PCI Express - Knowledge

484:. In a multi-lane link, the packet data is striped across lanes, and peak data throughput scales with the overall link width. The lane count is automatically negotiated during device initialization and can be restricted by either endpoint. For example, a single-lane PCI Express (x1) card can be inserted into a multi-lane slot (x4, x8, etc.), and the initialization cycle auto-negotiates the highest mutually supported lane count. The link can dynamically down-configure itself to use fewer lanes, providing a failure tolerance in case bad or unreliable lanes are present. The PCI Express standard defines link widths of x1, x2, x4, x8, and x16. Up to and including PCIe 5.0, x12, and x32 links were defined as well but never used. This allows the PCI Express bus to serve both cost-sensitive applications where high throughput is not needed, and performance-critical applications such as 3D graphics, networking ( 3605: 4549: 4526: 4564: 2142: 250: 4241:

after the bad TLP, are considered invalid and discarded. The receiver sends a negative acknowledgement message (NAK) with the sequence-number of the invalid TLP, requesting re-transmission of all TLPs forward of that sequence-number. If the received TLP passes the LCRC check and has the correct sequence number, it is treated as valid. The link receiver increments the sequence-number (which tracks the last received good TLP), and forwards the valid TLP to the receiver's transaction layer. An ACK message is sent to remote transmitter, indicating the TLP was successfully received (and by extension, all TLPs with past sequence-numbers.)

766: 2460: 4050: 4537: 2472: 3383: 412: 422: 242: 517: 778:"mechanical @ electrical" notation (e.g. "x16 @ x4") is also common. The advantage is that such slots can accommodate a larger range of PCI Express cards without requiring motherboard hardware to support the full transfer rate. Standard mechanical sizes are x1, x4, x8, and x16. Cards using a number of lanes other than the standard mechanical sizes need to physically fit the next larger mechanical size (e.g. an x2 card uses the x4 size, or an x12 card uses the x16 size). 880:, as gaming video cards often emit hundreds of watts of heat. Modern computer cases are often wider to accommodate these taller cards, but not always. Since full-length cards (312 mm) are uncommon, modern cases sometimes cannot fit those. The thickness of these cards also typically occupies the space of 2 to 5 PCIe slots. In fact, even the methodology of how to measure the cards varies between vendors, with some including the metal bracket size in dimensions and others not. 2428: 4073:) specification is divided into two sub-layers, corresponding to electrical and logical specifications. The logical sublayer is sometimes further divided into a MAC sublayer and a PCS, although this division is not formally part of the PCIe specification. A specification published by Intel, the PHY Interface for PCI Express (PIPE), defines the MAC/PCS functional partitioning and the interface between these two sub-layers. The PIPE specification also identifies the 589:, transporting data packets in eight-bit "byte" format simultaneously in both directions between endpoints of a link. Physical PCI Express links may contain 1, 4, 8 or 16 lanes. Lane counts are written with an "x" prefix (for example, "x8" represents an eight-lane card or slot), with x16 being the largest size in common use. Lane sizes are also referred to via the terms "width" or "by" e.g., an eight-lane slot could be referred to as a "by 8" or as "8 lanes wide." 4682: 2046: 9585: 2590: 4276:) divided by the encoding overhead (10 bits per byte). This means a sixteen lane (x16) PCIe card would then be theoretically capable of 16x250 MB/s = 4 GB/s in each direction. While this is correct in terms of data bytes, more meaningful calculations are based on the usable data payload rate, which depends on the profile of the traffic, which is a function of the high-level (software) application and intermediate protocol levels. 4932: 610: 52: 698:, signals on a parallel interface have different travel duration and arrive at their destinations at different times. When the interface clock period is shorter than the largest time difference between signal arrivals, recovery of the transmitted word is no longer possible. Since timing skew over a parallel bus can amount to a few nanoseconds, the resulting bandwidth limitation is in the range of hundreds of megahertz. 4265:

account. The sending device may only transmit a TLP when doing so does not make its consumed credit count exceed its credit limit. When the receiving device finishes processing the TLP from its buffer, it signals a return of credits to the sending device, which increases the credit limit by the restored amount. The credit counters are modular counters, and the comparison of consumed credits to credit limit requires

8815: 702: 434: 465:(host). Because of its shared bus topology, access to the older PCI bus is arbitrated (in the case of multiple masters), and limited to one master at a time, in a single direction. Furthermore, the older PCI clocking scheme limits the bus clock to the slowest peripheral on the bus (regardless of the devices involved in the bus transaction). In contrast, a PCI Express bus link supports 2625:. This variant uses the reserved and several non-reserved pins to implement SATA and IDE interface passthrough, keeping only USB, ground lines, and sometimes the core PCIe x1 bus intact. This makes the "miniPCIe" flash and solid-state drives sold for netbooks largely incompatible with true PCI Express Mini implementations. 4269:. The advantage of this scheme (compared to other methods such as wait states or handshake-based transfer protocols) is that the latency of credit return does not affect performance, provided that the credit limit is not encountered. This assumption is generally met if each device is designed with adequate buffer sizes. 4288:

controller), the traffic profile is characterized as short data packets with frequent enforced acknowledgements. This type of traffic reduces the efficiency of the link, due to overhead from packet parsing and forced interrupts (either in the device's host interface or the PC's CPU). Being a protocol

4252:

In practice, the number of in-flight, unacknowledged TLPs on the link is limited by two factors: the size of the transmitter's replay buffer (which must store a copy of all transmitted TLPs until the remote receiver ACKs them), and the flow control credits issued by the receiver to a transmitter. PCI

4244:

If the transmitter receives a NAK message, or no acknowledgement (NAK or ACK) is received until a timeout period expires, the transmitter must retransmit all TLPs that lack a positive acknowledgement (ACK). Barring a persistent malfunction of the device or transmission medium, the link-layer presents

2628:

Also, the typical Asus miniPCIe SSD is 71 mm long, causing the Dell 51 mm model to often be (incorrectly) referred to as half length. A true 51 mm Mini PCIe SSD was announced in 2009, with two stacked PCB layers that allow for higher storage capacity. The announced design preserves the

503:

As a point of reference, a PCI-X (133 MHz 64-bit) device and a PCI Express 1.0 device using four lanes (x4) have roughly the same peak single-direction transfer rate of 1064 MB/s. The PCI Express bus has the potential to perform better than the PCI-X bus in cases where multiple devices

4264:

PCI Express uses credit-based flow control. In this scheme, a device advertises an initial amount of credit for each received buffer in its transaction layer. The device at the opposite end of the link, when sending transactions to this device, counts the number of credits each TLP consumes from its

2537:

have a thickness of 1.0 mm, excluding the components. A "Half Mini Card" (sometimes abbreviated as HMC) is also specified, having approximately half the physical length of 26.8 mm. There are also half size mini PCIe cards that are 30 x 31.90 mm which is about half the length of a full size

2447:

for up to 600 W power delivery. It was introduced in 2022 to supersede the previous 6- and 8-pin power connectors for GPUs. The primary aim was to cater to the increasing power requirements of high-performance GPUs. It was replaced by a minor revision called 12V-2x6, which changed the connector

4847:

Another example is making the packets shorter to decrease latency (as is required if a bus must operate as a memory interface). Smaller packets mean packet headers consume a higher percentage of the packet, thus decreasing the effective bandwidth. Examples of bus protocols designed for this purpose

4669:

The Intel Thunderbolt interface has provided a new option to connect with a PCIe card externally. Magma has released the ExpressBox 3T, which can hold up to three PCIe cards (two at x8 and one at x4). MSI also released the Thunderbolt GUS II, a PCIe chassis dedicated for video cards. Other products

4166:

scheme (line code) to ensure that strings of consecutive identical digits (zeros or ones) are limited in length. This coding was used to prevent the receiver from losing track of where the bit edges are. In this coding scheme every eight (uncoded) payload bits of data are replaced with 10 (encoded)

4125:

The width of a PCIe connector is 8.8 mm, while the height is 11.25 mm, and the length is variable. The fixed section of the connector is 11.65 mm in length and contains two rows of 11 pins each (22 pins total), while the length of the other section is variable depending on the number

2601:

slot is not necessarily electrically compatible with Mini PCI Express. For this reason, only certain notebooks are compatible with mSATA drives. Most compatible systems are based on Intel's Sandy Bridge processor architecture, using the Huron River platform. Notebooks such as Lenovo's ThinkPad T, W

4248:

In addition to sending and receiving TLPs generated by the transaction layer, the data-link layer also generates and consumes data link layer packets (DLLPs). ACK and NAK signals are communicated via DLLPs, as are some power management messages and flow control credit information (on behalf of the

4240:

On the receive side, the received TLP's LCRC and sequence number are both validated in the link layer. If either the LCRC check fails (indicating a data error), or the sequence-number is out of range (non-consecutive from the last valid received TLP), then the bad TLP, as well as any TLPs received

4134:

PCIe sends all control messages, including interrupts, over the same links used for data. The serial protocol can never be blocked, so latency is still comparable to conventional PCI, which has dedicated interrupt lines. When the problem of IRQ sharing of pin based interrupts is taken into account

3457:

PCI Express 2.1 (with its specification dated 4 March 2009) supports a large proportion of the management, support, and troubleshooting systems planned for full implementation in PCI Express 3.0. However, the speed is the same as PCI Express 2.0. The increase in power from the slot breaks backward

4657:

technology, based on a proprietary cabling system that is compatible with PCIe x8 signal transmissions. This connector is available on the Fujitsu Amilo and the Acer Ferrari One notebooks. Fujitsu launched their AMILO GraphicBooster enclosure for XGP soon thereafter. Around 2010 Acer launched the

4586:

In virtually all modern (as of 2012) PCs, from consumer laptops and desktops to enterprise data servers, the PCIe bus serves as the primary motherboard-level interconnect, connecting the host system-processor with both integrated peripherals (surface-mounted ICs) and add-on peripherals (expansion

4279:

Like other high data rate serial interconnect systems, PCIe has a protocol and processing overhead due to the additional transfer robustness (CRC and acknowledgements). Long continuous unidirectional transfers (such as those typical in high-performance storage controllers) can approach >95% of

3852:

Historically, the earliest adopters of a new PCIe specification generally begin designing with the Draft 0.5 as they can confidently build up their application logic around the new bandwidth definition and often even start developing for any new protocol features. At the Draft 0.5 stage, however,

3800:

VPC-Z2, uses a nonstandard USB port with an optical component to connect to an outboard PCIe display adapter. Apple has been the primary driver of Thunderbolt adoption through 2011, though several other vendors have announced new products and systems featuring Thunderbolt. Thunderbolt 3 forms the

3478:

Following a six-month technical analysis of the feasibility of scaling the PCI Express interconnect bandwidth, PCI-SIG's analysis found that 8 gigatransfers per second could be manufactured in mainstream silicon process technology, and deployed with existing low-cost materials and infrastructure,

2647:

M.2 replaces the mSATA standard and Mini PCIe. Computer bus interfaces provided through the M.2 connector are PCI Express 3.0 (up to four lanes), Serial ATA 3.0, and USB 3.0 (a single logical port for each of the latter two). It is up to the manufacturer of the M.2 host or device to choose which

773:

A PCI Express card fits into a slot of its physical size or larger (with x16 as the largest used), but may not fit into a smaller PCI Express slot; for example, a x16 card may not fit into a x4 or x8 slot. Some slots use open-ended sockets to permit physically longer cards and negotiate the best

3654:

On 9 September 2021, IBM announced the Power E1080 Enterprise server with planned availability date 17 September. It can have up to 16 Power10 SCMs with maximum of 32 slots per system which can act as PCIe 5.0 x8 or PCIe 4.0 x16. Alternatively they can be used as PCIe 5.0 x16 slots for optional

3365:

scheme, resulting in a 20% (= 2/10) overhead on the raw channel bandwidth. So in the PCIe terminology, transfer rate refers to the encoded bit rate: 2.5 GT/s is 2.5 Gbit/s on the encoded serial link. This corresponds to 2.0 Gbit/s of pre-coded data or 250 MB/s, which is

472:

In terms of bus protocol, PCI Express communication is encapsulated in packets. The work of packetizing and de-packetizing data and status-message traffic is handled by the transaction layer of the PCI Express port (described later). Radical differences in electrical signaling and bus protocol

355:

hardware connections. PCIe has numerous improvements over the older standards, including higher maximum system bus throughput, lower I/O pin count and smaller physical footprint, better performance scaling for bus devices, a more detailed error detection and reporting mechanism (Advanced Error

3501:

In September 2013, PCI Express 3.1 specification was announced for release in late 2013 or early 2014, consolidating various improvements to the published PCI Express 3.0 specification in three areas: power management, performance and functionality. It was released in November 2014.

3341:

Throughput indicates the usable bandwidth (i.e. only including the payload, not the 8b/10b, 128b/130b, or 242B/256B encoding overhead). The PCIe 1.0 transfer rate of 2.5 GT/s per lane means a 2.5 Gbit/s serial bit rate; after applying a 8b/10b encoding, this corresponds to a useful

3470:

per second (GT/s), and that it would be backward compatible with existing PCI Express implementations. At that time, it was also announced that the final specification for PCI Express 3.0 would be delayed until Q2 2010. New features for the PCI Express 3.0 specification included a number of

2678:

Standard cables and connectors have been defined for x1, x4, x8, and x16 link widths, with a transfer rate of 250 MB/s per lane. The PCI-SIG also expects the norm to evolve to reach 500 MB/s, as in PCI Express 2.0. An example of the uses of Cabled PCI Express is a metal enclosure,

777:

The number of lanes actually connected to a slot may also be fewer than the number supported by the physical slot size. An example is a x16 slot that runs at x4, which accepts any x1, x2, x4, x8 or x16 card, but provides only four lanes. Its specification may read as "x16 (x4 mode)", while

4733:

cards. Before NVMe was standardized, many of these cards utilized proprietary interfaces and custom drivers to communicate with the operating system; they had much higher transfer rates (over 1 GB/s) and IOPS (over one million I/O operations per second) when compared to Serial ATA or

367:

The PCI Express electrical interface is measured by the number of simultaneous lanes. (A lane is a single send/receive line of data, analogous to a "one-lane road" having one lane of traffic in both directions.) The interface is also used in a variety of other standards — most notably the

4738:

drives. For example, in 2011 OCZ and Marvell co-developed a native PCI Express solid-state drive controller for a PCI Express 3.0 x16 slot with maximum capacity of 12 TB and a performance of to 7.2 GB/s sequential transfers and up to 2.52 million IOPS in random transfers.

3841:

Draft 0.7 (Complete draft): this release must have a complete set of functional requirements and methods defined, and no new functionality may be added to the specification after this release. Before the release of this draft, electrical specifications must have been validated via test

3458:

compatibility between PCI Express 2.1 cards and some older motherboards with 1.0/1.0a, but most motherboards with PCI Express 1.1 connectors are provided with a BIOS update by their manufacturers through utilities to support backward compatibility of cards with PCIe 2.1.

2632:

Intel has numerous desktop boards with the PCIe x1 Mini-Card slot that typically do not support mSATA SSD. A list of desktop boards that natively support mSATA in the PCIe x1 Mini-Card slot (typically multiplexed with a SATA port) is provided on the Intel Support site.

3754:

signaling as version 6.0. Doubling of the data rate will be achieved by fine-tuning channel parameters to decrease signal losses and improve power efficiency, but signal integrity is expected to be a challenge. The specification is expected to be finalized in 2025.

4201:

Dual simplex in PCIe means there are two simplex channels on every PCIe lane. Simplex means communication is only possible in one direction. By having two simplex channels, two-way communication is made possible. One differential pair is used for each channel.

3766:

Some vendors offer PCIe over fiber products, with active optical cables (AOC) for PCIe switching at increased distance in PCIe expansion drawers, or in specific cases where transparent PCIe bridging is preferable to using a more mainstream standard (such as

4622:

Theoretically, external PCIe could give a notebook the graphics power of a desktop, by connecting a notebook with any PCIe desktop video card (enclosed in its own external housing, with a power supply and cooling); this is possible with an ExpressCard or

3510:

On 29 November 2011, PCI-SIG preliminarily announced PCI Express 4.0, providing a 16 GT/s bit rate that doubles the bandwidth provided by PCI Express 3.0 to 31.5 GB/s in each direction for a 16-lane configuration, while maintaining backward and

3490:, reducing the bandwidth overhead from 20% of PCI Express 2.0 to approximately 1.54% (= 2/130). PCI Express 3.0's 8 GT/s bit rate effectively delivers 985 MB/s per lane, nearly doubling the lane bandwidth relative to PCI Express 2.0. 716:

within the serial signal itself. As such, typical bandwidth limitations on serial signals are in the multi-gigahertz range. PCI Express is one example of the general trend toward replacing parallel buses with serial interconnects; other examples include

3404:

with PCIe v1.x cards. PCIe 2.0 cards are also generally backward compatible with PCIe 1.x motherboards, using the available bandwidth of PCI Express 1.1. Overall, graphic cards or motherboards designed for v2.0 work, with the other being v1.1 or v1.0a.

4610:(SLI) technology, which allowed multiple graphics cards of the same chipset and model number to run in tandem, allowing increased performance. This interface has, since, been discontinued. AMD has also developed a multi-GPU system based on PCIe called 3853:

there is still a strong likelihood of changes in the actual PCIe protocol layer implementation, so designers responsible for developing these blocks internally may be more hesitant to begin work than those using interface IP from external sources.

4844:. Differences are based on the trade-offs between flexibility and extensibility vs latency and overhead. For example, making the system hot-pluggable, as with Infiniband but not PCI Express, requires that software track network topology changes. 4508: 4304:

A PCIe 1.x lane for example offers a data rate on top of the physical layer of 250 MB/s (simplex). This is not the payload bandwidth but the physical layer bandwidth – a PCIe lane has to carry additional information for full functionality.

3633:

On 10 December 2018, the PCI SIG released version 0.9 of the PCIe 5.0 specification to its members, and on 17 January 2019, PCI SIG announced the version 0.9 had been ratified, with version 1.0 targeted for release in the first quarter of 2019.

929:(PCB) is the A-side, and the component side is the B-side. PRSNT1# and PRSNT2# pins must be slightly shorter than the rest, to ensure that a hot-plugged card is fully inserted. The WAKE# pin uses full voltage to wake the computer, but must be 4232:

On the transmit side, the data link layer generates an incrementing sequence number for each outgoing TLP. It serves as a unique identification tag for each transmitted TLP, and is inserted into the header of the outgoing TLP. A 32-bit

473:

require the use of a different mechanical form factor and expansion connectors (and thus, new motherboards and new adapter boards); PCI slots and PCI Express slots are not interchangeable. At the software level, PCI Express preserves

437:

The PCIe slots on a motherboard are often labeled with the number of PCIe lanes they have. Sometimes what may seem like a large slot may only have a few lanes. For instance, a x16 slot with only 4 PCIe lanes (bottom slot) is quite

4661:

In 2010, external card hubs were introduced that can connect to a laptop or desktop through a PCI ExpressCard slot. These hubs can accept full-sized graphics cards. Examples include MSI GUS, Village Instrument's ViDock, the Asus

3589:-based processors and X570 chipset would support PCIe 4.0. AMD had hoped to enable partial support for older chipsets, but instability caused by motherboard traces not conforming to PCIe 4.0 specifications made that impossible. 4198:" to the data stream in a feedback topology. Because the scrambling polynomial is known, the data can be recovered by applying the XOR a second time. Both the scrambling and descrambling steps are carried out in hardware. 5717: 2606:

card slot. The ThinkPad Edge E220s/E420s, and the Lenovo IdeaPad Y460/Y560/Y570/Y580 also support mSATA. On the contrary, the L-series among others can only support M.2 cards using the PCIe standard in the WWAN slot.

6009: 2716:

While initially intended for use in laptops for the connection of powerful external GPU boxes, OCuLink's popularity lies primarily in its use for PCIe interconnections in servers, a more prevalent application.

3795:

and was originally intended as an all-fiber interface, but due to early difficulties in creating a consumer-friendly fiber interconnect, nearly all implementations are copper systems. A notable exception, the

7274:

Power E1080 Enterprise server delivers a uniquely architected platform to help securely and efficiently scale core operational and AI applications in a hybrid cloud, IBM Europe Hardware Announcement ZG21-0059

2819:

Inc designed for use in low-profile rack-mounted chassis. It has the connector bracket reversed so it cannot fit in a normal PCI Express socket, but it is pin-compatible and may be inserted if the bracket is

3737:(FLIT) block carries 242 bytes of data, which includes variable-sized transaction level packets (TLP) and data link layer payload (DLLP); remaining 14 bytes are reserved for 8-byte CRC and 6-byte FEC. 3-way 2514: 2.0 connectivity, and each card may use either standard. Most laptop computers built after 2005 use PCI Express for expansion cards; however, as of 2015, many vendors are moving toward using the newer 4154:

of 20/8/6 ns for 2.5/5/8 GT/s so the hardware buffers can re-align the striped data. Due to padding requirements, striping may not necessarily reduce the latency of small data packets on a link.

