56:
2342:
6470:
6444:
2478:
7007:
1560:
6419:
6458:
36:
775:
of the acid. Next, with his collaborators, Dr. Clark developed accurate methods for measuring hydrogen-ion concentration. These methods replaced the inaccurate titration method of determining the acid content in use in biologic laboratories throughout the world. Also they were found to be applicable in many industrial and other processes in which they came into wide usage.
4666:
4679:
in the three unknowns, , and . Because the equations are non-linear and their concentrations may range over many powers of 10, the solution of these equations is not straightforward. However, many computer programs are available which can be used to perform these calculations. There may be more than
3341:
However, self-ionization of water must also be considered when concentrations of a strong acid or base is very low or high. For instance, a 5Ă10M solution of HCl would be expected to have a pH of 7.3 based on the above procedure, which is incorrect as it is acidic and should have a pH of less than 7.
2468:
In Europe, topsoil pH is influenced by soil parent material, erosional effects, climate and vegetation. A recent map of topsoil pH in Europe shows the alkaline soils in
Mediterranean, Hungary, East Romania, North France. Scandinavian countries, Portugal, Poland and North Germany have more acid soils.
3346:
substance. By accounting for the self-ionization of water, the true pH of the solution can be calculated. For example, a 5Ă10M solution of HCl would have a pH of 6.89 when treated as a mixture of HCl and water. The self-ionization equilibrium of solutions of sodium hydroxide at higher concentrations
3329:
are compounds that are essentially fully dissociated in water. This means that in an acidic solution, the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) can be considered equal to the concentration of the acid. Similarly, in a basic solution, the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-) can be considered equal to
1486:
recommendations. When more than two buffer solutions are used the electrode is calibrated by fitting observed pH values to a straight line with respect to standard buffer values. Commercial standard buffer solutions usually come with information on the value at 25 °C and a correction factor to
774:
In these studies Dr. Clark's attention was directed to the effect of acid on the growth of bacteria. He found that it is the intensity of the acid in terms of hydrogen-ion concentration that affects their growth. But existing methods of measuring acidity determined the quantity, not the intensity,
1905:
is a mixture of several indicators that can provide a continuous color change over a range of pH values, typically from about pH 2 to pH 10. Universal indicator paper is made from absorbent paper that has been impregnated with universal indicator. An alternative method of measuring pH is using an
3178:
is used to determine the concentration of all chemical species present in the solution. The complexity of the procedure depends on the nature of the solution. Strong acids and bases are compounds that are almost completely dissociated in water, which simplifies the calculation. However, for weak
2159:
theory. This scale is applicable to liquids, gases, and even solids. The advantages of the unified absolute pH scale include consistency, accuracy, and applicability to a wide range of sample types. It is precise and versatile because it serves as a common reference standard for pH measurements.
2154:
In 2010, a new approach to measuring pH was proposed, called the "unified absolute pH scale". This approach allows for a common reference standard to be used across different solutions, regardless of their pH range. The unified absolute pH scale is based on the absolute chemical potential of the
1536:
a solution of known concentration of a strong acid with a solution of known concentration of strong base in the presence of a relatively high concentration of background electrolyte. By knowing the concentrations of the acid and base, the concentration of hydrogen ions can be calculated and the
2885:
However, the advantage of considering this additional complexity is dependent upon the abundance of fluoride in the medium. In seawater, for instance, sulfate ions occur at much greater concentrations (>400 times) than those of fluoride. As a consequence, for most practical purposes, the
1892:
pH can be measured using indicators, which change color depending on the pH of the solution they are in. By comparing the color of a test solution to a standard color chart, the pH can be estimated to the nearest whole number. For more precise measurements, the color can be measured using a
769:
and colleagues, including herself, with developing pH measuring methods in the 1910s, which had a wide influence on laboratory and industrial use thereafter. In her memoir, she does not mention how much, or how little, Clark and colleagues knew about Sørensen's work a few years prior. She
3330:
the concentration of the base. The pH of a solution is defined as the negative logarithm of the concentration of H+, and the pOH is defined as the negative logarithm of the concentration of OH-. For example, the pH of a 0.01M solution of hydrochloric acid (HCl) is equal to 2 (pH = âlog
1211:
4283:
3975:
For alkaline solutions, an additional term is added to the mass-balance equation for hydrogen. Since the addition of hydroxide reduces the hydrogen ion concentration, and the hydroxide ion concentration is constrained by the self-ionization equilibrium to be equal to
1571:. By definition, pOH is the negative logarithm (to the base 10) of the hydroxide ion concentration (mol/L). pOH values can be derived from pH measurements and vice-versa. The concentration of hydroxide ions in water is related to the concentration of hydrogen ions by
3591:. In some texts, one mass balance equation is replaced by an equation of charge balance. This is satisfactory for simple cases like this one, but is more difficult to apply to more complicated cases as those below. Together with the equation defining K
2047:
943:
3453:
and its value is assumed to have been determined by experiment. This being so, there are three unknown concentrations, , and to determine by calculation. Two additional equations are needed. One way to provide them is to apply the law of
1548:) should be calibrated in a medium similar to the one being investigated. For instance, if one wishes to measure the pH of a seawater sample, the electrode should be calibrated in a solution resembling seawater in its chemical composition.
2227:
Neutrality is not exactly 7 at 25°C, but 7 serves as a good approximation in most cases. Neutrality occurs when the concentration of hydrogen ions () equals the concentration of hydroxide ions (), or when their activities are equal. Since
2120:. Therefore, pH values on the different scales cannot be compared directly because of differences in the solvated proton ions, such as lyonium ions, which require an intersolvent scale which involves the transfer activity coefficient of
541:
4671:
There are no approximations involved in these equations, except that each stability constant is defined as a quotient of concentrations, not activities. Much more complicated expressions are required if activities are to be used.
1399:
712:
in much the same way elsewhere in the paper, and he might have arbitrarily labelled the test solution "p" and the reference solution "q"; these letters are often paired. Some literature sources suggest that "pH" stands for the
565:). The neutral value of the pH depends on the temperature and is lower than 7 if the temperature increases above 25 °C. The pH range is commonly given as zero to 14, but a pH value can be less than 0 for very concentrated
1481:
is adjusted to be equal to the standard buffer's value. The reading from a second standard buffer solution is then adjusted using the "slope" control to be equal to the pH for that solution. Further details, are given in the
2650:. In practical terms, the three seawater pH scales differ in their pH values up to 0.10, differences that are much larger than the accuracy of pH measurements typically required, in particular, in relation to the ocean's
561:), solutions with a pH less than 7 are acidic, and solutions with a pH greater than 7 are basic. Solutions with a pH of 7 at 25 °C are neutral (i.e. have the same concentration of H ions as OH ions, i.e. the same as
1477:). Two or more buffer solutions are used in order to accommodate the fact that the "slope" may differ slightly from ideal. To calibrate the electrode, it is first immersed in a standard solution, and the reading on a
4661:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}C_{\ce {A}}&=+\Sigma p\beta _{pqr}^{p}^{q}^{r}\\C_{\ce {B}}&=+\Sigma q\beta _{pqr}^{p}^{q}^{r}\\C_{\ce {H}}&=+\Sigma r\beta _{pqr}^{p}^{q}^{r}-K_{w}^{-1}\end{aligned}}}
2184:
of concentrated solutions can affect the electrode potentials. At high pH the glass electrode may be affected by "alkaline error", because the electrode becomes sensitive to the concentration of cations such as
1048:
2262:
produces equal numbers of both ions. However the pH of the neutral NaCl solution will be slightly different from that of neutral pure water because the hydrogen and hydroxide ions' activity is dependent on
55:
1720:
3970:
3893:
1025:
708:, which were the languages in which Sørensen published: Carlsberg Laboratory was French-speaking; German was the dominant language of scientific publishing; Sørensen was Danish. He also used the letter
4113:
4288:
3795:
3448:
2970:, typically have a pH below 4.6 with sharp and tangy taste, while basic foods tastes bitter or soapy. Maintaining the appropriate pH in foods is essential for preventing the growth of harmful
3582:
3520:
6154:
1513:
This was the original definition of Sørensen in 1909, which was superseded in favor of pH in 1924. is the concentration of hydrogen ions, denoted in modern chemistry. More correctly, the
2685:(â0.1) compared to that of seawater (â0.7), and, as a consequence, are not recommended for use in characterizing the pH of seawater, since the ionic strength differences cause changes in
2102:
1267:(e.m.f.) between a reference electrode and an electrode sensitive to the hydrogen ion activity when they are both immersed in the same aqueous solution. The reference electrode may be a
1646:
4272:
4025:
1456:
2658:
is significantly different from both the total and seawater scales. Because of the relative unimportance of the fluoride ion, the total and seawater scales differ only very slightly.
3696:
640:", with H⢠as a subscript to the lowercase p. The concept was later revised in 1924 to the modern pH to accommodate definitions and measurements in terms of electrochemical cells.
1939:
4139:, the following general method can be used to calculate the pH of a solution. For example, with three reagents, each equilibrium is characterized by an equilibrium constant, β.
1551:
The difference between p and pH is quite small, and it has been stated that pH = p + 0.04. However, it is common practice to use the term "pH" for both types of measurement.
832:
3301:
2224:, at the same concentration, has a pH of 14. Since pH is a logarithmic scale, a difference of one in pH is equivalent to a tenfold difference in hydrogen ion concentration.
5304:
5696:
1532:
It is possible to measure the concentration of hydrogen ions directly using an electrode calibrated in terms of hydrogen ion concentrations. One common method is to
6004:
6323:
5745:
Ballabio, Cristiano; Lugato, Emanuele; FernĂĄndez-Ugalde, Oihane; Orgiazzi, Alberto; Jones, Arwyn; Borrelli, Pasquale; Montanarella, Luca; Panagos, Panos (2019).
427:
2693:
was developed. This new series resolves the problem of ionic strength differences between samples and the buffers, and the new pH scale is referred to as the
3139:, defined by blood pH below 7.35, is the most common disorder of acidâbase homeostasis and occurs when there is an excess of acid in the body. In contrast,
5527:
1313:
668:
Sørensen did not explain why he used the letter p, and the exact meaning of the letter is still disputed. Sørensen described a way of measuring pH using
5417:
3175:
6366:
5522:
5490:
6176:
4930:â˘) einer LĂśsungwird dann der Briggsche Logarithmus des reziproken Wertes des auf Wasserstoffionenbezagenen Normalitäts faktors de LĂśsungverstanden.
6590:
6300:
4773:
3607:, the concentration of the acid, so = . After some further algebraic manipulation an equation in the hydrogen ion concentration may be obtained.
6055:
Akdas, Zelal; Bakkalbasi, Emre (2017). "Influence of different cooking methods on color, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant activity of kale".
