1133:
1026:
1914:
1034:
1781:
1998:
1193:
Common
Ethernet interfaces include fiber or two to four copper pairs for data communication. However, there now exists a new interface, called Single Pair Ethernet (SPE), which is able to utilize a single pair of copper wires while still communicating at the intended speeds.
694:, which were developed in the same era, along similar lines, though with somewhat different abstractions. Beyond internetworking, the OSI abstraction can be brought to bear on all forms of device interconnection in data communications and computational electronics.
808:, is a high-level networking description used for the Internet and similar networks. It does not define a layer that deals exclusively with hardware-level specifications and interfaces, as this model does not concern itself directly with physical interfaces.
648:
is the first and lowest layer: the layer most closely associated with the physical connection between devices. The physical layer provides an electrical, mechanical, and procedural interface to the transmission medium. The shapes and properties of the
733:
transmission technologies of a network. It is a fundamental layer underlying the higher level functions in a network, and can be implemented through a great number of different hardware technologies with widely varying characteristics.
1726:
1785:
741:
into hardware-specific operations to cause transmission or reception of electronic (or other) signals. The physical layer supports higher layers responsible for generation of logical
1734:
2078:
1815:
1151:. It implements the physical layer portion of the Ethernet. Its purpose is to provide analog signal physical access to the link. It is usually interfaced with a
933:
1225:: The PHY portion consists of the RF, mixed-signal and analog portions, that are often called transceivers, and the digital baseband portion that use
1655:
1209:
Alaska 88E1310/88E1310S/88E1318/88E1318S Gigabit
Ethernet transceivers, Texas Instruments DP838xx family and offerings from Intel and ICS.
2057:
1629:"X.225 : Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Connection-oriented Session protocol: Protocol specification"
669:
1117:
516:
1790:
1632:
480:
1819:
282:
277:
150:
1486:
967:
619:
139:
2130:
1684:
1481:
345:
129:
2035:
2008:
1981:
1924:
909:
777:
330:
233:
1674:
867:
531:
411:
74:
2025:
1796:
1513:
1162:
More specifically, the
Ethernet PHY is a chip that implements the hardware send and receive function of Ethernet
426:
816:
The major functions and services performed by the physical layer are: The physical layer performs bit-by-bit or
1330:
536:
64:
1105:
may also be used as a suffix to form a short name referencing a specific physical layer protocol, for example
737:
Within the semantics of the OSI model, the physical layer translates logical communications requests from the
940:
859:
844:
416:
401:
267:
228:
124:
2058:"microcontroller - what is the difference between PHY and MAC chip - Electrical Engineering Stack Exchange"
1069:
824:. It provides a standardized interface to the transmission medium, including a mechanical specification of
754:
665:
406:
350:
238:
177:
1566:
1171:
1152:
396:
94:
69:
1190:(NIC), which may have PHY, MAC, and other functionality integrated into one chip or as separate chips.
446:
391:
114:
1497:
1447:
1282:'s (IrDA) specification includes an IrPHY specification for the physical layer of the data transport.
1279:
1121:
1113:
1096:
546:
421:
1132:
1430:
1250:
1226:
1206:
1092:
956:
848:
192:
1659:
912:. Sharing of the transmission medium among multiple network participants can be handled by simple
2141:
1575:
1418:
1359:
1167:
1025:
797:
687:
612:
551:
541:
466:
1700:
1187:
999:
272:
84:
1503:
1234:
1080:
1003:
952:
921:
901:
766:
441:
370:
109:
1965:
2180:
2106:
1492:
1268:
1042:
995:
897:
851:
840:
825:
650:
436:
31:
8:
1973:
1442:
1139:
KS8721CL – 3.3 V single power supply 10/100BASE-TX/FX MII physical layer transceiver
971:
929:
905:
893:
821:
723:
197:
104:
17:
2185:
2200:
1061:
1057:
784:
730:
605:
165:
79:
2031:
2004:
1977:
1920:
1755:
1727:"The OSI model explained: How to understand (and remember) the 7 layer network model"
1680:
1598:
1195:
944:
913:
833:
313:
89:
57:
46:
686:
Historically, the OSI model is closely associated with internetworking, such as the
1800:
1603:
1406:
1238:
975:
829:
673:
637:
1628:
1966:
1275:
and provides the bridge between the digital and modulated parts of the interface.
