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communication function. At the transmission end, a PSTN Telephone, mobile phone, VOIP phone or any other communication device that can access and make audio calls to a GSM based mobile SIM card can communicate with it. At the receiving end, a GSM transceiver receives these network transmissions and reproduce the analogue audio signal via a Power
Amplifier and speaker. This was pioneered by Stephen Robert Pearson of Lancashire, England who was granted patents for the systems, which also incorporate control functionality. Using a WMT (GSM) network means that live announcements can be made to anywhere in the world where there is WMT connectivity. The patents cover all forms of WMT i.e., 2G, 3G, 4G ..... Ă—Ă—G. A UK company called Remvox Ltd (Remote Voice experience) has been appointed under license to develop and manufacture products based on the technology.
82:) is an electronic system comprising microphones, amplifiers, loudspeakers, and related equipment. It increases the apparent volume (loudness) of a human voice, musical instrument, or other acoustic sound source or recorded sound or music. PA systems are used in any public venue that requires that an announcer, performer, etc. be sufficiently audible at a distance or over a large area. Typical applications include sports stadiums, public transportation vehicles and facilities, and live or recorded music venues and events. A PA system may include multiple microphones or other sound sources, a mixing console to combine and modify multiple sources, and multiple amplifiers and loudspeakers for louder volume or wider distribution.
461:) still used a carbon mic and a portable PA as late as 1935." During the late 1920s to mid-1930s, small portable PA systems and guitar combo amplifiers were fairly similar. These early amps had a "single volume control and one or two input jacks, field coil speakers" and thin wooden cabinets; remarkably, these early amps did not have tone controls or even an on-off switch. Portable PA systems that could be plugged into wall sockets appeared in the early 1930s, when the introduction of electrolytic capacitors and rectifier tubes enabled economical built-in power supplies that could plug into wall outlets. Previously, amplifiers required heavy multiple battery packs.
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and signal routers that direct the audio signal to selected zones of a facility (e.g., only to one section of a school). The preamplified signals then pass into the amplifiers. Depending on local practices, these amplifiers usually amplify the audio signals to 50 V, 70 V, or 100 V speaker line level. Control equipment monitors the amplifiers and speaker lines for faults before it reaches the loudspeakers. This control equipment is also used to separate zones in a PA system. The loudspeaker converts electrical signals into sound.
621:(PBX) telephone systems use a paging facility that acts as a liaison between the telephone and a PA amplifier. In other systems, paging equipment is not built into the telephone system. Instead the system includes a separate paging controller connected to a trunk port of the telephone system. The paging controller is accessed as either a designated directory number or central office line. In many modern systems, the paging function is integrated into the telephone system, so the system can send announcements to the phone speakers.
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184:. Company president Joseph Harris foresaw multiple potential uses, and the original publicity stressed the value of the invention as a hotel public address system, allowing people in all public rooms to hear announcements. In June 1910, an initial "semi-public" demonstration was given to newspaper reporters at the Automatic Electric Company building, where a speaker's voice was transmitted to loudspeakers placed in a dozen locations "all over the building".
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790:. In a concert setting, there are typically two complete PA systems: the "main" system and the "monitor" system. Each system consists of a mixing board, sound processing equipment, amplifiers, and speakers. The microphones that are used to pick up vocals and amplifier sounds are routed through both the main and monitor systems. Audio engineers can set different sound levels for each microphone on the main and monitor systems. For example, a
804:, commonly abbreviated FOH), which provides the amplified sound for the audience, typically uses a number of powerful amplifiers that drive a range of large, heavy-duty loudspeakers—including low-frequency speaker cabinets called subwoofers, full-range speaker cabinets, and high-range horns. A large club may use amplifiers to provide 3000 to 5000 watts of power to the "main" speakers. An outdoor concert may use 10,000 or more watts.
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outdoor audiences. With many small handheld models, the microphone is mounted at the back end of the device, and the user holds the megaphone in front of her/his mouth to use it, and presses a trigger to turn on the amplifier and loudspeaker. Larger electric megaphones may have a microphone attached by a cable, which enables a person to speak without having their face obscured by the flared horn.
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200:, that was used to transmitted news and entertainment programming to home and business subscribers in south-side Chicago, but this effort was short-lived. The company continued to market the enunciators for making announcements in establishments such as hospitals, department stores, factories, and railroad stations, although the Automatic Enunciator Company was dissolved in 1926.