1404:
The difference between the two measured electromotive force values is proportional to pH. This method of calibration avoids the need to know the
3376:
First, an acid dissociation constant is defined as follows. Electrical charges are omitted from subsequent equations for the sake of generality
5326:
2678:
1465:
is used instead of the cumbersome hydrogen electrode. A combined glass electrode has an in-built reference electrode. It is calibrated against
4127:
acids, are amenable to spreadsheet calculations. With three or more reagents or when many complexes are formed with general formulae such as A
1206:{\displaystyle E=E^{0}+{\frac {RT}{F}}\ln(a_{{\ce {H+}}})=E^{0}-{\frac {RT\ln {10}}{F}}{\ce {pH}}\approx E^{0}-{\frac {2.303RT}{F}}{\ce {pH}}}
5719:
5165:
1725:
So, at room temperature, pOH â 14 â pH. However this relationship is not strictly valid in other circumstances, such as in measurements of
5371:
4870:
6530:
6233:
3193:
Water itself is a weak acid and a weak base, so its dissociation must be taken into account at high pH and low solute concentration (see
7052:
5229:
3709:
which can also be used to calculate the pH when some additional (strong) acid or alkaline has been added to the system, that is, when C
2254:
is approximately 14 but depends on ionic strength and temperature, and so the pH of neutrality does also. Pure water and a solution of
5649:"Negative pH, efflorescent mineralogy, and consequences for environmental restoration at the Iron Mountain Superfund site, California"
5265:
248:
189:
6896:
1252:, the number of electrons transferred is one. The electrode potential is proportional to pH when pH is defined in terms of activity.
580:
to a set of standard solutions whose pH is established by international agreement. Primary pH standard values are determined using a
309:
1672:
589:
3900:
3802:
2587:
6126:
1918:
pH values can be measured in non-aqueous solutions, but they are based on a different scale from aqueous pH values, because the
958:
6610:
4681:
2582:(meaning a drop in pH value): Between 1950 and 2020, the average pH of the ocean surface fell from approximately 8.15 to 8.05.
2350:
5296:
6605:
6397:
4988:
2168:
The measurement of pH can become difficult at extremely acidic or alkaline conditions, such as below pH 2.5 (ca. 0.003
6502:
5648:
4906:
4033:
2345:
Nutritional elements availability within soil varies with pH. Light blue color represents the ideal range for most plants.
3735:
3382:
2160:
However, implementation efforts, compatibility with existing data, complexity, and potential costs are some challenges.
6891:
788:
7047:
6761:
6227:
6140:
5880:
5631:
5536:
5475:
5133:
2176:
in such conditions when using a glass electrode. There are several factors that contribute to this problem. Firstly,
356:
3526:
3464:
7032:
5552:
Himmel, Daniel; Goll, Sascha K.; Leito, Ivo; Krossing, Ingo (16 August 2010). "A Unified pH Scale for All Phases".
5439:
Rossotti, F.J.C.; Rossotti, H. (1965). "Potentiometric titrations solution containing the background electrolyte".
6322:
Morriss Jr, F. H.; Brewer, E. D.; Spedale, S. B.; Riddle, L.; Temple, D. M.; Caprioli, R. M.; West, M. S. (1986).
795:, which wanted a better method for quickly testing the pH of lemons they were picking from their nearby orchards.
6851:
6821:
6791:
3314:. This equilibrium needs to be taken into account at high pH and when the solute concentration is extremely low.
3146:
Blood pH is usually slightly basic, with a pH of 7.365, referred to as physiological pH in biology and medicine.
2066:
6565:
7037:
1577:
1415:
4145:
3979:
948:
For example, for a solution with a hydrogen ion activity of 5Ă10 (i.e., the concentration of hydrogen ions in
7042:
6841:
6665:
6625:
5413:
4680:
three reagents. The calculation of hydrogen ion concentrations, using this approach, is a key element in the
2042:{\displaystyle a_{{\ce {H+}}}=\exp \left({\frac {\mu _{{\ce {H+}}}-\mu _{{\ce {H+}}}^{\ominus }}{RT}}\right)}
1910:, which directly measures the voltage difference between a pH-sensitive electrode and a reference electrode.
792:
302:
3613:
3705:
gives the hydrogen ion concentration and hence p or, more loosely, pH. This procedure is illustrated in an
3131:, cellular compartments, and organs is tightly regulated to maintain a state of acid-base balance known as
2686:
2674:
1405:
6362:
6083:
6766:
5113:
3163:
1537:
measured potential can be correlated with concentrations. The calibration is usually carried out using a
1276:
1272:
938:{\displaystyle {\ce {pH}}=-\log _{10}(a_{{\ce {H+}}})=\log _{10}\left({\frac {1}{a_{{\ce {H+}}}}}\right)}
5806:"Ocean acidification in emission-driven temperature stabilization scenarios: the role of TCRE and non-CO
2172:/dm acid) or above pH 10.5 (above ca. 0.0003 mol/dm alkaline). This is due to the breakdown of the
1293:
Firstly, the cell is filled with a solution of known hydrogen ion activity and the electromotive force,
7057:
6906:
6673:
6324:"Relationship of human milk pH during course of lactation to concentrations of citrate and fatty acids"
6256:
6030:
4742:
3220:
743:
397:
2986:, which is responsible for the browning of food during cooking, impacting both flavor and appearance.
6678:
5394:(4 ed.). Research Triangle Park, NC: International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).
4922:
3132:
2177:
2117:
1268:
593:
80:
5927:
Dickson, A. G. (1984). "pH scales and proton-transfer reactions in saline media such as sea water".
5540:
1541:. This procedure makes the activity of hydrogen ions equal to the numerical value of concentration.
6595:
6495:
6132:
4685:
3588:
3238:
3198:
2583:
2259:
2229:
2132:
1659:
661:
577:
295:
145:
130:
125:
5325:
Quantities and units â Part 8: Physical chemistry and molecular physics, Annex C (normative): pH.
4892:"Ăber die Messung und die Bedeutung der Wasserstoffionenkonzentration bei enzymatischen Prozessen"
6866:
6806:
6733:
6575:
5723:
5341:"Definitions of pH scales, standard reference values, measurement of pH, and related terminology"
4840:"Definitions of pH scales, standard reference values, measurement of pH, and related terminology"
3342:
In such cases, the system can be treated as a mixture of the acid or base and water, which is an
1894:
1545:
1031:
766:
150:
1563:
Relation between pH and pOH. Red represents the acidic region. Blue represents the basic region.
570:
268:
6723:
6718:
6683:
6462:
5747:"Mapping LUCAS topsoil chemical properties at European scale using Gaussian process regression"
5340:
4839:
3334:(0.01)), while the pOH of a 0.01M solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is equal to 2 (pOH = âlog
2662:
2651:
2537:
1514:
1491:
784:
750:
H ion concentration", while pOH is "the negative decimal logarithm of OH- ion concentration".
414:
75:
5963:
692:, all meaning "power", or it could mean "potential". All of these words start with the letter
6190:
5225:
5112:
Lian, Ying; Zhang, Wei; Ding, Longjiang; Zhang, Xiaoai; Zhang, Yinglu; Wang, Xu-dong (2019).
4676:
3187:
2647:
2193:
in the solution. To overcome these problems, specially constructed electrodes are available.
2156:
754:
547:
278:
253:
194:
160:
120:
110:
6474:
6428:
5240:
6932:
6743:
6257:"Natural skin surface pH is on average below 5, which is beneficial for its resident flora"
5936:
5901:
5821:
5758:
5660:
5273:
5045:
4956:
4807:
4757:
4707:
3103:
2274:
When pure water is exposed to air, it becomes mildly acidic. This is because water absorbs
2196:
Runoff from mines or mine tailings can produce some extremely low pH values, down to -3.6.
1923:
1538:
816:
633:
155:
2341:
629:
536:{\displaystyle {\ce {pH}}=-\log _{10}(a_{{\ce {H+}}})\thickapprox -\log _{10}(/{\ce {M}})}
8:
6846:
6831:
6786:
6585:
6488:
3092:
2690:
2579:
2565:
1902:
1264:
550:
40:
20:
6424:
5940:
5905:
5825:
5762:
5664:
5049:
4960:
4811:
4761:
6972:
6937:
6881:
6801:
6776:
6545:
6525:
6292:
6170:
5847:
5781:
5746:
5722:. Soil Conservation Service. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 18. Archived from
5363:
5139:
5125:
5094:
4862:
4702:
3702:
3595:, there are now three equations in three unknowns. When an acid is dissolved in water C
3183:
must be solved, and for weak bases, a cubic equation is required. In general, a set of
3180:
2060:
585:
373:
27:
5200:
2982:
can also influence their texture and color during cooking. The pH also influences the
2771:, in principle making it a simpler representation of hydrogen ion concentration. Only
7011:
6796:
6693:
6540:
6393:
6343:
6284:
6276:
6272:
6223:
6219:
6146:
6136:
5948:
5913:
5876:
5851:
5839:
5786:
5688:
5683:
5627:
5621:
5577:
5569:
5532:
5471:
5465:
5204:
5143:
5129:
5098:
4980:
4972:
4738:
3455:
2983:
2643:
2217:
1898:
381:
165:
6296:
5500:
5367:
4866:
2840:
in seawater, limiting the utility of the otherwise more straightforward free scale.
1394:{\displaystyle {\ce {pH(X)}}={\ce {pH(S)}}+{\frac {E_{{\ce {S}}}-E_{{\ce {X}}}}{z}}}
6927:
6886:
6871:
6771:
6751:
6335:
6268:
6095:
6064:
5975:
5944:
5909:
5829:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5678:
5668:
5604:
5561:
5507:
5495:
5448:
5395:
5355:
5196:
5121:
5084:
5053:
4964:
4854:
4815:
4765:
2221:
2209:
2128:
1848:
1245:
747:
732:
657:
393:
389:
333:
238:
100:
90:
6099:
6068:
2544:, an oxygen-transport enzyme, is also affected by pH in a phenomenon known as the
6962:
6836:
6550:
6213:
4944:
3041:
2670:
2615:
2575:
2525:
2255:
2173:
1466:
1462:
1039:
705:
701:
697:
597:
140:
105:
65:
5892:
Hansson, I. (1973). "A new set of pH-scales and standard buffers for seawater".
2854:, takes account of a further protonation relationship between hydrogen ions and
6987:
6967:
6957:
6952:
6942:
6922:
6861:
6756:
6688:
6630:
6615:
6560:
5834:
5805:
5653:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4891:
2971:
2682:
2561:
2275:
2264:
2181:
1919:
1726:
714:
6255:
Lambers, H.; Piessens, S.; Bloem, A.; Pronk, H.; Finkel, P. (1 October 2006).
6150:
5979:
3359:
or the conjugate acid of a weak base can be treated using the same formalism.
1473:) activity proposed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (
1034:, which are used to measure pH, respond to activity. The electrode potential,
7026:
6645:
6570:
6280:
5843:
5573:
5499:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
5089:
5072:
4976:
3311:
3307:
3147:
2963:
2603:
2493:
2283:
1761:
1260:
625:
581:
566:
85:
6448:
5511:
5399:
5359:
4858:
2557:
1529:= 1 mol/L. This ratio is a pure number whose logarithm can be defined.
724:(power of hydrogen), although this is not supported by Sørensen's writings.
6992:
6876:
6826:
6698:
6655:
6288:
5790:
5692:
5673:
5581:
5565:
5208:
4984:
4697:
3721:
3010:
2631:
2497:
2220:, at concentration 1 mol dm has a pH of 0, while a strong alkali like
2109:
1887:
1786:
1776:
1567:
pOH is sometimes used as a measure of the concentration of hydroxide ions,
1229:
813:
605:
258:
209:
204:
199:
115:
6347:
6339:
2477:
6982:
6977:
6901:
6856:
6816:
6713:
6620:
5118:
Novel
Nanomaterials for Biomedical, Environmental and Energy Applications
4933:
Two other publications appeared in 1909, one in French and one in Danish.