7482: 3749:

On 21 June 2022, PCI-SIG announced the development of PCI Express 7.0 specification. It will deliver 128 GT/s raw bit rate and up to 242 GB/s per direction in x16 configuration, using the same

6674: 4114:

A slot of a large physical size (e.g., x16) can be wired electrically with fewer lanes (e.g., x1, x4, x8, or x12) as long as it provides the ground connections required by the larger physical slot size.

3692:(NRZ) modulation. Unlike previous PCI Express versions, forward error correction is used to increase data integrity and PAM-4 is used as line code so that two bits are transferred per transfer. With 64 3374:

In 2005, PCI-SIG introduced PCIe 1.1. This updated specification includes clarifications and several improvements, but is fully compatible with PCI Express 1.0a. No changes were made to the data rate.

2521:

Due to different dimensions, PCI Express Mini Cards are not physically compatible with standard full-size PCI Express slots; however, passive adapters exist that let them be used in full-size slots.

5792: 3361:

Transfer rate is expressed in transfers per second instead of bits per second because the number of transfers includes the overhead bits, which do not provide additional throughput; PCIe 1.x uses an

2189:

Some cards use two 8-pin connectors, but this has not been standardized yet as of 2018, therefore such cards must not carry the official PCI Express logo. This configuration allows 375 W total (

4261:

PCI Express implements split transactions (transactions with request and response separated by time), allowing the link to carry other traffic while the target device gathers data for the response.

712:

A serial interface does not exhibit timing skew because there is only one differential signal in each direction within each lane, and there is no external clock signal since clocking information is

7654: 5882: 8531: 5198: 5685: 4579:

PCI Express operates in consumer, server, and industrial applications, as a motherboard-level interconnect (to link motherboard-mounted peripherals), a passive backplane interconnect and as an

3894:(MAC) sublayer. The Physical Layer is subdivided into logical and electrical sublayers. The Physical logical-sublayer contains a physical coding sublayer (PCS). The terms are borrowed from the 477:

with PCI; legacy PCI system software can detect and configure newer PCI Express devices without explicit support for the PCI Express standard, though new PCI Express features are inaccessible.

4646:

that can be used for advanced graphic applications for the professional market. These video cards require a PCI Express x8 or x16 slot for the host-side card, which connects to the Plex via a

3493:

On 18 November 2010, the PCI Special Interest Group officially published the finalized PCI Express 3.0 specification to its members to build devices based on this new version of PCI Express.

3466:

PCI Express 3.0 Base specification revision 3.0 was made available in November 2010, after multiple delays. In August 2007, PCI-SIG announced that PCI Express 3.0 would carry a bit rate of 8

540:. A link is a point-to-point communication channel between two PCI Express ports allowing both of them to send and receive ordinary PCI requests (configuration, I/O or memory read/write) and 8640: 7751: 6964:

IBM Power System AC922 (8335-GTG) server helps you to harness breakthrough accelerated AI, HPDA, and HPC performance for faster time to insight, IBM Europe Hardware Announcement ZG17-0147

6889: 3848:

1.0 (Final release): this is the final and definitive specification, and any changes or enhancements are through Errata documentation and Engineering Change Notices (ECNs) respectively.

4107:. All devices must minimally support single-lane (x1) link. Devices may optionally support wider links composed of up to 32 lanes. This allows for very good compatibility in two ways: 3845:

Draft 0.9 (Final draft): this release allows PCI-SIG member companies to perform an internal review for intellectual property, and no functional changes are permitted after this draft.

7799: 8322: 4666:, Bplus PE4H V3.2 adapter, as well as more improvised DIY devices. However such solutions are limited by the size (often only x1) and version of the available PCIe slot on a laptop. 8225: 4745:

was an interface for connecting SSDs through SATA-compatible ports, optionally providing multiple PCI Express lanes as a pure PCI Express connection to the attached storage device.

4293:, it does not require the same tolerance for transmission errors as a protocol for communication over longer distances, and thus, this loss of efficiency is not particular to PCIe. 3397:

GT/s and the per-lane throughput rises from 250 MB/s to 500 MB/s. Consequently, a 16-lane PCIe connector (x16) can support an aggregate throughput of up to 8 GB/s.

8057: 8456: 8198: 6292: 3569:

PCI-SIG officially announced the release of the final PCI Express 4.0 specification on 8 June 2017. The spec includes improvements in flexibility, scalability, and lower-power.

2809:

mm × 65 mm) for embedded and small-form-factor applications, which implements two x1 PCIe links on a high-density connector along with USB, I2C, and up to 100 points of I/O

7382: 5577: 4858:) rather than a device interconnect or routed network protocol. Additionally, its design goal of software transparency constrains the protocol and raises its latency somewhat. 2265: 2257: 4138:

Data transmitted on multiple-lane links is interleaved, meaning that each successive byte is sent down successive lanes. The PCIe specification refers to this interleaving as

2702:) is an extension for the "cable version of PCI Express". Version 1.0 of OCuLink, released in Oct 2015, supports up to 4 PCIe 3.0 lanes (3.9 GB/s) over copper cabling; a 8671: 5724: 4466: 6822: 6730: 3865:. This is in sharp contrast to the earlier PCI connection, which is a bus-based system where all the devices share the same bidirectional, 32-bit or 64-bit parallel bus. 8345: 6868: 6840: 4920:

The PCI-SIG Integrators List lists products made by PCI-SIG member companies that have passed compliance testing. The list include switches, bridges, NICs, SSDs, etc.

3823:

physical layer technology. Building on top of already existing widespread adoption of M-PHY and its low-power design, Mobile PCIe lets mobile devices use PCI Express.

3664:

On 23 May 2022, AMD announced its Zen 4 architecture with support for up to 24 lanes of PCIe 5.0 connectivity on consumer platforms and 128 lanes on server platforms.

4784:) require the use of fiber-optic interconnects due to the distance limitations inherent in copper cabling. Typically, a network-oriented standard such as Ethernet or 4587:

cards). In most of these systems, the PCIe bus co-exists with one or more legacy PCI buses, for backward compatibility with the large body of legacy PCI peripherals.

4272:

PCIe 1.x is often quoted to support a data rate of 250 MB/s in each direction, per lane. This figure is a calculation from the physical signaling rate (2.5

8415: 8367: 7227: 6920: 4135:

and the fact that message signaled interrupts (MSI) can bypass an I/O APIC and be delivered to the CPU directly, MSI performance ends up being substantially better.

3530:

In June 2016 Cadence, PLDA and Synopsys demonstrated PCIe 4.0 physical-layer, controller, switch and other IP blocks at the PCI SIG’s annual developer’s conference.

2768: 7559: 5440: 3393:

announced the availability of the PCI Express Base 2.0 specification on 15 January 2007. The PCIe 2.0 standard doubles the transfer rate compared with PCIe 1.0 to 5

3658:

On 27 October 2021, Intel announced the 12th Gen Intel Core CPU family, the world's first consumer x86-64 processors with PCIe 5.0 (up to 16 lanes) connectivity.

2772: 453:

architecture, in which the PCI host and all devices share a common set of address, data, and control lines. In contrast, PCI Express is based on point-to-point

8438: 6975: 6678: 6185: 686:. Timing skew results from separate electrical signals within a parallel interface traveling through conductors of different lengths, on potentially different 7710: 4764:

logical interface for much faster I/O operations provided by utilizing internal parallelism offered by such devices. Enterprise-class SSDs can also implement

3706:

On 5 November 2020, the PCI Express 6.0 revision 0.7 specification (a "complete draft" with electrical specifications validated via test chips) was released.

3630:

On 31 May 2018, PLDA announced the availability of their XpressRICH5 PCIe 5.0 Controller IP based on draft 0.7 of the PCIe 5.0 specification on the same day.

7335: 6744: 6091: 4280:

PCIe's raw (lane) data rate. These transfers also benefit the most from increased number of lanes (x2, x4, etc.) But in more typical applications (such as a

5783: 4614:. AMD, Nvidia, and Intel have released motherboard chipsets that support as many as four PCIe x16 slots, allowing tri-GPU and quad-GPU card configurations. 3703:

On 24 February 2020, the PCI Express 6.0 revision 0.5 specification (a "first draft" with all architectural aspects and requirements defined) was released.

6039: 890:

card measures 135 mm in height (excluding the metal bracket), which exceeds the PCIe standard height by 28 mm, another Radeon RX 5700 XT card by

7245: 9619: 8273: 6379: 5886: 4510:

for a 128 byte payload is 86%, and 98% for a 1024 byte payload. For small accesses like register settings (4 bytes), the efficiency drops as low as 16%.

8535: 7401: 7151: 7029: 6401: 5692: 5206: 2922:(AWG) drew up the standard. For initial drafts, the AWG consisted only of Intel engineers; subsequently, the AWG expanded to include industry partners. 2197:

connector, which is mainly used for powering SMP and multi-core systems. The power connectors are variants of the Molex Mini-Fit Jr. series connectors.

446:

replacement of the older PCI/PCI-X bus. One of the key differences between the PCI Express bus and the older PCI is the bus topology; PCI uses a shared

7518: 7321: 6505: 2796: 2782: 2533:, consisting of two staggered rows on a 0.8 mm pitch. Each row has eight contacts, a gap equivalent to four contacts, then a further 18 contacts. 8505: 7854: 3741:

is used in PAM-4/FLIT mode to reduce error rate; the interface does not switch to NRZ and 128/130b encoding even when retraining to lower data rates.

2679:

containing a number of PCIe slots and PCIe-to-ePCIe adapter circuitry. This device would not be possible had it not been for the ePCIe specification.

10145: 7262: 8694: 7743: 7083: 6105: 4167:

bits of transmit data, causing a 20% overhead in the electrical bandwidth. To improve the available bandwidth, PCI Express version 3.0 instead uses

8636: 7060: 3641: 7176: 4631:

of 5 Gbit/s (0.5 GB/s throughput), whereas a Thunderbolt interface provides bit rates of up to 40 Gbit/s (5 GB/s throughput).

4513:

The maximum payload size (MPS) is set on all devices based on smallest maximum on any device in the chain. If one device has an MPS of 128 bytes,

10171: 5491: 4111:

A PCIe card physically fits (and works correctly) in any slot that is at least as large as it is (e.g., a x1 sized card works in any sized slot);

3838:

Draft 0.5 (First draft): this release has a complete set of architectural requirements and must fully address the goals set out in the 0.3 draft.

8247: 6770: 5144: 4876:, a new interconnect bus, based on the PCI Express 5.0 physical layer infrastructure. The initial promoters of the CXL specification included: 2812: 7954: 6708: 6134: 6451: 4096:/s, depending on the negotiated capabilities. Transmit and receive are separate differential pairs, for a total of four data wires per lane. 500:). Slots and connectors are only defined for a subset of these widths, with link widths in between using the next larger physical slot size. 7629: 5939: 5927:

This ECN defines Connector Type encodings for the new 12V-2x6 connector. This connector, defined in CEM 5.1, replaces the 12VHPWR connector.

3758:

On 2 April 2024, PCI-SIG announced the release of PCIe 7.0 specification version 0.5; PCI Express 7.0 remains on track for release in 2025.

8314: 7800:"PCI Express 4.0 Draft 0.7 & PIPE 4.4 Specifications – What Do They Mean to Designers? — Synopsys Technical Article | ChipEstimate.com" 6306: 5329: 5084:

Mayhew, D.; Krishnan, V. (August 2003). "PCI express and advanced switching: Evolutionary path to building next generation interconnects".

2193:) and will likely be standardized by PCI-SIG with the PCI Express 4.0 standard. The 8-pin PCI Express connector could be confused with the 8219: 5527: 9580:

Interfaces are listed by their speed in the (roughly) ascending order, so the interface at the end of each section should be the fastest.

7977: 6156: 4253:

Express requires all receivers to issue a minimum number of credits, to guarantee a link allows sending PCIConfig TLPs and message TLPs.

8041: 6596: 5607: 10176: 9025: 8452: 7504: 6652: 6280: 8192: 6963: 6942: 6536: 3408:

The PCI-SIG also said that PCIe 2.0 features improvements to the point-to-point data transfer protocol and its software architecture.

9553: 7101: 6482:

refers to the sum of incoming and outgoing bandwidth; using this terminology the aggregate bandwidth of full duplex 100BASE-TX is 200

5585: 4673:

In 2017, more fully featured external card hubs were introduced, such as the Razer Core, which has a full-length PCIe x16 interface.

2450:

The original connector was formally adopted as part of PCI Express 5.x, while the revised 12V-2x6 connector design was adopted later.

8663: 4726:

is a memory card format utilizing PCI Express, developed by the CompactFlash Association, with transfer rates of up to 1 GB/s.

4245:

a reliable connection to the transaction layer, since the transmission protocol ensures delivery of TLPs over an unreliable medium.

4175:

limits the run length of identical-digit strings in data streams and ensures the receiver stays synchronised to the transmitter via

9182: 6341: 5473: 4866: 876:

usually exceed the height as well as thickness specified in the PCI Express standard, due to the need for more capable and quieter

2529:

Dimensions of PCI Express Mini Cards are 30 mm × 50.95 mm (width × length) for a Full Mini Card. There is a 52-pin

9612: 9045: 6626: 6061: 4082: 7438: 6800: 6722: 2125:

A full-sized x1 card may draw up to the 25 W limits after initialization and software configuration as a high-power device.

545: 8852: 8561: 6559: 5303: 5261: 7896: 7832: 7177:"Doubling Bandwidth in Under Two Years: PCI Express® Base Specification Revision 5.0, Version 0.9 is Now Available to Members" 8797: 8778: 8759: 8337: 8291: 8025: 7999: 6858: 6823:"Mellanox Announces ConnectX-5, the Next Generation of 100G InfiniBand and Ethernet Smart Interconnect Adapter | NVIDIA" 6019: 5993: 5068: 4126:

of lanes. The pins are spaced at 1 mm intervals, and the thickness of the card going into the connector is 1.6 mm.

566:) use a single-lane (x1) link, while a graphics adapter typically uses a much wider and therefore faster 16-lane (x16) link. 8015: 6237: 3672:

On 18 June 2019, PCI-SIG announced the development of PCI Express 6.0 specification. Bandwidth is expected to increase to 64

3604: 10150: 9233: 8904: 8359: 6916: 8407: 7457: 5376: 3449:

scheme, therefore delivering, per-lane, an effective 4 Gbit/s max. transfer rate from its 5 GT/s raw data rate.

2709:

The most recent version of OCuLink, OCuLink-2, supports up to 16 GB/s (PCIe 4.0 x8) while the maximum bandwidth of a

10191: 8609: 6841:"Mellanox Announces 200Gb/s HDR InfiniBand Solutions Enabling Record Levels of Performance and Scalability | NVIDIA" 5432: 4837: 4517:

devices of the tree must set their MPS to 128 bytes. In this case the bus will have a peak efficiency of 86% for writes.

3651:

processor with PCIe 5.0 and up to 32 lanes per single-chip module (SCM) and up to 64 lanes per double-chip module (DCM).

8939: 8140: 8114: 5552: 5506: 417:

white "junction boxes" represent PCI Express device downstream ports, while the gray ones represent upstream ports.

9605: 9286: 9125: 9055: 7126: 7006: 5983: 3612:

In June 2017, PCI-SIG announced the PCI Express 5.0 preliminary specification. Bandwidth was expected to increase to 32

2758:

card: A PCI Express-based flash card by the CompactFlash Association in three form factors supporting 1 to 4 PCIe lanes

674:

architecture was chosen over the traditional parallel bus because of the inherent limitations of the latter, including

8483: 7989: 7299: 5058: 3861:

The PCIe link is built around dedicated unidirectional couples of serial (1-bit), point-to-point connections known as

3620:

GB/s in each direction in a 16-lane configuration. The draft spec was expected to be standardized in 2019. Initially,

3515:

in both software support and used mechanical interface. PCI Express 4.0 specs also bring OCuLink-2, an alternative to

9115: 8051: 6193: 5961: 5625: 5101: 4952: 4118:

In both cases, PCIe negotiates the highest mutually supported number of lanes. Many graphics cards, motherboards and

3680:

GB/s in each direction in a 16-lane configuration, with a target release date of 2021. The new standard uses 4-level

2861:

The PCIe transaction-layer protocol can also be used over some other interconnects, which are not electrically PCIe:

657: 578:

pairs, with one pair for receiving data and the other for transmitting. Thus, each lane is composed of four wires or

469:

communication between any two endpoints, with no inherent limitation on concurrent access across multiple endpoints.

117: 8430: 7684: 6983: 639: 9213: 8389: 7885: 7774: 7706: 7021: 6208: 4808:

can in principle be used for this purpose, but as of 2015, solutions are only available from niche vendors such as

4053:

An open-end PCI Express x1 connector lets longer cards that use more lanes be plugged while operating at x1 speeds.

8587: 7201: 6748: 6083: 3644:

presented the first PCIe 5.0 Controller HC9001 in a 12 nm manufacturing process. Production started in 2020.

2629:

PCIe interface, making it compatible with the standard mini PCIe slot. No working product has yet been developed.

2107:). The amount of +12 V and total power they may consume depends on the form factor and the role of the card: 563: 8162: 6035: 5034:

is present because the USB 3.0 ports require more power than the PCI Express bus can supply. More often, a

3627:

On 7 June 2017 at PCI-SIG DevCon, Synopsys recorded the first demonstration of PCI Express 5.0 at 32 GT/s.

2431:

12VHPWR adapter (12VHPWR output on the left, four 8-pin inputs on the right) supplied with Nvidia RTX 4090 cards

790: 9005: 7583: 7419: 4809: 4222: 4191: 3555:. Their IP has been licensed to several firms planning to present their chips and products at the end of 2016. 635: 8265: 7519:"The Evolution of the PCI Express Specification: On its Sixth Generation, Third Decade and Still Going Strong" 7052: 6371: 4990: 4525: 752:

Multichannel serial design increases flexibility with its ability to allocate fewer lanes for slower devices.

10140: 9557: 9208: 9177: 6409: 4946: 4301:

As for any "network like" communication links, some of the "raw" bandwidth is consumed by protocol overhead:

8830: 6497: 6011:

Mobile Computing Deployment and Management: Real World Skills for CompTIA Mobility+ Certification and Beyond

4670:

such as the Sonnet's Echo Express and mLogic's mLink are Thunderbolt PCIe chassis in a smaller form factor.

4548: 2925:

Since, PCIe has undergone several large and smaller revisions, improving on performance and other features.

2185:

Sense1 pin is connected to ground by the cable or power supply, or float on board if cable is not connected.

2182:

Sense0 pin is connected to ground by the cable or power supply, or float on board if cable is not connected.

2132:

V (66 W) and 75 W combined after initialization and software configuration as a high-power device.

10008: 9979: 9155: 8509: 7861: 4833: 4556: 2444: 631: 6259: 4563: 3471:

optimizations for enhanced signaling and data integrity, including transmitter and receiver equalization,

2141: 249: 10186: 9805: 9747: 9481: 9420: 9275: 6778: 3712:

On 11 January 2022, PCI-SIG officially announced the release of the final PCI Express 6.0 specification.

3593: 549: 7483:"PCI-SIG® Releases PCIe® 6.0 Specification Delivering Record Performance to Power Big Data Applications" 9984: 9080: 8845: 7273: 4897: 4503:{\displaystyle {\text{Packet Efficiency}}={\frac {\text{Payload}}{{\text{Payload}}+{\text{Overhead}}}}} 3751: 3734: 3681: 3218: 2563: 8089: 7978:

https://ww1.microchip.com/downloads/aemDocuments/documents/TCG/ProductDocuments/Brochures/00003818.pdf

7908: 9798: 9135: 8453:"CompactFlash Association readies next-gen XQD format, promises write speeds of 125 MB/s and up" 4591: 3637:

On 29 May 2019, PCI-SIG officially announced the release of the final PCI Express 5.0 specification.

3332:

Transfer rate refers to the encoded serial bit rate; 2.5 GT/s means 2.5 Gbit/s serial data rate.

786: 708:

topologies of the Legacy PCI Shared (Parallel) Interface and the PCIe Serial Point-to-Point Interface

317: 127: 7336:"AMD Showcases Industry-Leading Gaming, Commercial, and Mainstream PC Technologies at COMPUTEX 2022" 5454: 5155: 3835:

Draft 0.3 (Concept): this release may have few details, but outlines the general approach and goals.

10115: 10028: 10001: 9972: 9735: 6700: 6130: 4984: 4643: 4237:

code (known in this context as Link CRC or LCRC) is also appended to the end of each outgoing TLP.

3726: 3685: 3479:

while maintaining full compatibility (with negligible impact) with the PCI Express protocol stack.

3210: 2851: 2749: 2742:

PCI Express ExpressModule: A hot-pluggable modular form factor defined for servers and workstations

2440: 2436: 2420: 738: 620: 7930: 6462: 3709:

On 6 October 2021, the PCI Express 6.0 revision 0.9 specification (a "final draft") was released.