1272:
1183:
1175:
1156:
1015:
855:
738:
660:
At the electrical layer, the physical layer is commonly implemented by dedicated
384:
260:
1864:
1840:
805:
801:
1593:
1262:
889:
880:
is used to convert data into a pattern of electrical fluctuations which may be
1940:
657:
to use and similar low-level parameters, are specified by the physical layer.
2194:
1941:"CCNA Certification/Physical Layer - Wikibooks, open books for an open world"
1588:
1570:
1436:
1084:
948:
939:
To optimize reliability and efficiency, signal processing techniques such as
925:
863:
773:
677:
306:
211:
2079:"DP83TD510E Ultra Low Power 802.3cg 10Base-T1L 10M Single Pair Ethernet PHY"
1230:
1218:
1088:
991:
987:
983:
917:
885:
836:
711:
119:
1666:
1551:
1539:
1387:
1179:
1011:
1007:
979:
877:
817:
742:
571:
566:
561:
485:
456:
2153:
1889:
2142:
osuosl.org - ICS1890 10Base-T/100Base-TX Integrated PHYceiver datasheet
1534:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1285:
1163:
1076:
1037:
556:
451:
431:
218:
1271:(USB): A PHY chip is integrated into most USB controllers in hosts or
718:
may be grouped into code words or symbols and converted to a physical
27:
Lowest-level electronic or optical transmission functions of a network
1523:
1519:
1508:
1354:
1313:
1307:
1202:
1148:
1065:
881:
715:
707:
702:
The physical layer defines the means of transmitting a stream of raw
654:
633:
591:
576:
360:
40:
2023:
1890:"Physical Layer Of OSI Model: Working Functionalities and Protocols"
1363:
1136:
1033:
963:
832:, for example maximum cable length, an electrical specification of
691:
1174:. The PHY usually does not handle MAC addressing, as that is the
1159:
or another system that takes care of the higher layer functions.
862:, etc. The transmission medium may be electrical or optical over
1371:
1367:
1341:
1337:
1319:
292:
223:
144:
1608:
1557:
1397:
1349:
1345:
1333:
1302:
1233:. It is common that these PHY portions are integrated with the
719:
511:
506:
334:
134:
98:
1913:
Bayliss, Colin R.; Bayliss, Colin; Hardy, Brian (2012-02-14).
1471:
1467:
1560:
1530:
1462:
1258:
1241:(SOC) implementations. Similar wireless applications include
1222:
1106:
871:
680:
526:
521:
355:
340:
243:
187:
182:
1297:
The following technologies provide physical layer services:
1476:
1453:
1412:
1393:
581:
475:
471:
461:
365:
323:
318:
287:
172:
1147:
is a component that operates at the physical layer of the
791:
1545:
1458:
1403:
1325:
962:
Other topics associated with the physical layer include:
703:
661:
586:
1229:(DSP) and communication algorithm processing, including
1205:
SimpliPHY and
SynchroPHY VSC82xx/84xx/85xx/86xx family,
1064:, required to implement physical layer functions of the
1424:
1254:
1246:
1242:
934:
Carrier-sense multiple access with collision detection
924:
protocols for sharing the transmission medium may use
1916:
1912:
683:family of interconnect protocols are widely used.
1997:Forouzan, Behrouz A.; Fegan, Sophia Chung (2007).
1198:DP83TD510E is an example of a PHY which uses SPE.
1963:
2192:
1127:
2024:Mauricio Arregoces; Maurizio Portolani (2003).
1653:
959:may be applied to further improve reliability.
748:
1996:
1964:Bertsekas, Dimitri; Gallager, Robert (1992).
1166:; it interfaces between the analog domain of
613:
2060:. Electronics.stackexchange.com. 2013-07-11
1120:family) complement a PHY chip and form the
1079:device (often called MAC as an acronym for
1676:Fundamentals of Sensor Network Programming
1041:"PHY" redirects here. For other uses, see
761:is the portion of the physical layer that
620:
606:
30:"PHY" redirects here. For other uses, see
1288:(SATA): Serial ATA controllers use a PHY.