3326:
3322:
3194:
3151:
3150:
formation in teeth can create a local acidic environment that results in
3061:
2709:
2634:(H). The presence of free hydrogen ions (H) lowers the pH of the ocean.
2586:
from human activities are the primary cause of ocean acidification, with
2545:
2529:
2521:
2509:
2505:
2485:
2481:
2279:
2169:
2121:
949:
780:
762:
263:
214:
95:
6469:
6443:
5608:
5187:
Nørby, Jens (2000). "The origin and the meaning of the little p in pH".
6947:
6811:
6511:
4819:
4124:
3343:
3184:
3174:
When calculating the pH of a solution containing acids and/or bases, a
3128:
3030:
2959:
2599:
2541:
1826:
1284:
Reference electrode | concentrated solution of KCl || test solution | H
562:
558:
229:
5744:
5452:
5166:"When it comes to caustic wit and an acid tongue, mind your Ps and Qs"
5057:
4968:
1307:, of the same cell containing the solution of unknown pH is measured.
791:
in 1934. It was in response to a request from the local citrus grower
396:. Acidic solutions (solutions with higher concentrations of hydrogen (
6781:
6728:
6580:
4769:
3706:
3356:
3140:
2689:. To resolve this problem, an alternative series of buffers based on
2533:
2143:
1840:
1663:
1533:
1255:
The precise measurement of pH is presented in
International Standard
809:
728:
609:
418:
323:
283:
273:
224:
219:
170:
5622:
Mendham, J.; Denney, R. C.; Barnes, J. D.; Thomas, M. J. K. (2000),
5466:
Mendham, J.; Denney, R. C.; Barnes, J. D.; Thomas, M. J. K. (2000),
3162:
have an optimal pH range for function and can become inactivated or
6708:
6600:
6535:
3136:
3113:
3020:
2855:
2571:
2513:
2501:
1907:
1478:
1256:
613:
601:
377:
5720:"Soil survey manual.1993. Chapter 3, selected chemical properties"
16:
Measure of the level of acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution
6635:
5239:. National Institutes of Health Office of History. Archived from
3159:
3071:
2975:
2967:
2705:
2654:. Since it omits consideration of sulfate and fluoride ions, the
2354:
2336:
2204:
Pure water has a pH of 7 at 25°C, meaning it is neutral. When an
1855:
1796:
952:
per litre), the pH of the solution can be calculated as follows:
554:
2889:
The following three equations summarize the three scales of pH:
2886:
difference between the total and seawater scales is very small.
1559:
6650:
6640:
6457:
6363:"pH calculation of a very small concentration of a strong acid"
3155:
2738:
2517:
2213:
1865:
1806:
1237:
407:
5389:
4277:
Next, write down the mass-balance equations for each reagent:
1715:{\displaystyle {\ce {pOH}}={\ce {p}}K_{{\ce {W}}}-{\ce {pH}}.}
339:
6555:
6480:
6321:
3081:
3051:
2666:
2131:, but there are others that can be defined. For example, the
1483:
1474:
758:
648:, I propose the name 'hydrogen ion exponent' and the symbol p
348:
35:
6005:"The Importance of Food pH in Commercial Canning Operations"
5804:
Terhaar, Jens; FrĂślicher, Thomas L.; Joos, Fortunat (2023).
3965:{\displaystyle =7.74\times 10^{-4};\quad \mathrm {pH} =3.11}
3888:{\displaystyle ^{2}+6.46\times 10^{-5}-6.46\times 10^{-7}=0}
5595:
Feldman, Isaac (1956). "Use and Abuse of pH measurements".
5391:
The IUPAC Compendium of
Chemical Terminology: The Gold Book
2979:
2779:
must be estimated using the and the stability constant of
2681:(NIST) designation). These solutions have a relatively low
2208:
is dissolved in water, the pH will be less than 7, while a
2205:
1816:
1769:
1020:{\displaystyle {\ce {pH}}=-\log _{10}(5\times 10^{-6})=5.3}
385:
345:
179:
70:
2520:
fruits have acidic juice primarily due to the presence of
616:, medicine, water treatment, and many other applications.
6254:
6125:
Boron, Walter, F.; Boulpaep, Emile L. (13 January 2012).
4712:
2958:
The pH level of food influences its flavor, texture, and
1875:
403:
5114:"Nanomaterials for Intracellular pH Sensing and Imaging"
5011:
2737:, such that the total scale includes the effect of both
2704:. The total scale was defined using a medium containing
2642:
The measurement of pH in seawater is complicated by the
2216:, will have a pH greater than 7. A strong acid, such as
2104:
is its chemical potential in the chosen standard state,
676:
of 10 in the concentration of hydrogen ions. The letter
413:
The pH scale is logarithmic and inversely indicates the
39:
Test tubes containing solutions of pH 1â10 colored with
5551:
6212:
Marieb, Elaine N.; Mitchell, Susan J. (30 June 2011).
5717:
6128:
Medical
Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approach
5647:
Nordstrom, D. Kirk; Alpers, Charles N. (March 1999).
5339:
Covington, A. K.; Bates, R. G.; Durst, R. A. (1985).
4838:
Covington, A. K.; Bates, R. G.; Durst, R. A. (1985).
4286:
4148:
4108:{\displaystyle C_{\ce {H}}={\frac {+-K_{w}}{\ce {}}}}
4036:
3982:
3903:
3805:
3738:
3616:
3529:
3467:
3385:
3241:
2069:
1942:
1675:
1580:
1418:
1316:
1051:
961:
835:
596:. The pH of aqueous solutions can be measured with a
430:
406:) are measured to have lower pH values than basic or
357:
5964:"Effect of pH on Color and Texture of Food Products"
5803:
5438:
5036:
Myers, Rollie J. (2010). "One-Hundred Years of pH".
336:
5528:
Quantities, Units and
Symbols in Physical Chemistry
5338:
5073:"Tech Talk: (11) pH Measurement and Control Basics"
4837:
3790:{\displaystyle K_{a}=10^{-4.19}=6.46\times 10^{-5}}
3720:For example, what is the pH of a 0.01M solution of
3443:{\displaystyle K_{a}={\frac {{\ce { }}}{{\ce {}}}}}
3306:where stands for the concentration of the aqueous
2646:of seawater, and three distinct pH scales exist in
342:
5111:
4660:
4266:
4107:
4019:
3964:
3887:
3789:
3690:
3576:
3514:
3442:
3295:
2637:
2278:from the air, which is then slowly converted into
2096:
2041:
1922:used for calculating hydrogen ion concentrations (
1714:
1640:
1490:The pH scale is logarithmic and therefore pH is a
1450:
1393:
1205:
1019:
937:
535:
5523:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
5220:
5218:
4798:Lim, Kieran F. (2006). "Negative pH Does Exist".
2767:, omits this consideration and focuses solely on
2180:may not be independent of pH. Secondly, the high
1042:for the hydrogen ion, which can be expressed as:
7024:
5875:, Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam, Netherlands
3338:(0.01)), which corresponds to a pH of about 12.
2866:â HF. Resulting in the following expression for
2741:(free hydrogen ions) and hydrogen sulfate ions:
2673:across a range of pH values (often denoted with
2353:, formerly Soil Conservation Service classifies
2232:holds the product of these concentration Ă = K
1275:, and the hydrogen-ion selective electrode is a
584:by measuring the potential difference between a
26:"Negative pH" redirects here. For the band, see
6084:"The shelf life of heat-treated dairy products"
6054:
5646:
3577:{\displaystyle C_{{\ce {H}}}={\ce {}}+{\ce {}}}
3515:{\displaystyle C_{{\ce {A}}}={\ce {}}+{\ce {}}}
3143:is characterized by excessively high blood pH.
808:The pH of a solution is defined as the decimal
6211:
6031:"PH Scale: Acids, Bases, and Common Materials"
5926:
5594:
5327:International Organization for Standardization
5215:
2679:National Institute of Standards and Technology
2163:
6496:
6124:
5961:
1300:, is measured. Then the electromotive force,
553:of H (M = mol/L) in the solution. At 25
303:
6175:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
6120:
6118:
6116:
5873:in seawater: equilibrium, kinetics, isotopes
4926:⢠vor. Unter dem Wasserstoffionexponenten (p
4833:
4831:
4829:
2989:
2528:can be found in various living systems. The
2349:The United States Department of Agriculture
2149:
2097:{\displaystyle \mu _{{\ce {H+}}}^{\ominus }}
1926:) are different. The hydrogen ion activity,
672:differences, and it represents the negative
5891:
5332:
5186:
4885:
4883:
1521:in dilute solution should be replaced by /c
656:) of a solution, the negative value of the
6503:
6489:
5531:, 2nd edition, Oxford: Blackwell Science.
5516:
5270:Caltech Engineering & Science Magazine
2236:, it can be seen that at neutrality = =
1641:{\displaystyle ={\frac {K_{{\ce {W}}}}{}}}
1525:, where the standard state concentration c
310:
296:
6261:International Journal of Cosmetic Science
6113:
5962:Bello, Andrez; Palacios, Baretto (2013).
5867:Zeebe, R. E. and Wolf-Gladrow, D. (2001)
5863:
5861:
5833:
5780:
5770:
5682:
5672:
5626:(6th ed.), New York: Prentice Hall,
5545:
5484:
5470:(6th ed.), New York: Prentice Hall,
5088:
4826:
4267:{\displaystyle =\beta _{pqr}^{p}^{q}^{r}}
4020:{\displaystyle {\frac {K_{w}}{{\ce {}}}}}
3317:
3310:and represents the concentration of the
2602:is absorbed by the oceans. This produces
2484:tastes sour because it contains 5% to 6%
1451:{\displaystyle {\frac {F}{RT\ln {10}}}\ }
569:or greater than 14 for very concentrated
6193:. University of California San Francisco
6081:
6057:International Journal of Food Properties
5588:
5294:
5157:
5120:. Micro and Nano Technologies: 241â273.
5070:
5064:
4889:
4880:
3458:in terms of the two "reagents" H and A.
2476:
2340:
2282:and hydrogen ions (essentially creating
2142:, has been developed in connection with
1913:
1558:
1030:The concept of pH was developed because
783:method for measuring pH was invented by
652:. Then, for the hydrogen ion exponent (p
34:
6002:
5998:
5996:
5554:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
5377:from the original on 24 September 2007.
5163:
4876:from the original on 24 September 2007.
3799:Step 2: Set up the quadratic equation.
3691:{\displaystyle ^{2}+K_{a}-K_{a}C_{a}=0}
3350:
3127:In living organisms, the pH of various
2974:. The alkalinity of vegetables such as
2574:plays an important role in the ocean's
826:+. Mathematically, pH is expressed as:
7025:
6082:Rauh, Valentin; Xiao, Yinghua (2022).
6028:
5858:
5699:from the original on 23 September 2017
5624:Vogel's Quantitative Chemical Analysis
5481:, Section 13.23, "Determination of pH"
5468:Vogel's Quantitative Chemical Analysis
5414:"Carlsberg Group Company History Page"
5009:
4942:
4737:
4682:determination of equilibrium constants
3897:Step 3: Solve the quadratic equation.
2831:However, it is difficult to estimate K
2351:Natural Resources Conservation Service
2258:in pure water are both neutral, since
608:. Measurements of pH are important in
6484:
6387:
5224:
5180:
5035:
4779:from the original on 14 December 2019
1224:is the standard electrode potential,
5993:
5420:from the original on 18 January 2014
5406:
5387:
5105:
632:introduced the concept of pH at the
582:concentration cell with transference
380:" (or "power of hydrogen"). It is a
6360:
5637:, Section 13.19 The glass electrode
5164:Bradley, David (21 February 2018).
