PNG - Knowledge

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interlacing, and tuned but computationally intensive filtering and compression. For different purposes, different trade-offs are chosen: a maximal file may be best for archiving and editing, while a stripped down file may be best for use on a website, and similarly fast but poor compression is preferred when repeatedly editing and saving a file, while slow but high compression is preferred when a file is stable: when archiving or posting. Interlacing is a trade-off: it dramatically speeds up early rendering of large files (improves latency), but may increase file size (decrease throughput) for little gain, particularly for small files.

2803:, though far less widely known and supported than the other lossy JPEG format discussed above. It is directly comparable with PNG, and has a standard set of test images. On the Waterloo Repertoire ColorSet, a standard set of test images (unrelated to the JPEG-LS conformance test set), JPEG-LS generally performs better than PNG, by 10–15%, but on some images PNG performs substantially better, on the order of 50–75%. Thus, if both of these formats are options and file size is an important criterion, they should both be considered, depending on the image. 4762: 2814:(TIFF) is a format that incorporates an extremely wide range of options. While this makes TIFF useful as a generic format for interchange between professional image editing applications, it makes adding support for it to applications a much bigger task and so it has little support in applications not concerned with image manipulation (such as web browsers). The high level of extensibility also means that most applications provide only a subset of possible features, potentially creating user confusion and compatibility issues. 86: 36: 6667: 1889:. An image line filtered in this way is often more compressible than the raw image line would be, especially if it is similar to the line above, since the differences from prediction will generally be clustered around 0, rather than spread over all possible image values. This is particularly important in relating separate rows, since DEFLATE has no understanding that an image is a 2D entity, and instead just sees the image data as a stream of bytes. 1499: 1858: 764: 6679: 770: 3053:) uses PNG as its native file format, allowing other image editors and preview utilities to view the flattened image. However, Fireworks by default also stores metadata for layers, animation, vector data, text and effects. Such files should not be distributed directly. Fireworks can instead export the image as an optimized PNG without the extra metadata for use on web pages, etc. 2761:, where repeatedly decoding and re-encoding an image to save it again causes a loss of information each time, degrading the image. Because PNG is lossless, it is suitable for storing images to be edited. While PNG is reasonably efficient when compressing photographic images, there are lossless compression formats designed specifically for photographic images, lossless 3248:, and because the added precompression layer of PNG's predictive filters take account of the 2-dimensional image structure to further compress files; as filtered data encodes differences between pixels, they will tend to cluster closer to 0, rather than being spread across all possible values, and thus be more easily compressed by DEFLATE. However, some versions of 1757:

entries are assumed to be opaque. The palette must not have more entries than the image bit depth allows for, but it may have fewer (for example, if an image with 8-bit pixels only uses 90 colors then it does not need palette entries for all 256 colors). The palette must contain entries for all the pixel values present in the image.

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high-contrast areas. (Such artifacts depend on the settings used in the JPG compression; they can be quite noticeable when a low-quality setting is used.) Where an image contains both sharp transitions and photographic parts, a choice must be made between the two effects. JPEG does not support transparency.

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pngcrush, pngout, and zopflipng all offer options applying one of the filter types 0–4 globally (using the same filter type for all lines) or with a "pseudo filter" (numbered 5), which for each line chooses one of the filter types 0–4 using an adaptive algorithm. Zopflipng offers 3 different adaptive

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was made with the author's own deflater (same to the author's zip utility, kzip), while keeping all facilities of color reduction / filtering. However, pngout doesn't allow for using several trials on filters in a single run. It's suggested to use its commercial GUI version, pngoutwin, or used with a

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The standard allows indexed color PNGs to have 1, 2, 4 or 8 bits per pixel; grayscale images with no alpha channel may have 1, 2, 4, 8 or 16 bits per pixel. Everything else uses a bit depth per channel of either 8 or 16. The combinations this allows are given in the table above. The standard requires

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pair for each chunk. The "key" must be between one and 79 characters long. Separator is a null character. The "value" can be any length, including zero up to the maximum permissible chunk size minus the length of the keyword and separator. Neither "key" nor "value" can contain null character. Leading

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The case of the first letter indicates whether the chunk is critical or not. If the first letter is uppercase, the chunk is critical; if not, the chunk is ancillary. Critical chunks contain information that is necessary to read the file. If a decoder encounters a critical chunk it does not recognize,

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For removing ancillary chunks, most PNG optimization tools have the ability to remove all color correction data from PNG files (gamma, white balance, ICC color profile, standard RGB color profile). This often results in much smaller file sizes. For example, the following command line options achieve