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traditional hard-wired PA installations are impractical, prohibitively expensive, or temporary. These receivers operate in business-band UHF and VHF 2-way licensed frequency bands, or in the MURS unlicensed frequencies. Installation requires setting the frequency you want to use on both the radio and the PA system, plus powering the wireless PA receivers.
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until some feedback starts to occur. This process is often referred to as "a ring out" or "an EQ" of a room/venue. The device then retains these frequencies in its memory and it stands by ready to cut them. Some automated feedback prevention devices can detect and reduce new frequencies other than those found in the sound check.
453:. These large PA systems and movie theatre sound systems were very large and very expensive, and so they could not be used by most touring musicians. After 1927, smaller, portable AC mains-powered PA systems that could be plugged into a regular wall socket "quickly became popular with musicians"; indeed, "...
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Seventy-two loudspeakers were strung in pairs at forty-foot (12 meter) intervals along the docks, spanning a total of one-half mile (800 meters) of grandstands. The system was used to announce race reports and descriptions, carry a series of speeches about "The
Chicago Plan", and provide music between races.
716:(PIS) server, at each station. These are linked to train describers, which state the location of rolling stock on the network from sensors on trackside signaling equipment. The PIS invokes a stored message to play from a local or remote digital voice announcement system, or a series of message fragments to
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Many retailers and offices choose to use the telephone system as the sole access point for the paging system, because the features are integrated. Many schools and other larger institutions are no longer using the large, bulky microphone PA systems and have switched to telephone system paging, as it
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and direct it towards a given direction. The sound is introduced into the narrow end of the megaphone, by holding it up to the face and speaking into it. The sound projects out the wide end of the cone. The user can direct the sound by pointing the wide end of the cone in a specific direction. In the
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may be onstage so that the performers can mix their own sound levels. In larger bars, the audio mixer may be located in or behind the audience seating area, so that an audio engineer can listen to the mix and adjust the sound levels. The adjustments to the monitor speaker mix may be made by a single
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for speech or singing, direct inputs from musical instruments, and a recorded sound playback device. In non-performance applications, there may be a system that operators or automated equipment uses to select from a number of standard prerecorded messages. These input sources feed into preamplifiers
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A short time later, the
Automatic Enunciator Company formed in Chicago order to market the new device, and a series of promotional installations followed. In August 1912 a large outdoor installation was made at a water carnival held in Chicago by the Associated Yacht and Power Boat Clubs of America.
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Feedback prevention devices detect the start of unwanted feedback and use a precise notch filter to lower the gain of the frequencies that are feeding back. Some automated feedback detectors require the user to "set" the feedback-prone frequencies by purposely increasing gain (during a sound check)
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system reproduces the sounds of the performance and directs them towards the onstage performers (typically using wedge-shaped monitor speaker cabinets), to help them to hear the instruments and vocals. In
British English, the monitor system is referred to as the "foldback". The monitor system in a
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A Long-Line Public
Address (LLPA) system is any public address system with a distributed architecture, normally across a wide geographic area. Systems of this type are commonly found in the rail, light rail, and metro industries, and let announcements be triggered from one or several locations to
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In the 1960s, an electric-amplified version of the megaphone, which used a loudspeaker, amplifier and a folded horn, largely replaced the basic cone-style megaphone. Small handheld, battery-powered electric megaphones are used by fire and rescue personnel, police, protesters, and people addressing
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Simple PA systems are often used in small venues such as school auditoriums, churches, and small bars. PA systems with many speakers are widely used to make announcements in public, institutional and commercial buildings and locations—such as schools, stadiums, and passenger vessels and aircraft.