3592:

Intel released their first mobile CPUs with PCI Express 4.0 support in mid-2020, as a part of the

2459: 894:

measures 55 mm thick (i.e. 2.7 PCI slots at 20.32 mm), taking up 3 PCIe slots, while an

10058: 10053: 9941: 9914: 9588: 9563: 9455: 9110: 7541: 4958: 4624: 4607: 4234: 3779: 3730: 3516: 2865: 2792: 624: 447: 6437: 6314: 5337: 765: 9145: 6745:"PCI Express 4.0 evolution to 16 GT/s, twice the throughput of PCI Express 3.0 technology" 5182:

Flash Memory Form Factors – The Fundamentals of Reliable Flash Storage, Retrieved 19 April 2018

4089: 3715:

On 18 March 2024, Nvidia announced Nvidia Blackwell GB100 GPU, the world's first PCIe 6.0 GPU.

3582: 3475:

improvements, clock data recovery, and channel enhancements of currently supported topologies.

3431: 2847: 2056:

power supply for the PCIe slot is pins B2, B3 (side B) and pins A2, A3 (side A). Power standby

575: 525: 474: 396: 6160: 5749: 10181: 9948: 9409: 9362: 9218: 8990: 8838: 8819: 6900: 6589: 4765: 4290: 4218: 3552: 3533: 3512: 2534: 2402:

When a 6-pin connector is plugged into an 8-pin receptacle the card is notified by a missing

926: 887: 687: 679: 505: 504:

are transferring data simultaneously, or if communication with the PCI Express peripheral is

6950: 6648: 5125: 5035: 5021:

Switches can create multiple endpoints out of one to allow sharing it with multiple devices.

3661:

On 22 March 2022, Nvidia announced Nvidia Hopper GH100 GPU, the world's first PCIe 5.0 GPU.

9936: 9405: 9258: 9140: 7607: 6528: 5000: 4873: 4735: 4281: 4159: 3891: 3355: 726: 493: 458: 443: 299: 254: 173: 7731: 7357: 7287: 5231: 5031: 4214:

sequence the transaction layer packets (TLPs) that are generated by the transaction layer,

2854:, a proprietary technology that uses a slot to transmit video signals from the host CPU's 429:), which creates multiple endpoints out of one endpoint and lets multiple devices share it 8: 9810: 9317: 8872: 5824: 5407: 4122:

versions are verified to support x1, x4, x8 and x16 connectivity on the same connection.

3427: 3401: 2799:

specification; supports processor and I/O modules on ATCA boards (x1, x2, x4 or x8 PCIe).

884: 485: 8771:

Complete PCI Express Reference: Design Implications for Hardware and Software Developers

6349: 4217:

ensure reliable delivery of TLPs between two endpoints via an acknowledgement protocol (

4049: 3354:

In 2003, PCI-SIG introduced PCIe 1.0a, with a per-lane data rate of 250 MB/s and a

2602:

and X series, released in March–April 2011, have support for an mSATA SSD card in their

8861: 6622: 5922: 5908: 5671: 5107: 4937: 4862: 4639: 4568: 4266: 3797: 3725:(BER) of 10 (vs. 10 previously), so in place of 128b/130b encoding, a 3-way interlaced 3689: 2981: 2776: 2695: 2648:

interfaces to support, depending on the desired level of host support and device type.

2448:

to ensure that the sense pins only make contact if the power pins are seated properly.

2146: 361: 360:

functionality. More recent revisions of the PCIe standard provide hardware support for

6053: 4150:

byte on a link. While the lanes are not tightly synchronized, there is a limit to the

9958: 9822: 9720: 9632: 9307: 8929: 8865: 8793: 8774: 8755: 8047: 8021: 7995: 7630:"PCIe® 7.0 Specification, Version 0.5 Now Available: Full Draft Available to Members" 7402:"PCI Express Bandwidth to Be Doubled Again: PCIe 6.0 Announced, Spec to Land in 2021" 6792: 6015: 5989: 5485: 5097: 5064: 4716: 4690: 4536: 4081:

and other analog circuitry; however, since SerDes implementations vary greatly among

3472: 3411: 2622: 898: 782: 344: 8557: 7322:"NVIDIA Announces Hopper Architecture, the Next Generation of Accelerated Computing" 6567: 5859:

PCI Express 225 W/300 W High Power Card Electromechanical Specification Revision 1.0

5672:"PCI Express Card Electromechanical Specification Revision 4.0, Version 1.0 (Clean)" 5307: 5253: 4820:

Other communications standards based on high bandwidth serial architectures include

3572:

On 5 December 2017 IBM announced the first system with PCIe 4.0 slots, Power AC922.

2471: 9793: 9684: 9040: 7824: 5111: 5089: 4781: 4183: 4168: 3869: 2873: 930: 695: 489: 454: 400: 309: 273: 8287: 7458:"PCIe® 6.0 Specification, Version 0.9: One Step Closer to Final Release | PCI-SIG" 4146:) the incoming striped data, striping can significantly reduce the latency of the 3523:

GB/s total for x8 lanes), while the maximum bandwidth of a Thunderbolt 3 link is 5

2621:, and the Dell mini9 and mini10) use a variant of the PCI Express Mini Card as an 781:

The cards themselves are designed and manufactured in various sizes. For example,

9953: 9931: 9894: 9842: 9662: 9657: 9649: 9170: 9020: 9000: 8875: 8695:"CXL Specification 1.0 Released: New Industry High-Speed Interconnect From Intel" 6233: 4969: 4730: 4594:

as the default interface for graphics cards on new systems. Almost all models of

4163: 3487: 3483: 3446: 3382: 3362: 691: 671: 450: 337: 96: 8719: 8480:"What's so very different about the design of Fusion-io's ioDrives / PCIe SSDs?" 7420:"PCI Express 6.0 Reaches Version 0.5 Ahead Of Finalization Next Year – Phoronix" 5093: 3386:

A PCI Express 2.0 x1 expansion card that provides USB 3.0 connectivity

520:

A PCI Express link between two devices consists of one or more lanes, which are

10018: 9919: 9689: 9672: 9471: 9165: 9090: 9015: 8919: 8894: 8750:

Budruk, Ravi; Anderson, Don; Shanley, Tom (2003), Winkles, Joseph ‘Joe’ (ed.),

7127:"PLDA Announces Availability of XpressRICH5™ PCIe 5.0 Controller IP | PLDA.com" 6288: 5384: 4829: 4805: 4750: 4580: 4176: 3722: 3419: 2530: 922: 913:

mm, exceeding PCI Express' maximum height, length, and thickness respectively.

713: 411: 8613: 7545: 4788:

suffices for these applications, but in some cases the overhead introduced by

4606:

use PCI Express. Nvidia used the high-bandwidth data transfer of PCIe for its

3655:

optical CXP converter adapters connecting to external PCIe expansion drawers.

2832:

brings PCIe 3.0 to mobile devices (such as tablets and smartphones), over the

2546:

PCI Express Mini Card edge connectors provide multiple connections and buses:

421: 10165: 10120: 10110: 10090: 9906: 9832: 9785: 9730: 9725: 9677: 9543: 9430: 9322: 9270: 9253: 9035: 8934: 8924: 8899: 8860: 8136: 8106: 7383:"PCI-SIG® Announces Upcoming PCI Express® 6.0 Specification to Reach 64 GT/s" 6976:"NETINT Introduces Codensity with Support for PCIe 4.0 – NETINT Technologies" 4877: 4785: 4611: 4595: 4172: 3816: 3791:

as a general-purpose high speed interface combining a logical PCIe link with

3608:

Three PCIe 5.0 x16 and two PCIe 4.0 x16 slots on a 2023 workstation mainboard

3415: 1220: 497: 466: 305: 9597: 8107:"NVIDIA Introduces NVIDIA Quadro® Plex – A Quantum Leap in Visual Computing" 2762: 793:(full height, half length) to describe the physical dimensions of the card. 241: 9996: 9884: 9867: 9862: 9640: 9280: 9223: 9075: 8980: 8479: 6863: 4979: 4742: 4708: 4698: 4599: 3551:

presented a test setup with FPGA clocking a lane to PCIe 4.0 speeds at the

3467: 2603: 877: 579: 521: 462: 377: 357: 340: 329: 162: 8248:"MSI to showcase 'GUS' external graphics solution for laptops at Computex" 5953: 5633: 2765:

bus, introduced in version 7.0 of the SD specification uses a x1 PCIe link

2725:

Numerous other form factors use, or are able to use, PCIe. These include:

516: 10095: 10063: 9966: 9926: 9889: 9857: 9699: 9548: 9527: 9445: 9290: 9228: 9203: 8914: 8909: 7955:

Reducing Interrupt Latency Through the Use of Message Signaled Interrupts

7744:"Acer, Asus to Bring Intel's Thunderbolt Speed Technology to Windows PCs" 7681:"Introduced second generation PCI Express Gen 2 over fiber optic systems" 7022:"AMD Nixes PCIe 4.0 Support on Older Socket AM4 Motherboards, Here's Why" 5608:"ROG Strix GeForce RTX 3080 OC Edition 10GB GDDR6X | Graphics Cards" 4777: 4761: 4729:

Many high-performance, enterprise-class SSDs are designed as PCI Express

4712: 4158:

As with other high data rate serial transmission protocols, the clock is

3792: 3579:

SSD based on PCIe 4.0 on 17 July 2018, ahead of Flash Memory Summit 2018

3576: 2869: 2732: 2703: 2618: 2611: 2427: 746: 683: 675: 586: 583: 557: 480:

The PCI Express link between two devices can vary in size from one to 16

373: 321: 186: 9367: 7680: 4681: 2045: 425:

PCI Express x1 card containing a PCI Express switch (covered by a small

9827: 9757: 9752: 9742: 9401: 9100: 8889: 8583: 8221:

DynaVivid Graphics Dock from Acer arrives in France, what about the US?

7655:"PLX demo shows PCIe over fiber as data center clustering interconnect" 5528:"ASUS x Noctua RTX 4080 Graphics Card is 5 Slots Thick, We Go Hands-on" 4821: 4793: 4753:

and associated connectors, which also uses multiple PCI Express lanes.

4663: 4143: 3788: 3768: 3540:

Gbit/s network adapter with PCIe 4.0 on 15 June 2016, and the first 200

3435: 2846:

The PCIe slot connector can also carry protocols other than PCIe. Some

2816: 2802: 2786: 2615: 1999: 883:

For instance, comparing three high-end video cards released in 2020: a

873: 718: 333: 325: 8790:

Introduction to PCI Express: A Hardware and Software Developer's Guide

7542:"PCIe 6.0 Specification: The Interconnect for I/O Needs of the Future" 4225:

signaling) that explicitly requires replay of unacknowledged/bad TLPs,

2589: 10105: 10100: 10084: 10013: 9852: 9704: 9667: 9425: 9415: 9382: 9377: 9312: 9187: 8975: 8960: 8955: 8532:"OCZ Demos 4 TiB, 16 TiB Solid-State Drives for Enterprise" 8170: 7608:"PCI-SIG® Announces PCI Express® 7.0 Specification to Reach 128 GT/s" 6563: 6532: 5511: 4909: 4855: 4210:

The data link layer performs three vital services for the PCIe link:

4195: 4142:. While requiring significant hardware complexity to synchronize (or 4085:

vendors, PIPE does not specify an interface between the PCS and PMA.

3831:

There are 5 primary releases/checkpoints in a PCI-SIG specification:

3738: 3439: 3073: 2855: 2755: 541: 426: 194: 8825: 7007:"AMD Ryzen 3000 Series CPUs Based on Zen 2 Launching in Mid of 2019" 609: 10043: 9694: 9629: 9435: 9372: 9105: 8965: 8637:"A Case for PCI Express as a High-Performance Cluster Interconnect" 7732:

IBM Power Systems E870 and E880 Technical Overview and Introduction

7505:"NVIDIA Blackwell Platform Arrives to Power a New Era of Computing" 5940:"Understanding M.2, the interface that will speed up your next SSD" 5086:

11th Symposium on High Performance Interconnects, 2003. Proceedings

4974: 4931: 4889: 4885: 4801: 4723: 4628: 4572: 4285: 4273: 4162:

in the signal. At the physical level, PCI Express 2.0 utilizes the

3895: 3772: 3548: 2789:

for larger applications; supports serial based backplane topologies

2745: 2503: 730: 532:

PCI Express devices communicate via a logical connection called an

352: 302: 7228:"PCI-SIG® Achieves 32GT/s with New PCI Express® 5.0 Specification" 7102:"1,2,3,4,5... It's Official, PCIe 5.0 is Announced | synopsys.com" 4088:

At the electrical level, each lane consists of two unidirectional

3430:) as of 21 October 2007. AMD started supporting PCIe 2.0 with its 933:

from the standby power to indicate that the card is wake capable.

921:

The following table identifies the conductors on each side of the

9877: 9815: 9769: 9568: 9522: 9506: 9332: 9150: 9095: 9030: 8985: 8194:

Fujitsu-Siemens Amilo GraphicBooster External Laptop GPU Released

7300:"Intel Unveils 12th Gen Intel Core, Launches World's Best Gaming" 6458: 6157:"PCI Express External Cabling Specification Completed by PCI-SIG" 5202: 4825: 4797: 4792:

protocols is undesirable and a lower-level interconnect, such as

4789: 4654: 4093: 3648: 3390: 2911: 2736: 2672: 2507: 2264: 2256: 734: 392: 30:

For Engineering, Procurement, Construction and Installation, see

7439:"PCIe 6.0 Specification Hits Milestone: Complete Draft Is Ready" 7053:"PCIe 4.0 May Come to all AMD Socket AM4 Motherboards (Updated)" 6106:"How to distinguish the differences between M.2 cards | Dell US" 9991: 9764: 9501: 9392: 9357: 9352: 9347: 9342: 9160: 9050: 9010: 8970: 8814: 7828: 6675:"PCI Special Interest Group Publishes PCI Express 3.0 Standard" 6405: 4901: 4893: 4841: 4635: 4603: 4541: 4387:

The Gen2 overhead is then 20, 24, or 28 bytes per transaction.

4078: 3563: 2986: 2868:: A royalty-free interconnect standard by Intel that combines 2829: 2699: 2194: 2128:

A full-sized x16 graphics card may draw up to 5.5 A at +12

2089: 399:) — a group of more than 900 companies that also maintains the 369: 9486: 9397: 8558:"Enabling Higher Speed Storage Applications with SATA Express" 8137:"Quadro Plex VCS – Advanced visualization and remote graphics" 4532:

Nvidia GeForce GTX 650 Ti, a PCI Express 3.0 x16 graphics card

4460:

The Gen3 overhead is then 22, 26 or 30 bytes per transaction.

2894:

While in early development, PCIe was initially referred to as

701: 51: 9496: 9387: 9327: 9265: 9238: 9120: 9070: 8995: 8664:"New PCI Express 4.0 delay may empower next-gen alternatives" 8315:"How to Upgrade Your Notebook Graphics Card Using DIY ViDOCK" 6209:"Untangling terms: M.2, NVMe, USB-C, SAS, PCIe, U.2, OCuLink" 6087: 5909:"12VHPWR Sideband Allocation and Requirements - PCIe 5.x ECN" 5870:

PCI Express Card Electromechanical Specification Revision 3.0

5771:

PCI Express Card Electromechanical Specification Revision 1.1

5659:

PCI Express Card Electromechanical Specification Revision 2.0

5179: 4963: 4905: 4881: 4647: 4552: 3820: 3784: 3718: 3586: 3205: 2877: 2833: 2710: 2598: 2571: 2557: 1088: 560: 433: 348: 313: 122: 86: 20: 8788:

Wilen, Adam; Schade, Justin P; Thornburg, Ron (April 2003),

5848:

PCI Express x16 Graphics 150W-ATX Specification Revision 1.0

5718:"Emergency Power Reduction Mechanism with PWRBRK Signal ECN" 785:(SSDs) that come in the form of PCI Express cards often use 552:). At the physical level, a link is composed of one or more 10068: 9962: 9491: 9476: 9337: 9248: 9243: 9085: 8338:"The Thunderbolt Devices Trickle In: Magma's ExpressBox 3T" 7560:"Pushing the Envelope with PCIe 6.0: Bringing PAM4 to PCIe" 5923:"12V-2x6 Connector Updates to PCIe Base 6.0 - PCIe 6.x ECN" 5507:"Nvidia GeForce RTX 3080 review: welcome to the next level" 5145:"Enable PCI Express Advanced Error Reporting in the Kernel" 4995: 4757: 4702: 4529: 4119: 3802: 3423: 3229: 3001: 2993: 2883: 2464: 2170: 2163: 2156: 2103: 2096: 2073: 2066: 2059: 2052: 1092: 937:

PCI Express connector pinout (x1, x4, x8 and x16 variants)

895: 742: 91: 31: 24: 7263:

IBM’s POWER10 Processor, Hot Chips 32, August 16–18, 2020

6747:(press release). PCI-SIG. 29 November 2011. Archived from 5578:"AMD Radeon™ RX 5700 XT 8GB GDDR6 THICC II – RX-57XT8DFD6" 4707:

The PCI Express protocol can be used as data interface to

3544:

Gbit/s network adapter with PCIe 4.0 on 10 November 2016.

391:

Formal specifications are maintained and developed by the

10048: 9872: 9440: 9065: 9060: 7991:

IBM Power 770 and 780 Technical Overview and Introduction

7879: 6431: 6186:"OCuLink connectors and cables support new PCIe standard" 5060:

IBM Power 770 and 780 Technical Overview and Introduction

4746: 4686: 4187: 3700:

GB/s in each direction is possible in x16 configuration.

3559: 2839: 2823: 2642: 2567: 2515: 2511: 891: 722: 385: 381: 198: 101: 7775:"PCIe for Mobile Launched; PCIe 3.1, 4.0 Specs Revealed" 6917:"PCIe 4.0 specification finally out with 16 GT/s on tap" 5825:"Mini-Fit® PCI Express®* Wire to Board Connector System" 5553:"Sapphire Radeon RX 5700 XT Pulse Review | bit-tech.net" 5433:"New PCIe Form Factor Enables Greater PCIe SSD Adoption" 4099:

A connection between any two PCIe devices is known as a

3323:

In each direction (each lane is a dual simplex channel).

6901:

2016 IEEE Hot Chips 28 Symposium (HCS), 21–23 Aug. 2016

5626:"What is the A side, B side configuration of PCI cards" 5377:"PCI Express – An Overview of the PCI Express Standard" 860: 694:. Despite being transmitted simultaneously as a single 8017:

CompTIA A+ Exam Cram (Exams 220-602, 220-603, 220-604)

6444: 5383:. National Instruments. 13 August 2009. Archived from 3815:) allows PCI Express architecture to operate over the 3775:) that may require additional software to support it. 2556:

Wires to diagnostics LEDs for wireless network (i.e.,

230: 8754:, Mind share PC system architecture, Addison-Wesley, 8749: 7825:"PCI Express 1x, 4x, 8x, 16x bus pinout and wiring @" 7511: 7246:"PCI-Express 5.0: China stellt ersten Controller vor" 6890:

Brian Thompto, POWER9 Processor for the Cognitive Era

6281:"PCI SIG discusses M-PCIe oculink & 4th gen PCIe" 6084:"Desktop Board Solid-state drive (SSD) compatibility" 5304:"PCI Express Architecture Frequently Asked Questions" 5283:"4.2.4.9. Link Width and Lane Sequence Negotiation", 4544:

GeForce GTX 1070, a PCI Express 3.0 x16 Graphics card

4469: 2876:. Thunderbolt 3.0 also combines USB 3.1 and uses the 2739:

form factor (with x1 PCIe and USB 2.0; hot-pluggable)

2597:

Despite sharing the Mini PCI Express form factor, an

678:

operation, excess signal count, and inherently lower

8787: 8360:"MSI GUS II external GPU enclosure with Thunderbolt" 7377: 7375: 7283: 7281: 5785:

Board Design Guidelines for PCI Express Architecture

5474:"19 graphics cards that shaped the future of gaming" 4927: 4186:) of 0 and 1 bits in the data stream is achieved by 2872:

and PCIe protocols in a form factor compatible with

2063:

is pin B10 and A10. PCIe x1 cards can receive up to

245:

Two types of PCIe slot on an Asus H81M-K motherboard

7539: 7288:

IBM Power E1080 Technical Overview and Introduction

5362:up to PCIe 5.0 but there's no card standard in the 4749:is a specification for internally mounted computer 4103:, and is built up from a collection of one or more 3761: 2118:

x4 and wider cards are limited to 2.1 A at +12

8090:"Understanding Performance of PCI Express Systems" 4760:logical interface for backward compatibility, and 4502: 3342:throughput of 2.0 Gbit/s = 250 MB/s. 3319: 3317: 2502:), based on PCI Express, is a replacement for the 442:Conceptually, the PCI Express bus is a high-speed 9450: 8508:. storagereview.com. 16 July 2012. Archived from 8408:"M logics M link Thunderbold chassis no shipping" 8266:"ExpressCard trying to pull a (not so) fast one?" 7923: 7901: 7725: 7372: 7278: 7267: 3890:. The Data Link Layer is subdivided to include a 3696:GT/s data transfer rate (raw bit rate), up to 121 2944: 2748:: A PCI Express-based flash card standard by the 1697:"Power brake", active-low to reduce device power 217: 10163: 8034: 7855:"PHY Interface for the PCI Express Architecture" 6649:"PCI Express 3.0 Bandwidth: 8.0 Gigatransfers/s" 6529:"Intel P35: Intel's Mainstream Chipset Grows Up" 6131:"PCI Express External Cabling 1.0 Specification" 4804:is needed. Local-bus standards such as PCIe and 2510:. The host device supports both PCI Express and 2136: 901:video card takes up two slots and measures 140.1 9183:Coherent Accelerator Processor Interface (CAPI) 8431:"2017 Razer Blade Stealth and Core V2 detailed" 6883: 6123: 4869:(CAPI) all being announced by the end of 2016. 4756:PCI Express storage devices can implement both 3624:was also considered for technical feasibility. 3562:announced the first CPU with PCIe 4.0 support, 3558:On the IEEE Hot Chips Symposium in August 2016 3438:. All of Intel's prior chipsets, including the 3418:and boards began to ship from various vendors ( 3314: 2651: 2475:MiniPCI and MiniPCI Express cards in comparison 737:. In digital video, examples in common use are 376:. It is also used in the storage interfaces of 8506:"Fusion-io ioDrive Duo Enterprise PCIe Review" 7909:"Mechanical Drawing for PCI Express Connector" 7860:(version 2.00 ed.). Intel. Archived from 7576: 7552: 6851: 6677:. X bit labs. 18 November 2010. Archived from 6452:"PCI Express Base 2.0 specification announced" 5653: 5651: 5083: 4861:Delays in PCIe 4.0 implementations led to the 3519:. OCuLink version 2 has up to 16 GT/s (16 2004:May be pulled low or sensed by multiple cards 925:on a PCI Express card. The solder side of the 10146:History of computing hardware (1960s–present) 9627: 9613: 8846: 8768: 8661: 8477: 7772: 6957: 5954:"MP1: Mini PCI Express / PCI Express Adapter" 5285:PCI Express Base Specification, Revision 2.1. 5246: 5192: 5190: 5188: 4854:targeted by design as a system interconnect ( 4627:interface. An ExpressCard interface provides 3326: 774:available electrical and logical connection. 7966:PCI Express Base Specification, Revision 3.0 6498:"PCI Express 2.0 final draft spec published" 6342:"PCI Express 3.0 Frequently Asked Questions" 6307:"PCI Express 4.0 Frequently Asked Questions" 5809:PCI Express Base Specification, Revision 1.1 5686:"L1 PM Substates with CLKREQ, Revision 1.0a" 3856: 2584: 2382: 2330: 802:Dimensions height × length × width, maximum 769:Intel P3608 NVMe flash SSD, PCIe add-in card 8312: 7890: 7673: 6910: 6908: 6894: 6771:"Frequently Asked Questions | PCI-SIG" 6723:"Trick or Treat… PCI Express 3.1 Released!" 6478:— note that in this press release the term 6180: 6178: 6014:. John Wiley & Sons. 24 February 2015. 5648: 5490:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 5366:and that lane number was never implemented. 5196: 5143:Zhang, Yanmin; Nguyen, T Long (June 2007). 5142: 2880:form factor as opposed to Mini DisplayPort. 2858:instead of PCIe, using a supported add-in. 2690:(standing for "optical-copper link", since 2306:Not connected (usually +12 V as well) 638:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 9620: 9606: 8853: 8839: 8335: 8083: 8081: 8079: 8077: 8075: 7847: 7647: 7622: 7533: 7358:"4th Gen AMD EPYC™ Processor Architecture" 6701:"PCIe 3.1 and 4.0 Specifications Revealed" 6641: 6275: 6273: 6234:"Supermicro Universal I/O (UIO) Solutions" 6159:. PCI SIG. 7 February 2007. Archived from 5781: 5504: 5472:July 2015, Kane Fulton 20 (20 July 2015). 5185: 4991:List of device bit rates § Main buses 4852:PCI Express falls somewhere in the middle, 4228:initialize and manage flow control credits 3414:'s first PCIe 2.0 capable chipset was the 3335: 50: 8263: 8245: 6943:"IBM Unveils Most Advanced Server for AI" 6859:"IDF: PCIe 4.0 läuft, PCIe 5.0 in Arbeit" 6623:"PCI Express 3.0 Spec Pushed Out to 2010" 6590:"Intel P35 Express Chipset Product Brief" 5819: 5817: 5505:Leadbetter, Richard (16 September 2020). 5471: 5364:PCIe Card Electromechanical Specification 4296: 3585:announced on 9 January 2019 its upcoming 3575:NETINT Technologies introduced the first 2111:x1 cards are limited to 0.5 A at +12 2070:and x16 graphics cards can receive up to 760: 658:Learn how and when to remove this message 415:Example of the PCI Express topology: 288:Peripheral Component Interconnect Express 45:Peripheral Component Interconnect Express 8612:. SCSI Trade Association. Archived from 7169: 6905: 6175: 5880: 5632:. Adex Electronics. 1998. Archived from 4867:Coherent Accelerator Processor Interface 4865:consortium, the CCIX effort and an open 4680: 4562: 4547: 4535: 4524: 4048: 3603: 3381: 3358:of 2.5 gigatransfers per second (GT/s). 2889: 2588: 2470: 2458: 2454: 2426: 2263: 2255: 2140: 2086:All PCI express cards may consume up to 2044: 1985:Signal from the motherboard to the card 1965:Signal from the card to the motherboard 764: 700: 690:(PCB) layers, and at possibly different 515: 432: 420: 410: 308:standard, designed to replace the older 248: 240: 213: 190: 8072: 7081: 7004: 6620: 6527:Key, Gary; Fink, Wesley (21 May 2007). 6526: 6336: 6334: 6332: 6270: 6206: 5525: 5298: 5296: 5294: 4771: 2541: 2467:PCI Express Mini Card and its connector 582:. Conceptually, each lane is used as a 10172:Computer-related introductions in 2004 10164: 8769:Solari, Edward; Congdon, Brad (2003), 8712: 8686: 8655: 8634: 8628: 8602: 8576: 8550: 8524: 8498: 8486:from the original on 23 September 2013 8471: 8445: 8422: 8400: 8382: 8352: 8336:Lal Shimpi, Anand (7 September 2011), 8329: 8306: 8280: 8257: 8239: 8212: 8185: 8155: 8129: 8099: 8087: 7959: 7948: 7817: 7792: 7766: 7736: 7699: 7436: 7430: 7412: 7393: 7050: 7019: 6785: 6602:from the original on 26 September 2007 6042:from the original on 12 February 2012. 5863: 5814: 5764: 5455:"Memblaze PBlaze4 AIC NVMe SSD Review" 5443:from the original on 6 September 2015. 4815: 4092:operating at 2.5, 5, 8, 16 or 32 3874: 2918:. A technical working group named the 2682: 2671:) specifications were released by the 2577:Future extension for another PCIe lane 2524: 2167:(8-pin) of +12 V power for up to 1245:Link reactivation; fundamental reset 154:1 on each endpoint of each connection. 9601: 8834: 8564:from the original on 27 November 2012 8428: 8370:from the original on 13 February 2012 8325:from the original on 13 December 2013 8294:from the original on 14 February 2014 8060:from the original on 25 February 2014 8046:. Technical Publications Pune. 2008. 7835:from the original on 25 November 2009 7713:from the original on 30 December 2014 7449: 7238: 7220: 7194: 7144: 7119: 7094: 7075: 7044: 7013: 6998: 6968: 6935: 6833: 6815: 6763: 6737: 6715: 6711:from the original on 1 February 2016. 6693: 6667: 6614: 6582: 6557: 6551: 6520: 6495: 6489: 6424: 6394: 6364: 6252: 6226: 6200: 6149: 6137:from the original on 10 February 2007 6098: 6076: 6046: 6028: 5946: 5874: 5852: 5841: 5775: 5710: 5678: 5664: 5618: 5600: 5570: 5545: 5498: 5465: 5447: 5425: 5399: 5369: 5352: 5322: 5276: 4590:As of 2013, PCI Express has replaced 4404: 4322: 3647:On 17 August 2020, IBM announced the 3442:chipset, supported PCIe 1.1 or 1.0a. 3400:PCIe 2.0 motherboard slots are fully 2952: 2947: 2941: 2938: 2406:that it may only use up to 75 W. 2122:V (25 W) and 25 W combined. 982:Must connect to farthest PRSNT2# pin 461:links connecting every device to the 10151:List of pioneers in computer science 8643:from the original on 14 January 2013 8441:from the original on 17 October 2017 8276:from the original on 1 February 2016 8228:from the original on 16 October 2015 8201:from the original on 16 October 2015 7754:from the original on 18 January 2012 7544:. PCI-SIG. p. 8. Archived from 6914: 6655:from the original on 24 October 2007 6508:from the original on 29 January 2007 6329: 6299: 6094:from the original on 2 January 2016. 5291: 5264:from the original on 3 December 2009 5232:"What are PCIe Slots and Their Uses" 5173: 5136: 5118: 5077: 4575:controller, as a PCI Express x1 card 4256: 4129: 3880: 2506:form factor. It is developed by the 2413: 2115:V (6 W) and 10 W combined. 861:Non-standard video card form factors 636:adding citations to reliable sources 603: 556:. Low-speed peripherals (such as an 8692: 8590:from the original on 3 October 2013 8390:"PCI express graphics, Thunderbolt" 8313:O'Brien, Kevin (8 September 2010), 8117:from the original on 24 August 2006 8043:Computer Peripherals And Interfaces 8020:. Pearson Education. 19 July 2007. 7931:"FCi schematic for PCIe connectors" 7897:PCI Express Architecture, intel.com 7687:from the original on 4 October 2012 7540:Debendra Das Sharma (8 June 2020). 7082:Cutress, Dr. Ian (13 August 2020). 6871:from the original on 19 August 2016 6803:from the original on 28 August 2016 6793:"PCIe 4.0 Heads to Fab, 5.0 to Lab" 6733:from the original on 23 March 2015. 6629:from the original on 7 January 2014 6382:from the original on 14 August 2012 6207:Mokosiy, Vitaliy (9 October 2020). 5964:from the original on 3 October 2014 5526:Discuss, btarunr (6 January 2023). 4915: 4838:Mobile Industry Processor Interface 4693:, a full-height x4 PCI Express card 4182:A desirable balance (and therefore 3886: 3366:referred to as throughput in PCIe. 3349: 2928: 2720: 2574:applications (UIM signals on spec.) 2252:8-pin power connector (150 W) 2034:Not presently used, do not connect 2028:PCI Express x8 cards end at pin 49 1769:PCI Express x4 cards end at pin 32 1442:PCI Express x1 cards end at pin 18 13: 8743: 8264:Hellstrom, Jerry (9 August 2011), 8143:from the original on 28 April 2011 7707:"PCIe Active Optical Cable System" 7202:"PCIe 5.0 Is Ready For Prime Time" 7005:Mujtaba, Hassan (9 January 2019). 6240:from the original on 24 March 2014 6064:from the original on 30 March 2010 5798:from the original on 27 March 2016 5152:Proceedings of the Linux Symposium 4872:On 11 March 2019, Intel presented 4676: 4289:for devices connected to the same 4205: 3744: 3721:coding results in a vastly higher 3667: 3599: 3505: 3496: 3482:PCI Express 3.0 upgraded the 3461: 3452: 3377: 3369: 2902:), and underwent a name change to 2805:: A tiny expansion card format (43 2706:version may appear in the future. 2636: 2364:Sense0 (6-pin or 8-pin connected) 2247:6-pin power connector (75 W) 1311:Reference clock differential pair 324:interface for personal computers' 14: 10203: 10177:Peripheral Component Interconnect 8807: 8674:from the original on 1 April 2017 8662:Evan Koblentz (3 February 2017). 8635:Meduri, Vijay (24 January 2011). 8418:from the original on 25 June 2017 8348:from the original on 4 March 2016 8088:Lawley, Jason (28 October 2014). 7455: 7437:Shilov, Anton (4 November 2020). 7399: 7152:"XpressRICH5 for ASIC | PLDA.com" 7063:from the original on 10 June 2019 7032:from the original on 10 June 2019 6949:. 5 December 2017. Archived from 6560:"NVIDIA "MCP72" Details Unveiled" 6461:. 15 January 2007. Archived from 6295:from the original on 29 June 2017 4953:Peripheral Component Interconnect 4658:Dynavivid graphics dock for XGP. 3901: 2910:) before finally settling on its 593: 9584: 9583: 8813: 8459:from the original on 19 May 2014 8429:Burns, Chris (17 October 2017), 8246:Dougherty, Steve (22 May 2010), 8008: 7982: 7971: 7600: 7497: 7485:. Business Wire. 11 January 2022 7475: 7350: 7328: 7314: 7292: 7051:Alcorn, Paul (10 January 2019). 6923:from the original on 8 June 2017 6539:from the original on 23 May 2007 6440:from the original on 6 July 2008 5985:IT Essentials Companion Guide v8 5883:"PCIe Electromechanical Updates" 5405: 5154:. Fedora project. Archived from 4930: 4848:are RapidIO and HyperTransport. 4617: 4079:serializer/deserializer (SerDes) 4077:(PMA) layer, which includes the 3826: 3762:Extensions and future directions 2419:This section is an excerpt from 2305: 2201:Molex Mini-Fit Jr. part numbers 1948:Supplies power to the PCIe card 608: 372:expansion card interface called 320:bus standards. It is the common 8752:PCI Express System Architecture 8478:Zsolt Kerekes (December 2011). 7886:PCI Express System Architecture 7256: 6621:Hachman, Mark (5 August 2009). 6496:Smith, Tony (11 October 2006). 6002: 5976: 5932: 5915: 5901: 5802: 5742: 5519: 5024: 4520: 4391:Gen 3 Transaction Layer Packet 4309:Gen 2 Transaction Layer Packet 3486:to 128b/130b from the previous 2580:1.5 V and 3.3 V power 2396: 2145:8-pin (left) and 6-pin (right) 1661:Lane 15 transmit data, + and − 1569:Lane 14 transmit data, + and − 1477:Lane 13 transmit data, + and − 1392:Lane 12 transmit data, + and − 1297:Lane 11 transmit data, + and − 1205:Lane 10 transmit data, + and − 798: 789:(half height, half length) and 755: 592:For mechanical card sizes, see 511: 406: 16:Computer expansion bus standard 8288:"PE4H V3.2 (PCIe x16 Adapter)" 7773:Kevin Parrish (28 June 2013). 6982:. 17 July 2018. Archived from 6651:. ExtremeTech. 9 August 2007. 6558:Huynh, Anh (8 February 2007). 6372:"What does GT/s mean, anyway?" 6260:"Get ready for M-PCIe testing" 5224: 5197:Ravi Budruk (21 August 2007). 5051: 5015: 3811:specification (abbreviated to 2560:) status on computer's chassis 2518:form factor for this purpose. 2191:1 × 75 W + 2 × 150 W 2176:2 × 75 W + 1 × 150 W 1942:Lane 7 transmit data, + and − 1883:Lane 6 transmit data, + and − 1833:Lane 5 transmit data, + and − 1783:Lane 4 transmit data, + and − 1709:Lane 15 receive data, + and − 1649:Lane 3 transmit data, + and − 1615:Lane 14 receive data, + and − 1557:Lane 2 transmit data, + and − 1523:Lane 13 receive data, + and − 1465:Lane 1 transmit data, + and − 1437:Lane 12 receive data, + and − 1346:Lane 11 receive data, + and − 1334:Lane 0 transmit data, + and − 1257:Lane 10 receive data, + and − 1107:Lane 9 transmit data, + and − 994:Lane 8 transmit data, + and − 148: 1: 10141:History of computing hardware 9178:Intel Ultra Path Interconnect 8455:. Engadget. 8 December 2011. 8366:(hands-on). 10 January 2012. 7994:. IBM Redbooks. 6 June 2013. 7610:. Business Wire. 21 June 2022 6867:(in German). 18 August 2016. 5063:. IBM Redbooks. 6 June 2013. 5045: 4947:Active State Power Management 4583:interface for add-in boards. 3729:(FEC) is used in addition to 2934:PCI Express link performance 2439:is a standard for connecting 2268:8 pin power connector pin map 2260:6 pin power connector pin map 2137:6- and 8-pin power connectors 2081: 1979:Lane 7 receive data, + and − 1908:Lane 6 receive data, + and − 1858:Lane 5 receive data, + and − 1808:Lane 4 receive data, + and − 1603:Lane 2 receive data, + and − 1511:Lane 1 receive data, + and − 1380:Lane 0 receive data, + and − 1156:Lane 9 receive data, + and − 1046:Lane 8 receive data, + and − 866: 599: 290:), officially abbreviated as 10009:Network interface controller 9156:Intel QuickPath Interconnect 9146:Direct Media Interface (DMI) 8720:"Integrators List | PCI-SIG" 8534:. X-bit labs. Archived from 7020:Alcorn, Paul (3 June 2019). 5988:. Cisco Press. 9 July 2023. 5358:32 lanes are defined by the 4834:Intel QuickPath Interconnect 4780:applications (such as large 3434:and nVidia started with the 2842:(formerly known as SFF-8639) 2657:PCI Express External Cabling 2652:PCI Express External Cabling 2610:Some notebooks (notably the 1695:Lane 3 receive data, + and − 356:Reporting, AER), and native 218:PCI Express External Cabling 7: 9806:Refreshable braille display 9748:Refreshable braille display 6036:"mSATA FAQ: A Basic Primer" 5925:. PCI SIG. 31 August 2023. 5791:, PCI-SIG, pp. 19–21, 5750:"Where Does PCIe Cable Go?" 5234:. PC Guide 101. 18 May 2021 5126:"Definition of PCI Express" 5094:10.1109/CONECT.2003.1231473 5036:4-pin Molex power connector 4923: 4653:In 2008, AMD announced the 4650:carrying eight PCIe lanes. 4171:encoding (1.54% overhead). 3907:Connector pins and lengths 3898:networking protocol model. 3684:(PAM-4) with a low-latency 3445:Like 1.x, PCIe 2.0 uses an 2550:PCI Express x1 (with SMBus) 492:), and enterprise storage ( 67:; 21 years ago 10: 10208: 10192:Motherboard expansion slot 9141:Compute Express Link (CXL) 7521:. Pci-Sig. 11 January 2022 6915:Born, Eric (8 June 2017). 5630:Frequently Asked Questions 5180:https://www.hyperstone.com 5032:Serial ATA power connector 4874:Compute Express Link (CXL) 4696: 3682:pulse-amplitude modulation 2640: 2418: 2254: 2249: 1310: 1284: 1244: 1218: 981: 953: 574:A lane is composed of two 29: 18: 10133: 10077: 10036: 10027: 9905: 9841: 9784: 9713: 9648: 9639: 9577: 9536: 9515: 9464: 9378:IEEE-1284 (parallel port) 9300: 9293:logical device interface) 9196: 8948: 8882: 7683:. Adnaco. 22 April 2011. 