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The case of the second letter indicates whether the chunk is "public" (either in the specification or the registry of special-purpose public chunks) or "private" (not standardised). Uppercase is public and lowercase is private. This ensures that public and private chunk names can never conflict with

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gradient as accurately as possible for a given bit depth, while keeping the file size small. PNG became the optimal choice for small gradient images as web browser support for the format improved. No images at all are needed to display gradients in modern browsers, as gradients can be created using

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With indexed color images, the palette always stores trichromatic colors at a depth of 8 bits per channel (24 bits per palette entry). Additionally, an optional list of 8-bit alpha values for the palette entries may be included; if not included, or if shorter than the palette, the remaining palette

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files, a PNG file with the same information (256 colors, no ancillary chunks/metadata), compressed by an effective compressor is normally smaller than a GIF image. Depending on the file and the compressor, PNG may range from somewhat smaller (10%) to significantly smaller (50%) to somewhat larger

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The case of the fourth letter indicates whether the chunk is safe to copy by editors that do not recognize it. If lowercase, the chunk may be safely copied regardless of the extent of modifications to the file. If uppercase, it may only be copied if the modifications have not touched any critical

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image is reduced to an 8-bit palette (as in GIF), the resulting image data is typically much smaller. Thus a truecolor PNG is typically larger than a color-reduced GIF, although PNG could store the color-reduced version as a palettized file of comparable size. Conversely, some tools, when saving

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There is only one filter method in the current PNG specification (denoted method 0), and thus in practice the only choice is which filter type to apply to each line. For this method, the filter predicts the value of each pixel based on the values of previous neighboring pixels, and subtracts the

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The filtering is used to increase the similarity to the data, hence increasing the compression ratio. However, there is theoretically no formula for similarity, nor absolute relationship between the similarity and compressor, thus unless the compression is done, one can't tell one filter set is

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Before zopflipng was available, a good way in practice to perform a png optimization is to use a combination of 2 tools in sequence for optimal compression: one which optimizes filters (and removes ancillary chunks), and one which optimizes DEFLATE. Although pngout offers both, only one type of

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There is thus a filesize trade-off between high color depth, maximal metadata (including color space information, together with information that does not affect display), interlacing, and speed of compression, which all yield large files, with lower color depth, fewer or no ancillary chunks, no

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As a precompression stage, each line is filtered by a predictive filter, which can change from line to line. As the ultimate DEFLATE step operates on the whole image's filtered data, one cannot optimize this row-by-row; the choice of filter for each row is thus potentially very variable, though

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WebP has received criticism for being incompatible with various image editing programs and social media websites, unlike PNG. WebP is also not supported across all web browsers, which may require web image hosters to create a fallback image to display to the user, negating the potential storage

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Early web browsers did not support PNG images; JPEG and GIF were the main image formats. JPEG was commonly used when exporting images containing gradients for web pages, because of GIF's limited color depth. However, JPEG compression causes a gradient to blur slightly. A PNG format reproduces a

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is an extension to PNG that does; it was designed by members of the PNG Group. MNG shares PNG's basic structure and chunks, but it is significantly more complex and has a different file signature, which automatically renders it incompatible with standard PNG decoders. This means that most web

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The scanning of pixel values for binary transparency is supposed to be performed before any color reduction to avoid pixels becoming unintentionally transparent. This is most likely to pose an issue for systems that can decode 16-bits-per-channel images (as is required for compliance with the

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can be added (enabling any percentage of partial transparency to be used). For paletted images, alpha values can be added to palette entries. The number of such values stored may be less than the total number of palette entries, in which case the remaining entries are considered fully opaque.

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gain in quality. In comparison, when storing images that contain text, line art, or graphics – images with sharp transitions and large areas of solid color – the PNG format can compress image data more than JPEG can. Additionally, PNG is lossless, while JPEG produces visual artifacts around

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specifically designed for photographic image data, which is typically dominated by soft, low-contrast transitions, and an amount of noise or similar irregular structures. Using PNG instead of a high-quality JPEG for such images would result in a large increase in file size with

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by developers at the Mozilla Foundation. It is based on PNG, supports animation and is simpler than MNG. APNG offers fallback to single-image display for PNG decoders that do not support APNG. Today, the APNG format is supported by all major web browsers. APNG is supported in

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contains the image, which may be split among multiple IDAT chunks. Such splitting increases filesize slightly, but makes it possible to generate a PNG in a streaming manner. The IDAT chunk contains the actual image data, which is the output stream of the compression

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The color type is specified as an 8-bit value however only the low three bits are used and, even then, only the five combinations listed above are permitted. So long as the color type is valid it can be considered as a bit field as summarized in the adjacent table:

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with unrecognized and control characters replaced with periods. Additionally the PNG signature and individual chunks are marked with colors. Note they are easy to identify because of their human readable type names (in this example PNG, IHDR, IDAT, and IEND).

