Kurdistan Workers' Party

417: 2474: 1628: 2406: 2394: 2382: 1369:

forward bases from which militants carry out attacks against Turkish military bases. The units deployed there are highly mobile and the camps have only minimal infrastructure. The other permanent camps, in the Qandil Mountains of Iraq, have more developed infrastructure—including a field hospital, electricity generators and a large proportion of the PKK's lethal and non-lethal supplies. The organization is also using the Qandil mountain camps for its political activities. It was reported in 2004 that there was another political training camp in Belgium, evidence that the organization had used training camps in Europe for political and ideological training.

405: 12899: 357: 2221: 2427: 3506: 1717: 1637: 12728: 184: 3097: 12911: 3108: 2462: 2938:

an official statement. " it does not accept the entry of armed groups to its territories that can be used to harm Iraq's security and stability." The prospect of armed Kurdish forces in northern Iraq threatens to increase tensions between the region and Baghdad who are already at odds over certain oil producing territory. PKK spokesman Ahmet Deniz sought to ease concerns stating the plan would boost democracy. "The process is not aimed against anyone," he said "and there is no need for concerns that the struggle will take on another format and pose a threat to others."

12759: 145: 2687:. As during the international operation Poised Hammer the collaboration between Barzani and Turkey embittered, the situation for the PKK became even more difficult, with Barzani condemning terrorist attacks by the PKK during a Newroz festival. At the same time, the Turkish government started to use more violent methods to counter Kurdish militants. After in 1992 a high-profile Turkish Delegation visited Damascus, the Syrian Government seemed to have ordered the closure of the PKK camp in the Bekaa valley and told the PKK to keep a low profile for some time. 2486: 2439: 321: 12740: 2650:, but also at different resorts. However, the PKK had in its history arrested 4 tourists and released them all after warning them to not enter the war zone. The vast majority of PKK's actions have taken place mainly in Turkey against the Turkish military, although it has on occasions co-operated with other Kurdish nationalist paramilitary groups in neighboring states, such as Iraq and Iran. The PKK has also attacked Turkish diplomatic and commercial facilities across Western Europe in the late 1980s. In effect, the Turkish state has led a series of 51: 707: 333: 2004: 2539: 642: 171: 381: 2498: 720: 1769: 629: 480: 1777: 2822:

its capability to carry out armed operations. PKK/KADEK established a new ruling council in April, its membership virtually identical to the PKK's Presidential Council. The PKK/KADEK did not conduct an armed attack in 2002; however, the group periodically issued veiled threats that it will resume violence if the conditions of its imprisoned leader are not improved and its forces are attacked by Turkish military, and it continued its military training like before.

2631:, Syria, Lebanon and France. The PKK received significant support from the Syrian government, which allowed it to maintain headquarters in Damascus, as well as some support from the governments of Iran, Iraq, and Libya. It began to launch attacks and bombings against Turkish governmental installations, the military, and various institutions of the state. The organization focused on attacks against Turkish military targets, although civilian targets were also hit. 733: 1282: 2977: 3056: 2510: 12772: 158: 369: 14971: 197: 3134:

refusing to recognize the HDP as having any role to play despite their long participation as intermediaries. These announcements increased distrust of the government's good faith among Kurdish leaders. In July 2015, Turkey finally became involved in the war against ISIL. While they were doing so, they decided to bomb PKK targets in Iraq. The bombings came a few days after PKK was suspected of assassinating two Turkish police officers in

12582: 681: 590: 492: 1752:, and recruiting child soldiers. According to the TEPAV, an Ankara-based think tank, a survey conducted using data from 1,362 PKK fighters who lost their lives between 2001 and 2011 estimated that 42% of the militants were recruited under 18, with roughly 9% under 15 at the time of recruitment. In 2013 the PKK stated it would prohibit the recruitment of children under the age of 16 as well as keep 16-18 year olds away from combat. 603: 505: 1789:

fighters but over time the number increased significantly and by the early 1990s, 30 percent of its 17,000 armed fighting forces were women. While in 1989 the PKKs armed wing issued a so-called "Compulsory Military Service Law", the PKK had to temporarily suspend recruitment several times since the early 1990s, as the PKK had difficulties to provide training to the large number of volunteers, which wanted to join their ranks.

694: 441: 393: 616: 518: 668: 3009: 429: 655: 12929: 1378: 1940:, the organization collects money from its members, using labels like 'donations' and 'membership fees' which are seen as a fact extortion and illegal taxation by the authorities. There are also indications that the organization is actively involving in money laundering, illicit drugs and human trafficking, as well as illegal immigration inside and outside the EU for funding and running its activities. 453: 12991: 12875: 2934:

Iraq welcomed the idea of refugees from its northern neighbor. The BDP held meetings across the region to state the pending withdrawal to concerned citizens. "The 8th of May is a day we both anticipate and fear," said party leader Pinar Yilmaz. "We don't trust the government at all. Many people here are afraid that once the guerrillas are gone, the Turkish military will crack down on us again."

1035: 12887: 8324: 345: 2782:, murdered and disappeared Kurdish journalists, activists and politicians. As a result of increasing Kurdish population and activism, the Turkish parliament began a controlled process of dismantling some anti-Kurdish legislation, using the term "normalization" or "rapprochement", depending on the sides of the issue. It partially relaxed the bans on broadcasting and publishing in the 12318:

People's Defence Forces (HPG) said in a statement on its website on Wednesday, accusing the two officers of cooperating with the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). The two police officers were found shot dead at their home in the town of Ceylanpinar on the border with Syria, two days after the Suruc suicide attack that killed 32 people, mostly ethnic Kurds.

12340:'We will not stay silent in the face of those who kill our police officers in their sleep,' Davutoglu said, referring to PKK's assassination of two Turkish police officers Wednesday. The statement also referred to the slaying of the two police officers, calling it an act of "retribution" carried out by "local branches" without orders from central PKK command. 2833:. The stated purpose of the organizational change was to leave behind nationalistic and state-building goals, in favor of creating a political structure to work within the existing nation-states. Through further internal conflict during this period, it is reported that 1500 militants left the organization, along with many of the leading reformists, including 2758:. Similar actions of the Turkish state have also been criticized by these same groups. The ECHR has investigated Turkey for executions of Kurdish civilians, torturing, forced displacements and massive arrests. In 1998 Turkey increased the pressure on Syria and ended its support for the PKK. The leader of the organization, Abdullah Öcalan, was captured, 1740:, of which each one is headed by its commander. A province is further also divided into several sub regions, in which a number of fighting battalions of between 100 and 170 militants are stationed. The battalions are again divided into companies of 60 to 70 fighters of which at least one needs to constituted by female and two by male militants. 2853:

Kongra-Gel called off the cease-fire at the start of June 2004, saying Turkish security forces had refused to respect the truce. Turkish security forces were increasingly involved in clashes with Kurdish separatist fighters. Ankara stated that about 2,000 Kurdish fighters had crossed into Turkey from

2742:, a female PKK fighter, carried out the organization's first suicide attack, killing 8 soldiers and injuring 29 others. The attacks against the civilians, especially the Kurdish citizens who refused to cooperate with them were also reported at the same years. On 20 January 1999, a report published by 2289:

on the grounds that the EU had failed to give a proper justification for listing it in the first place. However, EU officials dismissed the ruling, stating that the PKK would remain on the list regardless of the legal decision. The EU in 2011 renewed its official listing of the PKK as group or entity

814:

by Turkey, the United States, the European Union, and some other countries; however, the labeling of the PKK as a terrorist organization is controversial to some analysts and organizations, who believe that the PKK no longer engages in organized terrorist activities or systemically targets civilians.

3133:

In the months before the parliamentary election of 2015, as the "Kurdish-focused" HDP's likelihood of crossing the 10% threshold for entry into the government seemed more likely, Erdogan gave speeches and made comments that repudiated the settlement process and the existence of a Kurdish problem and

3035:

Turkish military statements stated that the bombings were in response to PKK attacks on a Turkish military outpost in the area. The Firat news agency, which Al Jazeera describes as "close to the PKK", stated that Turkish forces had been shelling the PKK positions for days beforehand and that the PKK

2821:

and proclaimed a commitment to nonviolent activities. A PKK/KADEK spokesman stated that its armed wing, the HPG, would not disband or surrender its weapons for reasons of self-defense. This statement by the PKK/KADEK avowing it would not lay down its arms underscores that the organization maintained

2341:

in Madrid, the Turkish delegation softened their opposition to Finland and Sweden's NATO membership applications and signed a tripartite memorandum addressing Turkey's concerns regarding arms exports and Kurdish relations. Finland and Sweden affirmed that the PKK is "a terrorist organization". On 30

1061:

Around 1995, the PKK ostensibly changed its aim from independence to a demand for equal rights and Kurdish autonomy within the Turkish state, though all the while hardly suspending their military attacks on the Turkish state except for ceasefires in 1999–2004 and 2013–2015. In 1995, Öcalan said: "We

3027:

A number of Turkish Kurds rallied in large-scale street protests, demanding that the government in Ankara take more forceful action to combat IS and to enable Kurdish militants already engaged against IS to more freely move and resupply. These protests included a PKK call for its supporters to turn

2937:

The withdrawal began as planned with groups of fighters crossing the border from southeastern Turkey to northern Iraq. Iraqi leadership in Baghdad, however, declared that it would not accept armed groups into its territory. "The Iraqi government welcomes any political and peaceful settlement", read

2933:

remarked "As part of ongoing preparations, the withdrawal will begin on May 8, 2013. Our forces will use their right to retaliate in the event of an attack, operation or bombing against our withdrawing guerrilla forces and the withdrawal will immediately stop." The semi-autonomous Kurdish region of

2802:

The third phase (1999–2012), after the capture of Öcalan, PKK reorganized itself and new leaders were chosen by its members. The organization made radical changes to survive, such as changing its ideology and setting new goals. During the 7th Party congress in January 2000, the former military wing

2737:

From 1996 to 1999, the organization began to use suicide bombers, VBIED, and ambush attacks against military and police bases. The role of suicide bombers, especially female ones were encouraged and mythologised by giving them the status of a "goddess of freedom", and shown as role models for other

1999:

According to research conducted by journalist Aliza Marcus, the PKK accepted the support of smugglers in the region. Aliza Marcus stated that some of those Kurdish smugglers who were involved in the drug trade, either because they truly believed in the PKK—or because they thought it a good business

1141:

Even though the PKK has several prominent representatives in various countries such as Iraq, Iran, Syria, Russia, and Europe, Abdullah Öcalan stayed the unchallenged leader of the organization. Today, though serving life imprisonment, Öcalan is still considered the honorary leader and figurehead of

925:(TKP-ML) were cracked down upon and forbidden. Following, several of the resting political actors of the Turkish left organized away from the public in university dorms or in meetings in shared apartments. In 1972–1973 the organization's core ideological group was made up largely of students led by 11559:

KCK has an assembly. This assembly is Kongra-Gel. Furthermore, within Kongra-Gel there's an elected executive council... The PKK is a limited segment within the movement which is given the name KCK. Abdullah Öcalan takes the highest position. After that there's the Assembly, and following that the

2618:

In a second phase, which followed the return of civilian rule in 1983, escalating attacks were made on the government's military and vital institutions all over the country. The objective was to destabilize the Turkish authority through a long, low-intensity confrontation. The establishment of the

1096:

with the democratic confederalism which is described as a system of popularly elected administrative councils, allowing local communities to exercise autonomous control over their assets while linking to other communities via a network of confederal councils. Followers of Öcalan and members of the

2961:

Iraqi Kurdistan President Masoud Barzani backed the initiative saying, alongside Erdogan: "This is a historic visit for me ... We all know it would have been impossible to speak here 15 or 20 years ago. Prime Minister Tayyip Erdogan has taken a very brave step towards peace. I want my Kurdish and

2941:

It is estimated that between 1,500 and 2,000 PKK fighters resided in Turkey at the time. The withdrawal process was expected to take several months even if Iraq does not intervene to try to stop it. On 14 May 2013, the first groups of 13 male and female fighters entered Iraq's Heror area near the

2862:

was restored, while the Kongra-Gel became the legislature of the Kurdistan Communities Union (KCK). Turkey's struggle against the Kongra-Gel/PKK was marked by increased clashes across Turkey in 2005. In the southeast, Turkish security forces were active in the struggle against the Kongra-Gel/PKK.

2566:

against the Turkish government. During these years, the PKK also fought a turf war against Kurdish and Turkish radical Islamist organisations in Turkey. Turkish newspapers said that the PKK effectively used the prison force to appeal to the general population, which the PKK has denied. In Turkey,

2311:

France prosecutes Kurdish-French activists and bans organizations connected to the PKK on terrorism-related charges, having listed the group as a terrorist organization since 1993. However, French courts often refuse to extradite captured individuals criticized of PKK connections to Turkey due to

2111:

between Turkey and Syria, Syria placed restrictions on PKK activity on its soil such as not allowing the PKK to establish camps and other facilities for training and shelter or to have commercial activities on its territory. Syria recognized the PKK as a terrorist organization in 1998. Turkey was

1503:

has condemned Turkey for arresting and executing Kurdish writers, journalists and politicians in numerous occasions. Between 1990 and 2006 Turkey was condemned to pay €33 million in damages in 567 cases. The majority of the cases were related to events that took place in southeastern Anatolia. In

1368:

In 2007, the organization was reported to have camps strung out through the mountains that straddle the border between Turkey and Iraq, including in Sinaht, Haftanin, Kanimasi and Zap. The organization developed two types of camps. The mountain camps, located in Turkey, Iraq and Iran, are used as

3156:

The number of casualties since 23 July was stated by Turkish government to be 150 Turkish officers and over 2,000 Kurdish rebels killed (by September). In December 2015, Turkish military operation in southeastern Turkey has killed hundreds of civilians, displaced hundreds of thousands and caused

2867:

claimed responsibility for many of these attacks. The TAK is a rival to PKK that since 2006 repeatedly damaged the PKK's efforts to negotiate cease-fires and unlike the PKK, is seeking to establish independent Kurdistan. In 2006 alone, the PKK claimed over 500 victims. On 1 October 2006, the PKK

2048:

At the height of its campaign, it is alleged that the organization received support from a range of countries. According to Turkey, those countries the PKK previously or currently received support from include: Greece, Cyprus, Iran, Iraq, Russia, Syria, Finland, Sweden and the United States. The

1952:

has been documented since the 1990s. A report by Interpol published in 1992 states that the PKK, along with nearly 178 Kurdish organizations were suspected of illegal drug trade involvement. Members of the PKK have been designated narcotics traffickers by the U.S. Department of the Treasury. The

1788:

Since its foundation, the PKK has recruited new fighters mainly from Turkey, but also from Syria, Iraq, Iran, and Western countries using various recruitment methods, such as using nationalist propaganda and its gender equality ideology. At its establishment, it included a small number of female

12317:

The armed wing of the outlawed Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) has claimed responsibility for killing two Turkish police officers, saying the murders were reprisals for a suicide attack in the border town of Suruc. 'A punitive action was carried out... in revenge for the massacre in Suruc,' the

2749:

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, in an effort to win increased support from the Kurdish peasantry, the PKK altered its leftist secular ideology to better accommodate and accept Islamic beliefs. The group also abandoned its previous strategy of attacking Kurdish and Turkish civilians who were

2039:

the strength of the organization in terms of human resources consists of approximately 4,000 to 5,000 militants of whom 3,000 to 3,500 are located in northern Iraq. With the new wave of fighting from 2015 onwards, observers said that active support for the PKK had become a "mass phenomenon" in

1683:

in 1996, Öcalan assured Lummer that it was the PKKs aim to find a peaceful solution for their activities in Germany. The PKK also demanded that it should be recognized as a legitimate entity and not as a terrorist organization in Germany, a demand to which Germany did not accede to. In Germany

1397:

often directed against policies of the Turkish government. The PKK also fought a turf war against other radical Islamist Kurdish and Turkish organizations in Turkey. Turkish newspapers said that the PKK effectively used the prison force to gain appeal among the population which PKK has denied.

2733:

was elected prime minister. In December 1995 the PKK announced another unilateral ceasefire to give a new Government an opportunity to articulate a more peaceful approach towards the conflict. The government elected in December 1995 did not initiate negotiations and kept on evacuating Kurdish

8522:

The Turkish establishment considered the Kurds' demand for the recognition of their identity a threat to the territorial integrity of the state, the more so because the PKK was supported by countries hostile to Turkey: Soviet Union, Greece, Cyprus, Iran and especially Syria. Syria hosted the

2894:

2012 was the most violent year in the armed conflict between the Turkish State and PKK since 1999. At least 541 individuals lost their lives as a result of the clashes including 316 militants and 282 soldiers. In contrast, 152 individuals lost their lives in 2009 until the Turkish government

2362:

In 2020, the supreme court of Belgium ruled that the PKK was not a terrorist organization, instead labeling the group as an actor in an internal armed conflict. Following this, the Belgian Government announced that the ruling would not affect the current designation of the PKK as a terrorist

2945:

On 29 July 2013, the PKK issued an ultimatum in saying that the peace deal would fail if reforms were not begun to be implemented within a month. In October, Cemil Bayik warned that unless Turkey resumed the peace process, the PKK would resume operations to defend itself against it. He also

1728:

governments of the region". The areas in which the group operates are generally mountainous rural areas and dense urban areas. The mountainous terrain offers an advantage to members of the PKK by allowing them to hide in a network of caves. In 1995 the PKK declared that it would comply with

1816:

In July 2007, the weapons captured between 1984 and 2007 from the PKK operatives and their origins published by the Turkish General Staff indicates that the operatives erased some of the serial numbers from their weapons. The total number of weapons and the origins for traceable ones were:

1727:

The organization said that its violent actions against the government forces were used by "the need to defend Kurds in the context of what it calls as the massive cultural suppression of Kurdish identity (including the 1983 Turkish Language Act Ban) and cultural rights carried out by other

2358:

has also rejected Turkish demands to blacklist the PKK. Switzerland does not have a list of terrorist organizations, but it has taken its own measures to monitor and restrict the group's activities on Swiss soil, including banning the collection of funds for the group in November 2008.

1481:

during which the HDP is accused of being linked to the PKK. It is reported that Turkey has used the PKK as an excuse to close Kurdish political parties. Senior DTP leaders maintained that they support a unified Turkey within a democratic framework. In May 2007, the co-president of DTP

3004:

forces in Syria who were attacking Kurdish city Kobane, which resulted in conflicts with Turks on the border and an end to a cease-fire that had been in place over a year. The PKK said Turkey was supporting ISIS. The PKK participated in many offensives against ISIS in Iraq and Syria.

2064:

According to Ali Külebi, president of an Ankara-based nationalist think tank TUSAM, "It is obvious that the PKK is supported by Greece, considering the PKK's historical development with major support from Greece." Külebi said in 2007 that PKK militants received training at a base in

1599:

were labelled and prosecuted for "spreading terrorist propaganda" on behalf of the PKK. In November 2020, a playground for children in Istanbul was dismantled after the municipality decided its design too closely resembled the symbol of the PKK. Politicians of pro-Kurdish like the

9370:"Council Decision 2011/70/CFSP of 31 January 2011 updating the list of persons, groups and entities subject to Articles 2, 3 and 4 of Common Position 2001/931/CFSP on the application of specific measures to combat terrorism – Official Journal L 028, 02/02/2011 pp. 0057–0059" 1065:

Whilst this shift in the mid-nineties has been interpreted as one from a call for independence to an autonomous republic, some scholars have concluded that the PKK still maintains independence as the ultimate goal, but through society-building rather than state-building.

8844: 4092: 1365:. Instead of a single training camp that could be easily destroyed, the organization created many small camps. During this period the organization set up a fully functioning enclave with training camps, storage facilities, and reconnaissance and communications centers. 9093: 1996:. According to the OFAC, Zeynedding Geleri was identified as a high-ranking member of the PKK while two others were activists. The OFAC stated that the drug trafficking is still one of the organization's criminal activities it uses to obtain weapons and materials. 1456:

Political organizations established in Turkey are banned from propagating or supporting separatism. Several political parties supporting Kurdish rights have been reportedly banned on this pretext. The constitutional court stated to find direct links between the

2255:

in 1986, the PKK was considered a potential suspect – however, this theory was soon abandoned and in September 2020, the state prosecutor Krister Petersson announced he believed he had found the murderer and closed the case as that person was no longer alive.

2179:, had active connections during the 1990s with elements of the organization's leadership that forced a downgrade in relationships between the two states. After harboring Ali Riza Altun, Austria arranged a flight to Iraq for him, a suspected key figure with an 2750:

against them, focusing instead on government and military targets. In its campaign, the organization has been criticized of carrying out atrocities against both Turkish and Kurdish civilians and its actions have been criticised by human rights groups such as

2671:. The establishment of the Village Guards resulted into a change of policy by the PKK, who reorganized its military wing at the 3rd party congress in October 1986 and made the joining of its military wing the Kurdistan People's Liberation Force compulsory. 1801:. It was reported by a Turkish university that 88% of the subjects initially reported that equality was a key objective, and that they joined the organization based on this statement. In 2007, approximately 1,100 of 4,500–5,000 total members were women. 2895:

initiated negotiations with the PKK leadership. The failure of this negotiations contributed to violence that were particularly intensified in 2012. The PKK encouraged by the rising power of the Syrian Kurds increased its attacks in the same year.

1128:

against an established order, as well as the role Islam can play in reconciliation between Kurds and Turks. The PKK was accused of having a presence in mosques in Germany to attract religious Muslim Kurds into their ranks. Öcalan had respect for

3507: 2294:. In 2018, Prakken d'Oliveira Human Rights Lawyers reported that the PKK won another case against its listing as a terror organization by the EU, but the PKK was kept on the list as the ruling only concerned the years from 2014 until 2017. 12420: 2929:. To facilitate talks, government officials transmitted letters between Öcalan in jail to PKK leaders in northern Iraq. On 21 March 2013, a ceasefire was announced. On 25 April, it was announced that the PKK would leave Turkey. Commander 2857:

While the fight against the Turkish security forces between 2004 and 2010 continued, the PKK and its ancillary organizations continued to enjoy substantial support among the Kurds of Turkey. In 2005, the original name of the organization

12362: 5011:

The Turkish military responded with a ferocious counterinsurgency campaign that led to the deaths of nearly 40,000 people, most of them Turkish Kurdish civilians, and the displacement of more than three million Kurds from southeastern

2746:, stated that the PKK was reported to have been responsible for more than 768 executions. The organization had also reportedly committed 25 massacres, killing more than 300 people. More than a hundred victims were children and women. 1796:

norms were commonplace, the organization increased its number of members through the recruitment of women from different social structures and environments, also from families that migrated to several European countries after 1960 as

1536:(Millî İstihbarat Teşkilatı, MİT), and that his 1979 escape to Syria was aided by elements in MİT. Öcalan has admitted making use of money given by the MIT to the PKK, which he says was provided as part of MIT efforts to control him. 4040: 8852: 4096: 6046: 2868:

reportedly declared a unilateral cease-fire that slowed the intensity and pace of its attacks, but attacks continued in response to Turkish security forces significant counterinsurgency operations, especially in the southeast.