866:or a wireless communication link such as
1322:(controller area network) physical layer
1131:
1032:
1024:
843:. The physical layer is responsible for
1887:
1672:
1091:. A PHY device typically includes both
792:Relation to the Internet protocol suite
14:
2193:
1772:
765:interfaces with the data link layer's
653:, the frequencies to transmit on, the
1756:"DATA COMMUNICATION & NETWORKING"
1212:
1170:and the digital domain of link-layer
1724:
1635:from the original on 1 February 2021
1186:functionality is implemented in the
1816:"physical signaling sublayer (PLS)"
1487:Mobile Industry Processor Interface
892:. The flow of data is managed with
729:The physical layer consists of the
24:
2000:Data Communications and Networking
1482:Low-voltage differential signaling
1083:) to a physical medium such as an
25:
2212:
2174:
1701:"The Physical Layer | InterWorks"
910:asynchronous serial communication
1784: This article incorporates
1779:
868:free-space optical communication
2146:
2135:
2124:
2099:
2071:
2050:
2017:
1990:
1957:
1933:
1906:
1881:
1857:
1797:General Services Administration
1292:
2131:Intel PHY controllers brochure
1833:
1808:
1748:
1718:
1693:
1654:Gorry Fairhurst (2001-01-01).
1647:
1621:
820:data delivery over a physical
13:
1:
1614:
1128:Ethernet physical transceiver
974:line configuration; physical
845:electromagnetic compatibility
780:, reception and decoding and,
1888:Shekhar, Amar (2016-04-07).
1673:Iyengar, Shisharama (2010).
1433:technologies physical layers
1427:air interface physical layer
1421:air interface physical layer
1415:air interface physical layer
1070:network interface controller
1060:, usually implemented as an
755:Open Systems Interconnection
666:electronic design automation
7:
1582:
1567:Visible light communication
1153:media-independent interface
1099:(PMD) layer functionality.
811:
759:physical signaling sublayer
749:Physical signaling sublayer
722:that is transmitted over a
10:
2217:
2154:"Physical Layer | Layer 1"
1725:Shaw, Keith (2018-10-22).
1310:Avionics Digital Video Bus
1168:Ethernet's line modulation
1040:
29:
1972:. Prentice Hall. p.
1498:Optical Transport Network
1280:Infrared Data Association
1155:(MII) to a MAC chip in a
1114:fiber-optic communication
1112:Modular transceivers for
1097:physical medium dependent
1029:RTL8201 Ethernet PHY chip
955:and techniques including
2181:Physical Layer (Layer 1)
2027:Data Center Fundamentals
1522:links, and E1 and other
1431:Communications satellite
1227:digital signal processor
1093:physical coding sublayer
957:forward error correction
849:electromagnetic spectrum
757:(OSI) architecture, the
2186:10G Layer 1 Walkthrough
1360:Ethernet physical layer
1014:transmission mode; and
798:Internet protocol suite
697:
688:Internet protocol suite
1792:Federal Standard 1037C
1786:public domain material
1679:. Wiley. p. 136.
1188:network interface card
1140:
1052:, an abbreviation for
1038:
1030:
1020:
953:Error correction codes
932:such as in Ethernet's
1461:Recommendations: see
1235:medium access control
1201:Examples include the
1135:
1081:medium access control
1036:
1028:
922:medium access control
902:start-stop signalling
854:and specification of
826:electrical connectors
767:medium access control
651:electrical connectors
1869:datatracker.ietf.org
1845:datatracker.ietf.org
1493:Modulated ultrasound
1269:Universal Serial Bus
1178:'s job. Similarly,
1043:PHY (disambiguation)
898:serial communication
852:frequency allocation
32:PHY (disambiguation)
1737:on December 4, 2017
1569:co-ordinated under
1443:IEEE 1394 interface
1390:and other varieties
972:point-to-multipoint
930:collision detection
894:bit synchronization
822:transmission medium
753:In a network using
724:transmission medium
638:computer networking
632:In the seven-layer
1529:Telephone network
1213:Other applications
1141:
1062:integrated circuit
1058:electronic circuit
1039:
1031:
945:training sequences
785:galvanic isolation
731:electronic circuit
166:Presentation layer
2111:Texas Instruments
2086:Texas Instruments
1599:Data transmission
1196:Texas Instruments
1149:OSI network model
1075:A PHY connects a
914:circuit switching
834:transmission line
630:
629:
58:Application layer
16:(Redirected from
2208:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2150:
2144:
2139:
2133:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2083:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2021:
2015:
2014:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1971:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1945:en.wikibooks.org
1937:
1931:
1930:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1818:. Archived from
1812:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1799:. Archived from
1783:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1733:. Archived from
1722:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1658:. Archived from
1656:"Physical Layer"
1651:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1625:
1604:Intrinsic safety
1407:Um air interface
1273:embedded systems
1239:system-on-a-chip
1172:packet signaling
976:network topology
970:, multipoint or
818:symbol-by-symbol