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advpng and the similar advdef utility in the AdvanceCOMP package recompress the PNG IDAT. Different DEFLATE implementations are applied depending on the selected compression level, trading between speed and file size: zlib at level 1, libdeflate at level 2,

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Although PNG is a lossless format, PNG encoders can preprocess image data in a lossy fashion to improve PNG compression. For example, quantizing a truecolor PNG to 256 colors allows the indexed color type to be used for a likely reduction in file size.

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The lowercase first letter in these chunks indicates that they are not needed for the PNG specification. The lowercase last letter in some chunks indicates that they are safe to copy, even if the application concerned does not understand them.

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support, the lack of the latter in GIF also motivating the team to create their file format. The group would become known as the PNG Development Group, and as the discussion rapidly expanded, it later used a mailing list associated with a

1198:. The gAMA chunk contains only 4 bytes, and its value represents the gamma value multiplied by 100,000; for example, the gamma value 1/3.4 calculates to 29411.7647059 ((1/3.4)*(100,000)) and is converted to an integer (29412) for storage. 3382:

images as PNGs, automatically save them as truecolor, even if the original data use only 8-bit color, thus bloating the file unnecessarily. Both factors can lead to the misconception that PNG files are larger than equivalent GIF files.

2769:(digital negative) for example. However these formats are either not widely supported, or are proprietary. An image can be stored losslessly and converted to JPEG format only for distribution, so that there is no generation loss. 3341:

are also notorious for this since they contain options to make the image editable in supported editors. Also CorelDRAW (at least version 11) sometimes produces PNGs which cannot be opened by Internet Explorer (versions 6–8).

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The PNG Group decided in April 2007 not to embrace APNG. Several alternatives were under discussion, including ANG, aNIM/mPNG, "PNG in GIF" and its subset "RGBA in GIF". However, currently only APNG has widespread support.

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If interlacing is used, each stage of the interlacing is filtered separately, meaning that the image can be progressively rendered as each stage is received; however, interlacing generally makes compression less effective.

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The main improvements of WebP over PNG, however, are the large reduction in file size and therefore faster loading times when embedded into websites. Google claims that lossless WebP images are 26% smaller than PNG files.

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pngcrush and zopflipng provide options to try different filter strategies in a single run and choose the best. The freeware command line version of pngout doesn't offer this, but the commercial version, pngoutwin, does.

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between the predicted value and the actual value. Filters are applied to byte values, not pixels; pixel values may be one or two bytes, or several values per byte, but never cross byte boundaries. The filter types are:

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contains transparency information. For indexed images, it stores alpha channel values for one or more palette entries. For truecolor and grayscale images, it stores a single pixel value that is to be regarded as fully

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chunk is essential for color type 3 (indexed color). It is optional for color types two and six (truecolor and truecolor with alpha) and it must not appear for color types 0 and 4 (grayscale and grayscale with alpha).

540:"comp.graphics" in which he devised a plan for a free alternative to GIF. Other users in that thread put forth many propositions that would later be part of the final file format. Oliver Fromme, author of the popular 3143:

6.0 cannot open a PNG file that contains one or more zero-length IDAT chunks. This issue was first fixed in security update 947864 (MS08-024). For more information, see this article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:

1793:; the emissions represented in RGB are not the emissions at the pixel level. This means that the over operation will multiply the RGB emissions by the alpha, and cannot represent emission and occlusion properly. 1021:

The third letter must be uppercase to conform to the PNG specification. It is reserved for future expansion. Decoders should treat a chunk with a lower case third letter the same as any other unrecognised chunk.

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doesn't have an option to apply filters and always uses filter 0 globally (leaving the image data unfiltered); therefore it should not be used where the image benefits significantly from filtering. By contrast,

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option, Fireworks' PNGs are competitive with those produced by other image editors, but are no longer editable as anything but flattened bitmaps. Fireworks is unable to save size-optimized vector-editable PNGs.