4797:
2488:and has a pH of 2.2 (high acidity).
1487:be applied for other temperatures.
13:
6892:Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation
6303:from the original on 21 March 2022
5496:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
5307:from the original on 15 April 2021
5126:10.1016/B978-0-12-814497-8.00008-4
4991:from the original on 6 August 2020
4912:from the original on 15 April 2021
4544:
4433:
4322:
3952:
3949:
3169:
2551:
1408:. The proportionality constant, 1/
789:California Institute of Technology
636:, originally using the notation "p
14:
7069:
7053:Logarithmic scales of measurement
6762:Agricultural wastewater treatment
6410:
6029:Trento, Chin (27 December 2023).
4118:
731:, the p stands for "the negative
480:
7006:
7005:
6468:
6456:
6442:
6417:
6369:from the original on 8 July 2011
6273:10.1111/j.1467-2494.2006.00344.x
6003:McGlynn, William (1 July 2016).
5266:"Origins: Birth of the pH Meter"
4943:Francl, Michelle (August 2010).
1737:
332:
54:
6822:Industrial wastewater treatment
6792:Decentralized wastewater system
6381:
6354:
6315:
6248:
6236:from the original on 8 May 2022
6205:
6183:
6157:from the original on 8 May 2022
6075:
6048:
6022:
5955:
5920:
5885:
5797:
5738:
5711:
5640:
5615:
5459:
5432:
5381:
5319:
5288:
5258:
5010:Munroe, Randall (7 June 2024).
3947:
3176:chemical speciation calculation
2638:Three pH scales in oceanography
2594:exceeding 410 ppm (in 2020). CO
2578:. There is evidence of ongoing
2472:
2199:
1745:Average pH of common solutions
1544:The glass electrode (and other
6510:
6473:Learning materials related to
6215:Human anatomy & physiology
6135:, Saunders. pp. 652â671.
5814:Environmental Research Letters
5772:10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.113912
5501:activity (relative activity),
5295:Tetrault, Sharon (June 2002).
5189:Trends in Biochemical Sciences
5029:
5003:
4936:
4791:
4731:
4642:
4633:
4611:
4602:
4593:
4584:
4575:
4566:
4538:
4530:
4500:
4491:
4482:
4473:
4464:
4455:
4427:
4419:
4389:
4380:
4371:
4362:
4353:
4344:
4316:
4308:
4255:
4246:
4237:
4228:
4219:
4210:
4188:
4149:
4099:
4093:
4075:
4067:
4061:
4053:
4010:
3997:
3919:
3904:
3854:
3846:
3815:
3806:
3656:
3648:
3626:
3617:
3569:
3563:
3553:
3547:
3507:
3501:
3491:
3485:
3433:
3427:
3420:
3414:
3409:
3403:
3296:{\displaystyle K_{w}={\ce {}}}
3288:
3275:
3270:
3257:
2588:atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO
2562:Ocean § pH and alkalinity
1732:
1632:
1617:
1596:
1581:
1347:
1341:
1328:
1322:
1114:
1092:
1008:
986:
882:
860:
530:
517:
502:
499:
477:
455:
1:
6842:Rotating biological contactor
6447:The dictionary definition of
6100:10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.105235
6069:10.1080/10942912.2016.1188308
5201:10.1016/S0968-0004(99)01517-0
5038:Journal of Chemical Education
5012:"Unsolved Chemistry Problems"
4800:Journal of Chemical Education
4750:Journal of Chemical Education
4724:
4027:, the resulting equation is:
3201:according to the equilibrium
2953:
2775:can be determined, therefore
2330:
798:
5949:10.1016/0016-7037(84)90225-4
5914:10.1016/0011-7471(73)90101-0
5718:Soil Survey Division Staff.
4945:"Urban legends of chemistry"
2843:Another scale, known as the
2708:ions. These ions experience
2675:National Bureau of Standards
2492:Plants contain pH-dependent
2271:varies with ionic strength.
1406:standard electrode potential
735:", and is used in the term p
660:of the related hydrogen ion
630:Søren Peter Lauritz Sørensen
7:
6392:(3rd ed.). Wiley-VCH.
6088:International Dairy Journal
6035:Stanford Advanced Materials
5071:Otterson, David W. (2015).
4890:Sørensen, S. P. L. (1909).
4691:
4123:Some systems, such as with
2614:) which dissociates into a
2164:Extremes of pH measurements
1277:standard hydrogen electrode
744:acid dissociation constants
680:could stand for the French
10:
7074:
6907:Wastewater treatment plant
6674:Adsorbable organic halides
5388:Gold, Victor, ed. (2019).
3154:through demineralization.
2997:pH of various body fluids
2756:An alternative scale, the
2555:
2334:
2178:liquid junction potentials
2155:proton, as defined by the
1885:
1662:constant of water. Taking
720:(quantity of hydrogen) or
619:
25:
18:
7001:
6915:
6742:
6679:Biochemical oxygen demand
6664:
6518:
6009:Oklahoma State University
5980:10.1007/s12393-013-9067-2
5303:. Orange Coast Magazine.
3347:must also be considered.
2990:pH of various body fluids
2500:, such as those found in
2365:
2362:
2150:Unified absolute pH scale
2118:thermodynamic temperature
1847:
1768:
1744:
1458:, the "Nernstian slope".
1269:silver chloride electrode
1263:is set up to measure the
1220:is a measured potential,
812:of the reciprocal of the
746:, so pH is "the negative
594:silver chloride electrode
7048:Water quality indicators
6133:Elsevier Health Sciences
5929:Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta
5835:10.1088/1748-9326/acaf91
5090:10.1177/0020294015600474
4686:potentiometric titration
3589:analytical concentration
2962:. Acidic foods, such as
2584:Carbon dioxide emissions
2558:Seawater § pH value
2230:self-ionization of water
2133:Hammett acidity function
1546:Ion selective electrodes
1032:ion-selective electrodes
372:, historically denotes "
146:Self-ionization of water
131:Hammett acidity function
6867:Sewage sludge treatment
6807:Fecal sludge management
6767:API oilâwater separator
6734:Wastewater surveillance
5512:10.1351/goldbook.A00115
5400:10.1351/goldbook.p04525
5360:10.1351/pac198557030531
5077:Measurement and Control
4859:10.1351/pac198557030531
2536:derivatives, including
2451:Very strongly alkaline
2127:pH is an example of an
1469:of known hydrogen ion (
767:William Mansfield Clark
364:), also referred to as
6724:Total suspended solids
6719:Total dissolved solids
6684:Chemical oxygen demand
5674:10.1073/pnas.96.7.3455
5566:10.1002/anie.201000252
5416:. Carlsberggroup.com.
4677:simultaneous equations
4662:
4268:
4109:
4021:
3966:
3889:
3791:
3692:
3578:
3516:
3444:
3318:Strong acids and bases
3297:
3188:simultaneous equations
2663:operational definition
2489:
2346:
2098:
2043:
1716:
1642:
1564:
1554:
1515:thermodynamic activity
1492:dimensionless quantity
1452:
1412:, is ideally equal to
1395:
1236:is the temperature in
1207:
1021:
939:
785:Arnold Orville Beckman
777:
666:
537:
43:
7038:Equilibrium chemistry
6591:Industrial wastewater
6340:10.1542/peds.78.3.458
5237:NIH Office of History
4663:
4269:
4110:
4022:
3967:
3890:
3792:
3693:
3579:
3517:
3445:
3298:
3221:dissociation constant
3133:acidâbase homeostasis
2665:of the pH scale, the
2648:chemical oceanography
2480:
2387:Very strongly acidic
2344:
2260:dissociation of water
2122:hydronium/lyonium ion
2099:
2063:of the hydrogen ion,
2044:
1914:Non-aqueous solutions
1717:
1643:
1562:
1453:
1396:
1208:
1022:
940:
803:
787:, a professor at the
772:
755:Alice Catherine Evans
642:
538:
161:Frustrated Lewis pair
121:Equilibrium chemistry
111:Dissociation constant
81:Acidâbase homeostasis
38:
7043:Units of measurement
6933:Groundwater recharge
6465:at Wikimedia Commons
6388:Billo, E.J. (2011).
5597:Analytical Chemistry
4708:Chemical equilibrium
4284:
4146:
4034:
3980:
3901:
3803:
3736:
3614:
3527:
3465:
3383:
3351:Weak acids and bases
3239:
3166:outside this range.
3104:Mitochondrial matrix
2669:defines a series of
2496:that can be used as
2435:Moderately alkaline
2067:
1940:
1673:
1578:
1497:
1416:
1314:
1049:
959:
833:
748:decimal logarithm of
733:decimal logarithm of
664:is to be understood.
634:Carlsberg Laboratory
604:or a color-changing
428:
384:used to specify the
156:Lewis acid catalysis
19:For other uses, see
7033:Acidâbase chemistry
6847:Secondary treatment
6832:Membrane bioreactor
6787:Constructed wetland
6586:Infiltration/Inflow
6191:"Stomach acid test"
5941:1984GeCoA..48.2299D
5906:1973DSRA...20..479H
5826:2023ERL....18b4033T
5763:2019Geode.355k3912B
5665:1999PNAS...96.3455N
5609:10.1021/ac60120a014
5541:Electronic version.
5246:on 15 December 2017
5050:2010JChEd..87...30M
4961:2010NatCh...2..600F
4812:2006JChEd..83.1465L
4762:2004JChEd..81...21J
4743:"The Symbol for pH"
3093:Cerebrospinal fluid
2998:
2697:, often denoted as
2691:artificial seawater
2687:electrode potential
2644:chemical properties
2580:ocean acidification
2566:Ocean acidification
2540:, is pH-dependent.
2357:ranges as follows:
2093:
2023:
1903:Universal indicator
1265:electromotive force
722:potentia hydrogenii
658:Briggsian logarithm
551:molar concentration
21:PH (disambiguation)
7012:Category: Sewerage
6973:Septic drain field
6938:Infiltration basin
6882:Stabilization pond
6802:Facultative lagoon
6666:Quality indicators
6546:Blackwater (waste)
6526:Acid mine drainage
6427:has a profile for
6390:EXCEL for Chemists
5539:. pp. 49â50.
5276:on 6 November 2018
4820:10.1021/ed083p1465
4739:Jensen, William B.
4703:Arterial blood gas
4658:
4656:
4264:
4105:
4017:
3962:
3885:
3787:
3703:quadratic equation
3688:
3574:
3512:
3440:
3293:
3181:quadratic equation
2996:
2490:
2443:Strongly alkaline
2427:Slightly alkaline
2403:Moderately acidic
2347:
2094:
2070:
2061:chemical potential
2039:
2000:
1712:
1638:
1565:
1448:
1391:
1203:
1017:
935:
590:standard electrode
586:hydrogen electrode
533:
76:Acidâbase reaction
44:
28:Negative pH (band)
7058:General chemistry
7020:
7019:
6797:Extended aeration
6744:Treatment options
6694:Oxygen saturation
6541:Blackwater (coal)
6519:Sources and types
6461:Media related to
6433:
6399:978-0-470-38123-6
6220:Benjamin Cummings
6218:. San Francisco:
5935:(11): 2299â2308.