800:, as defined in
706:over a physical
674:mobile computing
622:
615:
608:
49:
37:
36:
21:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2191:
2190:
2177:
2172:
2171:
2162:
2160:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2125:
2115:
2113:
2107:"Ethernet PHYs"
2105:
2104:
2100:
2090:
2088:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2063:
2061:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2022:
2018:
2011:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1962:
1958:
1949:
1947:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1911:
1907:
1898:
1896:
1886:
1882:
1873:
1871:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1849:
1847:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1825:
1823:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1789:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1764:
1762:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1740:
1738:
1723:
1719:
1710:
1708:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1687:
1671:
1667:
1652:
1648:
1638:
1636:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1585:
1580:
1439:physical layers
1295:
1237:(MAC) layer in
1215:
1157:microcontroller
1130:
1046:
1023:
1016:autonegotiation
1002:communication;
920:. More complex
896:in synchronous
856:signal strength
814:
794:
769:(MAC) sublayer,
751:
739:data link layer
700:
626:
597:
596:
502:
491:
490:
387:
385:Data link layer
376:
375:
309:
298:
297:
263:
261:Transport layer
252:
251:
214:
203:
202:
168:
157:
156:
60:
44:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2214:
2204:
2203:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2176:
2175:External links
2173:
2170:
2169:
2145:
2134:
2123:
2098:
2070:
2049:
2036:
2016:
2009:
2003:. Huga Media.
1989:
1982:
1956:
1932:
1925:
1905:
1880:
1856:
1832:
1807:
1803:on 2022-01-22.
1771:
1747:
1717:
1692:
1686:978-1423902454
1685:
1665:
1662:on 2009-06-18.
1646:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1594:Clock recovery
1591:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1564:
1563:physical layer
1555:
1554:physical layer
1549:
1548:physical layer
1543:
1542:physical layer
1537:
1527:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1495:
1490:
1489:physical layer
1484:
1479:
1474:
1465:
1456:
1451:
1450:physical layer
1445:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1409:physical layer
1401:
1400:physical layer
1391:
1357:
1352:
1328:
1323:
1317:
1316:physical layer
1311:
1305:
1299:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1283:
1276:
1266:
1214:
1211:
1129:
1126:
1054:physical layer
1022:
1019:
978:, for example
968:point-to-point
890:infrared light
813:
810:
793:
790:
789:
788:
781:
770:
750:
747:
699:
696:
642:physical layer
628:
627:
625:
624:
617:
610:
602:
599:
598:
595:
594:
589:
584:
582:ITU-T G.hn PHY
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
517:ITU-T V-Series
514:
509:
503:
500:Physical layer
497:
496:
493:
492:
489:
488:
483:
478:
469:
464:
462:ITU-T G.hn DLL
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
388:
382:
381:
378:
377:
374:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
328:
327:
326:
321:
310:
304:
303:
300:
299:
296:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
264:
258:
257:
254:
253:
250:
249:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
215:
209:
208:
205:
204:
201:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
169:
163:
162:
159:
158:
155:
154:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
61:
55:
54:
51:
50:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2213:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2159:
2158:The OSI-Model
2155:
2149:
2143:
2138:
2132:
2127:
2112:
2108:
2102:
2087:
2080:
2074:
2059:
2053:
2039:
2037:9781587050237
2033:
2029:
2028:
2020:
2012:
2010:9780072967753
2006:
2002:
2001:
1993:
1985:
1983:0-13-200916-1
1979:
1975:
1970:
1969:
1968:Data Networks
1960:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1928:
1926:9780080969121
1922:
1918:
1917:
1909:
1895:
1891:
1884:
1870:
1866:
1860:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1822:on 2010-12-27
1821:
1817:
1811:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1787:
1775:
1761:
1757:
1751:
1736:
1732:
1731:Network World
1728:
1721:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1688:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1669:
1661:
1657:
1650:
1634:
1630:
1624:
1620:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1589:Channel model
1587:
1586:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1571:IEEE 802.15.7
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1518:T1 and other
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1437:IEEE 802.15.4
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1231:channel codes
1228:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1197:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1138:
1134:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1085:optical fiber
1082:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1035:
1027:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
960:
958:
954:
951:may be used.