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Compression is further improved by choosing filter types adaptively on a line-by-line basis. This improvement, and a heuristic method of implementing it commonly used by PNG-writing software, were created by

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is the oldest of the popular PNG optimizers. It allows for multiple trials on filter selection and compression arguments, and finally chooses the smallest one. This working model is used in almost every png

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that was intended to replace PNG, JPEG, and GIF. WebP files allow for both lossy and lossless compression, while PNG only allows for lossless compression. WebP also supports animation, something that only

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Composite image comparing lossy compression in JPEG with lossless compression in PNG: the JPEG artifacts can be easily visible in the background of this kind of image data, where the PNG image has solid

2082:. This is more sophisticated than GIF's 1-dimensional, 4-pass scheme, and allows a clearer low-resolution image to be visible earlier in the transfer, particularly if interpolation algorithms such as 1238:

holds the intended pixel size (or pixel aspect ratio); the pHYs contains "Pixels per unit, X axis" (4 bytes), "Pixels per unit, Y axis" (4 bytes), and "Unit specifier" (1 byte) for a total of 9 bytes.

614:(MNG) format, with support for animation. MNG achieved moderate application support, but not enough among mainstream web browsers and no usage among web site designers or publishers. In 2008, certain 3086:(W3C), tools such as gif2png, and campaigns such as Burn All GIFs, PNG adoption on websites was fairly slow due to late and buggy support in Internet Explorer, particularly regarding transparency. 3355:

format: the images produced by Fireworks' save function include large, private chunks, containing complete layer and vector information. This allows further lossless editing. When saved with the

2728: 2597:: allows to generate and read data streams in series, that is, the format of the data stream is used for the generation and visualization of images at the moment through serial communication. 1140:

gives the default background color. It is intended for use when there is no better choice available, such as in standalone image viewers (but not web browsers; see below for more details).

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There are five filter types for filter method 0; each type predicts the value of each byte (of the image data before filtering) based on the corresponding byte of the pixel to the left (

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With the development of the Third Edition of the PNG Specification, now maintained by the PNG working group, APNG will finally be incorporated into the specification as an extension.

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chunk as the specification's only change, and a reformatted version of 1.2 was released as a second edition of the W3C standard on 10 November 2003, and as an International Standard (

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Each chunk consists of four parts: Length, a Chunk Type, the Chunk Data, and a 32-bit CRC. The Length is a 32-bit unsigned integer indicating the size of only the Chunk Data field

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PNG itself is strictly a single-image format. (...) In the future, a multiple-image format based on PNG may be defined. Such a format will be considered a separate file format

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is chosen to transform the data to make it more efficiently compressible. The filter type used for a scanline is prepended to the scanline to enable inline decompression.

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was also made with its own deflater, zopfli. It has all the optimizing features pngcrush has (including automating trials) while providing a very good, but slow deflater.

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bit value 4: the image samples also contain an alpha channel expressed as a linear measure of the opacity of the pixel. This is not valid in combination with bit value 1.

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consists of a tuple of between one and four numbers. Whether the pixel data represents palette indices or explicit sample values, the numbers are referred to as

732: 5821: 6636: 2054:, who tested the methods on many images during the creation of the format; the choice of filter is a component of file size optimization, as discussed below. 2901:

AVIF is generally smaller in size than both WebP and PNG. AVIF supports animation while PNG does not and has a superior image quality when compared to PNG.

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Especially versions of Internet Explorer (Windows) below 9.0 (released 2011) had numerous problems which prevented it from correctly rendering PNG images.

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is used; the sRGB chunk contains only 1 byte, which is used for "rendering intent" (4 values—0, 1, 2, and 3—are defined for rendering intent).

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image data from sources such as digital cameras, the preferred method for embedding EXIF data in a PNG is to use the non-critical ancillary chunk label

2603:: to be able to transmit data flows that are initially an approximation of the entire image and progressively they improve as the data flow is received. 8151: 6921: 2701:, allowing for greater color precision, smoother fades, etc. When an alpha channel is added, up to 64 bits per pixel (before compression) are possible. 724: 676: 1244:(significant bits) indicates the color-accuracy of the source data; this chunk contains a total of between 1 and 5 bytes, depending on the color type. 728: 2821:(LZW). This compression technique, also used in GIF, was covered by patents until 2003. TIFF also supports the compression algorithm PNG uses (i.e. 1849:

such as JPEG, choosing a compression setting higher than average delays processing, but often does not result in a significantly smaller file size.