2988:(ISIL) forces in Syria in mid-July 2014 as part of the Syrian Civil War. In August the PKK engaged IS in Northern Iraq and pressured the Government of Turkey to take a stand against IS. PKK forces helped tens of thousands of 815:

Turkey accused the PKK of terrorism in 2023 for killing 12 of its solders in Iraq and for a suicide attack on the Ministry of Interior’s headquarters in Ankara. Turkey has often characterized the demand for education in

1148:

led the organization from 1999 to 2013. In 2013 Cemil Bayik and Besê Hozat assumed as the first joint leadership. Cemil Bayik was one of the core leaders since its foundation. The organization appointed "Doctor Bahoz",

6799:

PKK aslında nereden şiddetle çıktı. Bana göre Diyarbakır Cezaevi'nden, 12 Eylül'den sonra çıktı. Yani ortam, orada hazırlandı. Çıkış yeri orası. Orada işkenceden insanlar öldü. Sakat kalanlar Avrupa'ya gitti. Öyle bir

942: 3560: 1237:. In 1994 the Hunerkom was renamed into the 'Kurdish Academy of Culture and Arts'. Koma Berxwedans songs, which often were about the PKK resistance, were forbidden in Turkey and had to be smuggled over the border. 2662:

in various PKK-controlled territories starting in 1983 (when the military relinquished political control to the civilians). This series of administrative reforms against terrorism included in 1985 the creation of

1021:

drew on Marxism and saw Kurdistan as a colonized entity. Initially the PKK concealed its existence and only announced their existence in a propaganda stunt when they attempted to assassinate a politician of the

1416:

since the beginning of the early 1990s. The existence of direct links between the parties and the PKK have several times been a question in Turkish politics but also in Turkish and European courts. In sequence

1123:

to be in Kurdish instead of the Turkish language. Öcalans early writings did not have a positive view of Islam, but later works had a more favorable tone, specifically regarding the revolutionary activity of

12806: 6722: 5698:

Instead of struggling for autonomy, a federation, or independence, Kurds would now fight for a truly democratic Turkey, in which Kurds and Turks would be unified in the way that Turkey's founder Ataturk had

4548: 12842: 12836: 8548: 1992:(OFAC) announced the designation of Moldovan-based individuals Zeyneddin Geleri, Cerkez Akbulut, and Omer Boztepe as specially designated narcotics traffickers for drug trafficking on behalf of the PKK in 1808:, in the early years of the PKK existence, it recruited young women by abducting them. Families would also encourage family members to join the PKK in order to avenge relatives killed by the Turkish army. 9865: 7667: 2170:

Various PKK leaders, including Hidir Yalcin, Riza Altun, Zubeyir Aydar, and Ali Haydar Kaytan all lived in Europe and moved freely. The free movement was achieved by strong ties with influential persons.

2083:, that "Greece has for years supported the PKK movement. They even gave us arms and rockets. Greek officers gave guerrilla training and explosives training to our militants" at a camp in Lavrion, Greece. 1586:

or the teaching of the Kurdish language as supporting terrorist activities by the PKK. The fact that both the HDP and the PKK support education in Kurdish language was included in the indictment in the

1050:. During the 1980s, the movement included and cooperated with other ethnic groups, including ethnic Turks, who were following the radical left. The organization initially presented itself as part of the 3614:

In 2003, Öcalan reformulated the ideological basis of the PKK. Inspired by eco-anarchists Murray Bookchin and Janet Beihl, he advocated for a new anti-nationalist approach he referred to as 'democratic

2734:

populated villages. Despite the violent approach of the Government to the ceasefire, it was upheld by the PKK until August 1996. Turkey was involved in serious human rights violations during the 1990s.

842:. The PKK was formed as part of a growing discontent over the suppression of Turkey's Kurds, in an effort to establish linguistic, cultural, and political rights for the Kurdish minority. Following the 9474: 1495:

Several parliamentarians and other elected representatives have been jailed for speaking in Kurdish, carrying Kurdish colors or otherwise allegedly "promoting separatism", most famous among them being

1062:

are not insisting on a separate state under any condition. What we are calling for very openly is a state model where a people's basic economic, cultural, social, and political rights are guaranteed".

9347: 9094:"MSB: 'Irak'ın kuzeyindeki Zap bölgesinde tespit edilen bölücü terör örgütü mensubu 6 PKK'lı terörist, düzenlenen hava harekâtıyla etkisiz hale getirildi. Operasyonlarımız hız kesmeden devam edecek.'" 2000:

practice (avoid conflicts)—frequently donated money to the PKK rebels. However, according to Aliza Marcus, it does not seem that the PKK, as an organization, directly produced or traded in narcotics.

13583: 13578: 8596: 3181: 4093:"Statement Made By İsmail Cem, Foreign Minister, On The Special Security Meeting Held Between Turkey And Syria October 20, 1998 (Unofficial Translation) / Rep. of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs" 1357:

from Beqaa Valley, under intensive pressure, after Syria expelled Öcalan and shut down all camps established in the region. At the time, Northern Iraq was experiencing a vacuum of control after the

12800: 12544: 9501: 2077:. At the time it was reported that the general had assumed responsibility for training. Greeks also dispatched arms through the Republic of Cyprus. During his trial, Öcalan admitted, as quoted in 12353: 9557: 13563: 13558: 2863:

There were bombings and attempted bombings in resort areas in western Turkey and Istanbul, some of which resulted in civilian casualties. A radical Kurdish separatist group calling itself the

12854: 12818: 12143: 2263: 1667:

apologized in 2015 after sympathizers of the PKK launched several waves of attacks against Turkish institutions in Germany. The PKK's activities were banned by the Minister of the Interior

4044: 15120: 15110: 12830: 12812: 9348:"Judgment of the Court of First Instance (Seventh Chamber) of 3 April 2008. Case T-229/02: Osman Öcalan acting on behalf of Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) v Council of the European Union" 4893: 7555: 4136: 15125: 14959: 14099: 9939: 9814: 8422: 7765: 2112:

expecting positive developments in its cooperation with Syria in the long term, but even during the course of 2005, there were PKK operatives of Syrian nationality operating in Turkey.

13265: 11684: 8448: 3028:

out. Clashes between police and protesters killed at least 31 people. The Turkish government continued to restrict PKK-associated fighters' movement across its borders, arresting 260

2778:

has condemned Turkey for human rights abuses during the conflict. Some judgements are related to executions of Kurdish civilians, torturing, forced displacements, destroyed villages,

960:, the Kurdish language was officially prohibited in public and private life. Many who spoke, published, or sang in Kurdish were arrested and imprisoned. At this time, expressions of 7123: 13588: 1961:, stating that despite the U.S. Department of Treasury designation, there was "no evidence that the organizational structures of the PKK are directly involved in drug trafficking". 11732: 9317: 2814:

HPG) and also declared that it wanted to aim for a democratic solution for the conflict. At the same time, the PKK continued to recruit new members and sustain its fighting force.

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action had itself been retaliation for those artillery strikes. The PKK had already reported several Turkish attacks against their troops months before Turkish bombing started.

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Metina mountain after leaving Turkey. They carried with them Kalashnikov assault rifles, light machine guns and rocket-propelled grenade launchers before a welcoming ceremony.

2069:, near Athens. Retired Greek L.T. General Dimitris Matafias and retired Greek Navy Admiral Antonis Naxakis had visited the organization's Mahsun Korkmaz base camp in Lebanon's 846:, the Kurdish language was officially prohibited in public and private life. Many who spoke, published, or sang in Kurdish were arrested and imprisoned. The Turkish government 2794:

moved to freeze assets of branches of the organization. The PKK went through a series of changes, and in 2003 it ended the unilateral truce declared when Öcalan was captured.

1688:(YXK), the Mesopotamia publishing house or the Mir Multimedia music label were deemed to be close to the PKK. The latter two were eventually closed down by Interior Minister 9662: 15170: 12537: 10617: 10932: 15130: 12983: 11016: 7240: 5308: 3570: 1026:, Mehmet Celal Bucak, in July 1979. Bucak was a Kurdish tribal leader accused by the PKK of exploiting peasants and collaborating with the Turkish state to oppress Kurds. 8718: 15105: 12270: 9271: 8957: 1119:

While the PKK has no known Islamist or practicing religious member among its leadership, it has supported the creation of religious organizations. It has also supported

4759: 13780: 10217: 8823: 6824: 5326: 5253: 3198: 10117: 1054:. Its aims and objectives have evolved over time towards the goals of national autonomy a federation similar the one of Switzerland, Germany or the United States and 11604: 13164: 11336: 9693: 4556: 987:

Following several years of preparation, the Kurdistan Workers Party was established during a foundation congress on 26 and 27 November 1978 in the rural village of

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fighters who were moving back into Turkey. On 14 October, Turkish Air Force fighter-bombers attacked PKK positions in the vicinity of Daglica, Hakkari Province.

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and assassination against government and military officials and Kurdish tribal leaders who were named as puppets of the state were performed as well. Widespread

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and prohibits U.S. persons from conducting financial or commercial transactions with these individuals. On 1 January 2012, the U.S. Department of the Treasury's

7370: 4297: 15165: 8875: 2902:, the Kurds in Syria have established control over their own region with the help of the PKK as well as with support from the Kurdistan Regional Government in 9478: 7162: 2583:

brought a difficult environment for the PKK, with members being executed, or being jailed. Other fled to Syria, where they were allowed to establish bases by

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In Turkey, anything which could be perceived as a support of the PKK is deemed unsuitable to be shown to the public. Turkey views the demand for education in

3891: 3363: 2551: 1954: 1614:, was viewed as an evidence for a membership in a terrorist organization in 2019 because according to the prosecution it described events involving the PKK. 947: 10415:

Satana, N. S. (10 June 2017). "The Kurdish Issue in June 2011 Elections: Continuity or Change in Turkey's Democratization?: Turkish Studies: Vol 13, No 2".

9012:...President Mitterrand's, admittedly estranged wife Danielle. So bad had ties been at one stage that formal relations had been downgraded to the level of 8647: 8604: 7198: 3245:

formally accused the PKK of being behind the attack and announced the arrest of the bomber who had alleged links to the organization and twenty-one others.

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The PKK has been designated as a terrorist group by a number of governments and organizations. It is often referred as "Separatist terrorist organization" (

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majority ethnic Kurdish cities in the southeast of the Republic of Turkey, with large numbers of local youth joining PKK-affiliated local militant groups.

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as foreign narcotics traffickers at the request of Turkey. On 20 April 2011, the U.S. Department of the Treasury announced the designation of PKK founders

12402: 8374: 2108: 13666: 13646: 10121: 9509: 6313: 4663: 2877: 1958: 1007: 9565: 3944:"Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions" 14945: 14468: 13294: 12995: 12824: 7582: 5803:

Casier, Marlies. "Beyond Mesopotamia? The Mesopotamia Social Forum and the appropriation and re-imagination of Mesopotamia by the Kurdish movement" in

4491: 3194: 3186: 2050: 991:. On 27 November 1978, a central committee consisting of seven people was elected, with Abdullah Öcalan as its head. Other members were: Şahin Dönmez, 10532: 4734: 4636: 12978: 12020: 7403: 3378: 2955: 12511:

Arin, Kubilay Yado, Turkey and the Kurds – From War to Reconciliation? UC Berkeley Center for Right Wing Studies Working Paper Series, 26 March 2015

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as a consequence of a change of tactics by Turkey and Syria's steady abandonment of support for the group. The group also had lost its support from

952:(ADYÖD), which would be banned the next year. Then a group around Öcalan split from the Turkish left and held extensive discussions focusing on the 13219: 13169: 13134: 8273: 6663: 6245: 2588: 1548: 1215: 14937: 9297: 4220: 3929: 1692:

who accused them of acting as a forefront of the PKK and to support the PKKs activities in Europe with its revenue. The Kurdish satellite channel

14215: 13487: 13427: 13374: 13144: 12553: 8570: 4066: 1596: 788: 12312: 1968:(OFAC) targeted the senior leadership of the PKK, designating Murat Karayılan, the head of the PKK, and high-ranking members Ali Riza Altun and 15048: 14408: 13339: 12091: 11497:

Akkaya, Ahmet Hamdi; Jongerden, Joost (2010). "The PKK in the 2000s: Continuity through Breaks?". In Casier, Marlies; Jongerden, Joost (eds.).

8426: 7912: 6372: 4823:"Gender equality and radical democracy: Contractions and conflicts in relation to the "new paradigm" within the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)" 4672: 3288: 3165: 2315:

The following other countries and organizations have listed or otherwise labelled the PKK in an official capacity as a terrorist organization:

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organization and its leader for twenty years, and it provided training facilities in the Beka'a Valley of Syrian-controlled northern Lebanon.

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I am Turkish. I am a former government official. And I believe that the Kurdistan Workers' Party, the PKK... is not a terrorist organization.

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which has monitored the organization's activities inside the EU has also claimed the organization's involvement in the trafficking of drugs.

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where the Hunerkom, its cultural branch was based. During the 1990s, the PKK was able to organize blockades of highways and its sympathizers

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The organization originated in the early 1970s from the radical left and drew its membership from other existing leftist groups, mainly

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The PKK has faced condemnation by some countries and human rights organizations for the killing of teachers and civil servants, using

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The PKK has been involved in armed clashes with Turkish security forces since 1979, but the full-scale insurgency did not begin until

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for a month in order to facilitate peace negotiations with Turkey. At an other press conference which took place on 16 April 1993 in

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ruled that the PKK was classified as a terror organization without due process. Nevertheless, the EU has maintained the designation.

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were continued from the first stage. Turkish sources had also stated that the PKK carried out kidnappings of tourists, primarily in

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The Republic of Cyprus has been instrumental in helping Greece supply arms to the PKK. Further suspicion of support was stated when

14828: 14163: 13603: 13598: 13070: 12794: 12642: 12569: 12173: 10736: 9670: 8250: 5219: 3565: 2791: 1450: 1161:, in charge of the movement's military operations signifying the long-standing solidarity among Kurds from all parts of Kurdistan. 1047: 885:

with the Turkish state. The ceasefire broke down in July 2015. Both the PKK and the Turkish state have been accused of engaging in

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guarantees. The leadership of Iraqi Kurdistan has condemned the Turkish airstrikes in its autonomous region in the north of Iraq.

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Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Canada, Czech Republic, Iran, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, New Zealand, Spain, Syria and Iraq.

15075: 14926: 14452: 13529: 13008: 7505: 6723:"The renewed Turkey-PKK conflict has shattered the illusion that Kurds can participate legitimately in Turkey's political system" 1792:

By 2020, 40% of the fighting force were women. In much of rural Turkey, where male-dominated tribal structures, and conservative

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in a capitalist world. In 1973, several students who later would become founders of the PKK established the student organization

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also attended and declared their support for the ceasefire. The ceasefire ended after the Turkish army killed 13 PKK members in

15145: 14413: 14168: 12782: 12280: 10187: 10079: 7876: 4668:"Kurds in Turkey and in (Iraqi) Kurdistan: A Comparison of Kurdish Educational Language Policy in Two Situations of Occupation" 1685: 1529: 902: 820: 538: 11013: 9057: 8965: 1700:

and had to end its activities in Germany in 2008. The PKK has received political support for a lift of its prohibition by the

15090: 14816: 14750: 14286: 13058: 13034: 12695: 10516: 8905: 6772: 4267: 3943: 3829: 2192: 1676: 1567: 1470: 1446: 1430: 1382: 918: 15070: 10225: 9591: 7739: 6488: 5263: 4463: 1604:(BDP) or the HDP were often prosecuted and sentenced to prison term for their alleged support of the PKK. The possession of 15080: 14730: 14501: 14331: 13354: 12006: 11805: 10148: 10125: 5873: 4400: 3001: 2985: 2654:

operations against the PKK, accompanied by political measures, starting with an explicit denunciation of separatism in the

2302: 2275: 1985: 1407: 11612: 8629: 8195:"The nexus among terrorists, narcotics traffickers, weapons proliferators, and organized crime networks in Western Europe" 2954:. As part of the civil war, many PKK fighters laid down arms in Turkey and moved to Syria, facilitating the creation of a 2884:, then it was renamed in the "Democratic Opening" to appease nationalist interests and then the "National Unity Project". 2786:, although significant barriers remain. At the same time, the PKK was blacklisted in many countries. On 2 April 2004, the 14863: 14792: 14637: 14473: 14208: 13472: 13402: 12950: 12866: 10819: 9697: 5522:"The Paradox of Legitimacy: Resilience, Successes, and the Multiple Identities of the Kurdistan Workers' Party in Turkey" 4521: 4180: 3856: 3333: 811: 799:). Although the PKK initially sought an independent Kurdish state, in the 1990s its official platform changed to seeking 578: 9972: 15095: 14810: 14643: 14631: 14553: 13279: 12647: 12607: 12118: 11668: 11643: 11550: 11506: 11478: 11299: 11272: 11212: 10829: 10802: 10720: 10683: 10658: 10468: 10347: 10304: 9450: 8515: 8358: 7681: 6604: 6355: 6287: 6226: 5919: 5844: 5816: 5788: 5722: 5691: 5504: 5472: 5354: 5004: 4930: 4707: 4194: 3964: 2726: 2600: 2479:

Variant of the flag of the People's Liberation Army of Kurdistan (ARGK), inscribed with the group's acronym (1986–1999)

2291: 2155:. As of 2008, Russia is still not among the states that list PKK as a terrorist group despite intense Turkish pressure. 1760:

since 2013. Some children were recruited under the age of 15, constituting a war crime according to international law.

1438: 1386: 1305:, YJA-STAR) was established in 2004 as the women's armed wing of the PKK, emphasizing the issue of women's liberation. 13289: 9377: 7512: 7142: 7047: 4305: 4114: 3637:

The PKK has explicitly renounced its demand for an independent state... describes as 'an anti-Nationalist movement '

1190: 862: 15180: 14852: 14648: 14292: 14276: 13016: 11523: 10852: 9666: 8400: 3774: 2920: 2267: 2152: 2036: 1413: 553: 12510: 9624: 8883: 7452: 5712: 14967: 14840: 14804: 12891: 12860: 9902: 9272:"State Department Maintains Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO) Designation of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)" 7170: 3373: 2326: 1989: 1965: 914: 13437: 6854: 4690: 4667: 2187:

summoned the Austrian ambassador and condemned Austria's action. On 30 September 1995, while Öcalan was in Syria,

15150: 15135: 15011: 13462: 11761: 7195: 4605: 3348: 3323: 3173: 2405: 1645:

Since the PKK is forbidden in germany, its logo isn't allowed to be shown there. At a political demonstration in

1627: 980:

as "Mountain Turks" until 1991. The PKK was then formed, as part of a growing discontent over the suppression of

568: 409: 12438: 12331: 12042: 6704: 5125:"The Kurdish Workers Party (PKK) as Criminal Syndicate: Funding Terrorism through Organized Crime, A Case Study" 3799: 3653: 2881: 2473: 1522:

in Turkey, allegations have been made that the PKK is linked to elements of the Turkish intelligence community.

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with the support of the Syrian government. In the third party congress of October 1986, the PKK established the

15085: 14587: 14430: 14201: 13573: 13457: 11428: 11399: 11372: 11245: 10775: 10491: 9601: 9005: 8165: 7798: 6832: 6513: 5407: 5293: 4874: 4579: 3450: 3299: 2779: 2775: 2330: 2286: 1500: 1474: 325: 13442: 13108: 13040: 9790:"Statement of Case to Renew the Designation of Partiya Karkeren Kurdistan [PKK] as a Terrorist Entity" 7711: 7530: 7214: 6321: 2623:– HRK) was announced on 15 August 1984. From 1984, the PKK became a paramilitary group with training camps in 2580: 2568: 2095:

was caught with a diplomatic Cypriot passport issued under the name of Mavros Lazaros, a nationalist reporter.

957: 843: 15100: 15029: 14496: 14382: 14370: 14224: 13875: 11923: 11835: 10857: 8224: 5629: 4468: 3317: 3311: 3239: 3204: 2787: 2355: 1453:

have been criticized of sympathizing with the PKK, since they have refused to brand it as a terrorist group.

385: 14387: 13942: 13129: 12519:. London: Published jointly by Kurdistan Solidarity Committee and Kurdistan Information Centre, 1991. 46 p. 11783: 7716: 3757:

The PKK has an estimated 5,000 fighters stationed largely in Iraqi Kurdish region's rugged mountainous areas

2702:, Lebanon, the ceasefire was prolonged indefinitely. To this event, the Kurdish politicians Jamal Talabani, 1984:(Kingpin Act). Pursuant to the Kingpin Act, the designation freezes any assets the designees may have under 15160: 14738: 14719: 14592: 14513: 14457: 14153: 13947: 13417: 13387: 12915: 12637: 11896: 10906: 10540: 5169: 3817:

The exact number of fighters in the PKK is unknown, however, it is widely believed to be approximately 7000

3029: 2278:. In 2018, the United States also offered a $ 12 million reward for information on three PKK leaders. 2016: 457: 222: 9420: 7265: 5589: 14822: 14786: 14774: 14598: 14507: 13028: 12732: 12632: 10933:"Joint statement concerning the killing of Tahir Elçi and lack of effective investigation into his death" 10390: 9763: 8317: 7291: 3398: 3328: 3164:

with nine other Kurdish and Turkish revolutionary leftist, socialist and communist groups (including the

2252: 1466: 1426: 866: 768: 397: 349: 188: 13492: 13329: 8295: 6242: 5570:

Turkey's Kurdish Question Revisited; Perspectives of Kurdish Political Parties Towards the Kurdish Issue

2759: 14798: 14780: 14689: 14462: 14447: 14441: 14143: 14138: 13412: 12945: 12763: 12675: 11962: 11862: 11150: 8318:"Treasury Sanctions Supporters of the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) Tied to Drug Trafficking in Europe" 8245: 6726: 6058: 5780: 5338: 4922: 4328:"MOFA: Implementation of the Measures including the Freezing of Assets against Terrorists and the Like" 4186: 4023:"MOFA: Implementation of the Measures including the Freezing of Assets against Terrorists and the Like" 3769: 2809: 2612: 1345:

in the Beqaa Valley. After Turkey pressured Syria to enforce its closure in 1992, the academy moved to

1262: 149: 14117: 13467: 13299: 11949: 11291:

The Kurdish question in Turkey : new perspectives on violence, representation, and reconciliation

10976: 9531: 3596: 984:, in an effort to establish linguistic, cultural, and political rights for Turkey's Kurdish minority. 14846: 14626: 14304: 14247: 13967: 13422: 13052: 12903: 9866:"NATO deal with Sweden and Finland: Ankara celebrates 'national victory,' worries mount in Stockholm" 9062: 8630:"Conflict, politics and history: Why Turkey is standing in the way of Sweden and Finland's NATO bids" 5935: 3601: 3338: 3146:. The PKK has blamed Turkey for breaking the truce by bombing the PKK in 2014 and 2015 continuously. 2393: 2381: 2334: 1601: 1362: 847: 361: 337: 13324: 11182: 11136: 11090: 6564: 6380: 6274: 3904: 1980:

and other high-ranking members as Specially Designated Narcotics Traffickers (SDNT) pursuant to the

1532:, said that Öcalan was released in 1972 after just three months' detention on the initiative of the 1001: 917:, many militants of the revolutionary left were deprived of a public appearance, movements like the 14762: 14756: 14744: 14620: 13719: 13482: 13452: 13314: 13064: 13046: 13022: 12690: 11710: 6165: 5039: 2880:

after the DTP won 99 municipalities and negotiations were spoken about. The AKP first spoke of the

2140: 2008: 1462: 1442: 1434: 1422: 1234: 1081: 1055: 236: 14033: 13997: 13624: 8296:"Treasury Designates Five Leaders of the Kongra-Gel as Specially Designated Narcotics Traffickers" 8246:"Treasury Designates Three Leaders of the Kongra-Gel as Significant Foreign Narcotics Traffickers" 7103: 6882: 3724: 3690: 3149:

In August 2015, the PKK announced that they would accept another ceasefire with Turkey only under

2220: 14834: 14701: 14519: 14485: 14479: 14435: 14376: 14298: 13229: 13184: 13179: 13174: 12879: 12680: 12271:"Will Erdogan's backtracking torpedo PKK disarmament? – Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East" 9720:"Implementation of the Measures including the Freezing of Assets against Terrorists and the Like" 9215: 9112:"bölücü terör örgütü PKK Haberleri | Son Dakika bölücü terör örgütü PKK Gelişmeleri – Mynet" 8935: 7673: 6106: 5971: 5124: 3388: 3343: 2864: 2707: 2563: 1757: 1458: 1418: 1394: 1350: 827: 558: 543: 373: 14073: 13957: 13608: 6978: 5497:

The Settlement Issue in Turkey and the Kurds: An Analysis of Spatial Policies, Modernity and War

3216: 2971: 2343: 1756:

has documented 29 cases of children being recruited into the HPG (the PKK's armed wing) and the

1736:. The PKK divides the combat area within Turkey into several regions which comprise a number of 1070: 14713: 14392: 13749: 13661: 13497: 13397: 13359: 13309: 13244: 13149: 10821:

The Kurdish Question in Turkey: New Perspectives on Violence, Representation and Reconciliation

9119: 8670: 8350: 3462: 3277: 2655: 1716: 1544: 1342: 1314: 1023: 256: 175: 13840: 13825: 13344: 11237: 11204: 9999: 9033: 8997: 8991: 8809: 8723: 8102: 8068: 7005: 6916: 6411: 6140: 5834: 5806: 5774: 2719: 2176: 1611: 14695: 13972: 13754: 13334: 13234: 13159: 12776: 11315: 11169: 11123: 11077: 10170: 8140: 6192: 5940: 5905: 5102: 3629:"The Kurdish Movement in Turkey: Between Political Differentiation and Violent Confrontation" 3393: 3223: 2751: 2426: 1353:, the PKK moved all its camps to Northern Iraq in 1998. The PKK had also completely moved to 1294: 1182: 421: 241: 162: 10792: 8342: 8194: 5568: 5462: 4786: 4022: 3143: 14896: 14336: 13519: 13392: 13249: 13214: 12662: 12652: 12627: 12612: 12354:"PKK urges US to mediate in its war with Turkey and admits to secret talks with Washington" 11058: 9719: 8225:"Organizational Structure Of PKK And Non-PKK-linked Turkish Drug Trafficking Organizations" 7944: 6814:

Immigration Appeals: 2nd – 3rd Quarter (2004), by Great Britain Immigration Appeal Tribunal

6276:

The Kurdish movement in Turkey: between political differentiation and violent confrontation

6257: 5043: 4760:"European Court: decisions placing the PKK on the list of terrorist organizations annulled" 4659: 4354: 4327: 3834: 3532: 3454: 3296:– secular, leftist, nationalist movement among the Assyrian people 2664: 2635: 2244: 2144: 1805: 1337:

The first training camps were established in 1982 in Turkey, Iraq, Syria, Iran and also in

1012: 953: 886: 831: 274: 14999: 13982: 13977: 13830: 13319: 13154: 12522: 9421:"UK's May uses phrase 'Kurdish terrorism' during Erdogan visit as Kurds protest in London" 7344:"Selahattin Demirtaş's book cited as evidence of 'membership in a terrorist organization'" 4182:

Violence and Restraint in Civil War: Civilian Targeting in the Shadow of International Law

3305: 3208: 2329:, Turkey has opposed their admission to the alliance unless they crack down on local PKK, 2285:

in 2002, the PKK was ordered to be removed from the EU terror list on 3 April 2008 by the

1697: 8: 14911: 14891: 14425: 14112: 13524: 13507: 13502: 13407: 13284: 12920: 12617: 12385:"Iraq Kurds condemn Turkish airstrikes on PKK – Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East" 9944: 9744:. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Kazakhstan Today, Interfax-Kazakhstan. 12 October 2006 9399: 6047:"Why Religious People Support Ethnic Insurgency? Kurds, Religion and Support for the PKK" 5911: 4496: 4242: 3994: 3950: 3804: 3096: 2891:

announced Iran would co-operate with Turkey in some military operations against the PKK.

