:doi
14313:doi
14301:302
14270:doi
14232:doi
14184:doi
14123:doi
13952:PMC
13944:doi
13940:114
13911:PMC
13903:doi
13899:114
13872:doi
13835:PMC
13827:doi
13823:360
13786:PMC
13778:doi
13774:116
13746:EPA
13738:EPA
13641:PMC
13633:doi
13629:193
13606:195
13573:PMC
13565:doi
13561:124
13524:doi
13475:PMC
13467:doi
13463:116
13426:PMC
13410:doi
13406:360
13369:PMC
13361:doi
13357:123
13320:PMC
13312:doi
13308:193
13271:doi
13267:110
13230:doi
13226:105
13189:PMC
13181:doi
13140:doi
13136:101
13059:PMC
13051:doi
12999:doi
12995:290
12960:doi
12917:doi
12780:PMC
12772:doi
12696:doi
12545:PMC
12535:doi
12508:doi
12427:doi
12337:PMC
12319:doi
12307:116
12270:PMC
12254:doi
12205:PMC
12187:doi
12146:doi
12094:doi
11953:doi
11949:103
11701:PMC
11685:doi
11629:EPA
11582:doi
11501:doi
11489:292
11406:279
11358:doi
11318:doi
11300:doi
11265:doi
11110:doi
11045:doi
11041:188
11016:doi
10573:PMC
10557:doi
10526:doi
10466:doi
10454:213
10070:WHO
9974:or
9959:to
9808:).
9590:arc
9435:0 V
9171:in
9020:kPa
8979:, O
8961:DBD
8944:spa
8938:of
8475:EPA
8088:•.
7624:War
7068:Air
6696:240
6329:CNO
6063:MnO
5522:NaO
5480:CsO
5463:or
5443:CsO
5436:LiO
5429:NaO
5333:KOH
5222:CsO
5120:obs
5025:obs
4955:obs
4927:obs
3708:KOH
3586:ClO
3423:HCl
3359:or
3355:in
3325:or
2799:or
2720:PbS
2696:to
2461:to
2408:ClO
2359:ClO
2305:).
2095:to
2050:AgO
2002:CuO
1729:wt%
1613:by
1177:ppm
1164:Sun
1110:of
956:REL
943:PEL
755:GHS
736:298
709:298
555:CCl
370:EPA
307:CID
18377::
17913:70
17905:60
17901:60
17899:(C
17624:HC
16848:Ar
16798:He
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