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PNG offers a variety of transparency options. With true-color and grayscale images either a single pixel value can be declared as transparent or an

720: 696: 684: 4563: 3952:"ISO/IEC 15948:2004 – Information technology – Computer graphics and image processing – Portable Network Graphics (PNG): Functional specification" 2904:

However, like WebP, AVIF is supported across fewer browsers and applications than PNG. Specifically, AVIF is supported by the most used browsers,

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for transparency), and full-color non-palette-based RGB or RGBA images. The PNG working group designed the format for transferring images on the

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The permitted formats encode each number as an unsigned integer value using a fixed number of bits, referred to in the PNG specification as the

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Some programs are more efficient than others when saving PNG files, this relates to implementation of the PNG compression used by the program.

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experts and enthusiasts. Discussions and decisions about the format were conducted by email. The original authors listed on RFC 2083 are:

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intended for Windows Vista and later versions may contain PNG subimages, the optimizations can be applied to them as well. At least one

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PNG file size can vary significantly depending on how it is encoded and compressed; this is discussed and a number of tips are given in

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A PNG with 256 colors, which is only 251 bytes large with pre-filter. The same image as a GIF would be more than thirteen times larger.

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Poor compression increases the PNG file size but does not affect the image quality or compatibility of the file with other programs.

3348:'s performance on PNG files has improved in the CS Suite when using the Save For Web feature (which also allows explicit PNG/8 use). 254: 5854: 4629: 4543: 4438: 4047: 8381: 7609: 6835: 4642:"Grayscale images are the simplest; sBIT then contains a single byte indicating the number of significant bits in the source data" 587:

2083 on 15 January 1997. The specification was revised on 31 December 1998 as version 1.1, which addressed technical problems for

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from the same package doesn't deal with PNG structure and acts only as a re-deflater, retaining any existing filter settings.

2832:-style') with medium usage and support by applications. TIFF also offers special-purpose lossless compression algorithms like 8583: 7266: 4187: 2954: 5789: 4873: 3118: 3062: 2102: 7747: 4073: 3137:

5.01 prints palette images with black (or dark gray) backgrounds under Windows 98, sometimes with radically altered colors.

6682: 6071: 4140: 4105: 2661: 4156: 8553: 8507: 8472: 8450: 7649: 7624: 6535: 2697:, PNG gives a much wider range of color depths, including 24-bit (8 bits per channel) and 48-bit (16 bits per channel) 619: 5275: 634:

system (using the normal PNG file extension). In 2017, Chromium based browsers adopted APNG support. In January 2020,

8247: 7298: 6709: 5973: 5831: 4752: 4406: 4376: 925:, is designed to allow the PNG format to be extended while maintaining compatibility with older versions—it provides 716: 397: 355: 1761:

that decoders can read all supported color formats, but many image editors can only produce a small subset of them.

8289: 7843: 7742: 7532: 6934: 6153: 5630: 3004: 2942: 2800: 2822: 610:, it was initially decided that PNG should be a single-image format. In 2001, the developers of PNG published the 8396: 8123: 7987: 7830: 7454: 7408: 7308: 6305: 6050: 4967: 3788: 3657:

pngout and zopflipng provide an option to preserve/reuse the line-by-line filter set present in the input image.

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6.0 and below have broken alpha-channel transparency support (will display the default background color instead).

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or the sample data itself. The palette is a separate table contained in the PLTE chunk. Sample data for a single

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A demonstration of the color depth in a PNG file, in bits per channel. Left: 8 bits; Right: 16 bits. Note the

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Adobe's Fireworks saves larger PNG files than many programs by default. This stems from the mechanics of its

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GIF intrinsically supports animated images. PNG supports animation only via unofficial extensions (see the

1229: 5126: 3240:(5%), but is rarely significantly larger for large images. This is attributed to the performance of PNG's 2621:: any progressive image presentation, compression and filtering seeks efficient decoding and presentation. 536:

users. One of them was Thomas Boutell, who on 4 January 1995 posted a precursory discussion thread on the

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PNG supports non-premultiplied alpha only whereas TIFF also supports "associated" (premultiplied) alpha.

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PNG images are less widely supported by older browsers. In particular, IE6 has limited support for PNG.

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bit value 1: the image data stores palette indices. This is only valid in combination with bit value 2;

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specification) but only output at 8 bits per channel (the norm for all but the highest end systems).

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Not only does advpng not support color reduction, it also fails on images with a reduced colorspace.

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to automate the trials or to recompress using its own deflater while keep the filter line by line.

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PNG supports metadata—this may be useful for editing, but unnecessary for viewing, as on websites.

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On most images, except for the above case, a GIF file has a larger size than an indexed PNG image.

8369: 8336: 8252: 8190: 8159: 7719: 7479: 6583: 6345: 6223: 6143: 3869:, the reference deflate implementation, compression is suboptimal even at the maximum level. See 3742: 2883: 2127: 2089:

However, the 7-pass scheme tends to reduce the data's compressibility more than simpler schemes.