7584:"PowerPoint Presentation" 7084:"Tiger Lake IO and Power" 6348:. PCI-SIG. Archived from 6313:. PCI-SIG. Archived from 5782:Schoenborn, Zale (2004), 5723:. PCI-SIG. Archived from 5691:. PCI-SIG. Archived from 5306:. PCI-SIG. Archived from 4447: 4435: 4427: 4424: 4421: 4412: 4407: 4401: 4398: 4395: 4371: 4348: 4345: 4342: 4333: 4328: 4325: 4319: 4316: 4313: 4075:physical media attachment 4057:The PCIe Physical Layer ( 3917: 3914: 3911: 3857:Hardware protocol summary 3261: 3214: 3203: 3197: 3156: 3112: 3072: 3066: 3028: 2985: 2980: 2974: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2957: 2848:9xx series Intel chipsets 2585:Mini-SATA (mSATA) variant 2441:graphics processing units 2336:Sense1 (8-pin connected) 2251: 2246: 2149:used on PCI Express cards 2033: 2030: 2027: 2022: 2019: 2003: 1998: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1964: 1961: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1927: 1924: 1910: 1907: 1882: 1857: 1832: 1807: 1782: 1768: 1742: 1708: 1694: 1660: 1648: 1614: 1602: 1568: 1556: 1522: 1510: 1476: 1464: 1441: 1436: 1391: 1379: 1345: 1333: 1296: 1261: 1256: 1204: 1155: 1106: 1087: 1045: 1010: 993: 916: 801: 481: 225: 206: 179: 169: 158: 147: 136: 110: 79: 61: 49: 44: 6408:: Eiscat. Archived from 5881:Yun Ling (16 May 2008). 5008: 4985:Serial Digital Video Out 4642:external PCIe family of 4555:82574L Gigabit Ethernet 3733:(CRC). A fixed 256 byte 3727:forward error correction 3686:forward error correction 2852:Serial Digital Video Out 2826:(formerly known as NGFF) 2750:CompactFlash Association 2437:16-pin 12VHPWR connector 2421:16-pin 12VHPWR connector 2153:Optional connectors add 2040: 829:111.15 × 167.65 × 20.32 818:111.15 × 312.00 × 20.32 19:Not to be confused with 9915:Central processing unit 5911:. PCI SIG. 12 May 2022. 5360:PCIe Base Specification 5254:"How PCI Express Works" 4959:PCI configuration space 4608:Scalable Link Interface 4598:released since 2010 by 4559:, a PCI Express x1 card 4235:cyclic redundancy check 3731:cyclic redundancy check 3536:announced the first 100 2900:High Speed Interconnect 2779:form factor (VITA 42.3) 2445:computer power supplies 2238:45586-0005, 45586-0006 847:68.90 × 167.65 × 20.32 569: 8940:List of bus bandwidths 8826:PCI-SIG Specifications 5408:"What are PCIe Slots?" 4694: 4576: 4560: 4545: 4533: 4504: 4297:Efficiency of the link 4054: 3609: 3432:AMD 700 chipset series 3387: 2795:: A complement to the 2594: 2476: 2468: 2432: 2269: 2261: 2150: 2078: 2023:Tied together on card 770: 761:PCI Express (standard) 709: 576:differential signaling 529: 526:differential signaling 475:backward compatibility 439: 430: 418: 397:Special Interest Group 280: 257:, from top to bottom: 246: 8482:. storagesearch.com. 8169:. AMD. Archived from 7750:. 14 September 2011. 6291:, 13 September 2013, 6190:www.connectortips.com 4766:SCSI over PCI Express 4684: 4566: 4551: 4539: 4528: 4505: 4291:printed circuit board 4052: 3640:On 20 November 2019, 3607: 3553:Intel Developer Forum 3534:Mellanox Technologies 3513:forward compatibility 3385: 2890:History and revisions 2592: 2480:PCI Express Mini Card 2474: 2462: 2455:PCI Express Mini Card 2430: 2267: 2259: 2144: 2048: 1285:Clock Request Signal 927:printed circuit board 821:4.376 × 12.283 × 0.8 768: 704: 688:printed circuit board 519: 436: 424: 414: 252: 244: 180:Hotplugging interface 165:, up to 242 GB/s 9383:IEEE-1394 (FireWire) 9121:PCI Extended (PCI-X) 8822:at Wikimedia Commons 8414:, 13 December 2012, 7804:www.chipestimate.com 7387:www.businesswire.com 7232:www.businesswire.com 6986:on 29 September 2018 5199:"PCI Express Basics" 5001:Compute Express Link 4772:Cluster interconnect 4467: 4249:transaction layer). 3892:media access control 3783:was co-developed by 2817:Super Micro Computer 2661:External PCI Express 2542:Electrical interface 1928:Zero volt reference 727:Serial Attached SCSI 632:improve this section 255:computer motherboard 9224:Parallel ATA (PATA) 8396:, 17 September 2012 8197:, 3 December 2008, 7548:on 30 October 2021. 7252:. 18 November 2019. 6980:NETINT Technologies 6953:on 8 December 2017. 6781:on 20 October 2016. 6751:on 23 December 2012 6681:on 21 November 2010 6570:on 10 February 2007 6480:aggregate bandwidth 6163:on 26 November 2013 6038:. Notebook review. 5588:on 1 September 2019 5461:. 21 December 2015. 5310:on 13 November 2008 4816:Competing protocols 4812:, and TTTech Auto. 4392: 4310: 3908: 3596:microarchitecture. 3402:backward compatible 2935: 2856:integrated graphics 2735:: Successor to the 2683:PCI Express OCuLink 2525:Physical dimensions 2202: 938: 524:channels using two 486:10 Gigabit Ethernet 253:Various slots on a 41: 10187:Computer standards 9131:PCI Express (PCIe) 8616:on 27 January 2013 8224:, 11 August 2010, 8173:on 29 January 2010 6402:"Deliverable 12.2" 6352:on 1 February 2014 6236:. Supermicro.com. 5942:. 8 February 2015. 5889:on 5 November 2015 5730:on 9 November 2018 5698:on 4 December 2018 5636:on 2 November 2011 5340:on 8 December 2007 5260:. 17 August 2005. 5088:. pp. 21–29. 4938:Electronics portal 4717:solid-state drives 4695: 4577: 4561: 4546: 4534: 4500: 4405:Transaction Layer 4390: 4308: 4267:modular arithmetic 4090:differential pairs 4055: 3906: 3872:, consisting of a 3690:non-return-to-zero 3688:(FEC) in place of 3676:GT/s, yielding 128 3610: 3388: 2933: 2920:Arapaho Work Group 2908:3rd Generation I/O 2785:: A complement to 2675:in February 2007. 2665:Cabled PCI Express 2595: 2593:An Intel mSATA SSD 2477: 2469: 2433: 2270: 2262: 2209:Female/receptacle 2200: 2151: 2079: 936: 783:solid-state drives 771: 710: 670:The bonded serial 530: 440: 431: 419: 362:I/O virtualization 298:, is a high-speed 281: 276:(32-bit, 5 V) 247: 207:External interface 39: 10159: 10158: 10129: 10128: 10059:Analog audio jack 9780: 9779: 9595: 9594: 9581: 9308:Apple Desktop Bus 9285:PCI Express (via 9244:Serial ATA (SATA) 8930:Network on a chip 8818:Media related to 8799:978-0-9702846-9-3 8780:978-0-9717861-9-6 8761:978-0-321-15630-3 8699:www.anandtech.com 8512:on 4 October 2013 8113:. 1 August 2006. 8027:978-0-7686-9003-3 8001:978-0-7384-5121-3 7406:www.anandtech.com 7250:PC Games Hardware 7208:. 17 January 2019 6457:(Press release). 6412:on 17 August 2010 6196:on 13 March 2017. 6054:"Eee PC Research" 6021:978-1-118-82461-0 5995:978-0-13-816625-0 5752:. 16 January 2022 5387:on 5 January 2010 5330:"PCI Express Bus" 5070:978-0-7384-5121-3 4782:computer clusters 4711:devices, such as 4498: 4495: 4487: 4482: 4473: 4472:Packet Efficiency 4458: 4457: 4385: 4384: 4257:Transaction layer 4192:binary polynomial 4152:lane to lane skew 4130:Data transmission 4047: 4046: 3875:transaction layer 3868:PCI Express is a 3735:Flow Control Unit 3616:GT/s, yielding 63 3305: 3304: 2815:: A variant from 2771:: Similar to the 2713:cable is 10GB/s. 2538:mini PCIe card. 2414:12VHPWR connector 2392: 2391: 2242: 2241: 2214:Male/right-angle 2038: 2037: 1982:Host-to-card pin 1962:Card-to-host pin 888:Radeon RX 5700 XT 858: 857: 841:Low-Profile/Slim 733:(IEEE 1394), and 706:Highly simplified 692:signal velocities 668: 667: 660: 239: 238: 10199: 10034: 10033: 9685:Optical trackpad 9650:Pointing devices 9646: 9645: 9622: 9615: 9608: 9599: 9598: 9587: 9586: 9579: 9041:HP Precision Bus 8855: 8848: 8841: 8832: 8831: 8817: 8802: 8783: 8764: 8735: 8734: 8732: 8730: 8716: 8710: 8709: 8707: 8705: 8690: 8684: 8683: 8681: 8679: 8659: 8653: 8652: 8650: 8648: 8632: 8626: 8625: 8623: 8621: 8606: 8600: 8599: 8597: 8595: 8580: 8574: 8573: 8571: 8569: 8554: 8548: 8547: 8545: 8543: 8538:on 25 March 2013 8528: 8522: 8521: 8519: 8517: 8502: 8496: 8495: 8493: 8491: 8475: 8469: 8468: 8466: 8464: 8449: 8443: 8442: 8426: 8420: 8419: 8404: 8398: 8397: 8386: 8380: 8379: 8377: 8375: 8356: 8350: 8349: 8333: 8327: 8326: 8310: 8304: 8303: 8301: 8299: 8284: 8278: 8277: 8261: 8255: 8254: 8243: 8237: 8236: 8235: 8233: 8216: 8210: 8209: 8208: 8206: 8189: 8183: 8182: 8180: 8178: 8159: 8153: 8152: 8150: 8148: 8133: 8127: 8126: 8124: 8122: 8103: 8097: 8096: 8094: 8085: 8070: 8069: 8067: 8065: 8038: 8032: 8031: 8012: 8006: 8005: 7986: 7980: 7975: 7969: 7963: 7957: 7952: 7946: 7945: 7943: 7941: 7935: 7927: 7921: 7920: 7918: 7916: 7905: 7899: 7894: 7888: 7883: 7877: 7876: 7874: 7872: 7867:on 17 March 2008 7866: 7859: 7851: 7845: 7844: 7842: 7840: 7821: 7815: 7814: 7812: 7810: 7796: 7790: 7789: 7787: 7785: 7770: 7764: 7763: 7761: 7759: 7740: 7734: 7729: 7723: 7722: 7720: 7718: 7703: 7697: 7696: 7694: 7692: 7677: 7671: 7670: 7668: 7666: 7651: 7645: 7644: 7642: 7640: 7626: 7620: 7619: 7617: 7615: 7604: 7598: 7597: 7595: 7593: 7588: 7580: 7574: 7573: 7571: 7569: 7564: 7556: 7550: 7549: 7537: 7531: 7530: 7528: 7526: 7515: 7509: 7508: 7501: 7495: 7494: 7492: 7490: 7479: 7473: 7472: 7470: 7468: 7453: 7447: 7446: 7434: 7428: 7427: 7424:www.phoronix.com 7416: 7410: 7409: 7397: 7391: 7390: 7379: 7370: 7369: 7367: 7365: 7354: 7348: 7347: 7345: 7343: 7332: 7326: 7325: 7318: 7312: 7311: 7309: 7307: 7296: 7290: 7285: 7276: 7271: 7265: 7260: 7254: 7253: 7242: 7236: 7235: 7224: 7218: 7217: 7215: 7213: 7206:tomshardware.com 7198: 7192: 7191: 7189: 7187: 7173: 7167: 7166: 7164: 7162: 7148: 7142: 7141: 7139: 7137: 7123: 7117: 7116: 7114: 7112: 7106:www.synopsys.com 7098: 7092: 7091: 7079: 7073: 7072: 7070: 7068: 7048: 7042: 7041: 7039: 7037: 7017: 7011: 7010: 7002: 6996: 6995: 6993: 6991: 6972: 6966: 6961: 6955: 6954: 6939: 6933: 6932: 6930: 6928: 6912: 6903: 6898: 6892: 6887: 6881: 6880: 6878: 6876: 6855: 6849: 6848: 6845:www.mellanox.com 6837: 6831: 6830: 6827:www.mellanox.com 6819: 6813: 6812: 6810: 6808: 6799:. 26 June 2016. 6789: 6783: 6782: 6777:. Archived from 6767: 6761: 6760: 6758: 6756: 6741: 6735: 6734: 6719: 6713: 6712: 6697: 6691: 6690: 6688: 6686: 6671: 6665: 6664: 6662: 6660: 6645: 6639: 6638: 6636: 6634: 6618: 6612: 6611: 6609: 6607: 6601: 6594: 6586: 6580: 6579: 6577: 6575: 6566:. Archived from 6555: 6549: 6548: 6546: 6544: 6524: 6518: 6517: 6515: 6513: 6493: 6487: 6485: 6477: 6475: 6473: 6467: 6456: 6448: 6442: 6441: 6428: 6422: 6421: 6419: 6417: 6398: 6392: 6391: 6389: 6387: 6368: 6362: 6361: 6359: 6357: 6338: 6327: 6326: 6324: 6322: 6303: 6297: 6296: 6277: 6268: 6267: 6256: 6250: 6249: 6247: 6245: 6230: 6224: 6223: 6221: 6219: 6204: 6198: 6197: 6192:. Archived from 6182: 6173: 6172: 6170: 6168: 6153: 6147: 6146: 6144: 6142: 6127: 6121: 6120: 6118: 6116: 6102: 6096: 6095: 6080: 6074: 6073: 6071: 6069: 6050: 6044: 6043: 6032: 6026: 6025: 6006: 6000: 5999: 5980: 5974: 5973: 5971: 5969: 5960:. 18 July 2014. 5950: 5944: 5943: 5936: 5930: 5929: 5919: 5913: 5912: 5905: 5899: 5898: 5896: 5894: 5885:. Archived from 5878: 5872: 5867: 5861: 5856: 5850: 5845: 5839: 5838: 5836: 5834: 5829: 5821: 5812: 5806: 5800: 5799: 5797: 5790: 5779: 5773: 5768: 5762: 5761: 5759: 5757: 5746: 5740: 5739: 5737: 5735: 5729: 5722: 5714: 5708: 5707: 5705: 5703: 5697: 5690: 5682: 5676: 5675: 5668: 5662: 5661: 5655: 5646: 5645: 5643: 5641: 5622: 5616: 5615: 5604: 5598: 5597: 5595: 5593: 5584:. Archived from 5574: 5568: 5567: 5565: 5563: 5549: 5543: 5542: 5540: 5538: 5523: 5517: 5516: 5502: 5496: 5495: 5489: 5481: 5469: 5463: 5462: 5451: 5445: 5444: 5439:. 12 June 2012. 5429: 5423: 5422: 5420: 5418: 5403: 5397: 5396: 5394: 5392: 5373: 5367: 5356: 5350: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5336:. Archived from 5326: 5320: 5319: 5317: 5315: 5300: 5289: 5288: 5280: 5274: 5273: 5271: 5269: 5250: 5244: 5243: 5241: 5239: 5228: 5222: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5211: 5205:. Archived from 5194: 5183: 5177: 5171: 5170: 5168: 5166: 5161:on 10 March 2016 5160: 5149: 5140: 5134: 5133: 5122: 5116: 5115: 5081: 5075: 5074: 5055: 5039: 5028: 5022: 5019: 4940: 4935: 4934: 4916:Integrators list 4853: 4509: 4507: 4506: 4501: 4499: 4497: 4496: 4493: 4488: 4485: 4480: 4479: 4474: 4471: 4408:Data Link Layer 4402:Data Link Layer 4393: 4389: 4326:Data Link Layer 4320:Data Link Layer 4311: 4307: 4184:spectral density 4030: 4016: 4009: 4002: 3988: 3981: 3974: 3966: 3957: 3953: 3946: 3939: 3909: 3905: 3870:layered protocol 3699: 3695: 3679: 3675: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3547:In August 2016, 3543: 3539: 3526: 3522: 3396: 3350:PCI Express 1.0a 3343: 3339: 3333: 3330: 3324: 3321: 3301: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3272: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3225: 3208: 3193: 3188: 3183: 3178: 3176: 3170: 3165: 3152: 3150: 3144: 3139: 3137: 3131: 3126: 3121: 3108: 3103: 3101: 3095: 3090: 3085: 3080: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3024: 3019: 3014: 3009: 3004: 2996: 2936: 2932: 2929:Comparison table 2874:Mini DisplayPort 2808: 2721:Derivative forms 2484:Mini PCI Express 2407: 2400: 2244: 2243: 2203: 2199: 2192: 2177: 2173: 2166: 2159: 2147:power connectors 2131: 2121: 2114: 2106: 2099: 2092: 2076: 2069: 2062: 2055: 1219:Aux power & 1186: 1163: 1137: 1114: 1078: 1053: 1027: 1011:Main power pins 1001: 972: 939: 935: 912: 908: 904: 899:GeForce RTX 3080 871: 868: 853: 846: 835: 796: 795: 663: 656: 652: 649: 643: 612: 604: 490:Gigabit Ethernet 457:, with separate 403:specifications. 401:conventional PCI 274:Conventional PCI 235: 232: 221: 202: 150: 143: 142:(up to 16 lanes) 75: 73: 68: 54: 42: 38: 10207: 10206: 10202: 10201: 10200: 10198: 10197: 10196: 10162: 10161: 10160: 10155: 10125: 10073: 10023: 9901: 9895:USB flash drive 9844: 9837: 9776: 9709: 9663:Game controller 9658:Graphics tablet 9635: 9626: 9596: 9591: 9582: 9573: 9532: 9511: 9460: 9373:IEEE-488 (GPIB) 9296: 9192: 9171:Infinity Fabric 9001:Europe Card Bus 8944: 8878: 8859: 8810: 8800: 8781: 8762: 8746: 8744:Further reading 8740: 8738: 8728: 8726: 8718: 8717: 8713: 8703: 8701: 8691: 8687: 8677: 8675: 8660: 8656: 8646: 8644: 8633: 8629: 8619: 8617: 8608: 8607: 8603: 8593: 8591: 8584:"SATA M.2 Card" 8582: 8581: 8577: 8567: 8565: 8556: 8555: 8551: 8541: 8539: 8530: 8529: 8525: 8515: 8513: 8504: 8503: 8499: 8489: 8487: 8476: 8472: 8462: 8460: 8451: 8450: 8446: 8427: 8423: 8406: 8405: 8401: 8388: 8387: 8383: 8373: 8371: 8358: 8357: 8353: 8334: 8330: 8319:Notebook review 8311: 8307: 8297: 8295: 8290:. Hwtools.net. 8286: 8285: 8281: 8262: 8258: 8244: 8240: 8231: 8229: 8218: 8217: 8213: 8204: 8202: 8191: 8190: 8186: 8176: 8174: 8161: 8160: 8156: 8146: 8144: 8135: 8134: 8130: 8120: 8118: 8105: 8104: 8100: 8092: 8086: 8073: 8063: 8061: 8054: 8040: 8039: 8035: 8028: 8014: 8013: 8009: 8002: 7988: 7987: 7983: 7976: 7972: 7964: 7960: 7953: 7949: 7939: 7937: 7933: 7929: 7928: 7924: 7914: 7912: 7911:. Interface bus 7907: 7906: 7902: 7895: 7891: 7884: 7880: 7870: 7868: 7864: 7857: 7853: 7852: 7848: 7838: 7836: 7823: 7822: 7818: 7808: 7806: 7798: 7797: 7793: 7783: 7781: 7771: 7767: 7757: 7755: 7742: 7741: 7737: 7730: 7726: 7716: 7714: 7705: 7704: 7700: 7690: 7688: 7679: 7678: 7674: 7664: 7662: 7659:Cabling install 7653: 7652: 7648: 7638: 7636: 7628: 7627: 7623: 7613: 7611: 7606: 7605: 7601: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7582: 7581: 7577: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7558: 7557: 7553: 7538: 7534: 7524: 7522: 7517: 7516: 7512: 7503: 7502: 7498: 7488: 7486: 7481: 7480: 7476: 7466: 7464: 7454: 7450: 7435: 7431: 7418: 7417: 7413: 7398: 7394: 7389:. 18 June 2019. 7381: 7380: 7373: 7363: 7361: 7356: 7355: 7351: 7341: 7339: 7334: 7333: 7329: 7320: 7319: 7315: 7305: 7303: 7298: 7297: 7293: 7286: 7279: 7272: 7268: 7261: 7257: 7244: 7243: 7239: 7226: 7225: 7221: 7211: 7209: 7200: 7199: 7195: 7185: 7183: 7175: 7174: 7170: 7160: 7158: 7150: 7149: 7145: 7135: 7133: 7125: 7124: 7120: 7110: 7108: 7100: 7099: 7095: 7080: 7076: 7066: 7064: 7049: 7045: 7035: 7033: 7018: 7014: 7003: 6999: 6989: 6987: 6974: 6973: 6969: 6962: 6958: 6941: 6940: 6936: 6926: 6924: 6919:. Tech Report. 6913: 6906: 6899: 6895: 6888: 6884: 6874: 6872: 6857: 6856: 6852: 6839: 6838: 6834: 6821: 6820: 6816: 6806: 6804: 6791: 6790: 6786: 6769: 6768: 6764: 6754: 6752: 6743: 6742: 6738: 6721: 6720: 6716: 6699: 6698: 6694: 6684: 6682: 6673: 6672: 6668: 6658: 6656: 6647: 6646: 6642: 6632: 6630: 6619: 6615: 6605: 6603: 6599: 6592: 6588: 6587: 6583: 6573: 6571: 6556: 6552: 6542: 6540: 6525: 6521: 6511: 6509: 6494: 6490: 6483: 6471: 6469: 6468:on 4 March 2007 6465: 6454: 6450: 6449: 6445: 6430: 6429: 6425: 6415: 6413: 6400: 6399: 6395: 6385: 6383: 6370: 6369: 6365: 6355: 6353: 6340: 6339: 6330: 6320: 6318: 6305: 6304: 6300: 6279: 6278: 6271: 6264:PC board design 6258: 6257: 6253: 6243: 6241: 6232: 6231: 6227: 6217: 6215: 6205: 6201: 6184: 6183: 6176: 6166: 6164: 6155: 6154: 6150: 6140: 6138: 6129: 6128: 6124: 6114: 6112: 6104: 6103: 6099: 6082: 6081: 6077: 6067: 6065: 6052: 6051: 6047: 6034: 6033: 6029: 6022: 6008: 6007: 6003: 5996: 5982: 5981: 5977: 5967: 5965: 5952: 5951: 5947: 5938: 5937: 5933: 5921: 5920: 5916: 5907: 5906: 5902: 5892: 5890: 5879: 5875: 5868: 5864: 5857: 5853: 5846: 5842: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5823: 5822: 5815: 5807: 5803: 5795: 5788: 5780: 5776: 5769: 5765: 5755: 5753: 5748: 5747: 5743: 5733: 5731: 5727: 5720: 5716: 5715: 5711: 5701: 5699: 5695: 5688: 5684: 5683: 5679: 5670: 5669: 5665: 5657: 5656: 5649: 5639: 5637: 5624: 5623: 5619: 5606: 5605: 5601: 5591: 5589: 5576: 5575: 5571: 5561: 5559: 5551: 5550: 5546: 5536: 5534: 5524: 5520: 5503: 5499: 5483: 5482: 5470: 5466: 5453: 5452: 5448: 5431: 5430: 5426: 5416: 5414: 5404: 5400: 5390: 5388: 5375: 5374: 5370: 5357: 5353: 5343: 5341: 5328: 5327: 5323: 5313: 5311: 5302: 5301: 5292: 5282: 5281: 5277: 5267: 5265: 5258:How Stuff Works 5252: 5251: 5247: 5237: 5235: 5230: 5229: 5225: 5215: 5213: 5212:on 15 July 2014 5209: 5195: 5186: 5178: 5174: 5164: 5162: 5158: 5147: 5141: 5137: 5124: 5123: 5119: 5104: 5082: 5078: 5071: 5057: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5043: 5042: 5029: 5025: 5020: 5016: 5011: 5006: 4970:PCI/104-Express 4936: 4929: 4926: 4918: 4851: 4818: 4774: 4751:expansion cards 4731:RAID controller 4705: 4679: 4677:Storage devices 4620: 4523: 4492: 4484: 4483: 4478: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4464: 4299: 4259: 4208: 4206:Data link layer 4164:8b/10b encoding 4132: 4067:PCI Express PHY 4028: 4014: 4007: 4000: 3986: 3979: 3972: 3964: 3955: 3951: 3944: 3937: 3904: 3881:data link layer 3859: 3829: 3764: 3747: 3745:PCI Express 7.0 3697: 3693: 3677: 3673: 3670: 3668:PCI Express 6.0 3621: 3617: 3613: 3602: 3600:PCI Express 5.0 3541: 3537: 3524: 3520: 3508: 3506:PCI Express 4.0 3499: 3497:PCI Express 3.1 3488:8b/10b encoding 3484:encoding scheme 3464: 3462:PCI Express 3.0 3455: 3453:PCI Express 2.1 3447:8b/10b encoding 3394: 3380: 3378:PCI Express 2.0 3372: 3370:PCI Express 1.1 3363:8b/10b encoding 3352: 3347: 3346: 3340: 3336: 3331: 3327: 3322: 3315: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3279: 3274: 3273: 3270: 3266: 3255: 3250: 3245: 3240: 3235: 3227: 3226: 3223: 3216: 3209: 3204: 3191: 3186: 3181: 3174: 3173: 3168: 3163: 3148: 3147: 3142: 3135: 3134: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3106: 3099: 3098: 3093: 3088: 3083: 3078: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3022: 3017: 3012: 3007: 2999: 2991: 2949: 2931: 2892: 2836:physical layer. 