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The simplest, smallest PA systems consist of a microphone, an amplifier, and one or more loudspeakers. PA systems of this type, often providing 50 to 200 watts of power, are often used in small venues such as school auditoriums, churches, and coffeehouse stages. Small PA systems may extend to an
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systems that use an
Internet Protocol (IP) network, instead of a central amplifier, to distribute the audio signal to paging locations across a building or campus, or anywhere else in the reach of the IP network, including the Internet. Network-attached amplifiers and intercom units are used to
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player or radio may be connected to a PA system so that music can be played through the system. Smaller, battery-powered 12 volt systems may be installed in vehicles such as tour buses or school buses, so that the tour guide and/or driver can speak to all the passengers. Portable systems may be
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speakers are elevated, either by mounting them on poles or by "flying" them from anchors in the ceiling. The Front of House speakers are elevated to prevent the sound from being absorbed by the first few rows of audience members. The subwoofers do not need to be elevated, because deep bass is
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Small high amplifier power system: 2 high amplifier power-rated mid/high frequency PA speakers with 15" woofers and a large horn-loaded tweeter; two high amplifier power-rated subwoofer cabinets with one or two 18" subwoofer cabs (front-firing, also known as "front loaded", or manifold-loaded
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A 2-Way Radio
Wireless PA receiver and horn speaker is designed to facilitate the direct delivery of voice messages from a base station or mobile 2-way radio to a PA speaker located at distances that can measure in miles. The receiver and PA speaker combination is ideal in situations where
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refers to PA paging and systems that use any form of
Wireless mobile telephony system such as GSM networks instead of a centralized amplifier to distribute the audio signal to paging locations across a building or campus, or other location. The GSM mobile Networks are used to provide the
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battery powered and/or powered by plugging the system into an electric wall socket. These may also be used for by people addressing smaller groups such as information sessions or team meetings. Battery-powered systems can be used by guides who are speaking to clients on walking tours.
849:, which occurs when a microphone picks up sound from the speakers, which is re-amplified and sent through the speakers again. It often sounds like a loud high-pitched squeal or screech, and can occur when the volume of the system is turned up too high. Feedback only occurs when the
321:, a typically unwanted effect often characterized by high-pitched sounds. They then placed the loudspeaker on the laboratory's roof, and claims say that the amplified human voice could be heard 1 mile (1.6 km) away. Jensen and Pridham refined the system and connected a
736:/ .... / will depart from platform / one / this train is formed of / 12_carriages /." Messages are routed via an IP network and are played on local amplification equipment. Taken together, the PA, routing, DVA, passenger displays and PIS interface are referred to as the
397:. As with the San Francisco installation, Jensen supervised the microphone and Pridham the loudspeakers. Wilson spoke into two large horns mounted on his platform, which channelled his voice into the microphone. Similar systems were used in the following years by
860:, including keeping microphones at a distance from speakers, ensuring that directional microphones are not pointed towards speakers, keeping the onstage volume levels down, and lowering gain levels at frequencies where the feedback is occurring, using a
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The following year, Jensen and
Pridham applied for a patent for what they called their "Sound Magnifying Phonograph". Over the next two years they developed their first valve amplifier. In 1919 this was standardized as a 3-stage 25 watt amplifier.
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baseball stadium in
Chicago, both to make announcements and to provide musical interludes, with Charles A. Comiskey quoted as saying: "The day of the megaphone man has passed at our park." The company also set up an experimental service, called the
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Some PA systems have speakers that cover more than one building, extending to an entire campus of a college, office or industrial site, or an entire outdoor complex (e.g., an athletic stadium). A large PA system may also be used as an
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Early public-address system from around 1920 using a Magnavox speaker. The microphone had a metal reflector that concentrated the sound waves, allowing the speaker to stand back so it would not obscure his or her face. The early
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Small system: 2 pole-mounted mid/high frequency PA speaker cabinets and 2 small subwoofer cabinets with 15" or 18" subwoofers (this would be used in club where jazz, acoustic music, country music or soft rock is played)
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Intercom systems, installed in many buildings, have both speakers throughout a building, and microphones in many rooms so occupants can respond to announcements. PA and Intercom systems are commonly used as part of an
649:) receive these network transmissions and reproduce the analog audio signal. These are small, specialized network appliances addressable by an IP address, just like any other computer on the network.
362:, connected to Johnson's house some miles away by cable and a microphone, from where he delivered his speech. Jensen oversaw the governor using the microphone while Pridham operated the loudspeaker.
274:. It produced far more volume from a given amplifier than a cone speaker. Horns were used in virtually all early PA systems, and are still used in most systems, at least for the high-range tweeters.
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Mid-size PA system: 4 larger multiwoofer mid/high frequency PA speaker cabs (e.g., each with two 15" woofers) and four subwoofer cabinets, either front-firing, manifold loaded or a folded horn
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Large-size PA system: Multiple mid/high frequency PA speakers, possibly "flown" up high in rigging, and a number of subwoofer cabinets (either front firing, manifold loaded or folded horn)
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At a concert using live sound reproduction, sound engineers and technicians control the mixing boards for the "main" and "monitor" systems, adjusting tone, levels, and overall volume.