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The number of channels depends on whether the image is grayscale or color and whether it has an

1076:, bit depth is defined as "the number of bits per sample or per palette index (not per pixel)". 8573: 8467: 8200: 8047: 7674: 6911: 6852: 6840: 6694: 6545: 6392: 6315: 5148:"T.87 : Lossless and near-lossless compression of continuous-tone still images – Baseline" 4694: 4639: 3681: 3158: 2785: 2139: 929:, and this same file structure (with different signature and chunks) is used in the associated 639: 245: 4396: 4366: 512:

The motivation for creating the PNG format was the realization, on 28 December 1994, that the

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Pngoutwin's setting dialog for optimization offers the user a selection of filter strategies.

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A compressed DEFLATE block using the static Huffman code that decodes to 0x00 0xFF 0x00 0x00

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supported APNG in versions 10–12.1, but support lapsed in version 15 when it switched to the

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and to reduce the chance that a text file is mistakenly interpreted as a PNG, or vice versa.

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with an 8-bit transparency channel, overlaid onto a checkered background, typically used in

8403: 8090: 7251: 7182: 7050: 6678: 4313: 4276: 4119: 3771: 3701: 3106: 3090: 2972: 2945:. Therefore, it is usually found as an important system library in free operating systems. 2131: 2097: 631: 584: 476: 413: 220: 24: 5888: 4256: 4099: 902:, each of which conveys certain information about the image. Chunks declare themselves as 8: 8391: 8059: 7851: 7757: 7704: 7416: 7211: 7187: 7135: 6891: 6794: 6741: 5858: 5104: 4136: 3102: 2933: 2704:

When converting an image from the PNG format to GIF, the image quality may suffer due to

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specifies the color space, transfer function and matrix coefficients as defined in ITU-T

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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As each pass of the Adam7 algorithm is separately filtered, this can increase file size.

3161:– filter: Alpha (opacity=xx)) without filling partially transparent sections with black. 1861:

PNG's filter method 0 can use the data in pixels A, B, and C to predict the value for X.

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based, thus inheriting support for APNG. With this all major browsers now support APNG.

8482: 7997: 7982: 7522: 7494: 7177: 7140: 6365: 6218: 6208: 6188: 6163: 5616: 5589: 5057: 5031: 4775: 4744: 3326: 3131:

4.0 does not include the functionality to view .png files, but there is a registry fix.

2051: 1746: 870: 680: 607: 560: 106: 8440: 7341: 5147: 4717: 2645:: allows future extensions and private additions without affecting the previous point. 164: 8408: 8359: 7811: 7654: 7244: 7095: 6769: 6510: 6495: 6439: 6419: 6380: 6355: 6263: 6228: 6173: 6158: 6103: 6087: 5969: 5962: 5948: 5301: 5224: 4748: 4402: 4372: 3765: 3754: 3732: 3185: 3110: 3068: 2968: 2917: 2745: 1873:

Before DEFLATE is applied, the data is transformed via a prediction method: a single

1846: 1786: 1225: 1211: 651: 549: 472: 448: 429: 97: 3673: 3151:

6.0 sometimes completely loses ability to display PNGs, but there are various fixes.

2146:

has supported APNG since version 79.0, when it switched to a Chromium-based engine.

841:, allowing a person to identify the format easily if it is viewed in a text editor. 463:

are not supported. A PNG file contains a single image in an extensible structure of

8457: 8354: 8346: 8232: 8185: 8113: 8080: 7293: 6959: 6811: 6779: 6728: 6550: 6472: 6459: 6325: 4740: 4303: 4266: 4109: 3728: 3724: 3012: 2980: 2766: 1557: 1503: 1304:

contains compressed text (and a compression method marker) with the same limits as

1257: 1195: 1126: 1118: 1034:

A decoder must be able to interpret critical chunks to read and render a PNG file.

995: 793: 692: 623: 592: 588: 537: 517: 460: 440: 365: 338: 270: 85: 20: 6024: 3260:

provide poor PNG compression, creating the impression that GIF is more efficient.

2817:

The most common general-purpose, lossless compression algorithm used with TIFF is

2740:(Joint Photographic Experts Group) format can produce a smaller file than PNG for 1461:

Pixels in PNG images are numbers that may be either indices of sample data in the

8435: 8227: 7336: 7313: 6482: 6128: 6095: 5799: 4626:

4.2.6. sBIT Significant bits, 13 bytes total - color type 2 and 3 totaled 6 bytes

4333: 3345: 3338: 3257: 3249: 3098: 3046: 3036: 3020: 2960: 2772:

While the PNG specification does not explicitly include a standard for embedding

2758: 2142:

rendering engine; support was re-added in Opera 46 (inherited from Chromium 59).