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From early 1979 to 1999, Syria had provided valuable safe havens to PKK in the region of

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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The PKK has an armed wing, originally formed in 1984 as the Kurdistan Freedom Brigades (

972:, and names, were banned in Turkey. In an attempt to deny their separate existence from 14906: 14901: 14173: 14063: 13447: 13432: 13382: 12602: 11417: 11197: 11034:"European Court of Human Rights: Turkey Ranks First in Violations in between 1959–2011" 10594: 10442: 10271: 10056: 9977: 9403: 9028: 8993:

The Kurdish Nationalist Movement in the 1990s: Its Impact on Turkey and the Middle East

8787: 8695: 8045: 7994: 7986: 6887: 6169: 6161: 6088: 5549: 5360: 5144: 5070: 4898: 4866: 4699: 4382: 3720: 3706: 3124: 3120: 2762:, but this was later commuted to life imprisonment as part of the government's seeking 2755: 2743: 2739: 2659: 2651: 2338: 2298: 2225: 2163:

The Dutch police reportedly raided the 'PKK paramilitary camp' in the Dutch village of

2035:

In 2008, according to information provided by the Intelligence Resource Program of the

1753: 1729: 1701: 784: 293: 284: 13815: 13694: 13689: 12483:"Istanbul Attack: Suspect Arrested After Six People Killed, Govt Says PKK Responsible" 12195: 12119:"Iraq Crisis: Kurds Push to Take Mosul Dam as U.S. Gains Controversial Guerrilla Ally" 11444: 7241:"Prosecutors investigate 'PKK symbols' in new layout of recreational park in İstanbul" 6621: 5399:

Autonomy, sovereignty, and self-determination: the accommodation of conflicting rights

4947: 3227: 3107: 2997: 2930: 2838: 2092: 1145: 1039: 926: 858: 76: 64: 14684: 14058: 13764: 13734: 12955: 12670: 12622: 12406: 11900: 11867: 11813: 11664: 11639: 11581: 11560:

Executive Council. The chairman of the 31-member Executive Council is Murat Karayılan

11557:; Interview in English dated 29 April 2010. In this interview Zübeyir Aydar stated: " 11502: 11474: 11424: 11395: 11368: 11295: 11268: 11241: 11230: 11208: 10962: 10825: 10798: 10771: 10764: 10716: 10679: 10654: 10586: 10512: 10487: 10481: 10464: 10343: 10300: 10263: 9597: 9446: 9225: 9220: 9001: 8687: 8511: 8354: 8343: 8073: 8049: 8037: 7998: 7978: 7928: 7677: 7626: 7592: 7426: 7378: 6782: 6777: 6679: 6639: 6600: 6351: 6283: 6222: 6092: 6080: 6002: 5915: 5840: 5812: 5784: 5718: 5687: 5541: 5500: 5468: 5403: 5364: 5350: 5289: 5227: 5148: 5000: 4975: 4926: 4870: 4838: 4703: 4437: 4386: 4374: 4190: 3896: 3861: 3744: 3408: 2783: 2624: 2485: 2438: 1583: 1552: 1540: 1322: 1220: 938: 870: 816: 776: 765: 50: 14078: 13739: 13103: 11499:

Nationalisms and Politics in Turkey: Political Islam, Kemalism and the Kurdish Issue

10446: 10195: 9912:. Centre for Economics and Foreign Policy Studies (EDAM). p. 10. Archived from 9741: 6592:

Nationalisms and Politics in Turkey: Political Islam, Kemalism and the Kurdish Issue

5836:

Nationalisms and Politics in Turkey: Political Islam, Kemalism and the Kurdish Issue

3585:[... the PKK, which is now more strongly influenced by Kurdish nationalism.] 3242: 2834: 1111:, which translates into Long Live leader Apo, is often chanted by his sympathizers. 1107: 14916: 14768: 14158: 13952: 13922: 13349: 13124: 12960: 12685: 10578: 10483:

Iraq and the War of Sanctions: Conventional Threats and Weapons of Mass Destruction

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level of support given has changed throughout this period. Between the PKK and the

2003: 1949: 1656: 1519: 1513: 1354: 1298: 1266: 1254: 1246: 1230: 1185:

for PKK organizations in different segments of the Kurdish population, such as the

1170: 1051: 965: 874: 854: 563: 548: 215: 14023: 13759: 9625:"Azerbaijan officially recognizes PKK as terrorist organization – Aliyev – PHOTOS" 8033: 6786: 2200: 1969: 462: 15024:

People's Liberation Party-Front of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist Armed Propaganda Union

14604: 14148: 13477: 13239: 13209: 13199: 12221: 11718: 11554: 11389: 11362: 11289: 11262: 11020: 10428: 10290: 9302: 9159: 8987: 8759: 8379: 7824: 7202: 7149: 7127: 6249: 5681: 5654: 5397: 5312: 5165: 4994: 4916: 4860: 3383: 3013: 2951: 2825:

In November 2003, another congress was held which lead to renaming itself as the

2628: 2346:

said that Sweden made a "promise" to extradite "73 terrorists" wanted by Turkey.

2196: 2121: 1869: 1705: 1672: 1668: 1660: 1226: 981: 961: 780: 251: 68: 14068: 14053: 14048: 14038: 13962: 13932: 13912: 13820: 13744: 13724: 11547: 8932:"The originator of the acts of terrorism in London was standing near Tony Blair" 8017: 7479: 5098: 4158: 3548:

Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) ... militant Kurdish nationalist organization ...

2842: 2730: 2184: 2120:

In the 1990s Abdullah Öcalan appreciated the support for the "Kurdish Cause" by

1563: 1525: 1483: 992: 14491: 13927: 13917: 13870: 13865: 13855: 13729: 13709: 13204: 10884: 10562: 10084: 10026: 8478: 7877:"Turkey: monitoring the HPG/PKK's prohibition on using children in hostilities" 6310: 4822: 4405: 3446: 2691: 2684: 2608: 2604: 2584: 2282: 1891: 1798: 1749: 1689: 1559: 1158: 1130: 1085: 973: 898: 725: 608: 510: 106: 14013: 13992: 13800: 13699: 10582: 8683: 7974: 6066: 5402:(Rev. ed.). Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 187–189. 5346: 5140: 3135: 2668: 1973: 1664: 1571: 81: 15064: 14558: 14315: 14281: 13845: 13835: 13224: 13189: 11419:

The Kurdish Conflict in Turkey: Obstacles and Chances for Peace and Democracy

10590: 10267: 9229: 8691: 8328: 8041: 7982: 7630: 7596: 7430: 7382: 6643: 6084: 6006: 5545: 5286:

The Kurdish conflict in Turkey: obstacles and chances for peace and democracy

5231: 4979: 4842: 4441: 4378: 4370: 3900: 3150: 2638:, the PKK has conducted bomb attacks on government and police installations. 2596: 2497: 2208: 1606: 1325:

news agency reported the establishment of the women's branch of the YPS, the

1178: 1150: 1120: 988: 634: 484: 479: 246: 96: 13805: 13785: 5746:"Turkish lecturer to be put on trial for posing exam question on PKK leader" 5537: 4637:"The Motion before Turkey's Constitutional Court to Ban the Pro-Kurdish HDP" 2703: 1768: 1069:

The PKK has in March 2016 also vowed to overthrow the Turkish government of

869:(KCK), an umbrella organisation of Kurdish organisations in Turkish, Iraqi, 91: 13860: 13810: 13714: 11928: 11840: 9475:"Les Kurdes de France victimes d'un "amalgame ethnique" avec le PKK ?" 9425: 8661: 6626:

European Journal of Turkish Studies. Social Sciences on Contemporary Turkey

5901: 5750: 5048: 4952:

European Journal of Turkish Studies. Social Sciences on Contemporary Turkey

2790:

added the PKK to its list of terrorist organizations. Later that year, the

2715: 2711: 2274:

called the PKK a terrorist group "plain and simple" and compared it to the

2129: 2104: 2070: 1977: 1864:

45.2% from Russia, 13.2% from United Kingdom, and 9.4% from United States.

1850: 1338: 1093: 86: 10862: 10794:

The Motivations of Female Suicide Bombers from a Communication Perspective

9298:"Joe Biden Says the PKK and the Islamic State Are Equal Threats to Turkey" 4492:"Trump says the PKK is worse than ISIS. I say he's wrong — and I'm a Turk" 2925:

In late 2012, the Turkish government began secret talks with Öcalan for a

2634:

In addition to skirmishing with Turkish military, police forces and local

2297:

The PKK is also a Proscribed Organisation in the United Kingdom under the

881:

and began slowly withdrawing its fighters to Iraqi Kurdistan as part of a

775:

but is now primarily based in the mountainous Kurdish-majority regions of

13902: 13795: 13704: 12457:"Peoples' United Revolutionary Movement established for a joint struggle" 11105:"The European Court of Human Rights: Case of Benzer and others v. Turkey" 10958: 10247: 9628: 8395: 7587: 7020: 6944: 5423: 4827:

Anatoli. De l'Adriatique à la Caspienne. Territoires, Politique, Sociétés

4353:

Haner, Murat; Cullen, Francis T.; Benson, Michael L. (13 February 2019).

3017: 2305: 1776: 1504:

Iraq the political party Tevgera Azadî is said to have close to the PKK.

1208: 1181:

wing, with the role of both creating propaganda for the party, and as an

1154: 905:

and massacred Kurdish civilians in an attempt to root out PKK militants.

819:

as supporting terrorist activities by the PKK. Both in 2008 and 2018 the

738: 101: 14193: 10275: 10251: 9913: 8791: 5553: 5521: 4834: 4067:"Netanyahu rejects claim PKK not terrorists, but supports Kurdish state" 3583:... der inzwischen stärker durch kurdischen Nationalismus geprägten PKK. 2817:

According to Paul White, in April 2002, the PKK changed its name to the

2567:

this period was characterized by violent clashes that culminated in the

2079: 1477:

which resulted in its closure on 11 December 2009. In 2021, against the

1281: 13850: 13790: 12275: 11711:

Prospects for Resolution of the Kurdish Question: A Realist Perspective

10598: 10566: 10437: 8775: 8699: 8665: 7990: 7958: 7480:"29. Juni 2004 – Vor 5 Jahren: Abdullah Öcalan wird zum Tod verurteilt" 6773:"Eski Dışişleri Bakanı Hikmet Çetin: PKK'nın temeli 12 Eylül'de atıldı" 6075: 4970: 4862:

Turkey and the European Union internal dynamics and external challenges

3715: 2976: 2639: 2248: 1733: 1496: 1089: 12332:"Turkey arrests hundreds of suspected terrorists, Prime Minister says" 11924:"Kurds dare to hope as PKK fighters' ceasefire with Turkey takes hold" 11836:"Kurds dare to hope as PKK fighters' ceasefire with Turkey takes hold" 9841:"Iraq bans PKK after high level security talks with Turkish officials" 6745:"Democratic representation of pro-Kurdish political parties in Turkey" 6634: 5683:

Blood and belief : the PKK and the Kurdish fight for independence

3235: 1936:

Parties and concerts are organized by branch groups. According to the

14881: 14365: 14028: 13550: 12421:"Turkey's Campaign Against Kurdish Militants Takes Toll on Civilians" 10713:

After Such Knowledge, what Forgiveness?: My Encounters with Kurdistan

10651:

Turkey's Kurds: A Theoretical Analysis of the PKK and Abdullah Ocalan

10296: 9578:

listed in Australia (as a terrorist organization) on 17 December 2005

9250: 9186: 6596: 5334: 4960: 4221:"Turkey spy agency denies role in Paris Kurds murder, launches probe" 3930:"Turkey spy agency denies role in Paris Kurds murder, launches probe" 3458: 3293: 3254: 2491:

Flag of the National Liberation Front of Kurdistan (ERNK) (1985–2000)

2271: 2167:

and arrested 29 people in November 2004, but all were soon released.:

1957:, Germany's domestic security agency, echoed this report in its 2011 1912: 1781: 1646: 1186: 878: 839: 772: 712: 261: 14857: 12403:"Scores killed in clashes between Turkish forces and Kurdish rebels" 9884:"Sweden refuses to deny deportations to Turkey as part of NATO deal" 9767: 9058:"The West and Terrorism: PKK as a Privileged Terrorist Organization" 8755:"Ocalan tells Turks of Greek arms and training for PKK, say reports" 7318:"Prosecutor deems Demirtaş's book 'terrorist organization document'" 7292:"Former head of Turkey pro-Kurdish party sentenced to 4 years in..." 5686:(1. ed.). New York: New York University Press. pp. 287–8. 5603: 4522:"The Case for Delisting the PKK as a Foreign Terrorist Organization" 4111:"Listed terrorist organisations | Australian National Security" 10676:

The Kurdish National Movement in Turkey: From Protest to Resistance

10618:"Turkey, Europe and the Kurds after the capture of Abdullah Öcalan" 10509:

The Kurdish National Movement in Turkey: From Protest to Resistance

9191: 9160:"Olof Palme murder: Sweden believes it knows who killed PM in 1986" 8483: 7854: 7457: 6859: 6348:

The Kurdish National Movement in Turkey: From Protest to Resistance

3231: 2699: 2647: 2643: 2559: 2543: 2509: 2321:

In May 2022, Finland and Sweden submitted applications to join the

2188: 2180: 2019:

troops raised a large banner of Abdullah Öcalan in the city centre.

1696:

was also accused of being a branch of the PKK by Interior Minister

1680: 1358: 1346: 1286: 1125: 969: 890: 850:

and the PKK was portrayed trying to convince Turks of being Kurds.

800: 761: 9817:. Expatica. Agence France-Presse. 12 February 2013. Archived from 9766:(in French). Azerbaijan Press Agency. 12 June 2008. Archived from 2615:(KDP) in Iraqi Kurdistan which would facilitate their activities. 2243:

In the 1980s, the PKK was labeled as a terror organization by the

14538: 14232: 11264:

Kurdish awakening : nation building in a fragmented homeland

10737:"Rights Group Decries Missed Opportunity to Prosecute PKK Leader" 8327:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

6973: 6205:...Öcalan sends messages to his guerrillas through his lawyers... 6133:"Zoroastrianism and Secularity in Sinjar / Multiple Secularities" 5831:

Akkaya, Ahmet Hamdi; Jongerden, Joost. "The PKK in the 2000s" in

3008: 2989: 2946:

criticized Turkey of waging a proxy war against Kurds during the

2164: 2073:

in October 1988 along with parliamentarians from the center-left

2066: 2024: 1937: 1899: 1488: 1326: 1189:, workers, youth, and women. It was dissolved in 1999, after the 12295:"Turkey, US to create 'ISIL-free zone' inside Syria – DIPLOMACY" 12007:"Americans Shouldn't Accept Erdogan's Cynical Stance on the PKK" 10292:

Blood and Belief: The PKK and the Kurdish Fight for Independence

10218:"Kahramanlık Çizgisi Kürt Halkının Özgür Kimliğidir! – YJA STAR" 8345:

Blood and belief: the PKK and the Kurdish fight for independence

7740:"Foreign diplomats, countries condemn Cizre attack – World News" 5254:"Turkey must face a reckoning for its crimes in Iraqi Kurdistan" 4464:"US should follow Belgium's lead and end PKK terror designation" 2966:

2014 action against Islamic State and renewed tensions in Turkey

2725:

The fighting and violence augmented significantly following the

2467:

Flag of the People's Defense Forces (HPG, Formerly HRK and ARGK)

2349: 1877:

85% from Russia, 5.4% from Iraq, and 2.5% from China in origin.

865:. In May 2007, serving and former members of the PKK set up the 14921: 14663: 14524: 12587: 11414: 11009: 9903:"An Audit of Power: Turkey's Leverage in the Post Soviet Space" 9764:"Le Kirghizistan a connu PKK comme une organisation terroriste" 8540:"Syria and Iran 'backing Kurdish terrorist group', says Turkey" 8508:

Turkish Accession to the EU: Satisfying the Copenhagen Criteria

7669:

Rebel Courts: The Administration of Justice by Armed Insurgents

7348: 5331:

Understanding Insurgency: Popular Support for the PKK in Turkey

4948:"Knowledge, ideology and power. Deconstructing Kurdish Studies" 3466: 3021: 2555: 2312:

technicalities in French law, frustrating Turkish authorities.

1993: 1882: 1793: 1693: 1377: 1214:) was established in Germany under the lead of the music group 930: 686: 647: 595: 497: 10052:"Belgian government defies ruling of its supreme court on PKK" 9406:. UK Public General Acts. Vol. 2000 c. 11. 20 July 2000. 8375:"Kurdish fighters raise flag of PKK leader in centre of Raqqa" 8018:"Exceptional Inclusion: Understanding the PKK's Gender Policy" 7583:"Roj TV und PKK: Der Kurdensender, der Schäubles Zorn erregte" 7531:"Germany bans Kurdish PKK publishing houses | DW | 12.02.2019" 7121:

Tayyar's new book reveals PKK's ties with Turkish intelligence

6940:"Prosecutor's indictment notes no difference between HDP, PKK" 5592:," CEU Political Science Journal. Vol. 3, No. 1, page 127–132. 4043:. Australian National Security. 17 August 2012. Archived from 3116: 2290:

subject to "specific measures to combat terrorism" under its

1253:, HRK), renamed to the People's Liberation Army of Kurdistan ( 14886: 14707: 14572: 12939: 12709: 12144:"Kurdish militants claim deadly ambush in Turkey's southeast" 11605:"The Kurdistan Freedom Falcons Emerges as a Rival to the PKK" 10907:"Turkey and War in Iraq: Avoiding Past Patterns of Violation" 10602: 10080:"Turkey summons Belgian ambassador in Ankara over PKK ruling" 8703: 8002: 7766:"PKK claims deadly suicide bombing at Turkish police station" 5907:

Turkey and the War on Terror: For Forty Years We Fought Alone

5258: 4910: 4908: 4606:"Under threat from Turkey, is the PKK changing its strategy?" 3830:"Assyrian Nationalists Cooperate with Kurdish PKK Insurgents" 3740:"Kurd vs Kurd: Fears of full-scale war rise in northern Iraq" 3403: 2903: 2592: 2354:

Russia has long ignored Turkish pressure to ban the PKK. The

2074: 2054: 2012: 1841: 1318: 1034: 977: 937:

The new group focused on the oppressed Kurdish population of

758: 699: 660: 11337:"Justice Comes from European Court for a Kurdish Journalist" 9318:"Turkey hails US stance on PKK leaders, seeks same in Syria" 5608:

Working Paper at UC Berkeley's Center for Right-Wing Studies

4946:

Scalbert-Yücel, Clémence; Ray, Marie Le (31 December 2006).

3238:

district that left at least six people dead and 81 injured.

3142:, criticized by the PKK of having links with ISIS after the 1907:

72% from Russia, 19.8% from United States, 8% from Germany,

15121:

Organisations designated as terrorist by the United Kingdom

15111:

Organisations designated as terrorist by the European Union

14350: 14261: 12552: 12174:"Exclusive: Inside the PKK's front-line fight against ISIL" 12021:"Iraq's Kurdistan backs Turkey peace efforts – Middle East" 9593:

Terrorism as a challenge for national and international law

8192: 7618: 7419:"Debatte PKK-Verbot in Deutschland: Aus einer anderen Zeit" 7418: 7371:"Drastischer Protest: PKK bittet Deutschland um Verzeihung" 6825:"Party for a Democratic Society (DTP) and Others v. Turkey" 5994: 4430:"Stop Calling Our Closest Allies Against ISIS 'Terrorists'" 3972: 3139: 2322: 1825:

The choice and origin of the traceable weapons (July 2007)

1507: 673: 621: 523: 15126:

Organizations designated as terrorist by the United States

12323: 11950:

PKK fighters arrive in Iraq under peace deal – Middle East

6664:"Turkey Weighs Military Options Against PKK Camps in Iraq" 6459:"Interview with the World's First Army of Women: YJA-STAR" 6433: 6187:. Vol. 133, no. 19. Brunswickan Publishing Inc. 5467:(1. publ. ed.). Westport, Conn.: Praeger. p. 3. 4905: 4733:

Schomberg, William (3 April 2008). Robert Woodward (ed.).

3270: 2854:

hideouts in mountainous northern Iraq in early June 2004.