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cones were used by people speaking to a large audience, to make their voice project more to a large space or group. Megaphones are typically portable, usually hand-held, cone-shaped
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PA systems, sometimes rented from an audio equipment hire company. The sound equipment moves from venue to venue along with various other equipment such as lighting and projection.
425:, addressing 90,000 via six long-range loudspeakers. This public use of loudspeakers brought attention to the possibilities of such technology. The 1925 Royal Air Force Pageant at
340:. This demonstration was official presentation of the working system, and approximately 100,000 people gathered to hear Christmas music and speeches "with absolute distinctness".
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provide the communication function. At the transmission end, a computer application transmits a digital audio stream via the local area network, using audio from the computer's
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large club may provide 500 to 1000 watts of power to several foldback speakers; at an outdoor concert, there may be several thousand watts of power going to the monitor system.
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is one of the few fields where a nineteenth century-style cone is still used to project the voice. The device is also called "speaking-trumpet", "bullhorn" or "loud hailer".
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of Chicago, Illinois, already a major supplier of automatic telephone switchboards, announced it had developed a loudspeaker, which it marketed under the name of the
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Small clubs, bars and coffeehouses use a fairly simple set-up, with front of house speaker cabinets (and subwoofers, in some cases) aimed at the audience, and
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whose voice has a low sound level in the main mix may ask for a much louder sound level through their monitor speaker, so they can hear their singing.
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to the loudspeaker so it could broadcast recorded music. They did this on a number of occasions, including once at the Napa laboratory, at the
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had established a department dedicated to public address and began producing loudspeakers and amplifiers to match a growing demand. In 1925,
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a system of equipment that is used for making speech loud enough for a large number of people to hear, especially to give information
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audio engineer using the main mixing board, or they may be made by a second audio engineer who uses a separate mixing board.
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inputs or from stored audio recordings. At the receiving end, either specialized intercom modules (sometimes known as
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A small sports megaphone for cheering at sporting events, next to a 3 in (8 cm) cigarette lighter for scale
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A woman using a small handheld electric megaphone at a demonstration in Portugal. Electric megaphones use a type of
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From the Ancient Greek era to the nineteenth century, before the invention of electric loudspeakers and amplifiers,
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used a Marconi system to allow the announcer to address the crowds, as well as amplify the band. In 1929, the
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unit under the horn contained the diaphragm, which the voice coil vibrated to produce sound through a flaring
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Rear panel of a medium-sized PA system, positioned at one side of the stage at a concert of the musical group
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entire building, such as a restaurant, store, elementary school or office building. A sound source such as a
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of the feedback loop is greater than one, so it can always be stopped by reducing the volume sufficiently.
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with loudspeaker cables, not in the picture are only the loudspeaker systems distributed around the stage.
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Engineers invented the first loud, powerful amplifier and speaker systems for public address systems and
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cabinets aimed back at the performers so they can hear their vocals and instruments. In many cases,
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employee making a Long Line Public Address system announcement using an RPA01 Radio Microphone at
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in 1911. Four years later, in 1915, they built a dynamic loudspeaker with a 1-inch (2.5 cm)
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For popular music concerts, a more powerful and more complicated PA System is used to provide
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Public address systems consist of input sources (microphones, sound playback devices, etc.),
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began experimenting with sound reproduction in the 1910s. Working from a laboratory in
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generally means a PA system used specifically for live music or other performances. In
389:. Wilson's speech was part of his nationwide tour to promote the establishment of the
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was made one week later, again supervised by Jensen and Pridham. On December 30, when
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Woodrow Wilson's Western Tour: Rhetoric, Public Opinion, And the League of Nations
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Limited by design: R&D laboratories in the U.S. national innovation system
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in 2022, the size being about 3 m from left to right. The setup includes the
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was too ill to give a speech in person, loudspeakers were installed at the
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measuring 34 inches (86 cm) with a 22-inch (56 cm) aperture. The
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Large clubs with capacity for 500+ people, small music festivals, fairs
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Public address system consisting of amplifiers, mixers, and routers for
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used a public address system that had 200 horns, weighing a total of 20
66:(operating interface with slide controls etc. on the rear) and also the
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Robert D. Fisher Manual of Valuable and Worthless Securities: Volume 6
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1297:"UNDERSTANDING BASS MANAGEMENT IN PA SYSTEMS: A Guide for Performers"
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Large venues with capacity for 1000+ people, larger music festivals
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the rest of the network over low bandwidth legacy copper, normally
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30:"Public announcement" redirects here. For the musical group, see
1251:"Antique Guitar Amps 1928-1934 | Vintage Guitar® magazine"
1046:"Loud-Speaking Telephone Enunciators in Baseball Grand Stand",
108:
1411:"Bands Who Do Their Own Sound. Audio Engineering Music Column"
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Advertisements for Automatic Enunciator public address systems
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1165:. New York City, NY: Columbia University Press. p. 145.