5894:Deep-Sea Research
5810:greenhouse gases"
5603:(12): 1859â1866.
5560:(38): 6885â6888.
5453:10.1021/ed042p375
5168:. Materials Today
5058:10.1021/ed800002c
4969:10.1038/nchem.750
4639:
4608:
4590:
4572:
4536:
4520:
4497:
4479:
4461:
4425:
4409:
4386:
4368:
4350:
4314:
4298:
4252:
4234:
4216:
4180:
4168:
4156:
4103:
4098:
4073:
4059:
4044:
4015:
4003:
3911:
3852:
3812:
3701:Solution of this
3654:
3623:
3568:
3552:
3538:
3506:
3490:
3476:
3456:mass conservation
3438:
3432:
3419:
3408:
3281:
3263:
3123:
3122:
2984:Maillard reaction
2466:
2465:
2379:Extremely acidic
2218:hydrochloric acid
2079:
2033:
2009:
1987:
1952:
1933:, is defined as:
1899:spectrophotometer
1884:
1883:
1707:
1697:
1687:
1679:
1636:
1624:
1612:
1588:
1447:
1443:
1389:
1381:
1366:
1346:
1339:
1327:
1320:
1273:calomel electrode
1201:
1196:
1162:
1157:
1104:
1084:
965:
929:
919:
872:
839:
757:, who influenced
718:pondus hydrogenii
528:
509:
467:
434:
394:aqueous solutions
382:logarithmic scale
320:
319:
166:Chiral Lewis acid
7065:
7009:
7008:
6928:Evaporation pond
6916:Disposal options
6887:Trickling filter
6872:Sewage treatment
6772:Carbon filtering
6752:Activated sludge
6505:
6498:
6491:
6482:
6481:
6472:
6460:
6446:
6431:
6421:
6420:
6404:
6403:
6385:
6379:
6378:
6376:
6374:
6361:Maloney, Chris.
6358:
6352:
6351:
6319:
6313:
6312:
6310:
6308:
6252:
6246:
6245:
6243:
6241:
6209:
6203:
6202:
6200:
6198:
6187:
6181:
6180:
6174:
6166:
6164:
6162:
6131:(2nd ed.).
6122:
6111:
6110:
6108:
6106:
6079:
6073:
6072:
6052:
6046:
6045:
6043:
6041:
6026:
6020:
6019:
6017:
6015:
6000:
5991:
5990:
5988:
5986:
5959:
5953:
5952:
5924:
5918:
5917:
5889:
5883:
5865:
5856:
5855:
5837:
5801:
5795:
5794:
5784:
5774:
5742:
5736:
5735:
5733:
5731:
5715:
5709:
5708:
5706:
5704:
5686:
5676:
5644:
5638:
5636:
5619:
5613:
5612:
5592:
5586:
5585:
5549:
5543:
5520:
5514:
5488:
5482:
5480:
5463:
5457:
5456:
5436:
5430:
5429:
5427:
5425:
5410:
5404:
5403:
5385:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5345:
5336:
5330:
5323:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5312:
5292:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5281:
5272:. Archived from
5262:
5256:
5255:
5253:
5251:
5245:
5234:
5222:
5213:
5212:
5184:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5173:
5161:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5150:
5109:
5103:
5102:
5092:
5068:
5062:
5061:
5033:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5022:
5007:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4996:
4949:Nature Chemistry
4940:
4934:
4932:
4919:
4917:
4911:
4896:
4887:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4844:
4835:
4824:
4823:
4795:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4784:
4778:
4770:10.1021/ed081p21
4747:
4735:
4675:There are three
4667:
4665:
4664:
4659:
4657:
4653:
4652:
4640:
4637:
4632:
4631:
4619:
4618:
4609:
4606:
4601:
4600:
4591:
4588:
4583:
4582:
4573:
4570:
4565:
4564:
4537:
4534:
4522:
4521:
4518:
4508:
4507:
4498:
4495:
4490:
4489:
4480:
4477:
4472:
4471:
4462:
4459:
4454:
4453:
4426:
4423:
4411:
4410:
4407:
4397:
4396:
4387:
4384:
4379:
4378:
4369:
4366:
4361:
4360:
4351:
4348:
4343:
4342:
4315:
4312:
4300:
4299:
4296:
4273:
4271:
4270:
4265:
4263:
4262:
4253:
4250:
4245:
4244:
4235:
4232:
4227:
4226:
4217:
4214:
4209:
4208:
4187:
4186:
4181:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4169:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4157:
4154:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4096:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4074:
4071:
4060:
4057:
4051:
4046:
4045:
4042:
4026:
4024:
4023:
4018:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4009:
4008:
4001:
3994:
3993:
3984:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3963:
3955:
3943:
3942:
3918:
3917:
3916:
3909:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3886:
3878:
3877:
3853:
3850:
3845:
3844:
3823:
3822:
3813:
3810:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3786:
3785:
3764:
3763:
3748:
3747:
3697:
3695:
3694:
3689:
3681:
3680:
3671:
3670:
3655:
3652:
3647:
3646:
3634:
3633:
3624:
3621:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3566:
3557:
3556:
3550:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3504:
3495:
3494:
3488:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3474:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3417:
3412:
3406:
3400:
3395:
3394:
3372:
3366:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3286:
3279:
3273:
3269:
3268:
3261:
3251:
3250:
3230:
3215:
3214:O (aq) + OH (aq)
3190:must be solved.
3042:chromaffin cells
2999:
2995:
2966:, tomatoes, and
2938:
2865:
2861:
2847:, often denoted
2839:
2838:
2826:
2825:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2760:, often denoted
2736:
2735:
2734:
2726:
2725:
2715:
2671:Buffer solutions
2652:carbonate system
2629:
2628:
2627:
2526:carboxylic acids
2411:Slightly acidic
2395:Strongly acidic
2360:
2359:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2317:
2316:
2308:
2307:
2299:
2298:
2245:
2244:
2222:sodium hydroxide
2192:
2188:
2129:acidity function
2103:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2092:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2077:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2032:
2024:
2022:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2007:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1985:
1976:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1950:
1742:
1741:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1705:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1688:
1685:
1680:
1677:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1622:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1603:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1586:
1570:
1520:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1472:
1467:Buffer solutions
1457:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1441:
1420:
1400:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1390:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1356:
1351:
1350:
1344:
1337:
1332:
1331:
1325:
1318:
1289:
1251:
1246:Faraday constant
1212:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1192:
1181:
1176:
1175:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1153:
1152:
1134:
1129:
1128:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1102:
1085:
1080:
1072:
1067:
1066:
1026:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1007:
1006:
982:
981:
966:
963:
944:
942:
941:
936:
934:
930:
928:
927:
926:
925:
924:
917:
906:
897:
896:
881:
880:
879:
878:
877:
870:
856:
855:
840:
837:
662:normality factor
576:The pH scale is
542:
540:
539:
534:
529:
526:
524:
516:
515:
514:
507:
495:
494:
476:
475:
474:
473:
472:
465:
451:
450:
435:
432:
421:in the solution
400:
361:
355:
354:
351:
350:
347:
344:
341:
338:
312:
305:
298:
279:Non-nucleophilic
106:Buffer solutions
91:Acidity function
58:
46:
45:
7073:
7072:
7068:
7067:
7066:
7064:
7063:
7062:
7023:
7022:
7021:
7016:
6997:
6963:Reclaimed water
6911:
6837:Reverse osmosis
6738:
6660:
6626:Reverse osmosis
6551:Boiler blowdown
6514:
6509:
6439:
6438:
6437:
6422:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6407:
6400:
6386:
6382:
6372:
6370:
6359:
6355:
6320:
6316:
6306:
6304:
6253:
6249:
6239:
6237:
6230:
6210:
6206:
6196:
6194:
6189:
6188:
6184:
6168:
6167:
6160:
6158:
6143:
6123:
6114:
6104:
6102:
6080:
6076:
6053:
6049:
6039:
6037:
6027:
6023:
6013:
6011:
6001:
5994:
5984:
5982:
5960:
5956:
5925:
5921:
5890:
5886:
5872:
5866:
5859:
5809:
5802:
5798:
5743:
5739:
5729:
5727:
5716:
5712:
5702:
5700:
5645:
5641:
5634:
5620:
5616:
5593:
5589:
5550:
5546:
5521:
5517:
5489:
5485:
5478:
5464:
5460:
5437:
5433:
5423:
5421:
5412:
5411:
5407:
5386:
5382:
5374:
5348:Pure Appl. Chem
5343:
5337:
5333:
5324:
5320:
5310:
5308:
5293:
5289:
5279:
5277:
5264:
5263:
5259:
5249:
5247:
5243:
5232:
5226:Evans, Alice C.
5223:
5216:
5185:
5181:
5171:
5169:
5162:
5158:
5148:
5146:
5136:
5110:
5106:
5083:(10): 309â312.
5069:
5065:
5034:
5030:
5020:
5018:
5008:
5004:
4994:
4992:
4941:
4937:
4929:
4925:
4915:
4913:
4909:
4894:
4888:
4881:
4873:
4847:Pure Appl. Chem
4842:
4836:
4827:
4796:
4792:
4782:
4780:
4776:
4745:
4736:
4732:
4727:
4719:
4694:
4655:
4654:
4645:
4641:
4636:
4627:
4623:
4614:
4610:
4605:
4596:
4592:
4587:
4578:
4574:
4569:
4554:
4550:
4533:
4523:
4517:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4503:
4499:
4494:
4485:
4481:
4476:
4467:
4463:
4458:
4443:
4439:
4422:
4412:
4406:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4392:
4388:
4383:
4374:
4370:
4365:
4356:
4352:
4347:
4332:
4328:
4311:
4301:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4258:
4254:
4249:
4240:
4236:
4231:
4222:
4218:
4213:
4198:
4194:
4182:
4177:
4176:
4170:
4165:
4164:
4158:
4153:
4152:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4121:
4092:
4085:
4081:
4070:
4056:
4052:
4050:
4041:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3995:
3989:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3948:
3935:
3931:
3912:
3908:
3907:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3870:
3866:
3849:
3837:
3833:
3818:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3778:
3774:
3756:
3752:
3743:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3727:
3716:
3712:
3676:
3672:
3666:
3662:
3651:
3642:
3638:
3629:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3562:
3561:
3546:
3545:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3500:
3499:
3484:
3483:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3426:
3425:
3413:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3390:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3370:
3364:
3353:
3337:
3333:
3320:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3255:
3246:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3229:
3225:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3172:
3170:pH calculations
2992:
2956:
2949:
2946:
2942:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2924:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2903:
2900:
2896:
2880:
2876:
2869:
2863:
2859:
2852:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2765:
2751:
2747:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2702:
2661:As part of its
2640:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2616:bicarbonate ion
2613:
2609:
2597:
2591:
2568:
2554:
2552:pH in the ocean
2512:), and grapes (
2475:
2459:Hyper alkaline
2339:
2333:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2270:
2253:
2249:
2243:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2202:
2190:
2186:
2174:Nernst equation
2166:
2157:Lewis acidâbase
2152:
2141:
2088:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2058:
2025:
2018:
2010:
2006:
2005:
2004:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1931:
1920:standard states
1916:
1890:
1740:
1735:
1727:soil alkalinity
1704:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1660:self-ionization
1657:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1602:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1568:
1557:
1528:
1524:
1518:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1470:
1463:glass electrode
1461:In practice, a
1437:
1424:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1340:
1336:
1321:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1299:
1287:
1283:
1249:
1198:
1182:
1180:
1171:
1167:
1159:
1148:
1135:
1133:
1124:
1120:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1073:
1071:
1062:
1058:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1040:Nernst equation
999:
995:
977:
973:
962:
960:
957:
956:
920:
916:
915:
914:
910:
905:
901:
892:
888:
873:
869:
868:
867:
863:
851:
847:
836:
834:
831:
830:
825:
806:
801:
753:Bacteriologist
741:
655:
651:
639:
622:
598:glass electrode
525:
520:
510:
506:
505:
490:
486:
468:
464:
463:
462:
458:
446:
442:
431:
429:
426:
425:
398:
359:
335:
331:
316:
141:Proton affinity
66:Acceptor number
49:Acids and bases
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7071:
7061:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7018:
7017:
7015:
7014:
7002:
6999:
6998:
6996:
6995:
6990:
6988:Surface runoff
6985:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6968:Sanitary sewer
6965:
6960:
6958:Marine outfall
6955:
6953:Marine dumping
6950:
6945:
6943:Injection well
6940:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6923:Combined sewer
6919:
6917:
6913:
6912:
6910:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6862:Settling basin
6859:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6757:Aerated lagoon
6754:
6748:
6746:
6740:
6739:
6737:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6689:Coliform index
6686:
6681:
6676:
6670:
6668:
6662:
6661:
6659:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6631:Sanitary sewer
6628:
6623:
6618:
6616:Produced water
6613:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6561:Combined sewer
6558:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6522:
6520:
6516:
6515:
6508:
6507:
6500:
6493:
6485:
6479:
6478:
6477:at Wikiversity
6466:
6454:
6423:
6416:
6415:
6414:
6412:
6411:External links
6409:
6406:
6405:
6398:
6380:
6353:
6334:(3): 458â464.