2053:(ASALA) a cooperation has been agreed on in April 1980 in 1964:

On 14 October 2009, the U.S. Department of the Treasury's

1853:, 14.7% from China, 3.6% from Hungary, 3.6% from Bulgaria 1225:. Its activities spread over Kurdish community centers in 12313:"Kurdish group claims 'revenge murder' on Turkish police" 11580:. Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Archived from 11492: 11490: 11364:

The Kurds of Turkey: killings, disappearances and torture

8298:. United States Department of the Treasury. 20 April 2011 7850:"PKK has complied with the Geneva Conventions since 1995" 7556:"Bundesinnenminister Horst Seehofer verbietet PKK-Verlag" 7023:" which led the crowd to chant "Long live Chairman Apo" ( 6410:. Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Archived from 6379:. Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Archived from 6320:. Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Archived from 5044:"Military action and three deaths after Ocalan's capture" 4001: 3787:

The PKK is estimated to consist of 4,000 to 5,000 members

3215:) with the aim of overthrowing the Turkish government of 2148: 2136: 1321:(YDG-H), the youth wing of the PKK. In February 2016 the 11724: 8505: 6489:"University students join the ranks of YPS-Jin in Cizre" 6162:

Briefing on Release of 2006 Country Reports on Terrorism

4658: 3691:"The Rise of Feminism in the PKK: Ideology or Strategy?" 2503:

Former flag of the Free Women's Units of Star (YJA-STAR)

12196:"Kurds protest against Turkey as IS advances on Kobane" 11733:"Insight: Iraq's Tensions Heightened by Syria Conflict" 11548:

Zübeyir Aydar: 'Military operations are going to begin'

9021: 8648:"The U.S. Joins the Turkey-PKK fight in northern Syria" 8423:"6 reasons why Turkey's war against the PKK won't last" 8056: 7712:"Öğretmen Necmettin Yılmaz'ın Öldürülmesini Kınıyoruz!" 7404:"Verbot der "Arbeiterpartei Kurdistans" in Deutschland" 4642:

German Institute for International and Security Affairs

4580:"Turkey says 12 soldiers killed in PKK attacks in Iraq" 4578:

Agencies, The New Arab Staff & (23 December 2023).

3046:

Timeline of the Kurdish–Turkish conflict (2015–present)

2259:

In 1994, Germany prohibited the activities of the PKK.

1920:

60.8% from Italy, 28.3% from Russia, 6.2% from Germany

1649:

in April 2016 it had to be pasted over by police order.

1084:

views of its arrested leader, which aim to replace the

11487: 11236:(1st ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 10766:

Dying to Win: The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism

10463:, Belgrade, The National Counter-Terrorism Committee, 7096:"Ecevit Kılıç: Derin devleti var eden Kürt korkusudur" 3857:"MLKP salutes the PKK on the anniversary of 15 August" 3569:(in German). 10 July 2020. p. 159. Archived from 3039: 2807:– ARGK) was succeeded by the People's Defense Forces ( 2587:. The PKK also managed to come to agreements with the 2387:

Flag of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) (1978–1995)

2147:

said that PKK's leader Abdullah Öcalan was trained by

1381:

Percentage of the popular vote won by the pro-Kurdish

12070:"Turkish Kurds Want Ankara to Declare Stance on ISIL" 11524:"Leading PKK Commander Cemil Bayik Crosses into Iran" 11391:

Turkey : violations of free expression in Turkey

10479: 9694:"Erdogan Back Home From His Tehran Visit Empty Hands" 6721:

Bezci, Egemen; Borroz, Nicholas (22 September 2015).

6026:

Karakoç, Ekrem; Sarıgil, Zeki (June 2020). pp.253–254

5220:"Kurds Are Finally Heard: Turkey Burned Our Villages" 4854: 4852: 4549:"It's time for the US to delist the PKK — here's why" 3892:

Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution

3494: 2183:

arrest warrant on his name. Turkish foreign minister

1955:

Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution

1169:

In 1985, the National Liberation Front of Kurdistan (

15171:

Organisations designated as terrorist by New Zealand

10027:"Belgian court rules in PKK's favor in terror cases" 9973:"For Switzerland, there are no terror organizations" 9815:"Spain arrests six Kurds suspected of financing PKK" 9742:"Kazakhstan Updates List of Banned Terrorist Groups" 9663:"Condemnation of the PKK terrorist attack in Turkey" 8806:"Cyprus News Agency: News in English (PM), 99-02-19" 8271: 8137:

International Policy Institute for Counter-Terrorism

8092: 8090: 5604:"Turkey and the Kurds – From War to Reconciliation?" 5042:; Kundnani, Hans; Morris, Chris (18 February 1999). 5038: 4355:"Women and the PKK: Ideology, Gender, and Terrorism" 2207:, says that US support of the PKK undermines the US 1595:

who signed a declaration in support of peace in the

15131:

Organizations based in Asia designated as terrorist

11963:"PKK sets ultimatum for Turkey peace deal – Europe" 10122:

State Office for the Protection of the Constitution

9722:. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. 5 July 2002 9187:"Was wir über den mutmaßlichen Palme-Mörder wissen" 8272:Friedrich, Hans-Peter; Heinz Fromm (18 July 2012). 3800:"Terrorism Profile – Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK)" 2679:From the mid-1990s, the organization began to lose 2215: 1959:

Annual Report on the Protection of the Constitution

1655:The PKK could count with a strong support from the 15106:Organisations designated as terrorist by Australia 13295:December 2007 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq 12459:. Firat News Agency. 12 March 2016. Archived from 12352: 11685:"Turkey, Iran to Cooperate Against Kurdish Rebels" 11416: 11229: 11196: 10763: 10149:"KONGRA GEL calls on people to step up resistance" 8597:"Russian newspaper: Russia provided money for PKK" 8538: 8123: 8121: 5808:The Kurdish Issue in Turkey: A Spatial Perspective 5093: 5091: 4849: 3695:Zanj: The Journal of Critical Global South Studies 2871: 2051:Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia 1943: 11985:"PKK threatens to renew fight in Turkey – Europe" 11287: 10817: 9216:"Åklagaren: Det går inte att komma runt Engström" 8845:"From Rep. of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs" 8320:. US Department of the Treasury. 1 February 2012. 8087: 7915:. Archived from the original on 15 September 2007 7215:"Turkey: Academics on Trial for Signing Petition" 6541:. Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Foreign Affairs 5805:Gambetti, Zeynep; Jongerden, Joost, eds. (2015). 5804: 4945: 4352: 3364:Marxist–Leninist Party (Communist Reconstruction) 2337:(YPG) networks. On 28 June, the first day of the 2281:First designated as a terror organization by the 1671:in November 1993. In a meeting between German MP 1547:, colluded with militant groups such as the PKK, 1401: 1393:The PKK could count on support from protests and 943:Ankara Democratic Association of Higher Education 15062: 14546: 13135:August 1986 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq 12330:Capelouto, Susanna; Tuysuz, Gul (25 July 2015). 12222:"Turkish jets bomb Kurdish PKK rebels near Iraq" 11261:Neuberger, Benyamin (2014). Bengio, Ofra (ed.). 9350:. European Court of First Instance. 3 April 2008 8349:. New York: New York University Press. pp. 7933:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 6684:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 6035:Karakoç, Ekrem; Sarıgil, Zeki (June 2020). p.253 5833:Marlies, Casier; Jongerden, Joost, eds. (2010). 5832: 5655:"Who are Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) rebels?" 5160: 5158: 2962:Turkish brothers to support the peace process." 2819:Kurdistan Freedom and Democracy Congress (KADEK) 2690:In March 1993 Öcalan, in presence of PUK leader 2589:Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine 2043: 1412:The organization had sympathizer parties in the 15176:Organizations designated as terrorist by Turkey 15156:Organizations designated as terrorist by Canada 13488:2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria 13428:March 2016 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq 13145:March 1987 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq 12449: 12329: 11496: 11394:. New York: Human Rights Watch. pp. 37–8. 11232:The Kurds: a people in search of their homeland 10853:"Group Profile: Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)" 10715:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 302–303. 9532:"Australia declares PKK terrorist organization" 8193:Glenn E. Curtis; Tara Karacan (December 2002). 8118: 7143:Tenth hearing of Ergenekon trial held yesterday 7044:"JİTEM's illegal actions cost Turkey a fortune" 6666:. Archived from the original on 7 November 2007 6588: 5088: 4787:"EU-Gericht: PKK zu Unrecht auf EU-Terrorliste" 1133:and saw it as the first religion of the Kurds. 901:, while Turkey has depopulated and burned down 15116:Organisations designated as terrorist by Japan 14469:Kurdistan Democratic Party – Progressive Front 14409:Action Party for the Independence of Kurdistan 11784:"Planned PKK pullout heats up Turkey politics" 10615: 10473: 9502:"Turkey and France to jointly fight terrorism" 8849:Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs 8839: 8837: 8776:"The Kurdish Factor in Turkish Foreign Policy" 8510:. Hoboken: Taylor & Francis. p. 168. 8425:. Al-Monitor. 8 September 2015. Archived from 8276:. Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz. p. 342 8239: 8237: 7528: 6855:"BDP'nin adı Demokratik Bölgeler Partisi oldu" 6622:"The Production of the New Man Within the PKK" 6044: 4223:. Radio France Internationale. 16 January 2014 4215: 4213: 4137:"Proscribed terrorist groups or organisations" 3012:Mass demonstration for the PKK and freedom of 2950:by supporting other extremist rebels who were 2848: 826:The PKK's ideology was originally a fusion of 15166:Organisations designated as terrorist by Iran 14953: 14209: 12538: 12116: 10182: 10180: 10146: 9068:International Strategic Research Organization 8906:"MFA - III. International Sources of Support" 8736: 8734: 8533: 8531: 8160: 8158: 7959:"The Vacillating PKK: Can It Be Resurrected?" 6181:"Kurdish leader continues struggle from jail" 5155: 3308:, former far-left organization in Turkey 2350:Refusal to designate PKK as a terrorist group 2308:used the phrase "Kurdish terrorism" in 2018. 2175:, the wife of the former President of France 1164: 14123:Monument of the Martyrs of Internal Security 13667:2009–2010 Kurdistan Workers' Party ceasefire 12807:Democratic Society Coordination of Kurdistan 12439:"Turkey: Mounting Security Operation Deaths" 12067: 11515: 11408: 11051: 10845: 10784: 9029:"Avusturya teröristi uçakla Irak'a gönderdi" 8934:. Chechen Press. 11 May 2007. Archived from 8808:. Hellenic Resources Network. Archived from 8243: 7617:Werthschulte, Christian (5 September 2016). 7616: 6909: 6451: 6272: 6235: 5993:Werthschulte, Christian (5 September 2016). 5992: 5451:, (Cambridge University Press, 1999), 90–91. 5324: 5166:"Child Soldiers Global Report 2001 – Turkey" 4735:"EU was wrong to include PKK on terror list" 3626: 3428:Estimates range from 4,000 to 7,000 members. 3260:List of armed groups in the Syrian Civil War 3160:In March 2016, the PKK helped to launch the 2887:On 21 October 2011 Iranian foreign minister 1610:, a book authored by the political prisoner 13647:1991–2004 Kurdish–Turkish peace initiatives 12843:Freedom and Democracy Congress of Kurdistan 12248:"Turkey bombs Kurdish PKK targets in south" 12166: 11891: 11889: 11887: 11885: 11294:. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. p. 98. 11288:Gunes, Cengiz; Zeydanlioğlu, Welat (2014). 10818:Gunes, Cengiz; Zeydanlioglu, Welat (2013). 10616:van Bruinessen, Martin (25 February 2009). 10567:"A de facto Kurdish State in Northern Iraq" 10252:"Les paradoxes du printemps kurde en Syrie" 10173:. Geopoliticalmonitor.com. 15 October 2014. 10111: 10109: 10107: 10105: 10103: 8958:"Dutch police raid 'PKK paramilitary camp'" 8834: 8499: 8234: 7560:Bundesministerium des Innern und für Heimat 6912:"Verfassungsgericht verbietet Kurdenpartei" 6720: 6514:"YPS-Jin Gever announces its establishment" 6045:Karakoç, Ekrem; Sarıgil, Zeki (June 2020). 5327:"PKK Pre-conflict Mobilisation (1974–1984)" 4993:Michael, Gasper (2019). Lust, Ellen (ed.). 4210: 4161:. New Zealand Government. 18 February 2010. 2432:Flag of the Kongra-Gel (KGK) (2003–present) 2191:initiated contact with high-ranking German 1555:, with the goal of profiting from the war. 1543:said that the state, using the clandestine 1372: 1097:PKK are known, after his honorary name, as 838:, seeking the foundation of an independent 783:. Since 1984, the PKK has been involved in 27:Kurdish militant and political organization 15049:Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist 14960: 14946: 14420:Democratic Patriotic Alliance of Kurdistan 14311:Organization of Iranian Kurdistan Struggle 14216: 14202: 13340:August 2011 Turkey–Iraq cross-border raids 12545: 12531: 12092:"Forming the anti-ISIL Front – VERDA ÖZER" 11897:"Baghdad opposes PKK armed groups in Iraq" 11863:"PKK sets date for withdrawal from Turkey" 11762:"Peace at the end of a long PKK struggle?" 11316:"Police arrest and assistance of a lawyer" 11064:(The European Court of Human Rights). 2014 10977:"Inside the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK)" 10963:"Torture and Oppression of Kurds in Syria" 10755: 10177: 10024: 8731: 8528: 8288: 8155: 7906: 7904: 7902: 7900: 7898: 6657: 6655: 6653: 6589:Casier, Marlies; Jongerden, Joost (2010). 4174: 4172: 4170: 4168: 3289:Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist 3157:massive destruction in residential areas. 2914: 2803:the Peoples Liberation Army of Kurdistan ( 2738:women after their death. On 30 July 1996, 2550:During the 1970s, the PKK was involved in 2542:PKK supporters at 2003 march opposing the 1570:, had frequent contact with PKK commander 1261:, ARGK) in 1986, and again renamed to the 1177:, ERNK) was established by the PKK as its 923:Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist 14994:Communist Labour Party of Turkey/Leninist 14223: 13305:2008 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq 11756: 11754: 11721:" Insight Turkey 15 (Spring 2013): 69–84. 11361:Whitman, Lois (1993). Laber, Jeri (ed.). 11260: 11227: 10436: 10115: 9213: 8873: 8506:Faucompret, Erik; Konings, Jozef (2008). 8166:"EU Terrorism Situation and Trend Report" 7799:"Iraq: Armed Groups Using Child Soldiers" 7793: 7791: 7266:"Turkey: Crackdown on Kurdish Opposition" 7068: 6633: 6558: 6556: 6434:"Yekîneyên Jinên Azad ên Star – YJA STAR" 6154: 6074: 5894: 5776:Secularism and Muslim Democracy in Turkey 5494: 5391: 5389: 5189: 5122: 4969: 4959: 4820: 4784: 4764:Prakken d'Oliveira | Human Rights Lawyers 4732: 4320: 3714: 3284:Communist Labour Party of Turkey/Leninist 1982:Foreign Narcotics Kingpin Designation Act 14164:Human rights of Kurdish people in Turkey 13099:Political violence in Turkey (1976–1980) 12837:Women's Liberation Movement of Kurdistan 12268: 11882: 11415:Ferhad Ibrahim, Gülistan Gürbey (2000). 10951: 10100: 9499: 9142:"Terör örgütü PKK 35 yıldır kan döküyor" 8996:. University Press of Kentucky. p. 8624: 8622: 7947:, Volume 4, Issue 28, 11 September 2007. 7650: 6268: 6266: 5584: 5582: 5580: 5251: 4577: 4489: 3688: 3647: 3645: 3501:[pɑ:ɾti:jɑ:kɑ:ɾkɛre:nkʊrdɪstɑ:n] 3007: 2975: 2956:progressive Kurdish government in Rojava 2537: 2219: 2002: 1775: 1767: 1715: 1508:Reported links with Turkish intelligence 1376: 1280: 1033: 14927:List of Kurdish dynasties and countries 13657:1993 Kurdistan Workers' Party ceasefire 13530:October 2023 Northeastern Syria clashes 12554:Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present) 11661:The PKK: Coming Down from the Mountains 11636:The PKK: Coming Down from the Mountains 11360: 11026: 9627:. News.Az. 28 July 2011. Archived from 9564:. Australian Government. Archived from 9472: 9392: 9276:U.S. Embassy & Consulates in Turkey 8710: 8571:"N. Iraq: A New Page in Foreign Policy" 8015: 7895: 7697: 7695: 7693: 7665: 7315: 6738: 6736: 6705:Report Of The Committee Against Torture 6650: 6619: 6539:"The Workers' Party of Kurdistan (PKK)" 6341: 6339: 6219:The PKK: Coming Down from the Mountains 6130: 5714:The PKK: Coming Down from the Mountains 5424:"Turkey – Linguistic and Ethnic Groups" 5217: 5123:Roth, Mitchel P.; Sever, Murat (2007). 5071:"PKK group says Turkish ceasefire over" 5026:"Why Is Turkey Fighting Syria's Kurds?" 4992: 4888: 4886: 4685: 4683: 4654: 4652: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4603: 4546: 4428:Levy, Bernard-Henri (22 October 2014). 4178: 4165: 4033: 3651: 3271:Related and/or associated organizations 2797: 2529:History of the Kurdistan Workers' Party 2270:since 1997. In 2016, US Vice-president 2224:The PKK flag at a march in Cardiff for 805:political and cultural rights for Kurds 771:which historically operated throughout 69: 14: 15063: 14977:Peoples' United Revolutionary Movement 14708:Patriotic Revolutionary Youth Movement 14414:Democratic National Union of Kurdistan 14169:Kurdish villages depopulated by Turkey 12940:Patriotic Revolutionary Youth Movement 12783:National Liberation Front of Kurdistan 11921: 11833: 11751: 11464: 11462: 11387: 11143: 10790: 10729: 10710: 10697: 10695: 10561: 10414: 10362: 10288: 10151:. Ajansa Nûçeyan a Firatê. ANF English 10025:Faidhi Dri, Karwan (29 January 2020). 9970: 9900: 9795:. New Zealand Police. 11 February 2013 9589: 9477:(in French). France 24. Archived from 9414: 9400:"Schedule 2: Proscribed Organisations" 9055: 8980: 8773: 8716: 8340: 8230:. George Mason University. p. 91. 8222: 7913:"PKK Recruitment of Female Operatives" 7788: 7580: 7524: 7522: 7071:"Iraqi Kurdish party pushes PKK aside" 6966: 6810: 6808: 6767: 6765: 6742: 6562: 6553: 6282:. Peace Research Institute Frankfurt. 5861:Peoples' United Revolutionary Movement 5679: 5566: 5519: 5490: 5488: 5486: 5484: 5395: 5386: 4858: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4295: 3369:Peoples' United Revolutionary Movement 3354:Marxist–Leninist Armed Propaganda Unit 3320:, Yazidi women's militia in Syria 3162:Peoples' United Revolutionary Movement 1686:Association of Students from Kurdistan 1445:(DBP) on 11 July 2014, as well as the 1319:Patriotic Revolutionary Youth Movement 1075:Peoples' United Revolutionary Movement 956:of Kurdistan by Turkey. Following the 821:Court of Justice of the European Union 812:designated as a terrorist organization 202:Peoples' United Revolutionary Movement 14941: 14829:Peoples' Equality and Democracy Party 14197: 12795:People's Liberation Army of Kurdistan 12526: 11952:. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 15 July 2013. 11915: 11730: 11658: 11633: 11468: 11267:. : Univ of Texas Press. p. 27. 11097: 10931:Graaf, Sophie de (27 November 2020). 10930: 10673: 10648: 10506: 10337: 10246: 9691: 9410:from the original on 21 January 2013. 9184: 8986: 8824:"TURKEY CELEBRATES CAPTURE OF OCALAN" 8660: 8619: 8265: 7956: 7450: 7417:Jakob, Christian (2 September 2014). 7416: 7160: 7069:Bozarslan, Mahmut (8 December 2018). 6969:"Sevr travması ve Kürtlerin empatisi" 6694:, Volume 4, Issue 33 16 October 2007. 6401: 6345: 6314:"Kurdistan National Liberation Front" 6263: 6260:Volume 5, Issue 3 (15 February 2007). 6221:. London: Zed Books Ltd. p. 26. 6216: 5900: 5772: 5710: 5577: 5460: 5023: 4918:Nation Building in Turkey and Morocco 4914: 4754: 4752: 4728: 4726: 4604:Rodgers, Winthrop (16 October 2023). 4461: 4359:International Criminal Justice Review 3642: 3499: 1894:, 20.2% from Spain, 19.8% from Italy 1684:several Kurdish entities such as the 1677:Christian Democratic Union of Germany 1479:HDP was also initiated a closure case 1276: 1201:In 1983, the Association of Artists ( 1080:The organization has adapted the new 976:, the Turkish government categorized 14502:Kurdistan Socialist Democratic Party 14332:Iranian Call and Reform Organization 12855:Confederation Community of Kurdistan 12801:Democratic People's Union of Kurdish 12365:from the original on 11 January 2022 11803: 11735:. Middle East Voices. Archived from 11521: 11203:. Human Rights Watch. 1998. p. 10957: 10761: 9937: 9696:. Iran Press Service. Archived from 8874:Calabresi, Massimo (30 March 1998). 8654: 8551:from the original on 11 January 2022 8393: 7690: 7472: 7444: 6903: 6875: 6733: 6613: 6336: 5964:"Öcalan poster in Diyarbakır Newroz" 5627: 5601: 5573:. Nubihar Akademi. pp. 191–192. 5306:The Political Geography of Kurdistan 5288:, Palgrave Macmillan, 2000. p. 167. 4883: 4680: 4649: 4623: 4427: 4401:"Kurdish Fighters Aren't Terrorists" 3627:O'Connor, Francis (1 January 2017). 3049: 2986:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant 2658:, and including proclamation of the 1617: 1562:"First Step" testified that General 1539:Former police special forces member 1408:Kurdish Political Movement in Turkey 1029: 14864:Workers Vanguard Party of Kurdistan 14638:Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria 14474:Kurdistan Democratic Solution Party 14453:Communist Party of Kurdistan – Iraq 13473:Turkish airstrikes on Sinjar (2018) 12867:Workers Vanguard Party of Kurdistan 11602: 11571: 11459: 10692: 10365:"PKK suicide bomb attack in Ankara" 10331: 10313: 9500:Demirtaş, Serkan (6 October 2011). 9473:Le Roux, Gaëlle (17 October 2012). 8719:"PKK's Cooperation with the Greeks" 8098:"İşte PKK'nın silahlarının listesi" 8022:Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 7519: 7453:""PKK wird Deutschland verschonen"" 7316:English, Duvar (13 November 2020). 7196:Ersöz and PKK's Bayık kept in touch 7163:"Çarkın'ın itiraflarına soruşturma" 6805: 6762: 6565:"PKK's decades of violent struggle" 5859:See details and sources in article 5481: 5464:Contemporary Turkish foreign policy 5218:Filkins, Dexter (24 October 2003). 5129:Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 4821:Jongerden, Joost (1 October 2017). 4805: 4634: 4547:Bodette, Meghan (23 October 2018). 4289: 4260: 4159:"Designation of Terrorist Entities" 3770:"Country Reports on Terrorism 2019" 3487: 3334:Kurdistan Democratic Solution Party 3040:July 2015–present: Third insurgency 2727:presidential elections of June 1993 2199:and German intelligence officials. 1577: 539:Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency 24: 14644:Kurdish Democratic Political Union 14632:Kurdish National Alliance in Syria 14287:Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran 12504: 11687:. Voice of America. Archived from 11578:Historical Dictionary of the Kurds 10885:"No Security Without Human Rights" 10116:Spielberg, Georg (8 August 2013). 10000:"Bundesrat nimmt PKK an die Leine" 9445:. Diane Publishing Company. 1994. 8964:. 12 November 2004. Archived from 8742:The Kurds and the Future of Turkey 8603:. 28 February 2000. Archived from 7825:"The PKK and the 'Child Soldiers'" 6743:Ünaldı, Gönenç (21 October 2014). 6408:Historical Dictionary of the Kurds 6377:Historical Dictionary of the Kurds 6370: 6318:Historical Dictionary of the Kurds 6309: 6191:. 18 February 2000. Archived from 5099:"No Security Without Human Rights" 5024:Abadi, Cameron (17 October 2019). 4749: 4723: 4490:Beklevic, Tuna (22 October 2019). 4462:Rubin, Michael (7 February 2020). 4235: 3725:10.13169/zanjglobsoutstud.2.1.0115 3707:10.13169/zanjglobsoutstud.2.1.0115 3633:Peace Research Institute Frankfurt 3437:Attributed to multiple references: 2906:, under President Masoud Barzani. 2601:Palestinian Popular Struggle Front 2292:Common Foreign and Security Policy 2160:Support of various European states 2030: 1534:National Intelligence Organization 1528:, author and member of the ruling 1441:, which later changed its name to 1349:. After the Iran-Iraq War and the 1196: 919:People's Liberation Army of Turkey 25: 15197: 15186:Kurdish nationalist organizations 14853:Society for the Rise of Kurdistan 14649:Movement for a Democratic Society 13365:September 2012 Beytüşşebap attack 12819:Workers' Women Party of Kurdistan 11663:. Zed Books Ltd. pp. 50–51. 11473:. London: Zed Books. p. 19. 11014:Death penalty abolished in Turkey 10507:Gunes, Cengiz (11 January 2013). 10342:. London: Zed Books. p. 20. 10147:ANF News Desk (9 December 2018). 9910:Black Sea Discussion Paper Series 9667:Czech Ministry of Foreign Affairs 9442:Patterns of Global Terrorism 1993 9214:Thurfjell, Karin (10 June 2020). 8666:"Turks and Kurds: Review Article" 8449:"Turkey says Greece supports PKK" 8401:Federation of American Scientists 7161:Kilic, Ecevit (22 October 2008). 6910:Strittmatter, Kai (17 May 2010). 6785:. 3 December 2007. Archived from 6563:Hooper, Simon (11 October 2007). 5383:O'Connor, Francis, ed., pp. 75–76 5284:Ferhad Ibrahim, Gülistan Gürbey. 4692:Protesting as a terrorist offense 4334:from the original on 6 April 2013 4247:United States Department of State 4243:"Foreign Terrorist Organizations" 3995:"Foreign Terrorist Organizations" 3775:United States Department of State 3000:, some PKK fighters engaged with 2760:prosecuted and sentenced to death 2451: 2262:The PKK has been designated as a 2037:Federation of American Scientists 1469:and the PKK. In 2007 against the 1414:Grand National Assembly of Turkey 1332: 1017:, Cemil Bayık. The party program 933:who made themselves known as the 791:(with several ceasefires between 764:political organization and armed 15141:Organized crime groups in Turkey 15018:Marxist–Leninist Communist Party 14969: 14841:Revolutionary Party of Kurdistan 14805:Kurdistan Democratic Party/North 13355:June–August 2012 Hakkari clashes 13266:2000 Turkish Hezbollah crackdown 12989: 12934:Marxist–Leninist Communist Party 12927: 12921:Free Youth Movement of Kurdistan 12909: 12897: 12885: 12873: 12861:Revolutionary Party of Kurdistan 12770: 12757: 12738: 12726: 12580: 12475: 12431: 12413: 12395: 12377: 12345: 12305: 12287: 12262: 12240: 12214: 12188: 12136: 12117:Joe Parkinson (18 August 2014). 12110: 12084: 12061: 12035: 12013: 11999: 11977: 11955: 11943: 11922:Letsch, Constanze (7 May 2013). 11855: 11834:Letsch, Constanze (7 May 2013). 11827: 11797: 11776: 11731:Salem, Paul (29 November 2012). 11703: 11677: 11652: 11627: 11596: 11565: 11541: 11437: 11381: 11367:. New York: Human Rights Watch. 11354: 11329: 11308: 11281: 11254: 11221: 11189: 11003: 10994: 10969: 10924: 10899: 10877: 10811: 10704: 10667: 10642: 10609: 10555: 10525: 10500: 10453: 10408: 10391:"Paris'te Sabah'a PKK Saldırısı" 10383: 10356: 10322: 10282: 10240: 10210: 10163: 10140: 10120:(in German). Baden-Württemberg: 10072: 10044: 10018: 9992: 9964: 9931: 9894: 9876: 9858: 9833: 9807: 9782: 9756: 9734: 9712: 9685: 9655: 9643: 9617: 9583: 9550: 9524: 9493: 9466: 9433: 9362: 9340: 9310: 9290: 9264: 9243: 9207: 9178: 9152: 9134: 9104: 9086: 9049: 8950: 8924: 8898: 8867: 8816: 8798: 8767: 8747: 8640: 8589: 8563: 8479:"Greece dogged by Öcalan affair" 8471: 8455:. 7 January 1997. Archived from 8441: 8415: 8396:"Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)" 8387: 8367: 8334: 8322: 8310: 8244:Press Center (14 October 2009). 8216: 8186: 8129:"Kurdistan Worker's Party (PKK)" 8009: 7950: 7869: 7842: 7817: 7758: 7732: 7704: 7659: 7644: 7610: 7574: 7548: 7498: 7410: 7396: 7363: 7336: 7309: 7284: 7258: 7233: 7207: 7185: 7154: 7132: 7110: 7088: 7062: 7036: 6993: 6960: 6932: 6847: 6817: 6714: 6697: 6620:Grojean, Olivier (9 July 2014). 6582: 6531: 6506: 6481: 6465:. 17 August 2015. Archived from 6426: 6395: 6364: 6303: 5628:Self, Andrew (3 February 2013). 5190:Jongerden, Joost (6 June 2005). 4298:"Listed terrorist organisations" 4296:department, Attorney-General's. 3737: 3597:"Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)" 3561:"Handbuch Extremismusprävention" 3440: 3374:Revolutionary Party of Kurdistan 3359:Marxist–Leninist Communist Party 3106: 3095: 3054: 2996:. In September 2014, during the 2980:A Kurdish PKK guerrilla in 2014. 2681:the upper hand in its operations 2508: 2496: 2484: 2472: 2460: 2437: 2425: 2404: 2392: 2380: 2216:Designation as a terrorist group 1990:Office of Foreign Assets Control 1966:Office of Foreign Assets Control 1938:European Police Office (EUROPOL) 1635: 1626: 1589:Peoples' Democratic closure case 1471:DTP was initiated a closure case 1175:Eniye Rizgariye Navata Kurdistan 731: 718: 705: 692: 679: 666: 653: 640: 627: 614: 601: 588: 516: 503: 490: 478: 451: 439: 427: 415: 403: 391: 379: 367: 355: 343: 331: 319: 195: 182: 169: 156: 143: 49: 13463:December 2016 Istanbul bombings 13290:October 2007 clashes in Hakkâri 12831:Free Women's Party of Kurdistan 12813:Free Women's Union of Kurdistan 12043:"PKK joins battle against Isil" 10511:. Routledge. pp. 104–105. 