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speaker system and subwoofer cabinets at a live music concert
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911:, the shipwide public address system on United States ships
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can be accessed from many different points in the school.
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1352:"2-Way Radio Wireless PA System Design and Installation"
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1060:"Increasing the Revenue Producing Efficiency of a Plant"
1970:
1327:"How Network Attached Amplifiers and IP Intercoms Work"
44:
are often used to broadcast sound in outdoor locations.
1031:"Automatic Telephone and Enunciator Carnival Features"
191:
In 1913, multiple units were installed throughout the
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1227:. Recording Technology History Notes. Archived from
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This small venue's stage shows a typical PA system.
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833:Touring productions travel with relocatable large
1376:"User Manual for an IP based Long Line PA System"
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712:Rail systems typically have an interface with a
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856:Sound engineers take several steps to maximize
1192:. Texas A&M University Press. p. 10.
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588:Small club with capacity for up to 500 people
579:Small club with capacity for up to 300 people
111:that supplied many of the systems used there.
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1109:. History of PA Charity Trust. Archived from
880:have automatic feedback preventing circuits.
381:, and first used by a current president when
306:created a flux field of approximately 11,000
1137:"When the President Spoke at Balboa Stadium"
369:This system was used by former US president
2077:Professional Lighting and Sound Association
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1667:Comparison of analog and digital recording
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667:Wireless Mobile Telephony (WMT) PA Systems
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1272:"Demystifying 100V Line For PAVA Systems"
740:, a term often used interchangeably with
560:PA systems by size and subwoofer approach
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393:. It was held on September 9, 1919, at
327:Panama–Pacific International Exposition
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939:. Prism Business Media. Archived from
845:All PA systems have the potential for
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747:
27:Electronic system for amplifying sound
2138:New Interfaces for Musical Expression
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1009:
991:The (Culbertson, Montana) Searchlight
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931:Bruce Borgerson (November 1, 2003).
840:
294:, a 3-inch (7.6 cm) corrugated
286:, they filed the first patent for a
1270:Williams, Nigel (29 January 2024).
444:
24:
1225:"Woodrow Wilson in San Diego 1919"
1139:. The Journal of San Diego History
1103:"The First Outside Broadcast 1915"
1004:The (Ottawa Kansas) Evening Herald
278:Peter Jensen and Edwin Pridham of
25:
2219:
1687:Reel-to-reel audio tape recording
1430:
1037:, August 24, 1912, pages 246-247.
798:The "main" system (also known as
769:omnidirectional. In the smallest
738:customer information system (CIS)
720:, for example: " / the / 23.30 /
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1066:, October 11, 1913, pages 21-23.
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502:Public address system in an old
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227:
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103:, PA systems are often known as
1672:Experimental musical instrument
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329:, and on December 24, 1915, at
1350:Tim Bruxvoort (24 June 2024).
1101:Yaxleys Sound Systems (2002).
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1024:
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955:
313:Their first experiment used a
88:emergency communication system
13:
1:
1857:Electronic musical instrument
1325:Bob Mesnik (17 August 2015).
965:. Cambridge Online Dictionary
915:
726:Night_Riviera_sleeper_service
718:assemble in the correct order
628:
2163:Record production portal
2052:Institute of Broadcast Sound
937:Sound & Video Contractor
742:passenger information system
714:passenger information system
556:system during an emergency.
235:The Modern Hospital Yearbook
119:
7:
2183:Sound production technology
2072:Musical Electronics Library
1223:Schoenherr, Steven (2001).
1135:Shepherd, Gerald A (1986).
1050:, August 2, 1913, page 251.