6314:
6267:(5): 359â370.
6247:
6228:
6204:
6182:
6141:
6112:
6074:
6063:(4): 877â887.
6047:
6021:
5992:
5974:(3): 158â170.
5954:
5919:
5900:(5): 479â491.
5884:
5870:
5857:
5807:
5796:
5737:
5726:on 14 May 2011
5710:
5659:(7): 3455â62.
5639:
5632:
5614:
5587:
5544:
5515:
5483:
5476:
5458:
5431:
5405:
5380:
5354:(3): 531â542.
5331:
5318:
5297:"The Beckmans"
5287:
5257:
5214:
5179:
5156:
5134:
5104:
5063:
5028:
5002:
4955:(8): 600â601.
4935:
4927:
4923:
4879:
4853:(3): 531â542.
4825:
4790:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4721:
4717:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4693:
4690:
4669:
4668:
4651:
4648:
4644:
4635:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4617:
4613:
4604:
4599:
4595:
4586:
4581:
4577:
4568:
4563:
4560:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4546:
4543:
4540:
4532:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4516:
4512:
4511:
4506:
4502:
4493:
4488:
4484:
4475:
4470:
4466:
4457:
4452:
4449:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4435:
4432:
4429:
4421:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4405:
4401:
4400:
4395:
4391:
4382:
4377:
4373:
4364:
4359:
4355:
4346:
4341:
4338:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4324:
4321:
4318:
4310:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4294:
4290:
4289:
4275:
4274:
4261:
4257:
4248:
4243:
4239:
4230:
4225:
4221:
4212:
4207:
4204:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4190:
4185:
4173:
4161:
4151:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4120:
4119:General method
4117:
4116:
4115:
4101:
4095:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4077:
4069:
4066:
4063:
4055:
4049:
4040:
4012:
4007:
3999:
3992:
3988:
3973:
3972:
3961:
3958:
3954:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3927:
3924:
3921:
3915:
3906:
3895:
3884:
3881:
3876:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3862:
3859:
3856:
3848:
3843:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3829:
3826:
3821:
3817:
3808:
3797:
3784:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3762:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3746:
3742:
3725:
3714:
3710:
3699:
3698:
3687:
3684:
3679:
3675:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3658:
3650:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3632:
3628:
3619:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3585:
3584:
3571:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3549:
3544:
3533:
3522:
3509:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3487:
3482:
3471:
3451:
3450:
3435:
3429:
3422:
3416:
3411:
3405:
3398:
3393:
3389:
3374:
3373:
3367:
3352:
3349:
3335:
3331:
3319:
3316:
3304:
3303:
3290:
3285:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3245:
3227:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3171:
3168:
3125:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3096:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3044:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3023:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3007:
3006:
3003:
2991:
2988:
2972:microorganisms
2955:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2894:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2867:
2850:
2845:seawater scale
2835:
2829:
2828:
2822:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2797:
2785:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2763:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2731:
2722:
2700:
2683:ionic strength
2639:
2636:
2624:
2611:
2607:
2595:
2589:
2553:
2550:
2524:, while other
2474:
2471:
2464:
2463:
2460:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2388:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2313:
2304:
2295:
2276:carbon dioxide
2268:
2265:ionic strength
2251:
2247:
2241:
2233:
2201:
2198:
2182:ionic strength
2165:
2162:
2151:
2148:
2139:
2091:
2083:
2073:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2037:
2031:
2028:
2021:
2013:
2003:
1999:
1991:
1981:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1956:
1946:
1929:
1915:
1912:
1886:Main article:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1829:at 25 °C
1823:
1822:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1746:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1723:
1722:
1711:
1703:
1692:
1683:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1634:
1628:
1619:
1607:
1601:
1598:
1592:
1583:
1556:
1553:
1526:
1522:
1499:
1496:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1402:
1401:
1388:
1376:
1372:
1361:
1354:
1349:
1343:
1335:
1330:
1324:
1304:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1259:as follows: A
1214:
1213:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1116:
1108:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1038:, follows the
1028:
1027:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1005:
1002:
998:
994:
991:
988:
985:
980:
976:
972:
969:
946:
945:
933:
923:
913:
909:
904:
900:
895:
891:
887:
884:
876:
866:
862:
859:
854:
850:
846:
843:
823:
805:
802:
800:
797:
739:
653:
649:
637:
621:
618:
546:where is the
544:
543:
532:
523:
519:
513:
504:
501:
498:
493:
489:
485:
482:
479:
471:
461:
457:
454:
449:
445:
441:
438:
318:
317:
315:
314:
307:
300:
292:
289:
288:
287:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
249:BrønstedâLowry
243:
242:
235:
234:
233:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
190:BrønstedâLowry
184:
183:
176:
175:
174:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
60:
59:
51:
50:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7070:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7030:
7028:
7013:
7004:
7003:
7000:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6920:
6918:
6914:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6852:Sedimentation
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6749:
6747:
6745:
6741:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6671:
6669:
6667:
6663:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6646:Sewage sludge
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6571:Cooling water
6569:
6567:
6566:Cooling tower
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6531:Ballast water
6529:
6527:
6524:
6523:
6521:
6517:
6513:
6506:
6501:
6499:
6494:
6492:
6487:
6486:
6483:
6476:
6471:
6467:
6464:
6459:
6455:
6453:at Wiktionary
6452:
6451:
6445:
6441:
6440:
6435:
6434:
6426:
6401:
6395:
6391:
6384:
6368:
6364:
6357:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6333:
6329:
6325:
6318:
6302:
6298:
6294:
6290:
6286:
6282:
6278:
6274:
6270:
6266:
6262:
6258:
6251:
6235:
6231:
6229:9780321735287
6225:
6221:
6217:
6216:
6208:
6192:
6186:
6178:
6172:
6156:
6152:
6148:
6144:
6142:9781455711819
6138:
6134:
6130:
6129:
6121:
6119:
6117:
6101:
6097:
6093:
6089:
6085:
6078:
6070:
6066:
6062:
6058:
6051:
6036:
6032:
6025:
6010:
6006:
5999:
5997:
5981:
5977:
5973:
5969:
5965:
5958:
5950:
5946:
5942:
5938:
5934:
5930:
5923:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5903:
5899:
5895:
5888:
5882:
5881:0-444-50946-1
5878:
5874:
5864:
5862:
5853:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5820:(2): 024033.
5819:
5815:
5811:
5800:
5792:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5764:
5760:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5741:
5725:
5721:
5714:
5698:
5694:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5643:
5635:
5633:0-582-22628-7
5629:
5625:
5618:
5610:
5606:
5602:
5598:
5591:
5583:
5579:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5548:
5542:
5538:
5537:0-632-03583-8
5534:
5530:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5504:
5498:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5479:
5477:0-582-22628-7
5473:
5469:
5462:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5441:J. Chem. Educ
5435:
5419:
5415:
5409:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5392:
5384:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5342:
5335:
5328:
5322:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5291:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5261:
5242:
5238:
5231:
5227:
5221:
5219:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5183:
5167:
5160:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5135:9780128144978
5131:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5108:
5100:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5067:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5032:
5017:
5013:
5006:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4939:
4931:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4893:
4886:
4884:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4841:
4834:
4832:
4830:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4794:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4744:
4740:
4734:
4730:
4720:
4716:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4689:
4687:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4649:
4646:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4615:
4597:
4579:
4561:
4558:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4541:
4527:
4525:
4514:
4504:
4486:
4468:
4450:
4447:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4430:
4416:
4414:
4403:
4393:
4375:
4357:
4339:
4336:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4319:
4305:
4303:
4292:
4280:
4279:
4278:
4259:
4241:
4223:
4205:
4202:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4183:
4171:
4159:
4142:
4141:
4140:
4126:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4064:
4047:
4038:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4005:
3990:
3986:
3959:
3956:
3944:
3939:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3922:
3913:
3896:
3882:
3879:
3874:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3860:
3857:
3841:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3827:
3824:
3819:
3798:
3782:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3760:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3744:
3740:
3731:
3730:
3729:
3723:
3718:
3708:
3704:
3685:
3682:
3677:
3673:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3630:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3590:
3587:C stands for
3558:
3542:
3531:
3523:
3496:
3480:
3469:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3396:
3391:
3387:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3348:
3345:
3339:
3328:
3324:
3315:
3313:
3312:hydroxide ion
3309:
3308:hydronium ion
3283:
3265:
3252:
3247:
3243:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3222:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3182:
3177:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3038:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2964:citrus fruits
2961:
2943:+ + ) = âlog
2926:
2905:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2887:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2857:
2853:
2846:
2841:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2766:
2759:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2635:
2633:
2617:
2605:
2604:carbonic acid
2601:
2593:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2498:pH indicators
2495:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2470:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2371:Ultra acidic
2370:
2369:
2363:Denomination
2361:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2343:
2338:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2284:carbonic acid
2281:
2277:
2272:
2266:
2261:
2257:
2231:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2197:
2194:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2161:
2158:
2147:
2145:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2089:
2081:
2071:
2062:
2055:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2019:
2011:
2001:
1997:
1989:
1979:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1954:
1944:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1925:
1921:
1911:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1889:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1738:pH Indicators
1730:
1728:
1709:
1701:
1690:
1681:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1654:
1626:
1605:
1599:
1590:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1561:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1542:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1516:
1506:
1495:
1493:
1488:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1411:
1407:
1386:
1374:
1370:
1359:
1352:
1333:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1296:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1261:galvanic cell
1258:
1253:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1106:
1096:
1089:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1014:
1011:
1003:
1000:
996:
992:
989:
983:
978:
974:
970:
967:
955:
954:
953:
951:
931:
921:
911:
907:
902:
898:
893:
889:
885:
874:
864:
857:
852:
848:
844:
841:
829:
828:
827:
822:
818:
815:
811:
796:
794:
790:
786:
782:
776:
771:
768:
764:
760:
756:
751:
749:
745:
738:
734:
730:
725:
723:
719:
716:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
665:
663:
659:
647:
644:For the sign
641:
635:
631:
627:
624:In 1909, the
617:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
574:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
549:
521:
511:
496:
491:
487:
483:
469:
459:
452:
447:
443:
439:
436:
424:
423:
422:
420:
419:hydrogen ions
416:
411:
409:
405:
401:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
362:
353:
329:
325:
313:
308:
306:
301:
299:
294:
293:
291:
290:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
246:
245:
244:
240:
237:
236:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
187:
186:
185:
181:
178:
177:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
86:Acid strength
84:
82:
79:
77:
74:
72:
69:
67:
64:
63:
62:
61:
57:
53:
52:
48:
47:
42:
37:
33:
29:
22:
6993:Vacuum sewer
6877:Sewer mining
6827:Ion exchange
6777:Chlorination
6703:
6699:Heavy metals
6656:Urban runoff
6596:Ion exchange
6576:Fecal sludge
6449:
6429:
6389:
6383:
6371:. Retrieved
6356:
6331:
6327:
6317:
6305:. Retrieved
6264:
6260:
6250:
6238:. Retrieved
6214:
6207:
6195:. Retrieved
6185:
6159:. Retrieved
6127:
6103:. Retrieved
6091:
6087:
6077:
6060:
6056:
6050:
6038:. Retrieved
6034:
6024:
6012:. Retrieved
6008:
5983:. Retrieved
5971:
5968:Food Eng Rev
5967:
5957:
5932:
5928:
5922:
5897:
5893:
5887:
5868:
5817:
5813:
5799:
5754:
5750:
5740:
5728:. Retrieved
5724:the original
5713:
5701:. Retrieved
5656:
5652:
5642:
5623:
5617:
5600:
5596:
5590:
5557:
5553:
5547:
5526:
5518:
5502:
5494:
5486:
5467:
5461:
5444:
5440:
5434:
5422:. Retrieved
5408:
5390:
5383:
5351:
5347:
5334:
5321:
5309:. Retrieved
5301:Orange Coast
5300:
5290:
5278:. Retrieved
5274:the original
5269:
5260:
5248:. Retrieved
5241:the original
5236:
5195:(1): 36â37.