10224:. 26 March 2014. Archived from 10171:"Turkey Takes Aim at the Kurds" 9938:Hotz, Stefan (7 October 2006). 9185:Seher, Dietmar (10 June 2020). 8274:"Verfassungsschutzbericht 2011" 8251:U.S. Department of the Treasury 7651:McDowall, David (August 2011). 7513:Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz 7506:Arbeiterpartei Kurdistans (PKK) 6350:. Routledge. pp. 112–113. 6210: 6173: 6124: 6099: 6038: 6029: 6020: 5986: 5956: 5928: 5866: 5853: 5825: 5797: 5766: 5738: 5704: 5673: 5647: 5621: 5595: 5560: 5513: 5454: 5441: 5416: 5377: 5325:O'Connor, Francis, ed. (2021), 5318: 5298: 5278: 5252:Phillips, David (8 July 2020). 5245: 5211: 5183: 5116: 5063: 5032: 5017: 4986: 4939: 4778: 4673:Genocide Studies and Prevention 4597: 4571: 4540: 4514: 4483: 4455: 4421: 4393: 4346: 4151: 4129: 4103: 4085: 4059: 4041:"Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK)" 4015: 3987: 3957: 3936: 3922: 3884:"Verfassungsschutzbericht 2007" 3876: 3849: 3822: 3792: 3652:de Jong, Alex (18 March 2016). 3477: 3431: 3422: 3324:International Freedom Battalion 2872:Cease-fire and renewed conflict 2805:Artêşa Rizgariya Gelê Kurdistan 1944:Involvement in drug trafficking 1722:slain PKK founder and activists 1383:Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) 1259:Arteşa Rizgariya Gelî Kurdistan 1136: 1101:(Apo-ites) under his movement, 579:Designated as a terrorist group 15076:Apoist organizations in Turkey 14588:Descendants of Saladin Brigade 14431:Islamic Fayli Grouping in Iraq 13458:Assassination of Deryan Aktert 12789:Liberation Forces OF Kurdistan 12269:Tastekin, Fehim (6 May 2015). 11522:Uslu, Emrullah (20 May 2008). 11445:"Kurdish rebels abandon truce" 11038:Bianet – Bagimsiz Iletisim Agi 10533:"After Saddam Hussein – 92.12" 10486:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 10480:Cordesman, Anthony H. (1999). 8780:Journal of Third World Studies 8717:Külebi, Ali (9 October 2007). 7581:Ataman, Ferda (11 July 2008). 7529:Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. 7451:Dalan, Marco (10 April 1996). 7245:Bianet – Bagimsiz Iletisim Agi 7001:"Önderimiz 99'da İmralı'daydı" 6883:"Turkey: Kurdish Party Banned" 6833:European Court of Human Rights 4095:. 1 March 2016. Archived from 4071:The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com 3762: 3731: 3682: 3668: 3620: 3589: 3553: 3525: 3314:, Yazidi militia in Syria 2827:People's Congress of Kurdistan 2776:European Court of Human Rights 2444:Flag of the PKK (2005–present) 2371: 2331:Democratic Union Party (Syria) 2325:alliance as a response to the 2264:Foreign Terrorist Organization 2240:) by the Turkish authorities. 1763: 1679:(CDU) and Abdullah Öcalan in 1501:European Court of Human Rights 1402:Alleged political presentation 1317:(YPS) is the successor of the 1052:worldwide communist revolution 877:. In 2013, the PKK declared a 42: 13: 1: 15146:Libertarian socialist parties 15030:Revolutionary Communard Party 14497:Kurdistan Revolutionary Party 13280:2005 Kuşadası minibus bombing 12250:. Al Jazeera. 14 October 2014 12068:Dorian Jones (25 July 2014). 11638:. Zed Books Ltd. p. 47. 10858:MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base 10363:Shaikh, Thair (23 May 2007). 9971:Keinon, Herb (17 July 2009). 9940:"Nicht mit dem Finger zeigen" 9056:Lacine, Sedat (14 May 2006). 8034:10.1080/1057610X.2020.1759265 7653:A Modern History of the Kurds 7046:. 6 June 2012. Archived from 6967:Tuğluk, Aysel (27 May 2007). 5944:(in German). 30 November 2014 5936:"Mit wehenden Öcalan-Flaggen" 4469:American Enterprise Institute 3518: 2921:Kurdish–Turkish peace process 2788:Council of the European Union 2417:Flag of the KADEK (2002–2003) 2342:June 2022, Turkish President 2044:Alleged international support 1387:2015 Turkish general election 1308: 1240: 908: 903:thousands of Kurdish villages 848:denied the existence of Kurds 554:Kurdistan Region–PKK conflict 15091:Kurdish separatism in Turkey 14739:Communist Party of Kurdistan 14720:Civil Protection Units-Women 14514:Patriotic Union of Kurdistan 14458:Kurdistan Conservative Party 14154:Kurdish rebellions in Turkey 13418:February 2016 Ankara bombing 13195:Winter Campaign of 1994–1995 11388:Panico, Christopher (1999). 11151:"The prohibition of torture" 10981:Council on Foreign Relations 10711:Randal, Jonathan C. (1997). 10429:10.1080/14683849.2012.686575 10006:(in German). 5 November 2008 9692:Haeri, Safa (31 July 2004). 9562:Australian National Security 8064:"Hepsi kandırılmış çocuklar" 7701:Provost, René (2021), p. 358 7169:(in Turkish). Archived from 6977:(in Turkish). Archived from 6137:www.multiple-secularities.de 5602:Arin, Yado (26 March 2015). 5170:Child Soldiers International 4766:(in Dutch). 15 November 2018 4179:Stanton, Jessica A. (2016). 3676:"Mad Dreams of Independence" 3379:Revolutionary People's Party 2619:Kurdistan Liberation Force ( 2554:. PKK tactics were based on 2515:Current flag of the YJA-STAR 2203:, of the Turkish think tank 1926: 1743: 1303:Yekîneyên Jinên Azad ên Star 1042:in Germany, January 21, 2016 913:As a result of the military 7: 15081:Far-left politics in Turkey 14787:Kurdistan Communities Union 14775:Freedom and Democracy Party 14248:Yezidi National Union (ULE) 13443:May 2016 Diyarbakır bombing 13315:October 2008 Aktütün attack 11806:"Turkey's pullout politics" 11659:White, Doctor Paul (2015). 11000:Marcus, Aliza (2012). p.271 10701:Gunes, Cengiz (2013), p.134 10623:. p. 3. Archived from 9948:(in German). Archived from 8774:Gunter, Michael M. (1994). 7028: 6373:"Hazen Rizgariya Kurdistan" 4635:Can, Osman (17 June 2021). 4302:www.nationalsecurity.gov.au 4009:"Currently listed entities" 3495: 3329:Kurdistan Communities Union 3248: 2865:Kurdish Freedom Hawks (TAK) 2849:Second insurgency 2004–2006 2667:by the then prime minister 2414:Flag of the PKK (2000–2002) 2399:Flag of the PKK (1995–2000) 1720:Demonstration in Paris for 1663:for which the PKK official 1492:in support of this policy. 1302: 1270: 1258: 1250: 1174: 1114: 964:, including the use of the 867:Kurdistan Communities Union 569:2017 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 189:Kurdistan Communities Union 123:; 46 years ago 43:Partiya Karkerên Kurdistanê 10: 15202: 14799:Islamic Party of Kurdistan 14793:Kurdistan Islamic Movement 14781:Freedom and Equality Party 14463:Kurdistan Democratic Party 14448:Kurdish Tribal Association 14442:Kurdistan Islamic Movement 14293:Kurdistan Democratic Party 14144:Kurdish separatism in Iran 13652:2013–2015 Solution process 13413:February 2016 Lice bombing 13403:Şırnak clashes (2015–2016) 12176:. Al Jazeera. 11 June 2015 11501:. Routledge. p. 149. 10678:. Routledge. p. 133. 10653:. Routledge. p. 205. 10461:Suicide Bombers Who's Next 10328:Marcus, Aliza (2012). p.70 10319:Marcus, Aliza (2012). p.57 9590:Walter, Christian (2004). 9374:Official Journal of the EU 9037:(in Turkish). 18 July 2007 8394:Pike, John (21 May 2004). 7619:"Ein Volksfest für Öcalan" 7019:"in 99 our leader was in 6727:London School of Economics 6273:O'Connor, Francis (2017). 6131:Raßbach, Benjamin (2021). 6059:Cambridge University Press 5995:"Ein Volksfest für Öcalan" 5874:"Democratic Confederalism" 5839:. Routledge. p. 156. 5781:Cambridge University Press 5339:Cambridge University Press 4923:Cambridge University Press 4187:Cambridge University Press 3533:"Kurdistan Workers' Party" 3496:Partiya Karkerên Kurdistan 3043: 2969: 2918: 2613:Kurdistan Democratic Party 2526: 2522: 1931: 1811: 1711: 1511: 1486:, published an article in 1405: 1191:capture of Abdullah Öcalan 1165:Political and popular wing 935:Kurdistan Revolutionaries. 15096:Left-wing militant groups 15039: 14984: 14877: 14847:Rights and Freedoms Party 14817:Peoples' Democratic Party 14811:Peace and Democracy Party 14751:Democratic People's Party 14729: 14671: 14662: 14627:Kurdish Supreme Committee 14613: 14593:People's Protection Units 14580: 14571: 14537: 14401: 14358: 14349: 14324: 14305:Kurdistan Free Life Party 14269: 14260: 14240: 14231: 14131: 14098: 14091: 14006: 13895: 13888: 13773: 13682: 13675: 13637: 13617: 13549: 13542: 13423:March 2016 Ankara bombing 13373: 13272: 13260: 13117: 13091: 13084: 13007: 12971: 12718: 12708: 12661: 12608:National Security Council 12595: 12578: 12560: 11804:Uras, Umut (8 May 2013). 11228:McKiernan, Kevin (2006). 11156:(Torturing). 2003: 11, 13 10841:– via Google Books. 10649:Özcan, Ali Kemal (2006). 10583:10.1080/01436599308420326 10118:"PKK Embleme und Symbole" 9650:Currently listed entities 9558:"Kurdistan Workers Party" 9063:Journal of Turkish Weekly 8684:10.1080/00263209408701034 8133:Counter-Terrorism Studies 7975:10.1080/00263200601079740 7957:Özcan, Alị Kemal (2007). 7941:Global Terrorism Analysis 7486:(in German). 29 June 2004 7031:) the nickname of Öcalan. 6692:Global Terrorism Analysis 6254:Global Terrorism Analysis 6243:The PKK and Syria's Kurds 6067:10.1017/S1755048319000312 5495:Jongerden, Joost (2007). 5347:10.1017/9781108975087.004 5141:10.1080/10576100701558620 3689:Novellis, Andrea (2018). 3602:Counter Extremism Project 3339:Kurdistan Free Life Party 3063:This section needs to be 3030:People's Protection Units 2878:PKK declared a cease fire 2764:European Union membership 2621:Hêzên Rizgariya Kurdistan 2356:government of Switzerland 1917:11,568 (8,015 traceable) 1824: 1602:Peace and Democracy Party 1518:During the controversial 1363:Operation Provide Comfort 1285:Female PKK guerrillas of 1251:Hêzên Rizgariya Kurdistan 577: 531: 471: 311: 303: 283: 221: 211: 135: 115: 57: 48: 41: 34: 15181:Democratic confederalism 15071:Kurdistan Workers' Party 15006:Kurdistan Workers' Party 14823:People's Democracy Party 14763:Democratic Regions Party 14757:Democratic Society Party 14679:Kurdistan Workers' Party 14621:Kurdish National Council 14599:Women's Protection Units 14554:Kurdish Democratic Party 14508:Kurdistan Toilers' Party 14371:Êzîdxan Protection Force 13493:2020 İskenderun shootout 13438:May 2016 Dürümlü bombing 13330:2010 Hakkâri bus bombing 13109:1980 Turkish coup d'état 12517:Interviews and Speeches 11764:. Al Jazeera. 9 May 2013 11609:The Jamestown foundation 7625:(in German). p. 7. 7515:. July 2015. p. 21. 6166:U.S. Department of State 6001:(in German). p. 7. 5773:Yavuz, M. Hakan (2009). 5520:Schoon, Eric W. (2015). 5449:The Dynamic of Secession 4999:. CQ Press. p. 37. 4702:. 2010. pp. 40–41. 4371:10.1177/1057567719826632 3537:Encyclopaedia Britannica 3488:پارتی کرێکارانی کوردستان 3415: 3399:Women's Protection Units 3312:Êzîdxan Protection Force 2909: 2769: 2674: 2581:1980 Turkish coup d'état 2574: 2533: 2366: 1887:2,885 (2,208 traceable) 1784:fighters, 11 August 2015 1597:Kurdish–Turkish conflict 1443:Democratic Regions Party 1373:Political representation 1082:democratic confederalist 1056:democratic confederalism 789:Kurdish–Turkish conflict 751:Kurdistan Workers' Party 237:Democratic confederalism 35:Kurdistan Workers' Party 14702:Kurdistan Freedom Hawks 14690:People's Defence Forces 14520:Service and Reform List 14486:New Generation Movement 14480:Kurdistan Islamic Union 14436:Kurdistan Islamic Group 14377:Sinjar Resistance Units 14299:Kurdistan Freedom Party 14118:Düzce Military Cemetery 13468:2017 Diyarbakır bombing 13388:Operation Martyr Yalçın 13300:2008 Diyarbakır bombing 13180:May 24, 1993 PKK attack 13175:Operation Northern Iraq 12764:People's Defence Forces 12681:Turkish Revenge Brigade 12123:The Wall Street Journal 11717:16 October 2013 at the 11447:. BBC. 2 September 2003 11023:". The new Courier n°1. 10887:. Amnesty International 9258:University of Pittsburg 7674:Oxford University Press 7201:1 February 2014 at the 7126:19 October 2011 at the 7100:mezopotamyaajansi35.com 6248:7 November 2007 at the 6107:"PKK camileri de böldü" 5968:mezopotamyaajansi35.com 5461:Çelik, Yasemin (1999). 5192:"Villages of No Return" 3965:"TRILATERAL MEMORANDUM" 3805:The Mackenzie Institute 3566:Federal Criminal Office 3463:Heckler & Koch PSG1 3389:Sinjar Resistance Units 3344:Kurdistan Freedom Hawks 3016:in the Turkish city of 2915:2013–2015 peace process 2562:, riots, protests, and 2287:Court of First Instance 1591:. In January 2016, the 1315:Civil Protections Units 1263:People's Defense Forces 1038:Protest for freedom of 1019:Kürdistan Devrimci Yolu 863:captured and imprisoned 828:revolutionary socialism 559:Iraqi Kurdish Civil War 285:Political position 150:People's Defence Forces 15151:Communism in Kurdistan 15136:Rebel groups in Turkey 15012:Maoist Communist Party 14714:Civil Protection Units 14672:Militant organizations 14581:Militant organizations 14359:Militant organizations 14270:Militant organizations 14139:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 13662:Musa Anter peace train 13498:Operation Claw-Eagle 2 13398:Siege of Silvan (2015) 13360:2012 Gaziantep bombing 13325:2010 İskenderun attack 13310:2008 Istanbul bombings 13245:1999 Istanbul bombings 12999:(until the late 1980s) 11553:3 January 2011 at the 11423:. Palgrave Macmillan. 11177:Cite journal requires 11131:Cite journal requires 11085:Cite journal requires 10791:Alakoc, Burcu (2007). 10674:Gunes, Cengiz (2013). 10289:Marcus, Aliza (2012). 9669:. 2008. Archived from 9652:, Public Safety Canada 9251:"The Kurdish Movement" 8671:Middle Eastern Studies 8341:Marcus, Aliza (2007). 8223:Turhal, Tugru (2015). 7963:Middle Eastern Studies 7666:Provost, René (2021). 7511:(Report) (in German). 6711:, 2004, pages 276–277. 6346:Gunes, Cengiz (2013). 5680:Marcus, Aliza (2009). 5630:"What Was It All For?" 5567:Yilmaz, Cihat (2021). 5396:Hannum, Hurst (1996). 3349:Maoist Communist Party 3300:Democratic Union Party 3278:Civil Protection Units 3089:YBS and PKK guerrillas 3024: 2981: 2876:On 13 April 2009, the 2547: 2335:People's Defense Units 2303:British Prime Minister 2237: 2229: 2020: 1904:3,490 (136 traceable) 1874:1,610 (313 traceable) 1861:5,713 (959 traceable) 1785: 1773: 1724: 1390: 1343:Mahsum Korkmaz Academy 1290: 1043: 15086:Kurdish organisations 14383:Êzîdxan Women's Units 14225:Kurdish organisations 13943:İsmail Hakkı Karadayı 13625:Mothers of Diyarbakır 13335:2010 Istanbul bombing 12299:Hurriyetdailynews.com 10762:Pape, Robert (2005). 10571:Third World Quarterly 9901:Balcer, Adam (2012). 8139:(ICT). Archived from 8016:Szekely, Ora (2020). 7717:İnsan Hakları Derneği 7623:Die Tageszeitung: taz 7423:Die Tageszeitung: taz 6404:"Hezen Parastina Gel" 6051:Politics and Religion 5999:Die Tageszeitung: taz 5941:Frankfurter Rundschau 5538:10.1093/socpro/spv006 5499:. Brill. p. 55. 5103:Amnesty International 4915:Aslan, Senem (2014). 4660:Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove 3455:Heckler & Koch G3 3451:Dragunov Sniper Rifle 3394:United Freedom Forces 3318:Êzîdxan Women's Units 3222:In November 2022, an 3119:and PKK guerillas in 3011: 2979: 2752:Amnesty International 2541: 2223: 2006: 1948:PKK's involvement in 1779: 1771: 1732:of 1949 and also its 1719: 1704:and its party leader 1380: 1284: 1183:umbrella organization 1105:(Apoism). The slogan 1037: 958:military coup of 1980 844:military coup of 1980 242:Libertarian socialism 15101:Resistance movements 14897:Kingdom of Kurdistan 14835:People's Labor Party 14337:Kurdish United Front 14100:Memorials, monuments 14074:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 13520:Operation Claw-Sword 13393:2015 Hakkari assault 13250:Blue Market massacre 13215:1996 Tunceli bombing 13165:1992 Taşdelen attack 12409:. 29 September 2015. 11709:Güneş Murat Tezcür," 11634:White, Paul (2015). 11572:Gunter., Michael M. 11469:White, Paul (2015). 11019:29 June 2009 at the 10338:White, Paul (2015). 9952:on 29 September 2007 8547:. 3 September 2012. 8074:University of Ankara 7945:Jamestown Foundation 7322:www.duvarenglish.com 7148:10 June 2015 at the 6402:M. Gunter, Michael. 6258:Jamestown Foundation 6217:White, Paul (2015). 6160:Frank C. Urbancic, " 5912:Taylor & Francis 5783:. pp. 176–177. 5711:White, Paul (2015). 4559:on 30 September 2021 4268:"Turkey 2019 Report" 3910:on 20 September 2008 3835:Jamestown Foundation 3240:Minister of Interior 3217:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 2992:escape an encircled 2984:The PKK engaged the 2972:2014 Kobanî protests 2798:Cease fire 1999–2004 2708:People's Labor Party 2696:unilateral ceasefire 2665:village guard system 2344:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 2145:Alexander Litvinenko 1806:Jamestown Foundation 1772:PKK female fighters. 1475:constitutional court 1071:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 15161:Kurdish irredentism 14912:Republic of Mahabad 14892:Kurdish nationalism 14113:33 Martyrs Memorial 14105:military cemeteries 13876:Sırrı Süreyya Önder 13826:Selahattin Demirtaş 13781:Ahmet Fehmi Işıklar 13525:2023 Ankara bombing 13508:Zakho resort attack 13503:Operation Claw-Lock 13483:2018 Gercüş bombing 13453:2016 Elazığ bombing 13408:Siege of Sur (2016) 13345:2011 Hakkâri attack 13285:2007 Ankara bombing 12445:. 22 December 2015. 12427:. 30 December 2015. 12359:The Daily Telegraph 12154:on 11 November 2014 12098:. 13 September 2011 12096:Hürriyet Daily News 11615:on 25 December 2010 11110:. 24 March 2014: 57 10937:Lawyers for Lawyers 10630:on 25 February 2009 10256:Politique étrangère 9945:St. Galler Tagblatt 9919:on 21 February 2014 9821:on 21 February 2014 9631:on 30 December 2013 9506:Hürriyet Daily News 9122:on 16 November 2019 9034:Hürriyet Daily News 8886:on 12 February 2007 8830:. 20 February 1999. 8763:. 23 February 1999. 8740:Gunter, Michael M. 8724:Hürriyet Daily News 8601:Hürriyet Daily News 8575:Hürriyet Daily News 8453:Hürriyet Daily News 8202:Library of Congress 8103:Hürriyet Daily News 8069:Hürriyet Daily News 7776:on 14 December 2018 7744:Hürriyet Daily News 7406:. 26 November 1993. 7141:, 8 November 2008, 7119:, 18 October 2011, 7006:Hürriyet Daily News 6917:Süddeutsche Zeitung 6371:Gunter, Michael M. 6185:Bruns International 6141:Universität Leipzig 5588:Jongerden, Joost. " 5447:Bartkus, Viva Ona, 4859:Joseph, J. (2006). 4835:10.4000/anatoli.618 4497:The Washington Post 4117:on 24 December 2018 4073:. 13 September 2017 4011:. 21 December 2018. 3951:European Commission 3447:PKC automatic rifle 2841:'s younger brother 2810:Hêzên Parastina Gel 2720:Diyarbakir province 2327:invasion of Ukraine 2268:US State Department 2238:Bölücü terör örgütü 2177:François Mitterrand 2173:Danielle Mitterrand 1821: 1657:diaspora in Germany 1612:Selahattin Demirtaş 1593:Academics for Peace 1271:Hêzên Parastina Gel 997:Mehmet Hayri Durmuş 895:bombed city centres 836:Kurdish nationalism 777:southeastern Turkey 544:Israel–PKK conflict 231:Kurdish nationalism 176:Civil Defense Units 14907:Republic of Ararat 14902:Kurdistansky Uyezd 14696:Free Women's Units 14393:Fayli Kurd Brigade 14174:Turkish war crimes 14064:Ahmet Necdet Sezer 13948:Hüseyin Kıvrıkoğlu 13515:2022 Mersin attack 13448:2016 Cizre bombing 13433:2016 Bursa bombing 13383:2015 Siirt bombing 13185:Başbağlar massacre 12777:Free Women's Units 12515:Öcalan, Abdullah. 12443:Human Rights Watch 12425:The New York Times 12072:. Voice of America 11691:on 31 January 2012 11199:Human Rights Watch 10911:Human Rights Watch 10741:Human Rights Watch 10563:Gunter, Michael M. 10543:on 18 January 2019 10459:Matovic, Violeta, 10299:. pp. 55–57. 10228:on 11 October 2019 10198:on 30 October 2019 10192:hezenparastin.info 10057:The Brussels Times 9978:The Jerusalem Post 9538:. 16 December 2005 9481:on 14 January 2014 9404:Terrorism Act 2000 9328:on 8 November 2018 9306:. 23 January 2016. 8968:on 6 December 2008 8912:on 15 October 2015 8876:"A Hellenic Haven" 8607:on 19 October 2017 8577:. 15 November 1998 8487:. 27 February 1999 8459:on 19 October 2017 8383:. 19 October 2017. 8143:on 6 February 2016 7805:. 22 December 2016 7803:Human Rights Watch 7297:. 7 September 2018 7270:Human Rights Watch 7219:Human Rights Watch 7194:, 22 August 2009, 7173:on 6 November 2019 6891:. 11 December 2009 6888:Human Rights Watch 6789:on 14 January 2009 6707:," United Nations 6469:on 27 October 2019 6414:on 17 October 2019 6311:Gunter, Michael M. 6195:on 14 October 2009 5311:2008-10-03 at the 5266:on 31 January 2021 5224:The New York Times 4902:, 17 February 2008 4899:The New York Times 4867:Palgrave Macmillan 4700:Human Rights Watch 4664:Fernandes, Desmond 4528:. 11 February 2016 4308:on 5 February 2016 3932:. 16 January 2014. 3656:. Jacobin Magazine 3144:2015 Suruç bombing 3125:Southern Kurdistan 3025: 2982: 2756:Human Rights Watch 2660:state of emergency 2652:counter-insurgency 2569:1980 military coup 2548: 2299:Terrorism Act 2000 2253:Palme was murdered 2245:Swedish government 2230: 2226:Welsh independence 2109:the undeclared war 2088:Republic of Cyprus 2021: 1842:AK-47 Kalashnikovs 1820: 1786: 1774: 1754:Human Rights Watch 1730:Geneva Conventions 1725: 1391: 1295:Free Women's Units 1291: 1277:Women's armed wing 1142:the organization. 1044: 785:asymmetric warfare 163:Free Women's Units 117:Dates of operation 15058: 15057: 15000:Devrimci Karargâh 14935: 14934: 14873: 14872: 14731:Political parties 14685:Kurdish Hizbollah 14658: 14657: 14614:Political parties 14567: 14566: 14547:Political parties 14533: 14532: 14402:Political parties 14345: 14344: 14325:Political parties 14256: 14255: 14241:Political parties 14191: 14190: 14187: 14186: 14087: 14086: 14059:Necmettin Erbakan 13884: 13883: 13831:Nurettin Demirtaş 13640:and peace efforts 13633: 13632: 13538: 13537: 13320:Reşadiye shooting 13155:Yeşilova incident 13150:Pınarcık massacre 13080: 13079: 13000: 12964: 12849:People's Congress 12704: 12703: 12671:Counter-Guerrilla 12228:. 14 October 2014 11810:www.aljazeera.com 11584:on 2 October 2017 10865:on 9 January 2008 10743:. 20 January 1999 10518:978-1-136-58798-6 10060:. 30 January 2020 9673:on 11 August 2016 9568:on 31 August 2007 9322:Stars and Stripes 9221:Svenska Dagbladet 9014:charge d'affaires 8173:Europol.europa.eu 7221:. 5 December 2017 6783:Cihan News Agency 6635:10.4000/ejts.4925 6324:on 3 January 2020 6241:Brandon, James. " 6111:m.yeniakit.com.tr 5754:. 2 February 2016 5717:. Zed Books Ltd. 5661:. 4 November 2016 5428:Countrystudies.us 5028:. Foreign Policy. 4892:Toumani, Meline. 