1002:"Hear Sermon, Enjoy Pipe",
887:
385:addressed 50,000 people in
244:
10:
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1819:Sound reinforcement system
1728:Sound reinforcement system
421:used such a system at the
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178:Automatic Electric Company
159:a person's voice or other
96:sound reinforcement system
29:
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2042:Audio Engineering Society
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1958:
1940:Software effect processor
1920:Digital audio workstation
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1761:Digital signal processing
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1525:Digital audio workstation
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423:British Empire Exhibition
222:, February 1918, page 361
2133:Professional audio store
2035:People and organizations
2021:Sound recording engineer
1161:Crow, Michael M (1998).
1006:, June 25, 1910, page 4.
993:, July 22, 1910, page 6.
709:, or IP-based networks.
636:refers to PA paging and
613:Telephone paging systems
1551:Microphone preamplifier
1186:Hogan, Michael (2006).
1062:by Stanley R. Edwards,
788:live sound reproduction
653:2-Way Radio Wireless PA
619:private branch exchange
331:San Francisco City Hall
288:moving coil loudspeaker
258:could not produce much
1492:Electronic and digital
830:
757:
689:
548:
526:. Usual input include
506:
486:
349:Governor of California
275:
144:
136:
71:
45:
824:
755:
722:Great_Western_Railway
681:
542:
501:
472:
403:Franklin D. Roosevelt
387:San Diego, California
252:
237:, 1919, pages 256–257
142:
127:
76:public address system
51:
40:
1950:Software synthesizer
1915:Digital audio editor
1701:Playback transducers
1561:Multitrack recording
899:Instrument amplifier
866:parametric equalizer
858:gain before feedback
585:subwoofer cabinets)
413:By the early 1920s,
182:Automatic Enunciator
172:Automatic Enunciator
128:A late 19th-century
109:company of that name
1356:intercomsonline.com
1253:. 5 September 2002.
987:"Replaces Bell Boy"
963:"Tannoy definition"
933:"Is it P.A. or SR?"
782:Large venue systems
748:Small venue systems
701:, or media such as
371:William Howard Taft
266:. The cylindrical
32:Public Announcement
2001:Re-recording mixer
1804:Keyboard amplifier
1520:Binaural recording
1304:www.cerwinvega.com
1231:on 13 January 2012
831:
758:
690:
683:London Underground
549:
507:
487:
465:Electric megaphone
276:
145:
137:
72:
46:
2198:Audio engineering
2170:
2169:
1976:Guitar technician
1872:Music workstation
1756:Digital recording
1733:Speaker enclosure
1652:8-track cartridge
1594:Phonograph record
1383:Asl-control.co.uk
1276:www.proaudium.com
872:. Some 2010s-era
862:graphic equalizer
841:Acoustic feedback
730:London_Paddington
608:
607:
567:PA system set-up
399:Warren G. Harding
391:League of Nations
345:outside broadcast
319:acoustic feedback
315:carbon microphone
42:Horn loudspeakers
16:(Redirected from
2215:
2208:Safety equipment
2161:
2160:
2159:
2047:Goji Electronics
1986:Monitor engineer
1945:Software sampler
1852:Electronic drums
1829:Electronic music
1799:Guitar amplifier
1644:Analog recording
1604:Compact cassette
1566:Music production
1474:Music technology
1466:Music technology
1459:
1452:
1445:
1436:
1435:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1421:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1397:
1391:
1385:. Archived from
1380:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1337:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1301:
1293:
1287:
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1267:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1247:
1241:
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1236:
1220:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1158:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1132:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1098:
1067:
1057:
1051:
1048:Electrical World
1044:
1038:
1028:
1022:
1021:(1938), page 75.