2123: 2079: 622:(APNG) format with similar goals. APNG is a format that is natively supported by 436: 409: 217: 7797: 6030: 6016: 5185: 4779: 4316: 4279: 4122: 3654:

method, including a brute-force search that attempts to optimize the filtering.

2114:

browsers and applications either never supported MNG or dropped support for it.

8517: 8364: 8205: 8074: 7167: 6555: 6397: 4518: 3334: 3114: 3028: 2984: 2905: 2840:(e.g., faxes or black-and-white text) better than PNG's compression algorithm. 2833: 2143: 1831: 1277: 1014:

it must abort reading the file or supply the user with an appropriate warning.

635: 483: 4735:

Paeth, Alan W. (1991). Arvo, James (ed.). "Image File Compression Made Easy".

3899:

Advpng can only apply filter 0 globally, thus it's neither yes or no, but N/A.

8547: 8413: 8220: 7714: 7512: 7278: 7162: 6806: 6651: 6520: 6360: 5952: 5738: 5634: 3857:

The tools offering such feature could act as a pure re-deflater to PNG files.

3760: 3189: 3094: 2913: 2829: 2727: 2705: 2694: 2687: 2035: 2027: 1827: 1770: 1498: 1488: 1151: 7777: 5936: 2591:: it's possible to represent truecolor, indexed-color, and grayscale images. 952:(cyclic redundancy code/checksum; 4 bytes). The CRC is a network-byte-order 8237: 8002: 7792: 7787: 7644: 7619: 7115: 6370: 5794: 5431:"PNG alpha transparency | Can I use... Support tables for HTML5, CSS3, etc" 5249: 4349: 3731:, Pixelformer, is able to perform a special optimization pass while saving 3378: 3300:

With additional computation, DEFLATE compressors can produce smaller files.

3157:

7.0 and below cannot combine 8-bit alpha transparency AND element opacity (

2837: 2698: 2639:: any PNG decoder that follows the standards can read all PNG data streams. 2043: 1267: 1224:

text, with encodings for possible compression and translations marked with

1147: 1100:

marks the image end; the data field of the IEND chunk has 0 bytes/is empty.

5631:"Windows Explorer Crashes When I Click on a Fireworks PNG File to View It" 5515: 5501: 5082: 4683: 3696:

can use either of these libraries to re-compress PNG files. Additionally,

3145: 8301: 8242: 8180: 7782: 7545: 7540: 7125: 7045: 6774: 6505: 6385: 6011: 5770: 5752: 5720: 5702: 5684: 5666: 5648: 5594: 4666: 3617:

filter can be specified in a single run, therefore it can be used with a

2988: 2741: 2686:

PNG gives a much wider range of transparency options than GIF, including

2562: 2134:

8.0 and up. Chromium 59.0 added APNG support, followed by Google Chrome.

1739: 1481: 1155: 1130: 887:

A Unix-style line ending (LF) to detect Unix-DOS line ending conversion.

874: 820: 803: 456: 173: 6056: 5535: 5480: 4610: 4485: 819:

Has the high bit set to detect transmission systems that do not support

8215: 8108: 7517: 7288: 7157: 7120: 7055: 6939: 6816: 6725: 6603: 6375: 6320: 4924: 3390:

Various tools are available for optimizing PNG files; they do this by:

3050: 3024: 2566: 2558: 1738:

bit value 2: the image samples contain three channels of data encoding

945: 774: 668: 630:-based web browsers and is also commonly used for thumbnails on Sony's 573: 120: 5937:"Linux Gazette: History of the Portable Network Graphics (PNG) Format" 5456:"AVIF image format | Can I use... Support tables for HTML5, CSS3, etc" 4975: 4874:"chromium / chromium / src / 7d2b8c45afc9c0230410011293cc2e1dbb8943a7" 4704: 4023:"Definition of PNG noun from the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary" 8284: 7886: 7689: 7669: 7489: 7484: 7147: 7105: 6268: 6035: 4308: 4297: 4271: 4114: 3981: 3745:

may also contain PNG subimages, yet there isn't such tool available.

3253: 3193: 3016: 3000: 2996: 2518:

ZLIB FCHECK value, no dictionary used, maximum compression algorithm

1823: 1250:

suggests a palette to use if the full range of colors is unavailable.