2806: 2729:Low-height card 2723: 2696:chemical symbol 2685: 2659:(also known as 2654: 2645: 2639: 2637:PCI Express M.2 2587: 2544: 2527: 2482:(also known as 2457: 2452: 2451: 2424: 2416: 2411: 2410: 2401: 2397: 2215: 2210: 2190: 2175: 2168: 2161: 2154: 2139: 2129: 2119: 2112: 2101: 2094: 2087: 2084: 2071: 2064: 2057: 2050: 2043: 1696: 1213:+3.3 V aux 1184: 1161: 1135: 1112: 1076: 1051: 1025: 999: 970: 919: 910: 906: 902: 869: 863: 851: 844: 833: 763: 758: 664: 653: 647: 644: 629: 613: 602: 572: 514: 416: 409: 384:(SFF-8639) and 338:hard disk drive 279: 270:PCI Express x16 264:PCI Express x16 229: 211: 184: 141: 132: 106: 71: 69: 66: 57: 35: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10205: 10195: 10194: 10189: 10184: 10179: 10174: 10157: 10156: 10154: 10153: 10148: 10143: 10137: 10135: 10131: 10130: 10127: 10126: 10124: 10123: 10118: 10113: 10108: 10103: 10098: 10093: 10088: 10081: 10079: 10075: 10074: 10072: 10071: 10066: 10061: 10056: 10051: 10046: 10040: 10038: 10031: 10025: 10024: 10022: 10021: 10019:Expansion card 10016: 10011: 10006: 10005: 10004: 9999: 9989: 9988: 9987: 9977: 9976: 9975: 9970: 9956: 9946: 9945: 9944: 9939: 9929: 9924: 9923: 9922: 9920:Microprocessor 9911: 9909: 9903: 9902: 9900: 9899: 9898: 9897: 9892: 9882: 9881: 9880: 9875: 9870: 9860: 9855: 9849: 9847: 9839: 9838: 9836: 9835: 9830: 9825: 9820: 9819: 9818: 9808: 9803: 9802: 9801: 9790: 9788: 9786:Output devices 9782: 9781: 9778: 9777: 9775: 9774: 9773: 9772: 9762: 9761: 9760: 9750: 9745: 9740: 9739: 9738: 9728: 9723: 9717: 9715: 9711: 9710: 9708: 9707: 9702: 9697: 9692: 9690:Pointing stick 9687: 9682: 9681: 9680: 9670: 9665: 9660: 9654: 9652: 9643: 9637: 9636: 9625: 9624: 9617: 9610: 9602: 9593: 9592: 9578: 9575: 9574: 9572: 9571: 9566: 9561: 9551: 9546: 9540: 9538: 9534: 9533: 9531: 9530: 9525: 9519: 9517: 9513: 9512: 9510: 9509: 9504: 9499: 9494: 9489: 9484: 9482:Intel HD Audio 9479: 9474: 9472:ADAT Lightpipe 9468: 9466: 9462: 9461: 9459: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9413: 9395: 9390: 9385: 9380: 9375: 9370: 9365: 9360: 9355: 9350: 9345: 9340: 9335: 9330: 9325: 9320: 9315: 9310: 9304: 9302: 9298: 9297: 9295: 9294: 9283: 9278: 9273: 9268: 9263: 9262: 9261: 9256: 9246: 9241: 9236: 9231: 9226: 9221: 9216: 9211: 9206: 9200: 9198: 9194: 9193: 9191: 9190: 9185: 9180: 9175: 9174: 9173: 9166:HyperTransport 9163: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9143: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8993: 8988: 8983: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8952: 8950: 8946: 8945: 8943: 8942: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8920:Bus contention 8917: 8912: 8907: 8902: 8897: 8895:Front-side bus 8892: 8886: 8884: 8880: 8879: 8876:computer buses 8858: 8857: 8850: 8843: 8835: 8829: 8828: 8823: 8809: 8808:External links 8806: 8805: 8804: 8798: 8785: 8779: 8766: 8760: 8745: 8742: 8737: 8736: 8711: 8693:Cutress, Ian. 8685: 8654: 8627: 8610:"SCSI Express" 8601: 8575: 8549: 8523: 8497: 8470: 8444: 8421: 8399: 8394:Tom’s hardware 8381: 8351: 8328: 8305: 8279: 8270:PC Perspective 8256: 8238: 8211: 8184: 8154: 8128: 8098: 8095:. 1.2. Xilinx. 8071: 8052: 8033: 8026: 8007: 8000: 7981: 7970: 7958: 7947: 7922: 7900: 7889: 7878: 7846: 7816: 7791: 7779:Tom's Hardware 7765: 7735: 7724: 7698: 7672: 7646: 7621: 7599: 7575: 7551: 7532: 7510: 7496: 7474: 7448: 7443:Tom's Hardware 7429: 7411: 7392: 7371: 7349: 7327: 7313: 7291: 7277: 7266: 7255: 7237: 7234:. 29 May 2019. 7219: 7193: 7168: 7143: 7118: 7093: 7074: 7057:Tom's Hardware 7043: 7026:Tom's Hardware 7012: 6997: 6967: 6956: 6947:www-03.ibm.com 6934: 6904: 6893: 6882: 6850: 6832: 6814: 6784: 6762: 6736: 6714: 6692: 6666: 6640: 6613: 6581: 6550: 6519: 6488: 6443: 6423: 6393: 6363: 6328: 6317:on 18 May 2014 6298: 6269: 6251: 6225: 6199: 6174: 6148: 6122: 6097: 6075: 6045: 6027: 6020: 6001: 5994: 5975: 5945: 5931: 5914: 5900: 5873: 5862: 5851: 5840: 5813: 5801: 5774: 5763: 5741: 5709: 5677: 5663: 5647: 5617: 5599: 5569: 5544: 5518: 5497: 5464: 5446: 5424: 5398: 5381:Developer Zone 5368: 5351: 5321: 5290: 5287:, 4 March 2009 5275: 5245: 5223: 5184: 5172: 5135: 5117: 5102: 5076: 5069: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5041: 5040: 5023: 5013: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5004: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4966:(PCI Extended) 4961: 4956: 4950: 4943: 4942: 4941: 4925: 4922: 4917: 4914: 4830:HyperTransport 4817: 4814: 4806:HyperTransport 4773: 4770: 4678: 4675: 4638:developed the 4619: 4616: 4596:graphics cards 4581:expansion card 4522: 4519: 4491: 4477: 4456: 4455: 4452: 4449: 4446: 4443: 4440: 4437: 4433: 4432: 4429: 4426: 4423: 4420: 4417: 4414: 4410: 4409: 4406: 4403: 4400: 4397: 4383: 4382: 4379: 4376: 4373: 4370: 4367: 4364: 4361: 4357: 4356: 4353: 4350: 4347: 4344: 4341: 4338: 4335: 4331: 4330: 4327: 4324: 4321: 4318: 4315: 4298: 4295: 4258: 4255: 4230: 4229: 4226: 4215: 4207: 4204: 4177:clock recovery 4131: 4128: 4116: 4115: 4112: 4045: 4044: 4043:71.65 mm 4041: 4038: 4035: 4032: 4025: 4024: 4023:38.65 mm 4021: 4018: 4011: 4004: 3997: 3996: 3995:21.65 mm 3993: 3990: 3983: 3976: 3969: 3968: 3962: 3959: 3948: 3941: 3934: 3933: 3930: 3927: 3924: 3920: 3919: 3916: 3913: 3903: 3902:Physical layer 3900: 3887:physical layer 3858: 3855: 3850: 3849: 3846: 3843: 3839: 3836: 3828: 3825: 3763: 3760: 3746: 3743: 3723:bit error rate 3669: 3666: 3642:Jiangsu Huacun 3601: 3598: 3507: 3504: 3498: 3495: 3463: 3460: 3454: 3451: 3379: 3376: 3371: 3368: 3351: 3348: 3345: 3344: 3334: 3325: 3312: 3311: 3310: 3309: 3303: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3268: 3263: 3259: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3221: 3213: 3202: 3199: 3195: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3158: 3154: 3153: 3145: 3140: 3132: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3114: 3110: 3109: 3104: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3068: 3064: 3063: 3058: 3053: 3048: 3043: 3038: 3033: 3030: 3026: 3025: 3020: 3015: 3010: 3005: 2997: 2989: 2984: 2979: 2976: 2972: 2971: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2955: 2954: 2951: 2946: 2943: 2940: 2930: 2927: 2891: 2888: 2887: 2886: 2881: 2844: 2843: 2837: 2827: 2821: 2810: 2800: 2790: 2780: 2766: 2759: 2753: 2743: 2740: 2730: 2722: 2719: 2684: 2681: 2653: 2650: 2641:Main article: 2638: 2635: 2586: 2583: 2582: 2581: 2578: 2575: 2561: 2554: 2551: 2543: 2540: 2531:edge connector 2526: 2523: 2456: 2453: 2425: 2417: 2415: 2412: 2409: 2408: 2394: 2393: 2390: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2370: 2366: 2365: 2362: 2359: 2356: 2352: 2351: 2348: 2345: 2342: 2338: 2337: 2334: 2331: 2328: 2327: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2314: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2300: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2286: 2285: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2272: 2271: 2253: 2250: 2248: 2240: 2239: 2236: 2233: 2229: 2228: 2225: 2222: 2218: 2217: 2216:header on PCB 2212: 2207: 2187: 2186: 2183: 2138: 2135: 2134: 2133: 2126: 2123: 2116: 2083: 2080: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2025: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2006: 2005: 2002: 1997: 1994: 1991: 1987: 1986: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1967: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1954: 1950: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1930: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1913: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1896: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1885: 1884: 1881: 1878: 1875: 1871: 1870: 1867: 1864: 1860: 1859: 1856: 1853: 1850: 1846: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1835: 1834: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1821: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1810: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1796: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1785: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1771: 1770: 1766: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1755: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1731: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1711: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1683: 1682: 1679: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1663: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1637: 1636: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1617: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1591: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1571: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1545: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1525: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1499: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1479: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1453: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1439: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1414: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1394: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1368: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1348: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1322: 1321: 1318: 1315: 1312: 1309: 1306: 1303: 1299: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1273: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1259: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1233: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1207: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1181: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1158: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1132: 1131: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1109: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1086: 1083: 1080: 1073: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1055: 1048: 1047: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1035: 1032: 1029: 1022: 1021: 1018: 1015: 1012: 1009: 1006: 1003: 996: 995: 992: 989: 986: 983: 980: 977: 974: 967: 966: 963: 960: 957: 954: 952: 949: 946: 943: 923:edge connector 918: 915: 865:Modern (since 862: 859: 856: 855: 848: 842: 838: 837: 830: 827: 823: 822: 819: 816: 812: 811: 808: 804: 803: 800: 799:PCI card type 762: 759: 757: 754: 666: 665: 616: 614: 607: 601: 598: 571: 568: 513: 510: 408: 405: 326:graphics cards 278: 277: 271: 268: 267:PCI Express x1 265: 262: 261:PCI Express x4 258: 237: 236: 227: 223: 222: 208: 204: 203: 181: 177: 176: 171: 167: 166: 160: 156: 155: 152: 145: 144: 138: 134: 133: 131: 130: 125: 120: 114: 112: 108: 107: 105: 104: 99: 94: 89: 83: 81: 77: 76: 63: 59: 58: 55: 47: 46: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10204: 10193: 10190: 10188: 10185: 10183: 10180: 10178: 10175: 10173: 10170: 10169: 10167: 10152: 10149: 10147: 10144: 10142: 10139: 10138: 10136: 10132: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10102: 10099: 10097: 10094: 10092: 10091:Parallel port 10089: 10086: 10083: 10082: 10080: 10076: 10070: 10067: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10057: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10042: 10041: 10039: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10026: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10003: 10000: 9998: 9995: 9994: 9993: 9990: 9986: 9983: 9982: 9981: 9978: 9974: 9971: 9968: 9964: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9952: 9951: 9950: 9947: 9943: 9940: 9938: 9935: 9934: 9933: 9930: 9928: 9925: 9921: 9918: 9917: 9916: 9913: 9912: 9910: 9908: 9907:Computer case 9904: 9896: 9893: 9891: 9888: 9887: 9886: 9883: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9865: 9864: 9861: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9850: 9848: 9846: 9840: 9834: 9833:Graphics card 9831: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9817: 9814: 9813: 9812: 9809: 9807: 9804: 9800: 9797: 9796: 9795: 9792: 9791: 9789: 9787: 9783: 9771: 9768: 9767: 9766: 9763: 9759: 9756: 9755: 9754: 9751: 9749: 9746: 9744: 9741: 9737: 9734: 9733: 9732: 9731:Graphics card 9729: 9727: 9726:Image scanner 9724: 9722: 9719: 9718: 9716: 9712: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9693: 9691: 9688: 9686: 9683: 9679: 9676: 9675: 9674: 9671: 9669: 9666: 9664: 9661: 9659: 9656: 9655: 9653: 9651: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9641:Input devices 9638: 9634: 9631: 9623: 9618: 9616: 9611: 9609: 9604: 9603: 9600: 9590: 9576: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9562: 9559: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9544:Multidrop bus 9542: 9541: 9539: 9535: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9520: 9518: 9514: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9480: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9469: 9467: 9463: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9451:External PCIe 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9431:Parallel SCSI 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9411: 9407: 9403: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9323:Commodore bus 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9305: 9303: 9299: 9292: 9288: 9284: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9271:Fibre Channel 9269: 9267: 9264: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9251: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9212: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9201: 9199: 9195: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9172: 9169: 9168: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8953: 8951: 8947: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8935:Plug and play 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8925:Bus mastering 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8900:Back-side bus 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8887: 8885: 8881: 8877: 8874: 8870: 8868: 8863: 8856: 8851: 8849: 8844: 8842: 8837: 8836: 8833: 8827: 8824: 8821: 8816: 8812: 8811: 8801: 8795: 8791: 8786: 8782: 8776: 8772: 8767: 8763: 8757: 8753: 8748: 8747: 8741: 8725: 8721: 8715: 8700: 8696: 8689: 8673: 8669: 8668:Tech Republic 8665: 8658: 8642: 8638: 8631: 8615: 8611: 8605: 8589: 8585: 8579: 8563: 8559: 8553: 8537: 8533: 8527: 8511: 8507: 8501: 8485: 8481: 8474: 8458: 8454: 8448: 8440: 8436: 8432: 8425: 8417: 8413: 8409: 8403: 8395: 8391: 8385: 8369: 8365: 8361: 8355: 8347: 8343: 8339: 8332: 8324: 8320: 8316: 8309: 8293: 8289: 8283: 8275: 8272:(editorial), 8271: 8267: 8260: 8253: 8249: 8242: 8227: 8223: 8222: 8215: 8200: 8196: 8195: 8188: 8172: 8168: 8164: 8158: 8142: 8138: 8132: 8116: 8112: 8108: 8102: 8091: 8084: 8082: 8080: 8078: 8076: 8059: 8055: 8053:9788184313086 8049: 8045: 8044: 8037: 8029: 8023: 8019: 8018: 8011: 8003: 7997: 7993: 7992: 7985: 7979: 7974: 7967: 7962: 7956: 7951: 7936:. FCI connect 7932: 7926: 7910: 7904: 7898: 7893: 7887: 7882: 7863: 7856: 7850: 7834: 7830: 7826: 7820: 7805: 7801: 7795: 7780: 7776: 7769: 7753: 7749: 7745: 7739: 7733: 7728: 7712: 7708: 7702: 7686: 7682: 7676: 7660: 7656: 7650: 7635: 7631: 7625: 7609: 7603: 7585: 7579: 7561: 7555: 7547: 7543: 7536: 7520: 7514: 7506: 7500: 7484: 7478: 7463: 7459: 7452: 7444: 7440: 7433: 7425: 7421: 7415: 7407: 7403: 7400:Smith, Ryan. 7396: 7388: 7384: 7378: 7376: 7359: 7353: 7337: 7331: 7323: 7317: 7301: 7295: 7289: 7284: 7282: 7275: 7270: 7264: 7259: 7251: 7247: 7241: 7233: 7229: 7223: 7207: 7203: 7197: 7182: 7178: 7172: 7157: 7153: 7147: 7132: 7128: 7122: 7107: 7103: 7097: 7089: 7085: 7078: 7062: 7058: 7054: 7047: 7031: 7027: 7023: 7016: 7008: 7001: 6985: 6981: 6977: 6971: 6965: 6960: 6952: 6948: 6944: 6938: 6922: 6918: 6911: 6909: 6902: 6897: 6891: 6886: 6870: 6866: 6865: 6860: 6854: 6846: 6842: 6836: 6828: 6824: 6818: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6788: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6766: 6750: 6746: 6740: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6718: 6710: 6707:. July 2013. 