4047:on 5 October 2013 3862:Firat News Agency 3738:Wali, Zhelwan Z. 3654:"The New-Old PKK" 3573:on 3 October 2020 3493: 3409:YPG International 3306:Devrimci Karargâh 3084: 3083: 2882:"Kurdish Opening" 2780:arbitrary arrests 2656:1982 Constitution 2625:Turkish Kurdistan 2107:. However, after 1986:U.S. jurisdiction 1924: 1923: 1804:According to the 1738:Turkish provinces 1734:amendment of 1977 1698:Wolfgang Schäuble 1618:Status in Germany 1566:, former head of 1553:Turkish Hezbollah 1545:Ergenekon network 1351:Kurdish Civil War 1030:Ideology and aims 1008:Mehmet Karasungur 939:Turkish Kurdistan 747: 746: 16:(Redirected from 15193: 15042: 14987: 14978: 14974: 14973: 14972: 14962: 14955: 14948: 14939: 14938: 14917:Kurdistan Region 14769:Free Cause Party 14669: 14668: 14578: 14577: 14544: 14543: 14388:Asayîşa Êzîdxanê 14356: 14355: 14267: 14266: 14238: 14237: 14218: 14211: 14204: 14195: 14194: 14159:Kurdish refugees 14096: 14095: 14034:Yıldırım Akbulut 14019:Süleyman Demirel 13998:Hayri Kıvrıkoğlu 13988:Erdal Ceylanoğlu 13973:Aydoğan Babaoğlu 13908:Tahsin Şahinkaya 13893: 13892: 13755:Hüseyin Velioğlu 13750:Muhammad Mustafa 13680: 13679: 13547: 13546: 13350:Roboski massacre 13230:Operation Hammer 13160:Battle of Şırnak 13125:1984 PKK attacks 13089: 13088: 12998: 12994: 12993: 12992: 12958: 12932: 12931: 12930: 12914: 12913: 12912: 12902: 12901: 12900: 12890: 12889: 12888: 12878: 12877: 12876: 12825:Free Women Party 12775: 12774: 12773: 12762: 12761: 12760: 12743: 12742: 12741: 12731: 12730: 12729: 12716: 12715: 12686:Susurluk scandal 12593: 12592: 12586: 12584: 12583: 12547: 12540: 12533: 12524: 12523: 12498: 12497: 12495: 12493: 12479: 12473: 12472: 12470: 12468: 12463:on 14 March 2016 12453: 12447: 12446: 12435: 12429: 12428: 12417: 12411: 12410: 12399: 12393: 12392: 12381: 12375: 12374: 12372: 12370: 12356: 12349: 12343: 12342: 12327: 12321: 12320: 12309: 12303: 12302: 12291: 12285: 12284: 12283:on 3 March 2016. 12279:. Archived from 12266: 12260: 12259: 12257: 12255: 12244: 12238: 12237: 12235: 12233: 12218: 12212: 12211: 12209: 12207: 12202:. 7 October 2014 12192: 12186: 12185: 12183: 12181: 12170: 12164: 12163: 12161: 12159: 12150:. Archived from 12140: 12134: 12133: 12131: 12129: 12114: 12108: 12107: 12105: 12103: 12088: 12082: 12081: 12079: 12077: 12065: 12059: 12058: 12056: 12054: 12039: 12033: 12032: 12030: 12028: 12017: 12011: 12010: 12003: 11997: 11996: 11994: 11992: 11981: 11975: 11974: 11972: 11970: 11959: 11953: 11947: 11941: 11940: 11938: 11936: 11919: 11913: 11912: 11910: 11908: 11893: 11880: 11879: 11877: 11875: 11859: 11853: 11852: 11850: 11848: 11831: 11825: 11824: 11822: 11820: 11801: 11795: 11794: 11792: 11790: 11780: 11774: 11773: 11771: 11769: 11758: 11749: 11748: 11746: 11744: 11728: 11722: 11707: 11701: 11700: 11698: 11696: 11681: 11675: 11674: 11656: 11650: 11649: 11631: 11625: 11624: 11622: 11620: 11611:. Archived from 11603:Brandon, James. 11600: 11594: 11593: 11591: 11589: 11569: 11563: 11545: 11539: 11538: 11536: 11534: 11519: 11513: 11512: 11494: 11485: 11484: 11466: 11457: 11456: 11454: 11452: 11441: 11435: 11434: 11422: 11412: 11406: 11405: 11385: 11379: 11378: 11358: 11352: 11351: 11349: 11347: 11333: 11327: 11326: 11320: 11312: 11306: 11305: 11285: 11279: 11278: 11258: 11252: 11251: 11235: 11225: 11219: 11218: 11202: 11193: 11187: 11186: 11180: 11175: 11173: 11165: 11163: 11161: 11155: 11147: 11141: 11140: 11134: 11129: 11127: 11119: 11117: 11115: 11109: 11101: 11095: 11094: 11088: 11083: 11081: 11073: 11071: 11069: 11063: 11055: 11049: 11048: 11046: 11044: 11030: 11024: 11007: 11001: 10998: 10992: 10991: 10989: 10987: 10973: 10967: 10966: 10955: 10949: 10948: 10946: 10944: 10928: 10922: 10921: 10919: 10917: 10903: 10897: 10896: 10894: 10892: 10881: 10875: 10874: 10872: 10870: 10861:. Archived from 10849: 10843: 10842: 10840: 10838: 10815: 10809: 10808: 10788: 10782: 10781: 10770:. Random House. 10769: 10759: 10753: 10752: 10750: 10748: 10733: 10727: 10726: 10708: 10702: 10699: 10690: 10689: 10671: 10665: 10664: 10646: 10640: 10639: 10637: 10635: 10629: 10622: 10613: 10607: 10606: 10559: 10553: 10552: 10550: 10548: 10539:. Archived from 10529: 10523: 10522: 10504: 10498: 10497: 10477: 10471: 10457: 10451: 10450: 10440: 10412: 10406: 10405: 10403: 10401: 10387: 10381: 10380: 10378: 10376: 10360: 10354: 10353: 10335: 10329: 10326: 10320: 10317: 10311: 10310: 10286: 10280: 10279: 10244: 10238: 10237: 10235: 10233: 10214: 10208: 10207: 10205: 10203: 10194:. Archived from 10184: 10175: 10174: 10167: 10161: 10160: 10158: 10156: 10144: 10138: 10137: 10135: 10133: 10124:. Archived from 10113: 10098: 10097: 10095: 10093: 10076: 10070: 10069: 10067: 10065: 10048: 10042: 10041: 10039: 10037: 10022: 10016: 10015: 10013: 10011: 9996: 9990: 9989: 9987: 9985: 9968: 9962: 9961: 9959: 9957: 9935: 9929: 9928: 9926: 9924: 9918: 9907: 9898: 9892: 9891: 9880: 9874: 9873: 9862: 9856: 9855: 9853: 9851: 9837: 9831: 9830: 9828: 9826: 9811: 9805: 9804: 9802: 9800: 9794: 9786: 9780: 9779: 9777: 9775: 9760: 9754: 9753: 9751: 9749: 9738: 9732: 9731: 9729: 9727: 9716: 9710: 9709: 9707: 9705: 9700:on 19 April 2013 9689: 9683: 9682: 9680: 9678: 9659: 9653: 9647: 9641: 9640: 9638: 9636: 9621: 9615: 9614: 9612: 9610: 9587: 9581: 9580: 9575: 9573: 9554: 9548: 9547: 9545: 9543: 9528: 9522: 9521: 9519: 9517: 9508:. Archived from 9497: 9491: 9490: 9488: 9486: 9470: 9464: 9463: 9461: 9459: 9437: 9431: 9418: 9412: 9411: 9396: 9390: 9389: 9387: 9385: 9376:. Archived from 9366: 9360: 9359: 9357: 9355: 9344: 9338: 9337: 9335: 9333: 9324:. Archived from 9314: 9308: 9307: 9294: 9288: 9287: 9285: 9283: 9268: 9262: 9261: 9255: 9247: 9241: 9240: 9238: 9236: 9211: 9205: 9204: 9202: 9200: 9182: 9176: 9175: 9173: 9171: 9156: 9150: 9149: 9138: 9132: 9131: 9129: 9127: 9118:. Archived from 9108: 9102: 9101: 9090: 9084: 9083: 9081: 9079: 9070:. Archived from 9053: 9047: 9046: 9044: 9042: 9025: 9019: 9018: 8984: 8978: 8977: 8975: 8973: 8954: 8948: 8947: 8945: 8943: 8938:on 22 March 2019 8928: 8922: 8921: 8919: 8917: 8908:. Archived from 8902: 8896: 8895: 8893: 8891: 8882:. Archived from 8871: 8865: 8864: 8862: 8860: 8851:. Archived from 8841: 8832: 8831: 8820: 8814: 8813: 8812:on 2 April 2015. 8802: 8796: 8795: 8771: 8765: 8764: 8751: 8745: 8738: 8729: 8728: 8714: 8708: 8707: 8658: 8652: 8651: 8644: 8638: 8637: 8626: 8617: 8616: 8614: 8612: 8593: 8587: 8586: 8584: 8582: 8567: 8561: 8560: 8558: 8556: 8542: 8535: 8526: 8525: 8503: 8497: 8496: 8494: 8492: 8475: 8469: 8468: 8466: 8464: 8445: 8439: 8438: 8436: 8434: 8429:on 28 March 2016 8419: 8413: 8412: 8410: 8408: 8391: 8385: 8384: 8371: 8365: 8364: 8348: 8338: 8332: 8326: 8325: 8321: 8314: 8308: 8307: 8305: 8303: 8292: 8286: 8285: 8283: 8281: 8269: 8263: 8262: 8260: 8258: 8241: 8232: 8231: 8229: 8220: 8214: 8213: 8211: 8209: 8199: 8190: 8184: 8183: 8181: 8179: 8170: 8162: 8153: 8152: 8150: 8148: 8125: 8116: 8115: 8113: 8111: 8094: 8085: 8084: 8082: 8080: 8060: 8054: 8053: 8013: 8007: 8006: 7954: 7948: 7938: 7932: 7924: 7922: 7920: 7910:Ali Özcan, Nihat 7908: 7893: 7892: 7890: 7888: 7873: 7867: 7866: 7864: 7862: 7846: 7840: 7839: 7837: 7835: 7821: 7815: 7814: 7812: 7810: 7795: 7786: 7785: 7783: 7781: 7772:. Archived from 7762: 7756: 7755: 7753: 7751: 7746:. 27 August 2016 7736: 7730: 7729: 7727: 7725: 7708: 7702: 7699: 7688: 7687: 7663: 7657: 7656: 7648: 7642: 7641: 7639: 7637: 7614: 7608: 7607: 7605: 7603: 7578: 7572: 7571: 7569: 7567: 7552: 7546: 7545: 7543: 7541: 7526: 7517: 7516: 7510: 7502: 7496: 7495: 7493: 7491: 7476: 7470: 7469: 7467: 7465: 7448: 7442: 7441: 7439: 7437: 7414: 7408: 7407: 7400: 7394: 7393: 7391: 7389: 7367: 7361: 7360: 7358: 7356: 7340: 7334: 7333: 7331: 7329: 7313: 7307: 7306: 7304: 7302: 7288: 7282: 7281: 7279: 7277: 7262: 7256: 7255: 7253: 7251: 7237: 7231: 7230: 7228: 7226: 7211: 7205: 7189: 7183: 7182: 7180: 7178: 7158: 7152: 7136: 7130: 7114: 7108: 7107: 7106:on 16 July 2023. 7102:. Archived from 7092: 7086: 7085: 7083: 7081: 7066: 7060: 7059: 7057: 7055: 7040: 7034: 7033: 7016: 7014: 6997: 6991: 6990: 6988: 6986: 6964: 6958: 6957: 6955: 6953: 6936: 6930: 6929: 6927: 6925: 6907: 6901: 6900: 6898: 6896: 6879: 6873: 6872: 6870: 6868: 6851: 6845: 6844: 6842: 6840: 6829: 6821: 6815: 6812: 6803: 6802: 6796: 6794: 6769: 6760: 6759: 6757: 6755: 6740: 6731: 6730: 6718: 6712: 6701: 6695: 6689: 6683: 6675: 6673: 6671: 6661:Jenkins, Gareth. 6659: 6648: 6647: 6637: 6617: 6611: 6610: 6586: 6580: 6579: 6577: 6575: 6560: 6551: 6550: 6548: 6546: 6535: 6529: 6528: 6526: 6524: 6510: 6504: 6503: 6501: 6499: 6485: 6479: 6478: 6476: 6474: 6455: 6449: 6448: 6446: 6444: 6430: 6424: 6423: 6421: 6419: 6399: 6393: 6392: 6390: 6388: 6368: 6362: 6361: 6343: 6334: 6333: 6331: 6329: 6307: 6301: 6300: 6298: 6296: 6281: 6270: 6261: 6239: 6233: 6232: 6214: 6208: 6207: 6202: 6200: 6189:Associated Press 6177: 6171: 6168:, 30 April 2007 6158: 6152: 6151: 6149: 6147: 6128: 6122: 6121: 6119: 6117: 6103: 6097: 6096: 6078: 6042: 6036: 6033: 6027: 6024: 6018: 6017: 6015: 6013: 5990: 5984: 5983: 5981: 5979: 5970:. Archived from 5960: 5954: 5953: 5951: 5949: 5932: 5926: 5925: 5898: 5892: 5891: 5889: 5887: 5878: 5870: 5864: 5857: 5851: 5850: 5829: 5823: 5822: 5801: 5795: 5794: 5770: 5764: 5763: 5761: 5759: 5742: 5736: 5735: 5733: 5731: 5708: 5702: 5701: 5677: 5671: 5670: 5668: 5666: 5651: 5645: 5644: 5642: 5640: 5625: 5619: 5618: 5616: 5614: 5599: 5593: 5586: 5575: 5574: 5564: 5558: 5557: 5517: 5511: 5510: 5492: 5479: 5478: 5458: 5452: 5445: 5439: 5438: 5436: 5434: 5420: 5414: 5413: 5393: 5384: 5381: 5375: 5374: 5373: 5371: 5322: 5316: 5302: 5296: 5282: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5262:. Archived from 5249: 5243: 5242: 5240: 5238: 5215: 5209: 5208: 5206: 5204: 5187: 5181: 5180: 5178: 5176: 5162: 5153: 5152: 5120: 5114: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5095: 5086: 5085: 5083: 5081: 5067: 5061: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5036: 5030: 5029: 5021: 5015: 5014: 4990: 4984: 4983: 4973: 4963: 4961:10.4000/ejts.777 4943: 4937: 4936: 4912: 4903: 4890: 4881: 4880: 4865:. Basingstoke : 4856: 4847: 4846: 4818: 4803: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4782: 4776: 4775: 4773: 4771: 4756: 4747: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4730: 4721: 4720: 4718: 4716: 4697: 4687: 4678: 4677: 4656: 4647: 4646: 4632: 4621: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4610:www.newarab.com/ 4601: 4595: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4584:www.newarab.com/ 4575: 4569: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4555:. Archived from 4544: 4538: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4518: 4512: 4511: 4506: 4504: 4487: 4481: 4480: 4478: 4476: 4459: 4453: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4434:The New Republic 4425: 4419: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4409:. 20 August 2014 4397: 4391: 4390: 4350: 4344: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4324: 4318: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4304:. Archived from 4293: 4287: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4272: 4264: 4258: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4239: 4233: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4217: 4208: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4176: 4163: 4162: 4155: 4149: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4133: 4127: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4113:. Archived from 4107: 4101: 4100: 4099:on 1 March 2016. 4089: 4083: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4063: 4057: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4037: 4031: 4030: 4019: 4013: 4012: 4005: 3999: 3998: 3991: 3985: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3969: 3961: 3955: 3954: 3948: 3940: 3934: 3933: 3926: 3920: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3909: 3903:. Archived from 3888: 3880: 3874: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3853: 3847: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3814: 3812: 3796: 3790: 3789: 3784: 3782: 3766: 3760: 3759: 3754: 3752: 3735: 3729: 3728: 3718: 3686: 3680: 3679: 3672: 3666: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3649: 3640: 3639: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3611: 3609: 3593: 3587: 3586: 3580: 3578: 3557: 3551: 3550: 3545: 3543: 3529: 3512: 3511: 3510: 3509: 3503: 3498: 3492:romanized: 3491: 3489: 3481: 3469: 3444: 3438: 3435: 3429: 3426: 3265:Aslı Ceren Aslan 3202: 3110: 3099: 3079: 3076: 3070: 3058: 3057: 3050: 2948:Syrian Civil War 2900:Syrian Civil War 2889:Ali Akbar Salehi 2831:Kongra-Gel (KGK) 2784:Kurdish language 2710:(HEP) and also 2512: 2500: 2488: 2476: 2464: 2441: 2429: 2408: 2396: 2384: 2339:2022 NATO summit 1950:drug trafficking 1870:Rocket launchers 1822: 1819: 1639: 1630: 1584:Kurdish language 1578:Status in Turkey 1520:Ergenekon trials 1514:Ergenekon trials 1355:Qandil Mountains 1273:, HPG) in 1999. 1224: 1212: 1016: 1005: 966:Kurdish language 951: 875:Syrian Kurdistan 832:Marxism–Leninism 737: 735: 734: 724: 722: 721: 711: 709: 708: 698: 696: 695: 685: 683: 682: 672: 670: 669: 659: 657: 656: 646: 644: 643: 633: 631: 630: 620: 618: 617: 607: 605: 604: 594: 592: 591: 564:Syrian Civil War 549:1982 Lebanon War 532:Battles and wars 522: 520: 519: 509: 507: 506: 496: 494: 493: 483: 482: 456: 455: 454: 444: 443: 442: 432: 431: 430: 420: 419: 418: 408: 407: 406: 396: 395: 394: 384: 383: 382: 372: 371: 370: 360: 359: 358: 348: 347: 346: 336: 335: 334: 324: 323: 322: 307:5,000 (estimate) 299: 275:Marxism–Leninism 216:Qandil Mountains 200: 199: 198: 187: 186: 185: 174: 173: 172: 161: 160: 159: 148: 147: 146: 131: 129: 124: 118: 71: 53: 44: 32: 31: 21: 15201: 15200: 15196: 15195: 15194: 15192: 15191: 15190: 15061: 15060: 15059: 15054: 15040: 15035: 14985: 14980: 14976: 14970: 14968: 14966: 14936: 14931: 14869: 14745:Democracy Party 14725: 14654: 14609: 14563: 14529: 14397: 14341: 14320: 14252: 14227: 14222: 14192: 14183: 14179:Iraq operations 14149:Rojava conflict 14127: 14102: 14083: 14002: 13968:Yaşar Büyükanıt 13958:İbrahim Fırtına 13889:Turkish leaders 13880: 13816:Tuncer Bakırhan 13769: 13695:Murat Karayılan 13690:Abdullah Öcalan 13676:Kurdish leaders 13671: 13639: 13629: 13613: 13534: 13478:2018 Siirt raid 13369: 13268: 13256: 13240:Operation Murat 13210:Operation Tokat 13200:Operation Steel 13113: 13076: 13003: 12990: 12988: 12967: 12928: 12926: 12910: 12908: 12898: 12896: 12886: 12884: 12874: 12872: 12771: 12769: 12758: 12756: 12739: 12737: 12727: 12725: 12700: 12657: 12581: 12579: 12574: 12556: 12551: 12507: 12505:Further reading 12502: 12501: 12491: 12489: 12481: 12480: 12476: 12466: 12464: 12455: 12454: 12450: 12437: 12436: 12432: 12419: 12418: 12414: 12401: 12400: 12396: 12383: 12382: 12378: 12368: 12366: 12351: 12350: 12346: 12328: 12324: 12311: 12310: 12306: 12301:. 26 July 2015. 12293: 12292: 12288: 12267: 12263: 12253: 12251: 12246: 12245: 12241: 12231: 12229: 12220: 12219: 12215: 12205: 12203: 12194: 12193: 12189: 12179: 12177: 12172: 12171: 12167: 12157: 12155: 12148:Middle East Eye 12142: 12141: 12137: 12127: 12125: 12115: 12111: 12101: 12099: 12090: 12089: 12085: 12075: 12073: 12066: 12062: 12052: 12050: 12041: 12040: 12036: 12026: 12024: 12019: 12018: 12014: 12005: 12004: 12000: 11990: 11988: 11983: 11982: 11978: 11968: 11966: 11961: 11960: 11956: 11948: 11944: 11934: 11932: 11920: 11916: 11906: 11904: 11895: 11894: 11883: 11873: 11871: 11861: 11860: 11856: 11846: 11844: 11832: 11828: 11818: 11816: 11802: 11798: 11788: 11786: 11782: 11781: 11777: 11767: 11765: 11760: 11759: 11752: 11742: 11740: 11739:on 19 June 2013 11729: 11725: 11719:Wayback Machine 11708: 11704: 11694: 11692: 11683: 11682: 11678: 11671: 11657: 11653: 11646: 11632: 11628: 11618: 11616: 11601: 11597: 11587: 11585: 11570: 11566: 11555:Wayback Machine 11546: 11542: 11532: 11530: 11520: 11516: 11509: 11495: 11488: 11481: 11467: 11460: 11450: 11448: 11443: 11442: 11438: 11431: 11413: 11409: 11402: 11386: 11382: 11375: 11359: 11355: 11345: 11343: 11335: 11334: 11330: 11318: 11314: 11313: 11309: 11302: 11286: 11282: 11275: 11259: 11255: 11248: 11226: 11222: 11215: 11195: 11194: 11190: 11178: 11176: 11167: 11166: 11159: 11157: 11153: 11149: 11148: 11144: 11132: 11130: 11121: 11120: 11113: 11111: 11107: 11103: 11102: 11098: 11086: 11084: 11075: 11074: 11067: 11065: 11061: 11059:"Annual report" 11057: 11056: 11052: 11042: 11040: 11032: 11031: 11027: 11021:Wayback Machine 11008: 11004: 10999: 10995: 10985: 10983: 10975: 10974: 10970: 10961:(11 May 2005). 10956: 10952: 10942: 10940: 10929: 10925: 10915: 10913: 10905: 10904: 10900: 10890: 10888: 10883: 10882: 10878: 10868: 10866: 10851: 10850: 10846: 10836: 10834: 10832: 10816: 10812: 10805: 10789: 10785: 10778: 10760: 10756: 10746: 10744: 10735: 10734: 10730: 10723: 10709: 10705: 10700: 10693: 10686: 10672: 10668: 10661: 10647: 10643: 10633: 10631: 10627: 10620: 10614: 10610: 10560: 10556: 10546: 10544: 10531: 10530: 10526: 10519: 10505: 10501: 10494: 10478: 10474: 10458: 10454: 10417:Turkish Studies 10413: 10409: 10399: 10397: 10389: 10388: 10384: 10374: 10372: 10369:The Independent 10361: 10357: 10350: 10336: 10332: 10327: 10323: 10318: 10314: 10307: 10287: 10283: 10245: 10241: 10231: 10229: 10216: 10215: 10211: 10201: 10199: 10186: 10185: 10178: 10169: 10168: 10164: 10154: 10152: 10145: 10141: 10131: 10129: 10114: 10101: 10091: 10089: 10088:. 11 March 2019 10078: 10077: 10073: 10063: 10061: 10050: 10049: 10045: 10035: 10033: 10023: 10019: 10009: 10007: 9998: 9997: 9993: 9983: 9981: 9969: 9965: 9955: 9953: 9936: 9932: 9922: 9920: 9916: 9905: 9899: 9895: 9882: 9881: 9877: 9872:. 29 June 2022. 9864: 9863: 9859: 9849: 9847: 9839: 9838: 9834: 9824: 9822: 9813: 9812: 9808: 9798: 9796: 9792: 9788: 9787: 9783: 9773: 9771: 9770:on 10 July 2012 9762: 9761: 9757: 9747: 9745: 9740: 9739: 9735: 9725: 9723: 9718: 9717: 9713: 9703: 9701: 9690: 9686: 9676: 9674: 9661: 9660: 9656: 9648: 9644: 9634: 9632: 9623: 9622: 9618: 9608: 9606: 9604: 9588: 9584: 9571: 9569: 9556: 9555: 9551: 9541: 9539: 9530: 9529: 9525: 9515: 9513: 9512:on 27 June 2013 9498: 9494: 9484: 9482: 9471: 9467: 9457: 9455: 9453: 9439: 9438: 9434: 9419: 9415: 9398: 9397: 9393: 9383: 9381: 9380:on 22 July 2012 9368: 9367: 9363: 9353: 9351: 9346: 9345: 9341: 9331: 9329: 9316: 9315: 9311: 9296: 9295: 9291: 9281: 9279: 9270: 9269: 9265: 9253: 9249: 9248: 9244: 9234: 9232: 9212: 9208: 9198: 9196: 9183: 9179: 9169: 9167: 9158: 9157: 9153: 9140: 9139: 9135: 9125: 9123: 9110: 9109: 9105: 9092: 9091: 9087: 9077: 9075: 9054: 9050: 9040: 9038: 9027: 9026: 9022: 9008: 8988:Olson, Robert W 8985: 8981: 8971: 8969: 8956: 8955: 8951: 8941: 8939: 8930: 8929: 8925: 8915: 8913: 8904: 8903: 8899: 8889: 8887: 8872: 8868: 8858: 8856: 8855:on 1 March 2016 8843: 8842: 8835: 8828:Washington Post 8822: 8821: 8817: 8804: 8803: 8799: 8772: 8768: 8760:The Irish Times 8753: 8752: 8748: 8739: 8732: 8715: 8711: 8659: 8655: 8646: 8645: 8641: 8628: 8627: 8620: 8610: 8608: 8595: 8594: 8590: 8580: 8578: 8569: 8568: 8564: 8554: 8552: 8537: 8536: 8529: 8518: 8504: 8500: 8490: 8488: 8477: 8476: 8472: 8462: 8460: 8447: 8446: 8442: 8432: 8430: 8421: 8420: 8416: 8406: 8404: 8392: 8388: 8380:Middle East Eye 8373: 8372: 8368: 8361: 8339: 8335: 8323: 8316: 8315: 8311: 8301: 8299: 8294: 8293: 8289: 8279: 8277: 8270: 8266: 8256: 8254: 8242: 8235: 8227: 8221: 8217: 8207: 8205: 8197: 8191: 8187: 8177: 8175: 8168: 8164: 8163: 8156: 8146: 8144: 8127: 8126: 8119: 8109: 8107: 8096: 8095: 8088: 8078: 8076: 8062: 8061: 8057: 8014: 8010: 7955: 7951: 7926: 7925: 7918: 7916: 7911: 7909: 7896: 7886: 7884: 7875: 7874: 7870: 7860: 7858: 7848: 7847: 7843: 7833: 7831: 7823: 7822: 7818: 7808: 7806: 7797: 7796: 7789: 7779: 7777: 7770:Middle East Eye 7764: 7763: 7759: 7749: 7747: 7738: 7737: 7733: 7723: 7721: 7710: 7709: 7705: 7700: 7691: 7684: 7676:. p. 359. 7664: 7660: 7649: 7645: 7635: 7633: 7615: 7611: 7601: 7599: 7579: 7575: 7565: 7563: 7554: 7553: 7549: 7539: 7537: 7527: 7520: 7508: 7504: 7503: 7499: 7489: 7487: 7478: 7477: 7473: 7463: 7461: 7449: 7445: 7435: 7433: 7415: 7411: 7402: 7401: 7397: 7387: 7385: 7369: 7368: 7364: 7354: 7352: 7342: 7341: 7337: 7327: 7325: 7314: 7310: 7300: 7298: 7290: 7289: 7285: 7275: 7273: 7272:. 20 March 2017 7264: 7263: 7259: 7249: 7247: 7239: 7238: 7234: 7224: 7222: 7213: 7212: 7208: 7203:Wayback Machine 7190: 7186: 7176: 7174: 7159: 7155: 7150:Wayback Machine 7137: 7133: 7128:Wayback Machine 7115: 7111: 7094: 7093: 7089: 7079: 7077: 7067: 7063: 7053: 7051: 7042: 7041: 7037: 7012: 7010: 6999: 6998: 6994: 6984: 6982: 6981:on 3 March 2009 6965: 6961: 6951: 6949: 6948:. 18 March 2021 6938: 6937: 6933: 6923: 6921: 6908: 6904: 6894: 6892: 6881: 6880: 6876: 6866: 6864: 6853: 6852: 6848: 6838: 6836: 6827: 6823: 6822: 6818: 6813: 6806: 6792: 6790: 6771: 6770: 6763: 6753: 6751: 6741: 6734: 6719: 6715: 6702: 6698: 6677: 6676: 6669: 6667: 6662: 6660: 6651: 6618: 6614: 6607: 6599:. p. 137. 6587: 6583: 6573: 6571: 6561: 6554: 6544: 6542: 6537: 6536: 6532: 6522: 6520: 6512: 6511: 6507: 6497: 6495: 6487: 6486: 6482: 6472: 6470: 6457: 6456: 6452: 6442: 6440: 6438:www.yjastar.com 6432: 6431: 6427: 6417: 6415: 6400: 6396: 6386: 6384: 6383:on 15 July 2016 6369: 6365: 6358: 6344: 6337: 6327: 6325: 6308: 6304: 6294: 6292: 6290: 6279: 6271: 6264: 6250:Wayback Machine 6240: 6236: 6229: 6215: 6211: 6198: 6196: 6179: 6178: 6174: 6159: 6155: 6145: 6143: 6129: 6125: 6115: 6113: 6105: 6104: 6100: 6043: 6039: 6034: 6030: 6025: 6021: 6011: 6009: 5991: 5987: 5977: 5975: 5974:on 16 July 2023 5962: 5961: 5957: 5947: 5945: 5934: 5933: 5929: 5922: 5899: 5895: 5885: 5883: 5876: 5872: 5871: 5867: 5858: 5854: 5847: 5830: 5826: 5819: 5802: 5798: 5791: 5771: 5767: 5757: 5755: 5744: 5743: 5739: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5709: 5705: 5694: 5678: 5674: 5664: 5662: 5653: 5652: 5648: 5638: 5636: 5634:Huffington Post 5626: 5622: 5612: 5610: 5600: 5596: 5587: 5578: 5565: 5561: 5526:Social Problems 5518: 5514: 5507: 5493: 5482: 5475: 5459: 5455: 5446: 5442: 5432: 5430: 5422: 5421: 5417: 5410: 5394: 5387: 5382: 5378: 5369: 5367: 5357: 5323: 5319: 5313:Wayback Machine 5304:Dahlman, Carl. 5303: 5299: 5283: 5279: 5269: 5267: 5250: 5246: 5236: 5234: 5216: 5212: 5202: 5200: 5188: 5184: 5174: 5172: 5164: 5163: 5156: 5135:(10): 901–920. 5121: 5117: 5107: 5105: 5097: 5096: 5089: 5079: 5077: 5069: 5068: 5064: 5054: 5052: 5037: 5033: 5022: 5018: 5007: 4996:The Middle East 4991: 4987: 4944: 4940: 4933: 4925:. p. 134. 4913: 4906: 4891: 4884: 4877: 4869:. p. 100. 4857: 4850: 4819: 4806: 4796: 4794: 4785:tagesschau.de. 4783: 4779: 4769: 4767: 4758: 4757: 4750: 4740: 4738: 4731: 4724: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4695: 4689: 4688: 4681: 4657: 4650: 4633: 4624: 4614: 4612: 4602: 4598: 4588: 4586: 4576: 4572: 4562: 4560: 4545: 4541: 4531: 4529: 4520: 4519: 4515: 4502: 4500: 4488: 4484: 4474: 4472: 4460: 4456: 4446: 4444: 4426: 4422: 4412: 4410: 4399: 4398: 4394: 4351: 4347: 4337: 4335: 4326: 4325: 4321: 4311: 4309: 4294: 4290: 4280: 4278: 4270: 4266: 4265: 4261: 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3091: 3090: 3080: 3074: 3071: 3068: 3059: 3055: 3048: 3042: 3014:Abdullah Ocalan 2998:Siege of Kobanî 2974: 2968: 2931:Murat Karayılan 2923: 2917: 2912: 2874: 2851: 2839:Abdullah Öcalan 2800: 2772: 2677: 2629:Iraqi Kurdistan 2577: 2536: 2531: 2525: 2520: 2519: 2518: 2517: 2516: 2513: 2505: 2504: 2501: 2493: 2492: 2489: 2481: 2480: 2477: 2469: 2468: 2465: 2454: 2449: 2448: 2447: 2446: 2445: 2442: 2434: 2433: 2430: 2422: 2421: 2420: 2409: 2401: 2400: 2397: 2389: 2388: 2385: 2374: 2369: 2352: 2218: 2197:Heinrich Lummer 2122:Muammar Gaddafi 2093:Abdullah Öcalan 2046: 2033: 2031:Human resources 1946: 1934: 1929: 1849:71.6% from the 1814: 1766: 1750:suicide bombers 1746: 1714: 1706:Bernd Riexinger 1673:Heinrich Lummer 1669:Manfred Kanther 1653: 1652: 1651: 1650: 1642: 1641: 1640: 1632: 1631: 1620: 1580: 1516: 1510: 1410: 1404: 1375: 1335: 1311: 1279: 1243: 1218: 1206: 1199: 1197:Cultural branch 1167: 1146:Murat Karayılan 1139: 1117: 1073:, through the ' 1032: 1010: 999: 982:Kurds in Turkey 962:Kurdish culture 945: 927:Abdullah Öcalan 911: 859:Abdullah Öcalan 807:within Turkey. 