950:
949:pulse shaping
946:
942:
937:
935:
931:
927:
926:carrier sense
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
873:
869:
865:
864:optical fiber
861:
857:
853:
850:
846:
842:
838:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
809:
807:
803:
799:
786:
782:
779:
775:
771:
768:
764:
763:
762:
760:
756:
746:
744:
740:
735:
732:
727:
725:
721:
717:
713:
712:network nodes
709:
705:
695:
693:
689:
684:
682:
679:
678:MIPI Alliance
675:
671:
667:
663:
658:
656:
652:
647:
643:
639:
635:
623:
618:
616:
611:
609:
604:
603:
601:
600:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
504:
501:
495:
494:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
389:
386:
380:
379:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
336:
332:
329:
325:
322:
320:
317:
316:
315:
312:
311:
308:
307:Network layer
302:
301:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
265:
262:
256:
255:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
216:
213:
212:Session layer
207:
206:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
170:
167:
161:
160:
153:
152:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
100:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
76:
73:
71:
68:
66:
63:
62:
59:
53:
52:
48:
42:
39:
38:
33:
19:
2161:. Retrieved
2157:
2148:
2137:
2126:
2114:. Retrieved
2110:
2101:
2089:. Retrieved
2085:
2073:
2062:. Retrieved
2052:
2041:. Retrieved
2026:
2019:
1999:
1992:
1967:
1959:
1948:. Retrieved
1944:
1935:
1919:. Elsevier.
1915:
1908:
1897:. Retrieved
1893:
1883:
1872:. Retrieved
1868:
1859:
1848:. Retrieved
1844:
1835:
1824:. Retrieved
1820:the original
1810:
1801:the original
1791:
1774:
1763:. Retrieved
1760:ResearchGate
1759:
1750:
1739:. Retrieved
1735:the original
1730:
1720:
1709:. Retrieved
1707:. 2011-07-30
1704:
1695:
1675:
1668:
1660:the original
1649:
1637:. Retrieved
1623:
1296:
1293:Technologies
1219:Wireless LAN
1200:
1192:
1161:
1145:Ethernet PHY
1144:
1142:
1111:
1102:
1101:
1089:copper cable
1074:
1053:
1049:
1047:
992:star network
961:
941:equalization
938:
918:multiplexing
906:flow control
886:carrier wave
876:
837:signal level
815:
795:
778:transmission
758:
752:
743:data packets
736:
728:
701:
685:
670:design block
668:(EDA), by a
664:chip or, in
659:
645:
641:
631:
499:
149:
1552:PCI Express
1540:TransferJet
1388:1000BASE-SX
1180:Wake-on-LAN
1012:full duplex
1008:half duplex
936:(CSMA/CD).
878:Line coding
710:connecting
572:IEEE 802.16
567:IEEE 802.15
562:IEEE 802.11
486:IEEE 802.11
457:Frame Relay
2163:2021-07-28
2116:12 October
2091:12 October
2064:2015-11-18
2043:2015-11-18
1950:2019-02-15
1899:2019-02-15
1874:2021-07-28
1850:2021-07-28
1826:2011-07-29
1765:2019-02-15
1741:2019-02-15
1711:2018-08-14
1705:InterWorks
1615:References
1535:ITU-T V.92
1384:1000BASE-T
1380:100BASE-FX
1376:100BASE-TX
1362:Including
1286:Serial ATA
1278:IrDA: The
1176:link layer
1124:sublayer.
1116:(like the
1095:(PCS) and
1077:link layer
847:including
776:encoding,
557:IEEE 802.3
481:Q.922 LAPF
452:IEEE 802.3
432:IEEE 802.2
219:Named pipe
2201:OSI model
1894:Fossbytes
1865:"rfc1123"
1841:"rfc1122"
1524:E-carrier
1520:T-carrier
1509:SONET/SDH
1355:Etherloop
1314:Bluetooth
1308:ARINC 818
1203:Microsemi
1066:OSI model
882:modulated
860:bandwidth
858:, analog
841:impedance
783:performs
772:performs
716:bitstream
708:data link
655:line code
634:OSI model
592:Bluetooth
577:IEEE 1394
537:SONET/SDH
498:1.