6706: 6702: 6696: 6680: 6676: 6670: 6654: 6650: 6644: 6628: 6624: 6617: 6598: 6591: 6585: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6554: 6538: 6534: 6530: 6523: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6492: 6481: 6464: 6460: 6453: 6447: 6439: 6435: 6434: 6427: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6397: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6367: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6337: 6335: 6333: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6302: 6294: 6290: 6286: 6282: 6276: 6274: 6265: 6261: 6255: 6239: 6235: 6229: 6214: 6210: 6203: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6181: 6179: 6162: 6158: 6152: 6136: 6132: 6126: 6111: 6107: 6101: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6079: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6049: 6041: 6037: 6031: 6023: 6017: 6013: 6012: 6005: 5997: 5991: 5987: 5986: 5979: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5949: 5941: 5935: 5928: 5924: 5918: 5910: 5904: 5888: 5884: 5877: 5871: 5866: 5860: 5855: 5849: 5844: 5826: 5820: 5818: 5810: 5805: 5794: 5787: 5786: 5778: 5772: 5767: 5751: 5745: 5726: 5719: 5713: 5694: 5687: 5681: 5673: 5667: 5660: 5654: 5652: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5621: 5613: 5609: 5603: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5573: 5558: 5554: 5548: 5533: 5529: 5522: 5514: 5513: 5508: 5501: 5493: 5487: 5479: 5475: 5468: 5460: 5459:StorageReview 5456: 5450: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5428: 5413: 5409: 5402: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5372: 5365: 5361: 5355: 5339: 5335: 5334:Interface bus 5331: 5325: 5309: 5305: 5299: 5297: 5295: 5286: 5279: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5249: 5233: 5227: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5193: 5191: 5189: 5181: 5176: 5157: 5153: 5146: 5139: 5131: 5127: 5121: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5103:0-7695-2012-X 5099: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5080: 5072: 5066: 5062: 5061: 5054: 5050: 5037: 5033: 5027: 5018: 5014: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4954: 4951: 4948: 4945: 4944: 4939: 4933: 4928: 4921: 4913: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4870: 4868: 4864: 4859: 4857: 4849: 4845: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4813: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4786:Fibre Channel 4783: 4779: 4769: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4754: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4725: 4720: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4704: 4700: 4692: 4688: 4683: 4674: 4671: 4667: 4665: 4659: 4656: 4651: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4632: 4630: 4626: 4618:External GPUs 4615: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4588: 4584: 4582: 4574: 4573:SATA 3.0 4570: 4565: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4543: 4538: 4531: 4527: 4518: 4516: 4511: 4489: 4475: 4461: 4453: 4451:4 (optional) 4450: 4444: 4441: 4438: 4436:Size (Bytes) 4434: 4430: 4418: 4415: 4411: 4394: 4388: 4380: 4377: 4375:4 (optional) 4374: 4368: 4365: 4362: 4360:Size (Bytes) 4359: 4358: 4354: 4351: 4339: 4336: 4332: 4312: 4306: 4302: 4294: 4292: 4287: 4283: 4277: 4275: 4270: 4268: 4262: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4236: 4227: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4213: 4212: 4211: 4203: 4199: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4180: 4178: 4174: 4173:Line encoding 4170: 4165: 4161: 4156: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4140:data striping 4136: 4127: 4123: 4121: 4113: 4110: 4109: 4108: 4106: 4102: 4097: 4095: 4091: 4086: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4051: 4042: 4039: 4036: 4033: 4027: 4026: 4022: 4019: 4012: 4005: 3999: 3998: 3994: 3991: 3984: 3977: 3971: 3970: 3967:7.65 mm 3963: 3960: 3949: 3942: 3936: 3935: 3931: 3928: 3925: 3922: 3921: 3910: 3899: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3888: 3883: 3882: 3877: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3864: 3854: 3847: 3844: 3840: 3837: 3834: 3833: 3832: 3827:Draft process 3824: 3822: 3818: 3817:MIPI Alliance 3814: 3810: 3806: 3804: 3801:basis of the 3799: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3781: 3776: 3774: 3770: 3759: 3756: 3753: 3742: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3713: 3710: 3707: 3704: 3701: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3665: 3662: 3659: 3656: 3652: 3650: 3645: 3643: 3638: 3635: 3631: 3628: 3625: 3606: 3597: 3595: 3590: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3578: 3573: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3561: 3556: 3554: 3550: 3545: 3535: 3531: 3528: 3518: 3514: 3503: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3485: 3480: 3476: 3474: 3469: 3468:gigatransfers 3459: 3450: 3448: 3443: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3406: 3403: 3398: 3392: 3384: 3375: 3367: 3364: 3359: 3357: 3356:transfer rate 3338: 3329: 3320: 3318: 3313: 3307: 3306: 3298: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3269: 3264: 3260: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3234: 3231: 3222: 3220: 3212: 3207: 3200: 3196: 3190: 3185: 3180: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3159: 3155: 3146: 3141: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3115: 3111: 3105: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3077: 3075: 3069: 3065: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3044: 3039: 3034: 3031: 3027: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3006: 3003: 2998: 2995: 2990: 2988: 2983: 2977: 2973: 2956: 2948:Transfer rate 2937: 2926: 2923: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2885: 2882: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2864: 2863: 2862: 2859: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2831: 2828: 2825: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2811: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2794: 2791: 2788: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2767: 2764: 2761:SD card: The 2760: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2738: 2734: 2731: 2728: 2727: 2726: 2718: 2714: 2712: 2707: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2680: 2676: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2649: 2644: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2624: 2620: 2617: 2613: 2608: 2605: 2600: 2591: 2579: 2576: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2562: 2559: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2548: 2547: 2539: 2536: 2532: 2522: 2519: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2473: 2466: 2461: 2449: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2429: 2422: 2405: 2399: 2395: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2367: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2353: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2339: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2315: 2311: 2308: 2302: 2301: 2297: 2294: 2291: 2288: 2287: 2283: 2280: 2277: 2274: 2273: 2266: 2258: 2245: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2230: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2219: 2213: 2208: 2205: 2204: 2198: 2196: 2184: 2181: 2180: 2179: 2172: 2165: 2158: 2148: 2143: 2127: 2124: 2117: 2110: 2109: 2108: 2105: 2098: 2091: 2075: 2068: 2061: 2054: 2047: 2026: 2017: 2014: 2011: 2008: 2007: 2001: 1995: 1992: 1989: 1988: 1975: 1972: 1969: 1968: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1951: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1931: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1914: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1897: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1886: 1879: 1876: 1873: 1872: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1861: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1847: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1836: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1822: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1811: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1797: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1786: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1772: 1767: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1732: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1712: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1684: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1664: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1638: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1618: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1592: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1572: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1546: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1526: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1500: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1454: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1440: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1415: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1395: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1376: 1373: 1370: 1369: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1349: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1323: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1300: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1274: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1260: 1253: 1250: 1247: 1241: 1238: 1235: 1234: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1221:Standby power 1215: 1212: 1209: 1208: 1201: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1183: 1182: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1160: 1159: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1143: 1140: 1134: 1133: 1129: 1126: 1123: 1120: 1117: 1111: 1110: 1103: 1100: 1097: 1094: 1090: 1084: 1081: 1075: 1074: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1050: 1049: 1042: 1039: 1036: 1033: 1030: 1024: 1023: 1019: 1016: 1013: 1007: 1004: 998: 997: 990: 987: 984: 978: 975: 969: 968: 964: 961: 958: 955: 950: 947: 944: 941: 940: 934: 932: 928: 924: 914: 900: 897: 893: 889: 886: 881: 879: 875: 849: 843: 840: 839: 831: 828: 825: 824: 820: 817: 814: 813: 809: 806: 805: 797: 794: 792: 788: 784: 779: 775: 767: 753: 750: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 715: 707: 703: 699: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 662: 659: 651: 641: 637: 633: 627: 626: 622: 617:This section 615: 611: 606: 605: 597: 595: 590: 588: 585: 581: 580:signal traces 577: 567: 565: 562: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 527: 523: 518: 509: 507: 506:bidirectional 501: 499: 498:Fibre Channel 495: 491: 488:or multiport 487: 483: 478: 476: 470: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 449: 445: 435: 428: 423: 413: 404: 402: 398: 394: 389: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 365: 363: 359: 354: 350: 346: 342: 341:host adapters 339: 335: 331: 330:capture cards 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 306:expansion bus 304: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 275: 272: 269: 266: 263: 260: 259: 256: 251: 243: 234: 228: 224: 219: 215: 209: 205: 200: 196: 192: 188: 182: 178: 175: 172: 168: 164: 161: 157: 153: 146: 139: 137:Width in bits 135: 129: 126: 124: 121: 119: 116: 115: 113: 109: 103: 100: 98: 95: 93: 90: 88: 85: 84: 82: 78: 64: 60: 53: 48: 43: 37: 33: 26: 22: 10182:Serial buses 9997:Power MOSFET 9980:Power supply 9949:Data storage 9885:Flash memory 9863:Optical disc 9845:data storage 9130: 9076:TURBOchannel 8866: 8789: 8770: 8751: 8739: 8727:. Retrieved 8723: 8714: 8702:. Retrieved 8698: 8688: 8676:. Retrieved 8667: 8657: 8645:. Retrieved 8630: 8618:. Retrieved 8614:the original 8604: 8594:14 September 8592:. Retrieved 8578: 8566:. Retrieved 8552: 8540:. Retrieved 8536:the original 8526: 8514:. Retrieved 8510:the original 8500: 8488:. Retrieved 8473: 8461:. Retrieved 8447: 8434: 8424: 8411: 8402: 8393: 8384: 8372:. Retrieved 8363: 8354: 8341: 8331: 8318: 8308: 8296:. Retrieved 8282: 8269: 8259: 8251: 8241: 8230:, retrieved 8220: 8214: 8203:, retrieved 8193: 8187: 8177:11 September 8175:. Retrieved 8171:the original 8166: 8157: 8147:11 September 8145:. Retrieved 8131: 8119:. Retrieved 8110: 8101: 8062:. Retrieved 8042: 8036: 8016: 8010: 7990: 7984: 7973: 7965: 7961: 7950: 7938:. Retrieved 7925: 7913:. Retrieved 7903: 7892: 7881: 7869:. Retrieved 7862:the original 7849: 7837:. Retrieved 7819: 7807:. Retrieved 7803: 7794: 7782:. Retrieved 7778: 7768: 7756:. Retrieved 7747: 7738: 7727: 7715:. Retrieved 7701: 7689:. Retrieved 7675: 7663:. Retrieved 7658: 7649: 7637:. Retrieved 7633: 7624: 7612:. Retrieved 7602: 7590:. Retrieved 7578: 7566:. Retrieved 7554: 7546:the original 7535: 7523:. Retrieved 7513: 7499: 7487:. Retrieved 7477: 7465:. Retrieved 7461: 7451: 7442: 7432: 7423: 7414: 7405: 7395: 7386: 7362:. Retrieved 7352: 7340:. Retrieved 7330: 7316: 7304:. Retrieved 7294: 7269: 7258: 7249: 7240: 7231: 7222: 7210:. Retrieved 7205: 7196: 7184:. Retrieved 7180: 7171: 7159:. Retrieved 7156:www.plda.com 7155: 7146: 7134:. Retrieved 7131:www.plda.com 7130: 7121: 7109:. Retrieved 7105: 7096: 7087: 7077: 7065:. Retrieved 7056: 7046: 7034:. Retrieved 7025: 7015: 7000: 6990:28 September 6988:. Retrieved 6984:the original 6979: 6970: 6959: 6951:the original 6946: 6937: 6925:. Retrieved 6896: 6885: 6873:. Retrieved 6864:Heise Online 6862: 6853: 6844: 6835: 6826: 6817: 6805:. Retrieved 6796: 6787: 6779:the original 6774: 6765: 6753:. Retrieved 6749:the original 6739: 6727:synopsys.com 6726: 6717: 6704: 6695: 6683:. Retrieved 6679:the original 6669: 6657:. Retrieved 6643: 6631:. Retrieved 6616: 6604:. Retrieved 6584: 6572:. Retrieved 6568:the original 6553: 6541:. Retrieved 6522: 6510:. Retrieved 6502:The Register 6501: 6491: 6479: 6470:. Retrieved 6463:the original 6446: 6432: 6426: 6414:. Retrieved 6410:the original 6396: 6384:. Retrieved 6375: 6366: 6354:. Retrieved 6350:the original 6345: 6319:. Retrieved 6315:the original 6310: 6301: 6285:The Register 6284: 6263: 6254: 6242:. Retrieved 6228: 6216:. Retrieved 6212: 6202: 6194:the original 6189: 6165:. Retrieved 6161:the original 6151: 6139:. Retrieved 6125: 6113:. Retrieved 6110:www.dell.com 6109: 6100: 6078: 6066:. Retrieved 6057: 6048: 6030: 6010: 6004: 5984: 5978: 5968:28 September 5966:. Retrieved 5957: 5948: 5934: 5926: 5917: 5903: 5891:. Retrieved 5887:the original 5876: 5869: 5865: 5858: 5854: 5847: 5843: 5831:. Retrieved 5808: 5804: 5784: 5777: 5770: 5766: 5754:. Retrieved 5744: 5732:. Retrieved 5725:the original 5712: 5700:. Retrieved 5693:the original 5680: 5666: 5658: 5638:. Retrieved 5634:the original 5629: 5620: 5612:rog.asus.com 5611: 5602: 5590:. Retrieved 5586:the original 5582:xfxforce.com 5581: 5572: 5560:. Retrieved 5557:bit-tech.net 5556: 5547: 5537:19 September 5535:. Retrieved 5531: 5521: 5510: 5500: 5477: 5467: 5458: 5449: 5436: 5427: 5415:. Retrieved 5411: 5406:Qazi, Atif. 5401: 5389:. Retrieved 5385:the original 5380: 5371: 5363: 5359: 5354: 5342:. Retrieved 5338:the original 5333: 5324: 5312:. Retrieved 5308:the original 5284: 5278: 5266:. Retrieved 5257: 5248: 5236:. Retrieved 5226: 5214:. Retrieved 5207:the original 5175: 5163:. Retrieved 5156:the original 5151: 5138: 5129: 5120: 5085: 5079: 5059: 5053: 5026: 5017: 4980:Root complex 4919: 4871: 4860: 4850: 4846: 4840:(MIPI), and 4819: 4775: 4755: 4743:SATA Express 4741: 4728: 4721: 4713:memory cards 4709:flash memory 4706: 4699:SATA Express 4672: 4668: 4660: 4652: 4633: 4621: 4589: 4585: 4578: 4521:Applications 4514: 4512: 4462: 4459: 4386: 4323:Transaction 4303: 4300: 4278: 4271: 4263: 4260: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4231: 4209: 4200: 4181: 4157: 4151: 4147: 4139: 4137: 4133: 4124: 4117: 4104: 4100: 4098: 4087: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4056: 3885: 3879: 3873: 3867: 3862: 3860: 3851: 3830: 3812: 3808: 3807: 3778: 3777: 3765: 3757: 3748: 3717: 3714: 3711: 3708: 3705: 3702: 3671: 3663: 3660: 3657: 3653: 3646: 3639: 3636: 3632: 3629: 3626: 3611: 3591: 3581: 3574: 3571: 3568: 3557: 3546: 3532: 3529: 3509: 3500: 3492: 3481: 3477: 3465: 3456: 3444: 3410: 3407: 3399: 3389: 3373: 3360: 3353: 3337: 3328: 3300:242.000 GB/s 3295:121.000 GB/s 3256:121.000 GB/s 2924: 2919: 2915: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2893: 2860: 2845: 2813:Universal IO 2752:with x2 PCIe 2724: 2715: 2708: 2691: 2687: 2686: 2677: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2655: 2646: 2631: 2627: 2609: 2596: 2553:USB 2.0 2545: 2528: 2520: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2478: 2434: 2403: 2398: 2284:Description 2278:Description 2211:on PS cable 2188: 2152: 2085: 1193:+3.3 V 965:Description 951:Description 920: 882: 878:cooling fans 864: 854:6.600 × 0.8 836:6.600 × 0.8 826:Half-Length 815:Full-Length 780: 776: 772: 756:Form factors 751: 711: 705: 669: 654: 645: 630:Please help 618: 591: 573: 553: 550:MSI or MSI-X 537: 534:interconnect 533: 531: 522:dual simplex 512:Interconnect 502: 479: 471: 463:root complex 441: 407:Architecture 390: 378:SATA Express 366: 295: 291: 287: 283: 282: 163:Dual simplex 62:Year created 36: 10096:Serial port 10087:(IEEE 1394) 10064:DisplayPort 10054:Thunderbolt 9927:Motherboard 9890:Memory card 9858:Floppy disk 9700:Touchscreen 9549:CoreConnect 9528:ExpressCard 9456:Thunderbolt 9446:Camera Link 9229:Bus and Tag 8915:Address bus 8910:Control bus 8905:Daisy chain 8639:. HPCwire. 