743: 732: 730: 719: 717: 706: 704: 693: 691: 680: 678: 667: 665: 654: 652: 641: 639: 628: 626: 615: 613: 602: 600: 589: 587: 573: 517: 515: 504: 502: 491: 489: 477: 467: 452: 450: 440: 438: 428: 426: 416: 414: 404: 402: 392: 390: 380: 378: 368: 366: 356: 354: 344: 342: 332: 330: 320: 318: 298: 289: 279: 266: 252:Anti-capitalism 207: 196: 194: 183: 181: 170: 168: 157: 155: 144: 142: 127: 125: 122: 116: 111: 77:Murat Karayılan 65:Abdullah Öcalan 36: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 15199: 15189: 15188: 15183: 15178: 15173: 15168: 15163: 15158: 15153: 15148: 15143: 15138: 15133: 15128: 15123: 15118: 15113: 15108: 15103: 15098: 15093: 15088: 15083: 15078: 15073: 15056: 15055: 15053: 15052: 15045: 15043: 15037: 15036: 15034: 15033: 15027: 15026:(THKP-C/MLSPB) 15021: 15015: 15009: 15003: 14997: 14990: 14988: 14982: 14981: 14965: 14964: 14957: 14950: 14942: 14933: 14932: 14930: 14929: 14924: 14919: 14914: 14909: 14904: 14899: 14894: 14889: 14884: 14878: 14875: 14874: 14871: 14870: 14868: 14867: 14861: 14855: 14850: 14844: 14838: 14832: 14826: 14820: 14814: 14808: 14802: 14796: 14790: 14784: 14778: 14772: 14766: 14760: 14754: 14748: 14742: 14735: 14733: 14727: 14726: 14724: 14723: 14717: 14711: 14705: 14699: 14693: 14687: 14682: 14675: 14673: 14666: 14660: 14659: 14656: 14655: 14653: 14652: 14646: 14641: 14635: 14629: 14624: 14617: 14615: 14611: 14610: 14608: 14607: 14602: 14596: 14590: 14584: 14582: 14575: 14569: 14568: 14565: 14564: 14562: 14561: 14556: 14550: 14548: 14541: 14535: 14534: 14531: 14530: 14528: 14527: 14522: 14517: 14511: 14505: 14499: 14494: 14492:Kurdistan List 14489: 14483: 14477: 14471: 14466: 14460: 14455: 14450: 14445: 14439: 14433: 14428: 14423: 14417: 14411: 14405: 14403: 14399: 14398: 14396: 14395: 14390: 14385: 14380: 14374: 14368: 14362: 14360: 14353: 14347: 14346: 14343: 14342: 14340: 14339: 14334: 14328: 14326: 14322: 14321: 14319: 14318: 14313: 14308: 14302: 14296: 14290: 14284: 14279: 14273: 14271: 14264: 14258: 14257: 14254: 14253: 14251: 14250: 14244: 14242: 14235: 14229: 14228: 14221: 14220: 14213: 14206: 14198: 14189: 14188: 14185: 14184: 14182: 14181: 14176: 14171: 14166: 14161: 14156: 14151: 14146: 14141: 14135: 14133: 14129: 14128: 14126: 14125: 14120: 14115: 14109: 14107: 14093: 14089: 14088: 14085: 14084: 14082: 14081: 14079:Süleyman Soylu 14076: 14071: 14066: 14061: 14056: 14051: 14046: 14041: 14036: 14031: 14026: 14021: 14016: 14010: 14008: 14004: 14003: 14001: 14000: 13995: 13990: 13985: 13980: 13975: 13970: 13965: 13960: 13955: 13950: 13945: 13940: 13935: 13930: 13928:Necip Torumtay 13925: 13920: 13918:Nurettin Ersin 13915: 13910: 13905: 13899: 13897: 13890: 13886: 13885: 13882: 13881: 13879: 13878: 13873: 13871:Osman Baydemir 13868: 13866:Fatma Kurtulan 13863: 13858: 13856:Sebahat Tuncel 13853: 13848: 13843: 13841:Gültan Kışanak 13838: 13833: 13828: 13823: 13818: 13813: 13808: 13803: 13798: 13793: 13788: 13783: 13777: 13775: 13771: 13770: 13768: 13767: 13762: 13757: 13752: 13747: 13742: 13740:Nizamettin Taş 13737: 13732: 13730:Mahsum Korkmaz 13727: 13722: 13717: 13712: 13710:Mustafa Karasu 13707: 13702: 13697: 13692: 13686: 13684: 13677: 13673: 13672: 13670: 13669: 13664: 13659: 13654: 13649: 13643: 13641: 13635: 13634: 13631: 13630: 13628: 13627: 13621: 13619: 13615: 13614: 13612: 13611: 13606: 13601: 13596: 13591: 13586: 13581: 13576: 13571: 13566: 13561: 13555: 13553: 13544: 13540: 13539: 13536: 13535: 13533: 13532: 13527: 13522: 13517: 13512: 13511: 13510: 13500: 13495: 13490: 13485: 13480: 13475: 13470: 13465: 13460: 13455: 13450: 13445: 13440: 13435: 13430: 13425: 13420: 13415: 13410: 13405: 13400: 13395: 13390: 13385: 13379: 13377: 13371: 13370: 13368: 13367: 13362: 13357: 13352: 13347: 13342: 13337: 13332: 13327: 13322: 13317: 13312: 13307: 13302: 13297: 13292: 13287: 13282: 13276: 13274: 13270: 13269: 13264: 13262: 13258: 13257: 13255: 13254: 13253: 13252: 13242: 13237: 13235:Operation Dawn 13232: 13227: 13222: 13220:Siege of Varto 13217: 13212: 13207: 13205:Operation Hawk 13202: 13197: 13192: 13187: 13182: 13177: 13172: 13170:Battle of Kulp 13167: 13162: 13157: 13152: 13147: 13142: 13137: 13132: 13127: 13121: 13119: 13115: 13114: 13112: 13111: 13106: 13104:Maraş massacre 13101: 13095: 13093: 13086: 13082: 13081: 13078: 13077: 13075: 13074: 13073:(2023–present) 13068: 13067:(2014–present) 13062: 13061:(2012–present) 13056: 13050: 13044: 13038: 13032: 13026: 13020: 13013: 13011: 13005: 13004: 13002: 13001: 12986: 12981: 12975: 12973: 12969: 12968: 12966: 12965: 12953: 12948: 12943: 12937: 12924: 12918: 12906: 12894: 12882: 12870: 12864: 12858: 12852: 12846: 12840: 12834: 12828: 12822: 12816: 12810: 12804: 12798: 12792: 12786: 12780: 12767: 12754: 12753: 12752: 12735: 12722: 12720: 12713: 12706: 12705: 12702: 12701: 12699: 12698: 12693: 12688: 12683: 12678: 12673: 12667: 12665: 12659: 12658: 12656: 12655: 12653:Village Guards 12650: 12645: 12640: 12635: 12630: 12625: 12620: 12615: 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Al Jazeera. 12304: 12286: 12261: 12239: 12213: 12187: 12165: 12135: 12109: 12083: 12060: 12049:. 15 July 2014 12034: 12012: 11998: 11976: 11954: 11942: 11914: 11881: 11854: 11826: 11796: 11775: 11750: 11723: 11702: 11676: 11670:978-1783600403 11669: 11651: 11645:978-1783600403 11644: 11626: 11595: 11564: 11540: 11514: 11508:978-1136938672 11507: 11486: 11480:978-1783600373 11479: 11458: 11436: 11429: 11407: 11400: 11380: 11373: 11353: 11328: 11307: 11301:978-1135140632 11300: 11280: 11274:978-0292758131 11273: 11253: 11246: 11220: 11214:978-1564321909 11213: 11188: 11179:|journal= 11142: 11133:|journal= 11096: 11087:|journal= 11050: 11025: 11002: 10993: 10968: 10965:. antiwar.com. 10950: 10923: 10898: 10876: 10844: 10831:978-1135140717 10830: 10810: 10804:978-0549422532 10803: 10783: 10776: 10754: 10728: 10722:978-0374102005 10721: 10703: 10691: 10685:978-1136587986 10684: 10666: 10660:978-0415366878 10659: 10641: 10608: 10554: 10524: 10517: 10499: 10492: 10472: 10469:978-8690830923 10452: 10423:(2): 169–189. 10407: 10382: 10355: 10349:978-1783600373 10348: 10330: 10321: 10312: 10306:978-0814759561 10305: 10281: 10239: 10209: 10176: 10162: 10139: 10128:on 17 May 2019 10099: 10085:Deutsche Welle 10071: 10043: 10017: 10004:Berner Zeitung 9991: 9963: 9930: 9893: 9890:. 3 July 2022. 9875: 9857: 9832: 9806: 9781: 9755: 9733: 9711: 9684: 9654: 9642: 9616: 9602: 9582: 9549: 9523: 9492: 9465: 9452:978-0788123597 9451: 9432: 9413: 9391: 9361: 9339: 9309: 9289: 9278:. 2 March 2019 9263: 9242: 9224:(in Swedish). 9206: 9177: 9166:. 10 June 2020 9151: 9133: 9103: 9085: 9048: 9020: 9006: 8979: 8949: 8923: 8897: 8866: 8833: 8815: 8797: 8766: 8746: 8730: 8709: 8653: 8650:. 12 May 2017. 8639: 8636:. 8 June 2022. 8618: 8588: 8562: 8527: 8517:978-0203928967 8516: 8498: 8470: 8440: 8414: 8386: 8366: 8360:978-0814757116 8359: 8333: 8309: 8287: 8264: 8233: 8215: 8185: 8154: 8117: 8086: 8072:(in Turkish). 8055: 8028:(4): 433–450. 8008: 7969:(1): 107–110. 7949: 7894: 7883:. 25 July 2015 7868: 7841: 7816: 7787: 7757: 7731: 7703: 7689: 7683:978-0190912246 7682: 7658: 7655:. p. 443. 7643: 7609: 7573: 7547: 7518: 7497: 7471: 7443: 7409: 7395: 7362: 7335: 7308: 7283: 7257: 7232: 7206: 7184: 7153: 7131: 7109: 7087: 7061: 7050:on 6 June 2012 7035: 7029:Bijî Serok Apo 6992: 6959: 6931: 6902: 6874: 6863:. 11 July 2014 6846: 6816: 6804: 6781:(in Turkish). 6761: 6732: 6713: 6696: 6649: 6612: 6606:978-1136938672 6605: 6581: 6552: 6530: 6505: 6480: 6450: 6425: 6394: 6363: 6357:978-1136587986 6356: 6335: 6302: 6289:978-3946459217 6288: 6262: 6234: 6228:978-1783600403 6227: 6209: 6172: 6153: 6123: 6098: 6037: 6028: 6019: 5985: 5955: 5927: 5921:978-0415350020 5920: 5914:. p. 32. 5893: 5881:Freeocalan.org 5865: 5852: 5846:978-1136938672 5845: 5824: 5818:978-1317581529 5817: 5796: 5790:978-0521888783 5789: 5765: 5737: 5724:978-1783600403 5723: 5703: 5693:978-0814795873 5692: 5672: 5646: 5620: 5594: 5576: 5559: 5532:(2): 273–274. 5512: 5506:978-9047420118 5505: 5480: 5474:978-0275965907 5473: 5453: 5440: 5415: 5408: 5385: 5376: 5356:978-1108838504 5355: 5341:, p. 75, 5317: 5297: 5277: 5244: 5210: 5182: 5154: 5115: 5087: 5062: 5031: 5016: 5006:978-1544358215 5005: 4985: 4938: 4932:978-1107054608 4931: 4904: 4894:Minority Rules 4882: 4875: 4848: 4829:(8): 233–256. 4804: 4777: 4748: 4737:. Reuters (UK) 4722: 4709:978-1564327086 4708: 4679: 4648: 4622: 4596: 4570: 4539: 4513: 4482: 4454: 4420: 4406:Bloomberg News 4392: 4365:(3): 279–301. 4345: 4319: 4288: 4259: 4234: 4209: 4196:978-1107069107 4195: 4164: 4150: 4128: 4102: 4084: 4058: 4032: 4027:www.mofa.go.jp 4014: 4000: 3986: 3956: 3953:. 29 May 2019. 3935: 3921: 3875: 3848: 3821: 3791: 3761: 3730: 3701:(1): 115–133. 3681: 3667: 3641: 3619: 3588: 3552: 3523: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3514: 3513: 3475: 3474: 3471: 3470: 3439: 3430: 3420: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3326: 3321: 3315: 3309: 3303: 3297: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3274: 3272: 3269: 3268: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3250: 3247: 3243:Süleyman Soylu 3226:took place on 3115: 3114: 3105: 3104: 3103: 3094: 3093: 3092: 3088: 3087: 3086: 3085: 3082: 3081: 3062: 3060: 3053: 3044:Main article: 3041: 3038: 2970:Main article: 2967: 2964: 2919:Main article: 2916: 2913: 2911: 2908: 2873: 2870: 2850: 2847: 2835:Nizamettin Taş 2799: 2796: 2771: 2768: 2692:Jalal Talabani 2685:Saddam Hussein 2676: 2673: 2636:village guards 2609:Masoud Barzani 2607:and also with 2605:Samir Ghawshah 2585:Hafez al-Assad 2576: 2573: 2564:demonstrations 2535: 2532: 2527:Main article: 2524: 2521: 2514: 2507: 2506: 2502: 2495: 2494: 2490: 2483: 2482: 2478: 2471: 2470: 2466: 2459: 2458: 2457: 2456: 2455: 2453: 2452:Flags of wings 2450: 2443: 2436: 2435: 2431: 2424: 2423: 2419: 2418: 2415: 2411: 2410: 2403: 2402: 2398: 2391: 2390: 2386: 2379: 2378: 2377: 2376: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2368: 2365: 2363:organization. 2351: 2348: 2283:European Union 2217: 2214: 2213: 2212: 2168: 2161: 2157: 2156: 2133: 2126: 2125: 2118: 2114: 2113: 2101: 2097: 2096: 2089: 2085: 2084: 2062: 2045: 2042: 2032: 2029: 2007:Following the 1945: 1942: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1909: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1896: 1895: 1892:Czechoslovakia 1888: 1885: 1879: 1878: 1875: 1872: 1866: 1865: 1862: 1859: 1855: 1854: 1847: 1844: 1838: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1827: 1826: 1813: 1810: 1765: 1762: 1745: 1742: 1713: 1710: 1690:Horst Seehofer 1661:self-immolated 1644: 1643: 1634: 1633: 1625: 1624: 1623: 1622: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1579: 1576: 1560:secret witness 1509: 1506: 1406:Main article: 1403: 1400: 1395:demonstrations 1374: 1371: 1334: 1333:Training camps 1331: 1310: 1307: 1278: 1275: 1242: 1239: 1216:Koma Berxwedan 1198: 1195: 1166: 1163: 1155:Fehman Huseyin 1138: 1135: 1131:Zoroastrianism 1121:Friday prayers 1116: 1113: 1108:Bijî Serok Apo 1086:United Nations 1031: 1028: 995:, Baki Karer, 974:Turkish people 921:(THKO) or the 910: 907: 899:child soldiers 897:and recruited 893:. The PKK has 889:and targeting 887:terror tactics 855:15 August 1984 803:and increased 745: 744: 742: 741: 728: 726:United Kingdom 715: 702: 689: 676: 663: 650: 637: 624: 611: 609:European Union 598: 584: 582: 575: 574: 572: 571: 566: 561: 556: 551: 546: 541: 535: 533: 529: 528: 527: 526: 513: 511:European Union 500: 487: 473: 469: 468: 466: 465: 460: 448: 436: 424: 412: 400: 388: 376: 364: 352: 340: 328: 315: 313: 309: 308: 305: 301: 300: 297: 296: 290: 287: 281: 280: 278: 277: 271: 265: 264: 259: 254: 249: 244: 239: 234: 227: 225: 219: 218: 213: 209: 208: 206: 205: 192: 179: 166: 153: 139: 137: 133: 132: 119: 113: 112: 110: 109: 107:Mustafa Karasu 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 61: 59: 55: 54: 46: 45: 39: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15198: 15187: 15184: 15182: 15179: 15177: 15174: 15172: 15169: 15167: 15164: 15162: 15159: 15157: 15154: 15152: 15149: 15147: 15144: 15142: 15139: 15137: 15134: 15132: 15129: 15127: 15124: 15122: 15119: 15117: 15114: 15112: 15109: 15107: 15104: 15102: 15099: 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14633: 14630: 14628: 14625: 14622: 14619: 14618: 14616: 14612: 14606: 14605:Kurdish Front 14603: 14600: 14597: 14594: 14591: 14589: 14586: 14585: 14583: 14579: 14576: 14574: 14570: 14560: 14559:Razkari Party 14557: 14555: 14552: 14551: 14549: 14545: 14542: 14540: 14536: 14526: 14523: 14521: 14518: 14515: 14512: 14509: 14506: 14503: 14500: 14498: 14495: 14493: 14490: 14487: 14484: 14481: 14478: 14475: 14472: 14470: 14467: 14464: 14461: 14459: 14456: 14454: 14451: 14449: 14446: 14443: 14440: 14437: 14434: 14432: 14429: 14427: 14424: 14421: 14418: 14415: 14412: 14410: 14407: 14406: 14404: 14400: 14394: 14391: 14389: 14386: 14384: 14381: 14378: 14375: 14372: 14369: 14367: 14364: 14363: 14361: 14357: 14354: 14352: 14348: 14338: 14335: 14333: 14330: 14329: 14327: 14323: 14317: 14316:Sipay Rizgari 14314: 14312: 14309: 14306: 14303: 14300: 14297: 14294: 14291: 14288: 14285: 14283: 14282:Komalah (CPI) 14280: 14278: 14275: 14274: 14272: 14268: 14265: 14263: 14259: 14249: 14246: 14245: 14243: 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13842: 13839: 13837: 13836:Ayla Akat Ata 13834: 13832: 13829: 13827: 13824: 13822: 13819: 13817: 13814: 13812: 13809: 13807: 13804: 13802: 13799: 13797: 13794: 13792: 13789: 13787: 13784: 13782: 13779: 13778: 13776: 13772: 13766: 13763: 13761: 13760:Celal Başkale 13758: 13756: 13753: 13751: 13748: 13746: 13743: 13741: 13738: 13736: 13733: 13731: 13728: 13726: 13723: 13721: 13718: 13716: 13713: 13711: 13708: 13706: 13703: 13701: 13698: 13696: 13693: 13691: 13688: 13687: 13685: 13681: 13678: 13674: 13668: 13665: 13663: 13660: 13658: 13655: 13653: 13650: 13648: 13645: 13644: 13642: 13638:Peace process 13636: 13626: 13623: 13622: 13620: 13616: 13610: 13607: 13605: 13602: 13600: 13597: 13595: 13592: 13590: 13587: 13585: 13582: 13580: 13577: 13575: 13572: 13570: 13567: 13565: 13562: 13560: 13557: 13556: 13554: 13552: 13548: 13545: 13541: 13531: 13528: 13526: 13523: 13521: 13518: 13516: 13513: 13509: 13506: 13505: 13504: 13501: 13499: 13496: 13494: 13491: 13489: 13486: 13484: 13481: 13479: 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Routledge. 10823: 10822: 10814: 10806: 10800: 10797:. p. 4. 10796: 10795: 10787: 10779: 10773: 10768: 10767: 10758: 10742: 10738: 10732: 10724: 10718: 10714: 10707: 10698: 10696: 10687: 10681: 10677: 10670: 10662: 10656: 10652: 10645: 10626: 10619: 10612: 10604: 10600: 10596: 10592: 10588: 10584: 10580: 10576: 10572: 10568: 10564: 10558: 10542: 10538: 10534: 10528: 10520: 10514: 10510: 10503: 10495: 10489: 10485: 10484: 10476: 10470: 10466: 10462: 10456: 10448: 10444: 10439: 10434: 10430: 10426: 10422: 10418: 10411: 10396: 10392: 10386: 10370: 10366: 10359: 10351: 10345: 10341: 10334: 10325: 10316: 10308: 10302: 10298: 10294: 10293: 10285: 10277: 10273: 10269: 10265: 10261: 10257: 10253: 10249: 10243: 10227: 10223: 10219: 10213: 10197: 10193: 10189: 10183: 10181: 10172: 10166: 10150: 10143: 10127: 10123: 10119: 10112: 10110: 10108: 10106: 10104: 10087: 10086: 10081: 10075: 10059: 10058: 10053: 10047: 10032: 10028: 10021: 10005: 10001: 9995: 9980: 9979: 9974: 9967: 9951: 9947: 9946: 9941: 9934: 9915: 9911: 9904: 9897: 9889: 9885: 9879: 9871: 9867: 9861: 9846: 9845:www.rudaw.net 9842: 9836: 9820: 9816: 9810: 9791: 9785: 9769: 9765: 9759: 9743: 9737: 9721: 9715: 9699: 9695: 9688: 9672: 9668: 9664: 9658: 9651: 9646: 9630: 9626: 9620: 9605: 9599: 9595: 9594: 9586: 9579: 9567: 9563: 9559: 9553: 9537: 9533: 9527: 9511: 9507: 9503: 9496: 9480: 9476: 9469: 9454: 9448: 9444: 9443: 9436: 9429: 9427: 9422: 9417: 9409: 9405: 9401: 9395: 9379: 9375: 9371: 9365: 9349: 9343: 9327: 9323: 9319: 9313: 9305: 9304: 9299: 9293: 9277: 9273: 9267: 9259: 9252: 9246: 9231: 9227: 9223: 9222: 9217: 9210: 9194: 9193: 9188: 9181: 9165: 9161: 9155: 9147: 9146:www.aa.com.tr 9143: 9137: 9121: 9117: 9113: 9107: 9099: 9095: 9089: 9074:on 4 May 2008 9073: 9069: 9065: 9064: 9059: 9052: 9036: 9035: 9030: 9024: 9017: 9015: 9009: 9003: 8999: 8995: 8994: 8989: 8983: 8967: 8963: 8959: 8953: 8937: 8933: 8927: 8911: 8907: 8901: 8885: 8881: 8877: 8870: 8854: 8850: 8846: 8840: 8838: 8829: 8825: 8819: 8811: 8807: 8801: 8793: 8789: 8785: 8781: 8777: 8770: 8762: 8761: 8756: 8750: 8743: 8737: 8735: 8726: 8725: 8720: 8713: 8705: 8701: 8697: 8693: 8689: 8685: 8681: 8677: 8673: 8672: 8667: 8663: 8662:Mango, Andrew 8657: 8649: 8643: 8635: 8631: 8625: 8623: 8606: 8602: 8598: 8592: 8576: 8572: 8566: 8550: 8546: 8545:The Telegraph 8541: 8534: 8532: 8524: 8519: 8513: 8509: 8502: 8486: 8485: 8480: 8474: 8458: 8454: 8450: 8444: 8428: 8424: 8418: 8403: 8402: 8397: 8390: 8382: 8381: 8376: 8370: 8362: 8356: 8352: 8347: 8346: 8337: 8330: 8329:public domain 8319: 8313: 8297: 8291: 8275: 8268: 8253: 8252: 8247: 8240: 8238: 8226: 8219: 8203: 8196: 8189: 8174: 8167: 8161: 8159: 8142: 8138: 8134: 8130: 8124: 8122: 8105: 8104: 8099: 8093: 8091: 8075: 8071: 8070: 8065: 8059: 8051: 8047: 8043: 8039: 8035: 8031: 8027: 8023: 8019: 8012: 8004: 8000: 7996: 7992: 7988: 7984: 7980: 7976: 7972: 7968: 7964: 7960: 7953: 7946: 7942: 7936: 7930: 7914: 7907: 7905: 7903: 7901: 7899: 7882: 7878: 7872: 7857: 7856: 7851: 7845: 7830: 7826: 7820: 7804: 7800: 7794: 7792: 7775: 7771: 7767: 7761: 7745: 7741: 7735: 7719: 7718: 7713: 7707: 7698: 7696: 7694: 7685: 7679: 7675: 7671: 7670: 7662: 7654: 7647: 7632: 7628: 7624: 7620: 7613: 7598: 7594: 7591:(in German). 7590: 7589: 7584: 7577: 7561: 7557: 7551: 7536: 7532: 7525: 7523: 7514: 7507: 7501: 7485: 7481: 7475: 7460: 7459: 7454: 7447: 7432: 7428: 7425:(in German). 7424: 7420: 7413: 7405: 7399: 7384: 7380: 7377:(in German). 7376: 7372: 7366: 7351: 7350: 7345: 7339: 7323: 7319: 7312: 7296: 7293: 7287: 7271: 7267: 7261: 7246: 7242: 7236: 7220: 7216: 7210: 7204: 7200: 7197: 7193: 7192:Today's Zaman 7188: 7172: 7168: 7164: 7157: 7151: 7147: 7144: 7140: 7139:Today's Zaman 7135: 7129: 7125: 7122: 7118: 7117:Today's Zaman 7113: 7105: 7101: 7097: 7091: 7076: 7072: 7065: 7049: 7045: 7039: 7032: 7030: 7026: 7022: 7008: 7007: 7002: 6996: 6980: 6976: 6975: 6970: 6963: 6947: 6946: 6941: 6935: 6919: 6918: 6913: 6906: 6890: 6889: 6884: 6878: 6862: 6861: 6856: 6850: 6835: 6834: 6826: 6820: 6811: 6809: 6801: 6788: 6784: 6780: 6779: 6774: 6768: 6766: 6750: 6749:openDemocracy 6746: 6739: 6737: 6728: 6724: 6717: 6710: 6706: 6700: 6693: 6687: 6681: 6665: 6658: 6656: 6654: 6645: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6616: 6608: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6593: 6585: 6570: 6566: 6559: 6557: 6540: 6534: 6519: 6515: 6509: 6494: 6490: 6484: 6468: 6464: 6460: 6454: 6439: 6435: 6429: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6398: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6367: 6359: 6353: 6349: 6342: 6340: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6312: 6306: 6291: 6285: 6278: 6277: 6269: 6267: 6259: 6255: 6251: 6247: 6244: 6238: 6230: 6224: 6220: 6213: 6206: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6176: 6170: 6167: 6163: 6157: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6127: 6112: 6108: 6102: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6041: 6032: 6023: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5989: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5959: 5943: 5942: 5937: 5931: 5923: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5908: 5903: 5902:Mango, Andrew 5897: 5882: 5875: 5869: 5862: 5856: 5848: 5842: 5838: 5837: 5828: 5820: 5814: 5811:. Routledge. 5810: 5809: 5800: 5792: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5777: 5769: 5753: 5752: 5747: 5741: 5726: 5720: 5716: 5715: 5707: 5700: 5695: 5689: 5685: 5684: 5676: 5660: 5656: 5650: 5635: 5631: 5624: 5609: 5605: 5598: 5591: 5585: 5583: 5581: 5572: 5571: 5563: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5516: 5508: 5502: 5498: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5485: 5476: 5470: 5466: 5465: 5457: 5450: 5444: 5429: 5425: 5419: 5411: 5405: 5401: 5400: 5392: 5390: 5380: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5321: 5314: 5310: 5307: 5301: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5281: 5265: 5261: 5260: 5255: 5248: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5214: 5199: 5198: 5193: 5186: 5171: 5167: 5161: 5159: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5119: 5104: 5100: 5094: 5092: 5076: 5072: 5066: 5051: 5050: 5045: 5041: 5035: 5027: 5020: 5013: 5008: 5002: 4998: 4997: 4989: 4981: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4942: 4934: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4919: 4911: 4909: 4901: 4900: 4895: 4889: 4887: 4878: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4863: 4855: 4853: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4817: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4792: 4791:tagesschau.de 4788: 4781: 4765: 4761: 4755: 4753: 4736: 4729: 4727: 4711: 4705: 4701: 4694: 4693: 4686: 4684: 4676:. p. 46. 4675: 4674: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4655: 4653: 4644: 4643: 4638: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4611: 4607: 4600: 4585: 4581: 4574: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4543: 4527: 4523: 4517: 4510: 4499: 4498: 4493: 4486: 4471: 4470: 4465: 4458: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4424: 4408: 4407: 4402: 4396: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4349: 4333: 4329: 4323: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4292: 4276: 4269: 4263: 4248: 4244: 4238: 4222: 4216: 4214: 4198: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4183: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4160: 4154: 4139:. Home Office 4138: 4132: 4116: 4112: 4106: 4098: 4094: 4088: 4072: 4068: 4062: 4046: 4042: 4036: 4028: 4024: 4018: 4010: 4004: 3996: 3990: 3975: 3974: 3966: 3960: 3952: 3945: 3939: 3931: 3925: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3893: 3885: 3879: 3864: 3863: 3858: 3852: 3837: 3836: 3831: 3825: 3818: 3807: 3806: 3801: 3795: 3788: 3777: 3776: 3771: 3765: 3758: 3747: 3746: 3741: 3734: 3726: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3685: 3677: 3671: 3655: 3648: 3646: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3623: 3616: 3604: 3603: 3598: 3592: 3584: 3572: 3568: 3567: 3562: 3556: 3549: 3538: 3534: 3528: 3524: 3508: 3502: 3497: 3485: 3480: 3476: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3443: 3434: 3425: 3421: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3319: 3316: 3313: 3310: 3307: 3304: 3301: 3298: 3295: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3282: 3279: 3276: 3275: 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