383:2.
361:AppleTalk
305:3.
259:4.
210:5.
164:6.
56:7.
41:OSI model
2195:Category
1639:10 March
1633:Archived
1583:See also
1533: —
1364:10BASE-T
1184:Boot ROM
1056:, is an
1000:parallel
964:bit rate
812:Services
806:RFC 1123
802:RFC 1122
692:Ethernet
151:more....
1372:10BASE5
1368:10BASE2
1342:EIA-423
1338:EIA-422
1320:CAN bus
1207:Marvell
1004:simplex
884:onto a
646:layer 1
224:NetBIOS
145:NETCONF
2034:
2007:
1980:
1923:
1683:
1609:SerDes
1558:802.11
1531:modems
1398:G.9960
1350:RS-485
1346:RS-449
1334:RS-232
1303:1-Wire
1164:frames
1137:Micrel
996:serial
830:cables
774:symbol
720:signal
714:. The
676:, the
640:, the
512:RS-449
507:RS-232
474:
335:ICMPv6
135:Telnet
99:HTTP/3
90:Gopher
2082:(PDF)
1788:from
1561:Wi-Fi
1526:links
1500:(OTN)
1463:ITU-T
1259:WiMAX
1223:Wi-Fi
1107:M-PHY
1068:in a
872:radio
681:*-PHY
672:. In
527:I.431
522:I.430
412:CSLIP
356:IS-IS
341:IPsec
248:X.225
244:SOCKS
188:ASCII
183:ASN.1
47:layer
2118:2020
2093:2020
2032:ISBN
2005:ISBN
1978:ISBN
1921:ISBN
1681:ISBN
1641:2023
1477:LoRa
1454:ISDN
1448:IRDA
1413:UMTS
1394:G.hn
1261:and
1182:and
1143:The
1109:.
1103:-PHY
988:mesh
984:ring
947:and
928:and
904:and
839:and
828:and
804:and
796:The
704:bits
698:Role
690:and
476:LAPB
472:X.25
447:L2TP
427:PLIP
417:SLIP
407:HDLC
402:SDLC
366:X.25
346:IGMP
331:ICMP
324:IPv6
319:IPv4
288:QUIC
283:DCCP
278:SCTP
234:PPTP
173:MIME
140:DHCP
130:SNMP
125:SMTP
115:SMPP
95:HTTP
65:NNTP
1576:X10
1546:USB
1514:SPI
1504:SMB
1472:I²S
1468:I²C
1459:ITU
1419:LTE
1404:GSM
1331:EIA
1326:DSL
1263:UWB
1251:LTE
1221:or
1122:PMD
1118:SFP
1087:or
1050:PHY
1021:PHY
1010:or
998:or
990:or
980:bus
916:or
908:in
900:or
888:or
870:or
726:.
662:PHY
644:or
636:of
587:USB
552:DSL
547:OTN
542:PON
532:PDH
467:PPP
442:MAC
437:LLC
422:GFP
397:ARP
392:ATM
371:PLP
351:IPX
293:SPX
273:UDP
268:TCP
239:RTP
229:SAP
198:PGP
193:TLS
178:XDR
120:SSH
110:NTP
105:NFS
85:FTP
80:DNS
75:SSI
70:SIP
45:by
18:PHY
2197::
2156:.
2109:.
2084:.
2030:.
1976:.
1974:61
1943:.
1892:.
1867:.
1843:.
1795:.
1758:.
1729:.
1703:.
1631:.
1470:,
1425:5G
1386:,
1382:,
1378:,
1374:,
1370:,
1366:,
1348:,
1344:,
1340:,
1336:,
1257:,
1255:5G
1247:4G
1243:3G
1072:.
1048:A
1006:,
994:;
986:,
982:,
966:;
943:,
874:.
745:.
314:IP
2166:.
2120:.
2095:.
2067:.
2046:.
2013:.
1986:.
1953:.
1929:.
1902:.
1877:.
1853:.
1829:.
1768:.
1744:.
1714:.
1689:.
1643:.
1396:/
1265:.
1253:/
1249:/
1245:/
1045:.
787:.
621:e
614:t
607:v
337:)
333:(
101:)
97:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.