5192:
5188:
5182:
5170:. Retrieved
5159:
5147:. Retrieved
5117:
5107:
5080:
5076:
5066:
5044:(1): 30â32.
5041:
5037:
5031:
5019:. Retrieved
5015:
5005:
4993:. Retrieved
4952:
4948:
4938:
4921:
4914:. Retrieved
4902:
4898:
4850:
4846:
4806:(10): 1465.
4803:
4799:
4793:
4781:. Retrieved
4753:
4749:
4733:
4714:
4698:pH indicator
4674:
4670:
4276:
4122:
3974:
3722:benzoic acid
3719:
3700:
3586:
3452:
3375:
3371:HA â H + A
3365:HA â H + A
3354:
3340:
3323:Strong acids
3321:
3305:
3224:
3218:
3192:
3173:
3145:
3126:
3084:(natural pH)
3040:Granules of
3011:Gastric acid
3002:Compartment
2957:
2888:
2884:
2848:
2844:
2842:
2830:
2761:
2757:
2755:
2698:
2694:
2660:
2655:
2641:
2632:hydrogen ion
2576:carbon cycle
2569:
2491:
2473:pH in plants
2467:
2348:
2273:
2246:, or pH = pK
2226:
2203:
2200:Applications
2195:
2167:
2153:
2136:
2126:
2113:
2110:gas constant
2105:
2053:
2051:
1927:
1917:
1891:
1888:pH indicator
1860:11.0 â 11.5
1807:Black coffee
1787:Orange juice
1777:Gastric acid
1762:Battery acid
1724:
1652:
1650:
1566:
1550:
1543:
1531:
1512:
1489:
1460:
1409:
1403:
1301:
1294:
1292:
1254:
1241:
1233:
1230:gas constant
1225:
1221:
1217:
1215:
1035:
1029:
947:
820:
814:hydrogen ion
807:
778:
773:
752:
736:
726:
721:
717:
709:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
667:
645:
643:
623:
592:such as the
575:
571:strong bases
567:strong acids
545:
412:
369:
365:
327:
321:
135:
116:Donor number
41:an indicator
32:
6983:Storm drain
6978:Sewage farm
6902:Vermifilter
6857:Septic tank
6817:Imhoff tank
6714:Temperature
6621:Return flow
6611:Papermaking
6197:21 February
4905:: 131â304.
3232:defined as
3199:dissociates
3195:amphoterism
3152:tooth decay
3129:Body fluids
3062:Breast milk
2710:protonation
2695:total scale
2546:Root effect
2530:protonation
2522:citric acid
2510:anthocyanin
2506:red cabbage
2486:citric acid
2482:Lemon juice
2280:bicarbonate
1906:electronic
1895:colorimeter
1733:Measurement
765:, credited
763:food safety
548:equilibrium
410:solutions.
96:Amphoterism
7027:Categories
6948:Irrigation
6812:Filtration
6512:Wastewater
6328:Pediatrics
6151:1017876653
5757:: 113912.
5703:4 November
4899:Biochem. Z
4725:References
4125:polyprotic
3344:amphoteric
3185:non-linear
3158:and other
3116:secretions
3087:7.34â7.45
3031:Human skin
2960:shelf life
2954:pH in food
2918:+ ) = âlog
2818:( 1 + / K
2758:free scale
2656:free scale
2600:atmosphere
2570:The pH of
2556:See also:
2542:Hemoglobin
2462:> 10.5
2335:See also:
2331:pH in soil
2144:Superacids
1924:activities
1845:7.5 â 8.4
1827:Pure water
1821:6.5 â 6.8
1791:3.3 â 4.2
1781:1.0 â 1.5
1750:Substance
1664:Logarithms
799:Definition
781:electronic
779:The first
727:In modern
715:Latin term
688:or Danish
682:puissance,
563:pure water
274:Superbases
220:Superacids
126:Extraction
6782:Clarifier
6729:Turbidity
6581:Greywater
6281:1468-2494
6171:cite book
5852:255431338
5844:1748-9326
5574:1433-7851
5230:"Memoirs"
5144:104410918
5099:110716297
4977:1755-4330
4756:(1): 21.
4647:−
4621:−
4552:β
4545:Σ
4441:β
4434:Σ
4330:β
4323:Σ
4196:β
4079:−
3937:−
3929:×
3872:−
3864:×
3858:−
3839:−
3831:×
3780:−
3772:×
3758:−
3707:ICE table
3660:−
3363:Acid HA:
3357:weak acid
3284:−
3179:acids, a
3164:denatured
3141:alkalosis
3066:7.0-7.45
3021:Lysosomes
2677:(NBS) or
2598:from the
2534:phosphate
2532:state of
2454:9.0â10.5
2374:< 3.5
2366:pH range
2090:⊖
2072:μ
2020:⊖
2002:μ
1998:−
1980:μ
1969:
1841:Sea water
1811:5 â 5.03
1753:pH range
1702:−
1591:−
1539:Gran plot
1435:
1371:−
1178:−
1165:≈
1146:
1131:−
1090:
1001:−
993:×
984:
971:−
899:
858:
845:−
810:logarithm
729:chemistry
670:potential
610:chemistry
606:indicator
578:traceable
497:
484:−
481:≈
453:
440:−
374:potential
324:chemistry
171:ECW model
151:Titration
6709:Salinity
6601:Leachate
6536:Bathroom
6432:(Q40936)
6373:13 March
6367:Archived
6301:Archived
6297:25191984
6289:18489300
6234:Archived
6155:Archived
5791:31798185
5751:Geoderma
5730:12 March
5697:Archived
5693:10097057
5582:20715223
5525:(1993).
5418:Archived
5372:Archived
5368:14182410
5311:11 March
5305:Archived
5280:11 March
5250:27 March
5228:(1963).
5209:10637613
4989:Archived
4985:20651711
4916:22 March
4907:Archived
4871:Archived
4867:14182410
4774:Archived
4741:(2004).
4692:See also
3732:Step 1:
3728:= 4.19?
3369:Base A:
3160:Proteins
3137:Acidosis
3114:Pancreas
3015:1.5â3.5
2856:fluoride
2630:) and a
2592:) levels
2572:seawater
2514:red wine
2502:hibiscus
2494:pigments
2446:8.5â9.0
2438:7.9â8.4
2430:7.4â7.8
2422:6.6â7.3
2419:Neutral
2414:6.1â6.5
2406:5.6â6.0
2398:5.1â5.5
2390:4.5â5.0
2382:3.5â4.4
1908:pH meter
1876:1 M NaOH
1835:Neutral
1479:pH meter
1257:ISO 31-8
817:activity
759:dairying
628:chemist
614:agronomy
602:pH meter
415:activity
408:alkaline
390:basicity
378:hydrogen
370:basicity
6636:Septage
6425:Scholia
6348:3748680
6105:20 June
6040:20 June
6014:20 June
5985:20 June
5937:Bibcode
5902:Bibcode
5822:Bibcode
5782:6743211
5759:Bibcode
5661:Bibcode
5329:, 1992.