8620:27 December 8586:. SATA-IO. 8560:. SATA-IO. 8374:12 February 7831:: Pinouts. 7661:. Penn Well 7592:16 February 7568:16 February 7525:16 February 7489:16 February 7456:Yanes, Al. 7364:12 November 7306:16 February 7302:. Intel.com 7186:12 December 6705:eteknix.com 6685:18 November 6659:5 September 6606:5 September 5958:hwtools.net 5532:TechPowerUp 5437:NVM Express 5412:PC Gear Lab 5314:23 November 5030:The card's 4810:Dolphin ICS 4778:data-center 4762:NVM Express 4640:Quadro Plex 4625:Thunderbolt 3809:Mobile PCIe 3798:Sony VAIO Z 3793:DisplayPort 3780:Thunderbolt 3517:Thunderbolt 3290:60.500 GB/s 3285:30.250 GB/s 3280:15.125 GB/s 3251:60.500 GB/s 3246:30.250 GB/s 3241:15.125 GB/s 3192:63.015 GB/s 3187:31.508 GB/s 3182:15.754 GB/s 3151:31.508 GB/s 3143:15.754 GB/s 3107:15.754 GB/s 2953:Throughput 2942:Introduced 2916:PCI Express 2870:DisplayPort 2866:Thunderbolt 2797:AdvancedTCA 2783:AdvancedTCA 2733:ExpressCard 2704:fiber optic 2619:MacBook Air 2612:Asus Eee PC 2326:+12 V 2320:+12 V 2312:+12 V 2298:+12 V 2292:+12 V 2235:45587-0004 2227:45558-0003 2224:45559-0002 2160:(6-pin) or 2077:, combined. 1925:Ground pin 1216:+3.3 V 1167:+3.3 V 1034:+12 V 931:pulled high 874:video cards 870: 2012 747:DisplayPort 684:timing skew 676:half-duplex 587:byte stream 584:full-duplex 467:full-duplex 374:ExpressCard 334:sound cards 322:motherboard 284:PCI Express 187:ExpressCard 140:1 per lane 40:PCI Express 10166:Categories 9843:Removable 9828:Sound card 9758:Sound chip 9753:Sound card 9743:Microphone 9633:components 9402:ACCESS.bus 9301:Peripheral 9101:InfiniBand 9096:HP GSC bus 8890:System bus 8784:, 1056 pp. 8765:, 1120 pp. 8724:pcisig.com 8647:7 December 8568:7 December 8542:7 December 8298:5 February 8139:. nVidia. 7968:Table 4-24 7940:7 December 7915:7 December 7839:7 December 7758:7 December 7717:23 October 7634:pcisig.com 7462:pcisig.com 7212:18 January 7181:pcisig.com 6775:pcisig.com 6755:7 December 6633:7 December 6625:. PC Mag. 6574:9 February 6512:9 February 6472:9 February 6416:7 December 6386:7 December 6346:pcisig.com 6311:pcisig.com 6167:7 December 6141:9 February 6068:26 October 5893:7 November 5833:4 December 5734:8 November 5702:8 November 5640:24 October 5391:7 December 5268:7 December 5046:References 4822:InfiniBand 4794:InfiniBand 4697:See also: 4689:RevoDrive 4664:XG Station 4602:(ATI) and 4448:0 to 4096 4372:0 to 4096 4040:89 mm 4037:2×71 = 142 4034:2×82 = 164 4020:56 mm 3992:39 mm 3961:25 mm 3805:standard. 3769:InfiniBand 3594:Tiger Lake 3271:128.0 GT/s 3267:(planned) 3236:7.563 GB/s 3217:242B/256B 3177:7.877 GB/s 3169:3.938 GB/s 3138:7.877 GB/s 3130:3.938 GB/s 3125:1.969 GB/s 3102:7.877 GB/s 3094:3.938 GB/s 3089:1.969 GB/s 3084:0.985 GB/s 3061:8.000 GB/s 3056:4.000 GB/s 3051:2.000 GB/s 3046:1.000 GB/s 3041:0.500 GB/s 3023:4.000 GB/s 3018:2.000 GB/s 3013:1.000 GB/s 3008:0.500 GB/s 2945:Line code 2803:FeaturePak 2787:CompactPCI 2763:SD Express 2492:Mini PCI-E 2443:(GPUs) to 2095:+3.3 2082:Slot power 2020:Sense pin 2000:Open drain 1945:Power pin 1262:Key notch 1095:port pins 1031:+12 V 1008:+12 V 1005:+12 V 976:+12 V 905:mm × 318.5 719:Serial ATA 648:March 2018 600:Serial bus 542:interrupts 151:of devices 111:Supersedes 80:Created by 10106:PS/2 port 10101:Game port 10014:Fax modem 9853:Disk pack 9705:Trackball 9668:Light pen 9363:Lightning 9313:Atari SIO 9188:SpaceWire 9021:Zorro III 8961:S-100 bus 8956:SS-50 bus 8949:Standards 8869:standards 8862:Technical 8803:, 325 pp. 8792:, Intel, 8773:, Intel, 8516:2 October 8490:2 October 8435:SlashGear 8364:The Verge 8342:AnandTech 8252:TweakTown 7691:29 August 7665:29 August 7467:6 October 7360:. AMD.com 7338:. AMD.com 7088:Anandtech 6875:18 August 6807:27 August 6595:. Intel. 6564:AnandTech 6533:AnandTech 5592:25 August 5562:26 August 5512:Eurogamer 5478:TechRadar 4910:Microsoft 4856:local bus 4634:In 2006, 4629:bit rates 4612:CrossFire 4445:12 or 16 4419:Sequence 4369:12 or 16 4340:Sequence 4196:scrambler 4169:128b/130b 3932:Variable 3926:Variable 3739:Gray code 3622:25.0 GT/s 3440:Intel P35 3224:64.0 GT/s 3164:32.0 GT/s 3120:16.0 GT/s 3074:128b/130b 2950:per lane 2756:CFexpress 2566:card for 2488:Mini PCIe 2169:300 2162:150 2102:9.9 2058:3.3 2049:The main 2031:Reserved 1764:Reserved 1729:HSIn(15) 1635:HSIn(14) 1543:HSIn(13) 1451:HSIn(12) 1366:HSIn(11) 1271:HSIn(10) 909:mm × 57.8 872:) gaming 680:bandwidth 619:does not 427:heat sink 195:CFexpress 10085:FireWire 10078:Obsolete 10044:Ethernet 9823:Speakers 9721:Keyboard 9695:Touchpad 9630:computer 9589:Category 9564:Wishbone 9537:Embedded 9516:Portable 9436:Profibus 9368:DMX512-A 9254:Parallel 9106:Ethernet 9016:Zorro II 8966:Multibus 8867:de facto 8729:27 March 8704:9 August 8678:31 March 8672:Archived 8641:Archived 8588:Archived 8562:Archived 8484:Archived 8457:Archived 8439:archived 8416:archived 8412:Engadget 8368:Archived 8346:archived 8323:archived 8292:Archived 8274:archived 8232:9 August 8226:archived 8205:9 August 8199:archived 8141:Archived 8115:Archived 8058:Archived 7833:Archived 7752:Archived 7748:PC World 7711:Archived 7685:Archived 7061:Archived 7030:Archived 6921:Archived 6869:Archived 6801:Archived 6797:EE Times 6731:Archived 6709:Archived 6653:Archived 6627:Archived 6597:Archived 6537:Archived 6506:Archived 6438:archived 6380:Archived 6376:TM World 6293:archived 6244:24 March 6238:Archived 6218:26 March 6135:Archived 6115:24 March 6092:Archived 6062:Archived 6060:(wiki). 6040:Archived 5962:Archived 5811:Page 332 5793:archived 5486:cite web 5441:Archived 5262:Archived 5038:is used. 4975:PCIe/104 4924:See also 4890:Facebook 4886:Dell EMC 4802:NUMAlink 4790:routable 4776:Certain 4724:XQD card 4719:(SSDs). 4494:Overhead 4425:Payload 4346:Payload 4286:Ethernet 4274:gigabaud 4190:a known 4160:embedded 4071:PCIe PHY 3896:IEEE 802 3884:, and a 3842:silicon. 3773:Ethernet 3549:Synopsys 3428:Gigabyte 3275:64.0 GBd 3079:8.0 GT/s 3036:5.0 GT/s 2939:Version 2850:support 2820:removed. 2746:XQD card 2504:Mini PCI 2155:75 2072:75 2065:25 2051:12 1996:HSIn(7) 1922:HSIn(6) 1869:HSIn(5) 1819:HSIn(4) 1780:Reserved 1748:Reserved 1720:HSIn(3) 1706:HSIp(15) 1678:HSOn(15) 1655:HSOp(15) 1626:HSIn(2) 1612:HSIp(14) 1586:HSOn(14) 1563:HSOp(14) 1534:HSIn(1) 1520:HSIp(13) 1494:HSOn(13) 1471:HSOp(13) 1462:Reserved 1434:HSIp(12) 1409:HSOn(12) 1403:HSIn(0) 1386:HSOp(12) 1343:HSIp(11) 1317:HSOn(11) 1291:HSOp(11) 1254:HSIp(10) 1228:HSOn(10) 1199:HSOp(10) 1179:HSIn(9) 1071:HSIn(8) 991:Reserved 885:Sapphire 850:2.731 × 832:4.376 × 731:FireWire 721:(SATA), 714:embedded 455:topology 448:parallel 358:hot-swap 353:Ethernet 303:computer 10134:Related 10037:Current 9878:Blu-ray 9816:Plotter 9811:Printer 9794:Monitor 9770:Softcam 9678:Optical 9569:SLIMbus 9523:PC Card 9507:TOSLINK 9197:Storage 9151:RapidIO 9031:FASTBUS 8986:STD Bus 8883:General 8121:14 July 8064:23 July 7809:28 June 7784:10 July 7639:3 April 7614:25 June 7161:28 June 7136:28 June 7067:10 June 7036:10 June 6486:Mbit/s. 6459:PCI-SIG 6433:PCI SIG 5756:10 June 5417:8 April 5344:12 June 5238:21 June 5216:15 July 5203:PCI-SIG 5112:7456382 4878:Alibaba 4826:RapidIO 4798:RapidIO 4655:ATI XGP 4571:-based 4569:Marvell 4486:Payload 4481:Payload 4422:Header 4343:Header 4063:PCIEPHY 4013:2×38 = 4006:2×49 = 3985:2×21 = 3978:2×32 = 3943:2×18 = 3918:Length 3649:Power10 3391:PCI-SIG 2912:PCI-SIG 2737:PC Card 2694:is the 2688:OCuLink 2673:PCI-SIG 2508:PCI-SIG 2388:Ground 2378:Ground 2372:Ground 2350:Ground 2344:Ground 2174:total ( 2088:3 1993:PRSNT2# 1976:HSIp(7) 1959:Ground 1956:HSOn(7) 1936:HSOp(7) 1911:Legend 1905:HSIp(6) 1894:Ground 1891:HSOn(6) 1877:HSOp(6) 1855:HSIp(5) 1844:Ground 1841:HSOn(5) 1827:HSOp(5) 1805:HSIp(4) 1794:Ground 1791:HSOn(4) 1777:HSOp(4) 1737:PRSNT2# 1726:PRSNT2# 1717:PWRBRK# 1692:HSIp(3) 1681:Ground 1672:Ground 1669:HSOn(3) 1643:HSOp(3) 1600:HSIp(2) 1589:Ground 1580:Ground 1577:HSOn(2) 1551:HSOp(2) 1508:HSIp(1) 1497:Ground 1488:Ground 1485:HSOn(1) 1459:HSOp(1) 1412:Ground 1400:PRSNT2# 1377:HSIp(0) 1357:Ground 1354:HSOn(0) 1331:REFCLK− 1328:HSOp(0) 1320:Ground 1308:REFCLK+ 1279:CLKREQ# 1231:Ground 1153:HSIp(9) 1130:Ground 1127:HSOn(9) 1101:HSOp(9) 1043:HSIp(8) 1020:Ground 1017:HSOn(8) 988:HSOp(8) 979:PRSNT1# 735:RapidIO 729:(SAS), 682:due to 640:removed 625:sources 438:common. 393:PCI-SIG 226:Website 214:OCuLink 191:OCuLink 70: ( 9992:MOSFET 9932:Memory 9799:Screen 9765:Webcam 9628:Basic 9502:S/PDIF 9393:1-Wire 9358:RS-485 9353:RS-423 9348:RS-422 9343:RS-232 9204:ST-506 9161:NVLink 9011:STEbus 8971:Unibus 8796: 8777: 8758: 8463:18 May 8111:Nvidia 8050: 8024: 7998: 7871:21 May 7342:23 May 7111:7 June 6927:8 June 6543:21 May 6484: 6321:18 May 6213:Medium 6018: 5992: 5110: 5100: 5067: 4987:(SDVO) 4949:(ASPM) 4902:Huawei 4894:Google 4842:NVLink 4836:, the 4636:Nvidia 4604:Nvidia 4542:Nvidia 4416:Start 4396:Layer 4337:Start 4314:Layer 4194:as a " 4188:XORing 4144:deskew 3929:Total 3923:Total 3912:Lanes 3813:M-PCIe 3698: 3694: 3678: 3674: 3618: 3614: 3564:POWER9 3542: 3538: 3527:GB/s. 3525: 3521: 3395: 3228:32.0 G 3000:0.250 2987:8b/10b 2830:M-PCIe 2807: 2700:copper 2614:, the 2535:Boards 2498:, and 2404:Sense1 2358:Sense 2232:8-pin 2221:6-pin 2195:EPS12V 2130: 2120: 2113: 2015:Ground 2012:Ground 1973:Ground 1939:Ground 1919:Ground 1902:Ground 1880:Ground 1866:Ground 1852:Ground 1830:Ground 1816:Ground 1802:Ground 1761:Ground 1751:Ground 1740:Ground 1703:Ground 1689:Ground 1658:Ground 1646:Ground 1632:Ground 1623:Ground 1609:Ground 1597:Ground 1566:Ground 1554:Ground 1540:Ground 1531:Ground 1517:Ground 1505:Ground 1474:Ground 1448:Ground 1431:Ground 1423:Ground 1420:Ground 1389:Ground 1374:Ground 1363:Ground 1340:Ground 1305:Ground 1294:Ground 1282:Ground 1268:Ground 1251:Ground 1242:PERST# 1202:Ground 1176:Ground 1150:Ground 1141:Ground 1104:Ground 1068:Ground 1060:Ground 1057:Ground 1040:Ground 962:Side A 959:Side B 948:Side A 945:Side B 917:Pinout 911: 907: 903: 745:, and 558:802.11 528:pairs. 459:serial 444:serial 370:laptop 351:, and 300:serial 231:pcisig 212:(with 185:(with 174:Serial 10111:eSATA 10029:Ports 9714:Other 9673:Mouse 9497:McASP 9465:Audio 9410:SMBus 9406:PMBus 9388:UNI/O 9328:HP-IL 9281:SATAe 9266:ESCON 9239:HIPPI 9071:NuBus 9026:CAMAC 8996:Q-Bus 8991:SMBus 8976:VAXBI 8873:wired 8163:"XGP" 8093:(PDF) 7934:(PDF) 7865:(PDF) 7858:(PDF) 7587:(PDF) 7563:(PDF) 6600:(PDF) 6593:(PDF) 6466:(PDF) 6455:(PDF) 6356:1 May 6266:, EDN 6088:Intel 5828:(PDF) 5796:(PDF) 5789:(PDF) 5728:(PDF) 5721:(PDF) 5696:(PDF) 5689:(PDF) 5210:(PDF) 5165:8 May 5159:(PDF) 5148:(PDF) 5130:PCMag 5108:S2CID 5009:Notes 5003:(CXL) 4964:PCI-X 4955:(PCI) 4906:Intel 4882:Cisco 4863:Gen-Z 4800:, or 4648:VHDCI 4553:Intel 4431:LCRC 4428:ECRC 4413:Data 4352:LCRC 4349:ECRC 4334:Data 4105:lanes 4069:, or 3915:Pins 3863:lanes 3821:M-PHY 3789:Apple 3785:Intel 3719:PAM-4 3587:Zen 2 3436:MCP72 3412:Intel 3308:Notes 3215:1b/1b 3206:PAM-4 3201:2022 3160:2019 3116:2017 3070:2010 3032:2007 2978:2003 2914:name 2906:(for 2898:(for 2878:USB-C 2834:M-PHY 2711:USB 4 2669:ePCIe 2667:, or 2616:Apple 2599:mSATA 2572:WCDMA 2558:Wi-Fi 2496:mPCIe 2206:Pins 2041:Power 1239:WAKE# 1190:TRST# 1118:SMDAT 1089:SMBus 1082:SMCLK 810:(in) 807:(mm) 594:below 561:Wi-Fi 554:lanes 482:lanes 395:(PCI 349:Wi-Fi 314:PCI-X 296:PCI-e 170:Style 159:Speed 123:PCI-X 87:Intel 21:PCI-X 10069:HDMI 9985:SMPS 9973:SSHD 9967:NVMe 9963:SATA 9942:BIOS 9554:AMBA 9492:MADI 9477:AES3 9338:MIDI 9291:NVMe 9287:AHCI 9249:SCSI 9234:DSSI 9209:ESDI 9086:SBus 9046:EISA 8981:MBus 8871:for 8864:and 8820:PCIe 8794:ISBN 8775:ISBN 8756:ISBN 8731:2019 8706:2019 8680:2017 8649:2012 8622:2012 8596:2013 8570:2012 8544:2012 8518:2013 8492:2013 8465:2014 8376:2012 8300:2014 8234:2015 8207:2015 8179:2010 8149:2010 8123:2018 8066:2009 8048:ISBN 8022:ISBN 7996:ISBN 7942:2007 7917:2007 7873:2008 7841:2009 7811:2018 7786:2014 7760:2012 7719:2015 7693:2012 7667:2012 7641:2024 7616:2022 7594:2022 7570:2022 7527:2022 7491:2022 7469:2021 7366:2022 7344:2022 7308:2022 7214:2019 7188:2018 7163:2018 7138:2018 7113:2017 7069:2019 7038:2019 6992:2018 6929:2017 6877:2016 6809:2016 6757:2012 6687:2010 6661:2007 6635:2012 6608:2007 6576:2007 6545:2007 6514:2007 6474:2007 6418:2012 6388:2012 6358:2014 6323:2014 6246:2014 6220:2021 6169:2012 6143:2007 6117:2020 6070:2009 6016:ISBN 5990:ISBN 5970:2014 5895:2015 5835:2020 5758:2022 5736:2018 5704:2018 5642:2011 5594:2019 5564:2019 5539:2024 5492:link 5419:2020 5393:2009 5346:2010 5316:2008 5270:2009 5240:2021 5218:2014 5167:2012 5098:ISBN 5065:ISBN 4996:UCIe 4908:and 4758:AHCI 4722:The 4715:and 4703:NVMe 4701:and 4644:GPUs 4540:The 4530:Asus 4463:The 4399:PHY 4355:End 4329:PHY 4317:PHY 4221:and 4120:BIOS 4101:link 4094:Gbit 4083:ASIC 3954:7 = 3878:, a 3803:USB4 3787:and 3752:PAM4 3577:NVMe 3424:Asus 3420:Abit 3265:2025 3262:7.0 3219:FLIT 3198:6.0 3157:5.0 3113:4.0 3067:3.0 3029:2.0 3002:GB/s 2994:GT/s 2992:2.5 2975:1.0 2970:x16 2904:3GIO 2884:USB4 2698:for 2604:WWAN 2570:and 2465:WLAN 2435:The 1170:TMS 1144:TDO 1121:TDI 1093:JTAG 1091:and 896:Asus 791:FHHL 787:HHHL 743:HDMI 696:word 623:any 621:cite 570:Lane 564:card 546:INTx 538:link 345:SSDs 316:and 292:PCIe 233:.com 210:Yes 183:Yes 92:Dell 72:2003 65:2003 56:Logo 32:EPCI 25:UCIe 10121:VGA 10116:DVI 10049:USB 10002:VRM 9959:SSD 9954:HDD 9937:RAM 9873:DVD 9736:GPU 9558:AXI 9487:I²S 9441:USB 9426:D²B 9421:SPI 9416:I3C 9398:I²C 9333:HIL 9318:DCB 9289:or 9276:SSA 9259:SAS 9219:SMD 9214:IPI 9136:AGP 9126:PXI 9116:PCI 9111:UPA 9091:VLB 9081:MCA 9066:VPX 9061:VXS 9056:VXI 9051:VME 9036:LPC 9006:ISA 8167:ATI 6058:ivc 5090:doi 4898:HPE 4747:M.2 4736:SAS 4691:SSD 4687:OCZ 4685:An 4600:AMD 4592:AGP 4557:NIC 4515:all 4284:or 4282:USB 4223:NAK 4219:ACK 4059:PHY 4031:x16 3819:'s 3771:or 3583:AMD 3560:IBM 3473:PLL 3416:X38 3211:FEC 2982:NRZ 2967:x8 2964:x4 2961:x2 2958:x1 2896:HSI 2840:U.2 2824:M.2 2793:AMC 2777:PMC 2773:CMC 2769:XMC 2643:M.2 2623:SSD 2568:GSM 2564:SIM 2516:M.2 2512:USB 2500:PEM 2281:Pin 2275:Pin 2178:). 2093:at 2009:49 1990:48 1970:47 1953:46 1933:45 1916:44 1899:43 1888:42 1874:41 1863:40 1849:39 1838:38 1824:37 1813:36 1799:35 1788:34 1774:33 1758:32 1745:82 1734:31 1723:81 1714:30 1700:80 1686:29 1675:79 1666:28 1652:78 1640:27 1629:77 1620:26 1606:76 1594:25 1583:75 1574:24 1560:74 1548:23 1537:73 1528:22 1514:72 1502:21 1491:71 1482:20 1468:70 1456:19 1445:69 1428:68 1417:18 1406:67 1397:17 1383:66 1371:16 1360:65 1351:15 1337:64 1325:14 1314:63 1302:13 1288:62 1276:12 1265:61 1248:60 1236:11 1225:59 1210:10 1196:58 1173:57 1147:56 1124:55 1098:54 1085:TCK 1065:53 1037:52 1014:51 985:50 956:Pin 942:Pin 892:XFX 739:DVI 723:USB 672:bus 634:by 536:or 496:or 494:SAS 451:bus 386:M.2 382:U.2 318:AGP 310:PCI 294:or 216:or 199:U.2 197:or 149:No. 128:AGP 118:PCI 102:IBM 23:or 10168:: 9965:/ 9868:CD 9408:, 9404:, 8722:. 8697:. 8670:. 8666:. 8437:, 8433:, 8410:, 8392:, 8362:. 8344:, 8340:, 8321:, 8317:, 8268:, 8250:, 8165:. 8109:. 8074:^ 8056:. 7829:RU 7827:. 7802:. 7777:. 7746:. 7709:. 7657:. 7632:. 7460:. 7441:. 7422:. 7404:. 7385:. 7374:^ 7280:^ 7248:. 7230:. 7204:. 7179:. 7154:. 7129:. 7104:. 7086:. 7059:. 7055:. 7028:. 7024:. 6978:. 6945:. 6907:^ 6861:. 6843:. 6825:. 6795:. 6773:. 6729:. 6725:. 6703:. 6562:. 6535:. 6531:. 6504:. 6500:. 6436:, 6406:SE 6404:. 6378:. 6374:. 6344:. 6331:^ 6309:. 6289:UK 6287:, 6283:, 6272:^ 6262:, 6211:. 6188:. 6177:^ 6133:. 6108:. 6090:. 6086:. 6056:. 5956:. 5816:^ 5650:^ 5628:. 5610:. 5580:. 5555:. 5530:. 5509:. 5488:}} 5484:{{ 5476:. 5457:. 5435:. 5410:. 5379:. 5332:. 5293:^ 5256:. 5201:. 5187:^ 5150:. 5128:. 5106:. 5096:. 4912:. 4904:, 4900:, 4896:, 4892:, 4888:, 4884:, 4880:, 4832:, 4828:, 4824:, 4796:, 4768:. 4567:A 4454:4 4442:2 4439:4 4381:1 4378:4 4366:2 4363:1 4179:. 4065:, 4061:, 4017:76 4010:98 4003:x8 3989:42 3982:64 3975:x4 3958:14 3950:2× 3947:36 3940:x1 3566:. 3426:, 3422:, 3316:^ 3230:Bd 2692:Cu 2663:, 2494:, 2490:, 2486:, 2463:A 1187:9 1164:8 1138:7 1115:6 1079:5 1054:4 1028:3 1002:2 973:1 867:c. 749:. 741:, 725:, 596:. 548:, 508:. 388:. 380:, 364:. 347:, 343:, 336:, 332:, 328:, 312:, 193:, 189:, 97:HP 9969:) 9961:( 9621:e 9614:t 9607:v 9560:) 9556:( 9412:) 9400:( 8854:e 8847:t 8840:v 8733:. 8708:. 8682:. 8651:. 8624:. 8598:. 8572:. 8546:. 8520:. 8494:. 8467:. 8378:. 8302:. 8181:. 8151:. 8125:. 8068:. 8030:. 8004:. 7944:. 7919:. 7875:. 7843:. 7813:. 7788:. 7762:. 7721:. 7695:. 7669:. 7643:. 7618:. 7596:. 7572:. 7529:. 7507:. 7493:. 7471:. 7445:. 7426:. 7408:. 7368:. 7346:. 7324:. 7310:. 7216:. 7190:. 7165:. 7140:. 7115:. 7090:. 7071:. 7040:. 7009:. 6994:. 6931:. 6879:. 6847:. 6829:. 6811:. 6759:. 6689:. 6663:. 6637:. 6610:. 6578:. 6547:. 6516:. 6476:. 6420:. 6390:. 6360:. 6325:. 6248:. 6222:. 6171:. 6145:. 6119:. 6072:. 6024:. 5998:. 5972:. 5897:. 5837:. 5760:. 5738:. 5706:. 5674:. 5644:. 5614:. 5596:. 5566:. 5541:. 5515:. 5494:) 5480:. 5421:. 5395:. 5348:. 5318:. 5272:. 5242:. 5220:. 5169:. 5132:. 5114:. 5092:: 5073:. 4490:+ 4476:= 4148:n 4029:0 4015:0 4008:0 4001:0 3987:0 3980:0 3973:0 3965:0 3956:0 3952:0 3945:0 3938:0 3175:0 3149:0 3136:0 3100:0 2775:/ 2423:. 2385:8 2375:7 2369:6 2361:6 2355:5 2347:5 2341:4 2333:4 2323:3 2317:3 2309:2 2303:2 2295:1 2289:1 2171:W 2164:W 2157:W 2104:W 2100:( 2097:V 2090:A 2074:W 2067:W 2060:V 2053:V 1185:0 1162:0 1136:0 1113:0 1077:0 1052:0 1026:0 1000:0 971:0 852:0 845:0 834:0 661:) 655:( 650:) 646:( 642:. 628:. 544:( 286:( 220:) 201:) 74:) 34:. 27:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index