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Aarons, L.; Karlsson, M. O.; Mentré, F.; Rombout, F.; Steimer, J. L.; van Peer, A.; COST B15 Experts (May 2001). "Role of modelling and simulation in Phase I drug development".
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Hahn, J. O.; Khosravi, S.; Dumont, G. A.; Ansermino, J. M. (2011). "Two-stage vs mixed-effect approach to pharmacodynamic modeling of propofol in children using state entropy".
69:. However, if a delay is observed between the drug administration and the drug effect, a temporal dissociation needs to be taken into account and more complex models exist:
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Pharmaceutical
Biotechnology: Fundamentals and Applications. Crommelin, Daan; Meibohm, Bernd; Sindelar, Robert. Third Edition. Informa Healthcare USA. 2008.
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Central to PK/PD models is the concentration-effect or exposure-response relationship. A variety of PK/PD modeling approaches exist to describe
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Karlsson, Mats O.; Anehall, Therese; Friberg, Lena E.; Henningsson, Anja; Kloft, Charlotte; Sandström, Marie; Xie, Rujia (2005-03-01).
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Derendorf, H.; Meibohm, B. (1999). "Modeling of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) relationships: Concepts and perspectives".
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PK/PD modeling has its importance at each step of the drug development and it has shown its usefulness in many diseases. The
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Mager, Donald E.; Wyska, Elzbieta; Jusko, William J. (2003-05-01). "Diversity of
Mechanism-Based Pharmacodynamic Models".
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Meibohm, B.; Derendorf, H. (October 1997). "Basic concepts of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modelling".
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Rajman, Iris (2008-04-01). "PK/PD modelling and simulations: utility in drug development".
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