5172:16 June
5149:16 June
5046:Bibcode
5021:10 June
4995:21 July
4957:Bibcode
4808:Bibcode
4783:15 July
4758:Bibcode
3219:with a
3210:O â H
3156:Enzymes
3072:Cytosol
2976:spinach
2968:vinegar
2739:protons
2706:sulfate
2355:soil pH
2337:Soil pH
2309:O â HCO
2238:√
2116:is the
2108:is the
2059:is the
1856:Ammonia
1797:Vinegar
1766:<âŻ1
1658:is the
1534:titrate
1244:is the
1228:is the
793:Sunkist
686:Potenz,
684:German
620:History
386:acidity
366:acidity
259:Organic
205:Organic
200:Mineral
7010:
6651:Toilet
6641:Sewage
6606:Manure
6396:
6346:
6295:
6287:
6279:
6226:
6149:
6139:
5879:
5850:
5842:
5789:
5779:
5691:
5681:
5630:
5580:
5572:
5535:
5474:
5366:
5207:
5142:
5132:
5097:
4983:
4975:
4865:
3197:). It
3148:Plaque
2931:= âlog
2910:= âlog
2897:= âlog
2858:ions,
2564:, and
2518:Citrus
2267:, so K
2250:/2. pK
2214:alkali
2052:where
1866:Bleach
1651:where
1502:": -->
1446:
1248:. For
1238:Kelvin
1216:where
706:Danish
704:, and
702:German
698:French
690:potens
626:Danish
600:and a
588:and a
269:Strong
215:Strong
6556:Brine
6307:8 May
6293:S2CID
6240:8 May
6161:8 May
5848:S2CID
5684:34288
5491:IUPAC
5424:7 May
5375:(PDF)
5364:S2CID
5344:(PDF)
5244:(PDF)
5233:(PDF)
5140:S2CID
5095:S2CID
4910:(PDF)
4895:(PDF)
4874:(PDF)
4863:S2CID
4843:(PDF)
4777:(PDF)
4746:(PDF)
3327:bases
3095:(CSF)
3082:Blood
3052:Urine
2881:+ +
2814:â =
2727:â HSO
2667:IUPAC
2212:, or
1870:12.5
1756:Type
1484:IUPAC
1475:IUPAC
1271:or a
1184:2.303
950:moles
770:said:
674:power
264:Oxide
254:Lewis
241:types
230:Solid
210:Oxide
195:Lewis
182:types
6897:UASB
6394:ISBN
6375:2011
6344:PMID
6309:2022
6285:PMID
6277:ISSN
6242:2022
6224:ISBN
6199:2024
6177:link
6163:2022
6147:OCLC
6137:ISBN
6107:2024
6042:2024
6016:2024
5987:2024
5877:ISBN
5840:ISSN
5787:PMID
5732:2011
5705:2018
5689:PMID
5628:ISBN
5578:PMID
5570:ISSN
5533:ISBN
5472:ISBN
5426:2013
5313:2018
5282:2018
5252:2018
5205:PMID
5174:2022
5151:2022
5130:ISBN
5023:2024
5016:xkcd
4997:2019
4981:PMID
4973:ISSN
4918:2021
4785:2020
3960:3.11
3926:7.74
3861:6.46
3828:6.46
3769:6.46
3761:4.19
3724:, pK
3325:and
3119:8.1
3108:7.5
3098:7.5
3076:7.2
3056:6.0
3046:5.5
3035:4.7
3025:4.5
2980:kale
2978:and
2256:NaCl
2210:base
2206:acid
2189:and
2112:and
1901:. A
1849:Base
1817:Milk
1801:4-5
1770:Acid
1504:edit
1288:| Pt
761:and
742:for
404:ions
360:AYCH
358:pee-
284:Weak
239:Base
225:Weak
180:Acid
101:Base
71:Acid
6430:pH
6336:doi
6269:doi
6096:doi
6092:125
6065:doi
5976:doi
5945:doi
5910:doi
5830:doi
5777:PMC
5767:doi
5755:355
5679:PMC
5669:doi
5605:doi
5562:doi
5508:doi
5506:".
5449:doi
5396:doi
5356:doi
5197:doi
5122:doi
5085:doi
5054:doi
4965:doi
4855:doi
4816:doi
4766:doi
4684:by
3713:â C
3603:= C
3599:= C
3206:2 H
3005:pH
2948:SWS
2929:SWS
2875:SWS
2868:SWS
2851:SWS
2781:HSO
2620:HCO
2538:ATP
2516:).
2318:+ H
2300:+ H
2286:).
2170:mol
1966:exp
1897:or
1880:14
1678:pOH
1555:pOH
1517:of
1015:5.3
975:log
890:log
849:log
696:in
557:(77
488:log
444:log
417:of
392:of
388:or
376:of
368:or
322:In
7029::
6704:pH
6475:PH
6463:pH
6450:pH
6365:.
6342:.
6332:78
6330:.
6326:.
6299:.
6291:.
6283:.
6275:.
6265:28
6263:.
6259:.
6232:.
6222:.
6173:}}
6169:{{
6153:.
6145:.
6115:^
6094:.
6090:.
6086:.
6061:20
6059:.
6033:.
6007:.
5995:^
5970:.
5966:.
5943:.
5933:48
5931:.
5908:.
5898:20
5896:.
5869:CO
5860:^
5846:.
5838:.
5828:.
5818:18
5816:.
5812:.
5785:.
5775:.
5765:.
5753:.
5749:.
5695:.
5687:.
5677:.
5667:.
5657:96
5655:.
5651:.
5601:28
5599:.
5576:.
5568:.
5558:49
5556:.
5493:,
5447:.
5445:42
5443:.
5370:.
5362:.
5352:57
5350:.
5346:.
5299:.
5268:.
5235:.
5217:^
5203:.
5193:25
5191:.
5138:.
5128:.
5116:.
5093:.
5081:48
5079:.
5075:.
5052:.
5042:87
5040:.
5014:.
4987:.
4979:.
4971:.
4963:.
4951:.
4947:.
4920:.
4903:21
4901:.
4897:.
4882:^
4869:.
4861:.
4851:57
4849:.
4845:.
4828:^
4814:.
4804:83
4802:.
4772:.
4764:.
4754:81
4752:.
4748:.
4688:.
4072:HA
3933:10
3868:10
3835:10
3776:10
3754:10
3717:.
3567:HA
3505:HA
3431:HA
3355:A
3336:10
3332:10
3280:OH
3223:,
3135:.
2945:10
2933:10
2927:pH
2920:10
2912:10
2906:pH
2899:10
2893:pH
2877:=
2870::
2862:+
2849:pH
2810:=
2803::
2791:,
2762:pH
2752:+
2748:=
2718:SO
2716:+
2712:,
2699:pH
2610:CO
2606:(H
2560:,
2548:.
2504:,
2291:CO
2187:Na
2146:.
2135:,
2124:.
1832:7
1729:.
1706:pH
1666:,
1587:OH
1569:OH
1494:.
1439:10
1432:ln
1338:pH
1319:pH
1279:.
1240:,
1232:,
1200:pH
1161:pH
1150:10
1143:ln
1087:ln
997:10
979:10
964:pH
894:10
853:10
838:pH
819:,
804:pH
700:,
654:Hâ˘
650:Hâ˘
638:Hâ˘
612:,
573:.
559:°F
555:°C
492:10
448:10
433:pH
402:)
349:tĘ
346:eÉŞ
340:iË
328:pH
326:,
136:pH
6504:e
6497:t
6490:v
6436:.
6402:.
6377:.
6350:.
6338::
6311:.
6271::
6244:.
6201:.
6179:)
6165:.
6109:.
6098::
6071:.
6067::
6044:.
6018:.
5989:.
5978::
5972:5
5951:.
5947::
5939::
5916:.
5912::
5904::
5871:2
5854:.
5832::
5824::
5808:2
5793:.
5769::
5761::
5734:.
5707:.
5671::
5663::
5611:.
5607::
5584:.
5564::
5510::
5503:a
5455:.
5451::
5428:.
5402:.
5398::
5358::
5315:.
5284:.
5254:.
5211:.
5199::
5176:.
5153:.
5124::
5101:.
5087::
5060:.
5056::
5048::
5025:.
4999:.
4967::
4959::
4953:2
4928:H
4924:H
4857::
4822:.
4818::
4810::
4787:.
4768::
4760::
4718:a
4715:K
4713:p
4650:1
4643:]
4638:H
4634:[
4629:w
4625:K
4616:r
4612:]
4607:H
4603:[
4598:q
4594:]
4589:B
4585:[
4580:p
4576:]
4571:A
4567:[
4562:r
4559:q
4556:p
4548:r
4542:+
4539:]
4535:H
4531:[
4528:=
4519:H
4515:C
4505:r
4501:]
4496:H
4492:[
4487:q
4483:]
4478:B
4474:[
4469:p
4465:]
4460:A
4456:[
4451:r
4448:q
4445:p
4437:q
4431:+
4428:]
4424:B
4420:[
4417:=
4408:B
4404:C
4394:r
4390:]
4385:H
4381:[
4376:q
4372:]
4367:B
4363:[
4358:p
4354:]
4349:A
4345:[
4340:r
4337:q
4334:p
4326:p
4320:+
4317:]
4313:A
4309:[
4306:=
4297:A
4293:C
4260:r
4256:]
4251:H
4247:[
4242:q
4238:]
4233:B
4229:[
4224:p
4220:]
4215:A
4211:[
4206:r
4203:q
4200:p
4192:=
4189:]
4184:r
4179:H
4172:q
4167:B
4160:p
4155:A
4150:[
4137:r
4135:H
4133:q
4131:B
4129:p
4100:]
4097:H
4094:[
4087:w
4083:K
4076:]
4068:[
4065:+
4062:]
4058:H
4054:[
4048:=
4043:H
4039:C
4011:]
4006:+
4002:H
3998:[
3991:w
3987:K
3957:=
3953:H
3950:p
3945:;
3940:4
3923:=
3920:]
3914:+
3910:H
3905:[
3883:0
3880:=
3875:7
3855:]
3851:H
3847:[
3842:5
3825:+
3820:2
3816:]
3811:H
3807:[
3783:5
3766:=
3750:=
3745:a
3741:K
3726:a
3715:H
3711:A
3686:0
3683:=
3678:a
3674:C
3668:a
3664:K
3657:]
3653:H
3649:[
3644:a
3640:K
3636:+
3631:2
3627:]
3622:H
3618:[
3605:a
3601:H
3597:A
3593:a
3570:]
3564:[
3559:+
3554:]
3551:H
3548:[
3543:=
3537:H
3532:C
3508:]
3502:[
3497:+
3492:]
3489:A
3486:[
3481:=
3475:A
3470:C
3434:]
3428:[
3421:]
3418:A
3415:[
3410:]
3407:H
3404:[
3397:=
3392:a
3388:K
3289:]
3276:[
3271:]
3266:+
3262:H
3258:[
3253:=
3248:w
3244:K
3228:w
3226:K
3212:3
3208:2
2941:F
2939:]
2937:H
2935:(
2923:T
2916:F
2914:(
2908:T
2902:F
2895:F
2879:F
2864:F
2860:H
2836:S
2827:)
2823:S
2816:T
2812:T
2808:F
2798:S
2793:K
2786:4
2777:F
2773:T
2769:F
2764:F
2750:F
2746:T
2732:4
2723:4
2714:H
2701:T
2625:3
2618:(
2612:3
2608:2
2596:2
2590:2
2508:(
2314:3
2305:2
2296:2
2269:w
2252:w
2248:w
2242:w
2240:K
2234:w
2191:K
2140:0
2137:H
2114:T
2106:R
2082:+
2078:H
2057:H
2054:Îź
2036:)
2030:T
2027:R
2012:+
2008:H
1990:+
1986:H
1973:(
1963:=
1955:+
1951:H
1945:a
1930:H
1928:a
1710:.
1696:W
1691:K
1686:p
1682:=
1656:W
1653:K
1633:]
1627:+
1623:H
1618:[
1611:W
1606:K
1600:=
1597:]
1582:[
1527:0
1523:0
1519:H
1508:]
1498:p
1471:H
1429:T
1426:R
1422:F
1410:z
1387:z
1380:X
1375:E
1365:S
1360:E
1353:+
1348:)
1345:S
1342:(
1334:=
1329:)
1326:X
1323:(
1305:X
1302:E
1298:S
1295:E
1286:2
1250:H
1242:F
1234:T
1226:R
1222:E
1218:E
1194:F
1190:T
1187:R
1173:0
1169:E
1155:F
1140:T
1137:R
1126:0
1122:E
1118:=
1115:)
1107:+
1103:H
1097:a
1093:(
1082:F
1078:T
1075:R
1069:+
1064:0
1060:E
1056:=
1053:E
1036:E
1012:=
1009:)
1004:6
990:5
987:(
968:=
932:)
922:+
918:H
912:a
908:1
903:(
886:=
883:)
875:+
871:H
865:a
861:(
842:=
824:H
821:a
740:a
737:K
710:q
694:p
678:p
646:p
531:)
527:M
522:/
518:]
512:+
508:H
503:[
500:(
478:)
470:+
466:H
460:a
456:(
437:=
399:H
352:/
343:Ë
337:p
334:/
330:(
311:e
304:t
297:v
30:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