1016:
1007:
1000:
994:
984:
978:
977:
972:
970:
959:
953:
952:
950:
948:
928:
564:
563:
475:horn loudspeaker
445:Late 1920s–1930s
431:Schneider Trophy
427:Hendon Aerodrome
356:Civic Auditorium
284:Napa, California
264:horn loudspeaker
231:
216:
130:speaking trumpet
68:power amplifiers
21:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2157:
2155:
2148:
2096:
2030:
1996:Record producer
1981:Mixing engineer
1954:
1901:
1867:MIDI controller
1842:Circuit bending
1823:
1765:
1742:
1718:Monitor speaker
1696:
1638:
1586:Recording media
1580:
1571:Music sequencer
1556:Monitor speaker
1502:Sound recording
1496:
1468:
1463:
1433:
1428:
1419:
1417:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1369:
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1344:
1335:
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1319:
1309:
1307:
1299:
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1280:
1278:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1234:
1232:
1221:
1214:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1184:
1180:
1173:
1159:
1152:
1142:
1140:
1133:
1126:
1116:
1114:
1099:
1070:
1058:
1054:
1045:
1041:
1029:
1025:
1017:
1010:
1001:
997:
985:
981:
968:
966:
961:
960:
956:
946:
944:
943:on May 20, 2015
929:
922:
918:
890:
874:mixing consoles
843:
792:backup vocalist
784:
762:monitor speaker
750:
676:
664:
655:
631:
615:
545:Gatwick Airport
537:
496:
467:
447:
411:
373:at a speech in
247:
242:
241:
240:
239:
238:
232:
224:
223:
217:
208:
207:
174:
122:
117:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2221:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2168:
2167:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2104:
2102:
2101:Related topics
2098:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2057:Lejaren Hiller
2054:
2049:
2044:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2016:Sound operator
2013:
2011:Sound follower
2008:
2006:Sound designer
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1966:Audio engineer
1962:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1911:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1833:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1784:Bass amplifier
1781:
1779:Mixing console
1775:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1752:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1740:
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1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
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1601:
1596:
1590:
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1582:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1522:
1517:
1515:Mixing console
1512:
1506:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1478:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1462:
1461:
1454:
1447:
1439:
1432:
1431:External links
1429:
1427:
1426:
1402:
1367:
1342:
1331:Kintronics.com
1317:
1288:
1262:
1256:
1242:
1212:
1198:
1178:
1171:
1150:
1124:
1068:
1052:
1039:
1023:
1008:
995:
979:
954:
919:
917:
914:
913:
912:
909:1 Main Circuit
906:
901:
896:
889:
886:
847:audio feedback
842:
839:
816:
815:
805:
801:Front of House
783:
780:
773:and bars, the
766:front of house
749:
746:
675:
672:
663:
662:WMT PA Systems
660:
654:
651:
630:
627:
614:
611:
606:
605:
602:
598:
597:
594:
590:
589:
586:
581:
580:
577:
572:
571:
568:
536:
533:
495:
492:
483:reentrant horn
466:
463:
455:Leon McAuliffe
451:movie theaters
446:
443:
410:
407:
383:Woodrow Wilson
246:
243:
233:
226:
225:
218:
211:
210:
209:
205:
204:
203:
202:
173:
170:
153:acoustic horns
121:
118:
116:
113:
64:sound engineer
60:mixing console
55:Dead Can Dance
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2220:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2193:Public sphere
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2165:
2164:
2151:
2145:
2144:Vehicle audio
2142:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2113:High fidelity
2111:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1961:
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1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
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1840:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1748:Digital audio
1745:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1693:
1692:Tape recorder
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1662:Cassette deck
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1599:Magnetic tape
1597:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1576:Outboard gear
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1510:Audio channel
1508:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1460:
1455:
1453:
1448:
1446:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1416:
1415:Cleverjoe.com
1412:
1406:
1392:on 2013-06-03
1388:
1384:
1377:
1371:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1332:
1328:
1321:
1306:. Cerwin Vega
1305:
1298:
1292:
1277:
1273:
1266:
1260:
1252:
1246:
1230:
1226:
1219:
1217:
1201:
1199:9781585445332
1195:
1191:
1190:
1182:
1174:
1168:
1164:
1157:
1155:
1138:
1131:
1129:
1113:on 2015-03-18
1112:
1108:
1107:History of PA
1104:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1049:
1043:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1005:
999:
992:
988:
983:
976:
964:
958:
942:
938:
934:
927:
925:
920:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
891:
885:
881:
879:
878:effects units
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
854:
852:
848:
838:
836:
828:
823:
819:
812:
811:
806:
803:
802:
797:
796:
795:
793:
789:
779:
776:
772:
767:
763:
754:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
710:
708:
704:
703:optical fiber
700:
696:
688:
684:
680:
671:
668:
659:
650:
648:
644:
639:
635:
626:
622:
620:
610:
603:
600:
599:
595:
592:
591:
587:
583:
582:
578:
574:
573:
569:
566:
565:
562:
561:
557:
555:
546:
541:
535:Large systems
532:
529:
525:
521:
516:
513:
505:
500:
494:Small systems
491:
484:
480:
476:
471:
462:
460:
456:
452:
442:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
367:
363:
361:
360:San Francisco
357:
353:
352:Hiram Johnson
350:
346:
341:
339:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
311:
309:
305:
304:electromagnet
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
251:
236:
230:
221:
215:
201:
199:
194:
193:Comiskey Park
189:
185:
183:
179:
176:In 1910, the
169:
167:
162:
158:
154:
150:
141:
135:
131:
126:
115:Early systems
112:
110:
106:
102:
98:
97:
91:
89:
83:
81:
77:
69:
65:
61:
57:
56:
50:
43:
39:
33:
19:
2154:
1887:Sound module
1847:Drum machine
1808:
1789:Effects unit
1722:
1682:Player piano
1609:Compact disc
1531:Effects unit
1418:. Retrieved
1414:
1405:
1394:. Retrieved
1387:the original
1382:
1370:
1359:. Retrieved
1355:
1345:
1334:. Retrieved
1330:
1320:
1308:. Retrieved
1303:
1291:
1279:. Retrieved
1275:
1265:
1259:
1245:
1233:. Retrieved
1229:the original
1203:. Retrieved
1188:
1181:
1162:
1141:. Retrieved
1115:. Retrieved
1111:the original
1106:
1063:
1055:
1047:
1042:
1034:
1026:
1018:
1003:
998:
990:
982:
974:
967:. Retrieved
957:
945:. Retrieved
941:the original
936:
882:
870:notch filter
855:
844:
832:
817:
808:
799:
785:
771:coffeehouses
759:
741:
737:
711:
697:lines using
691:
687:Bank station
674:Long line PA
666:
665:
656:
633:
632:
623:
616:
609:
559:
558:
550:
524:loudspeakers
517:
512:compact disc
508:
488:
482:
478:
448:
435:Calshot Spit
412:
395:City Stadium
368:
364:
342:
312:
277:
256:vacuum tubes
234:
219:
190:
186:
181:
175:
166:cheerleading
146:
134:firefighters
104:
94:
92:
84:
79:
75:
73:
53:
2128:Music store
2123:Home cinema
2082:Robert Moog
2067:Max Mathews
1991:Piano tuner
1959:Professions
1935:Scorewriter
1892:Synthesizer
1708:Loudspeaker
1235:25 November
1205:16 November
1143:25 November
1117:25 November
775:audio mixer
647:IP speakers
570:Venue size
528:microphones
504:high school
338:James Rolph
198:Musolaphone
2177:Categories
2118:Home audio
2108:Audiophile
1925:GarageBand
1771:Live music
1713:Headphones
1677:Phonograph
1546:Microphone
1541:Headphones
1487:Electrical
1482:Mechanical
1420:2017-01-25
1396:2017-01-25
1361:2024-06-24
1336:2017-01-25
1281:29 January
1172:0231109822
916:References
835:line-array
827:line array
699:DSL modems
643:sound card
634:PA over IP
629:PA over IP
547:in London.
520:amplifiers
375:Grant Park
343:The first
333:alongside
323:phonograph
292:voice coil
1882:Sequencer
1809:PA system
1738:Subwoofer
1723:PA system
1657:Amplifier
1619:Hard disk
1536:Equalizer
1310:8 January
1064:Telephony
1035:Telephony
894:Announcer
851:loop gain
728:/ from /
477:called a
459:Bob Wills
296:diaphragm
149:megaphone
120:Megaphone
93:The term
80:PA system
18:PA system
1930:ProTools
1907:Software
1897:Theremin
1837:Chiptune
1794:Foldback
1624:MiniDisc
904:Intercom
888:See also
734:Penzance
638:intercom
433:race at
419:George V
280:Magnavox
245:Magnavox
155:used to
132:used by
107:after a
62:for the
2026:Tape op
1877:Sampler
947:May 19,
868:, or a
810:monitor
732:/ to /
415:Marconi
409:Marconi
379:Chicago
220:Factory
164:2020s,
157:amplify
105:tannoys
101:Britain
2203:Speech
2140:(NIME)
1814:Reverb
1196:
1169:
969:19 May
479:reflex
457:(with
298:and a
268:driver
161:sounds
2188:DJing
2092:STEIM
2087:SMPTE
2062:IRCAM
1527:(DAW)
1390:(PDF)
1379:(PDF)
1300:(PDF)
707:GSM-R
705:, or
617:Some
554:alert
335:Mayor
308:Gauss
1862:MIDI
1634:Opus
1312:2017
1283:2024
1237:2011
1207:2015
1194:ISBN
1167:ISBN
1145:2011
1119:2011
971:2015
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