1010:

with some information on the nature of chunks it does not recognize.

1003: 778: 487: 444: 134: 6637:

International Press Telecommunications Council § Photo metadata

6045: 5553: 4593: 4573: 4553: 4468: 4448: 4428: 4211: 4009: 3874: 3406:(optionally) lossily discard some of the data in the original image, 3400:

use a palette (instead of RGB) if the image has 256 or fewer colors,

2585:: Transmission is independent of the software and hardware platform. 2540:

The ZLIB check value: the Adler32 checksum of the uncompressed data

1204:

can store the histogram, or total amount of each color in the image.

508:

Graphics Interchange Format § Unisys and LZW patent enforcement

8262: 8141: 7772: 7664: 7090: 6944: 6623: 6444: 6434: 6293: 6198: 5910: 5571: 3799: 3688:

reference implementation at the cost of performance. AdvanceCOMP's

3622: 3540: 3424: 3330: 3072: 3007:

and many others (including online graphic design platforms such as

2992: 2959:

The PNG format is widely supported by graphics programs, including

2042:

using 1 × 2, 2 × 1, or (for the Paeth predictor) 2 × 2 windows and

1857: 1745:, otherwise the image samples contain one channel of data encoding 1473:

and every number in the image is encoded with an identical format.

1122: 763: 452: 6646: 4228: 650:

The original PNG specification was authored by an ad hoc group of

455:, not for professional-quality print graphics; therefore, non-RGB 8477: 8418: 8331: 8085: 7972: 7931: 7926: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7752: 7694: 7634: 7398: 7378: 7363: 7152: 7080: 7060: 6407: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6178: 5753:"PhD: Portable Network Graphics Lose Transparency in Web Browser" 5667:"PNGs That Are Inside of an Object Tag Print as a Negative Image" 3677: 3241: 3209: 2909: 2796: 1816: 1809: 1041:

must be the first chunk; it contains (in this order) the image's

956:

computed over the chunk type and chunk data, but not the length.

869:

A byte that stops display of the file under DOS when the command

856: 615: 579:

The full specification of PNG was released under the approval of

564: 495: 420:. PNG was developed as an improved, non-patented replacement for 48: 6724: 5430: 5008:"PNG Specification (Third Edition), APNG: frame-based animation" 3601:

0–4 or adaptive with 2 different algorithms, or with a brute way

1491:. PNG allows the following combinations of channels, called the 8279: 7737: 7431: 7271: 7192: 7172: 7110: 6847: 6823: 6801: 6789: 6784: 6330: 6148: 4413:

Chunk Type is a 32-bit FourCC code such as IHDR, IDAT, or IEND.

4233: 3985: 3878: 3870: 3697: 3669: 3590: 3565: 3458: 3447: 3441: 3032: 2937: 2855: 2609:: detects the transmission errors of the data stream correctly. 2066: 1865: 1117:

Other image attributes that can be stored in PNG files include

999: 769: 533: 529: 525: 6006: 4229:"Portable Network Graphics (PNG) Specification and Extensions" 3403:

use a smaller palette, if the image has 2, 4, or 16 colors, or

3140:

6.0 fails to display PNG images of 4097 or 4098 bytes in size.

2615:: No loss: filtering and compression preserve all information. 1018:

each other (although two private chunk names could conflict).

859:(CRLF) to detect DOS-Unix line ending conversion of the data. 389: 374: 8326: 8257: 8100: 7876: 7839: 7724: 7426: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7373: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7331: 7323: 7085: 7065: 6896: 6886: 6881: 6869: 6857: 6588: 6515: 6300: 6248: 6138: 6001: 5983: 5685:"PNG Images Are Printed Improperly in Internet Explorer 5.01" 5276:"Here's why you have to deal with so many annoying webPs now" 4611:"PNG (Portable Network Graphics) Specification \ Version 1.0" 4184:, Chapter 7. History of the Portable Network Graphics Format. 3433: 3333:

and color-correction data that are generally unnecessary for

3201: 3181: 3177: 3040: 3008: 2964: 1742: 1544:

indexed: channel containing indices into a palette of colors

1466: 1221: 1165: 1063: 1007: 915: 834: 468: 307: 289: 4803: 948:), chunk type/name (4 bytes), chunk data (length bytes) and 19:

This article is about the file format. For the country, see

8267: 8012: 7967: 7957: 7947: 7921: 7881: 7871: 7767: 7709: 7629: 7592: 7587: 7504: 7446: 7436: 7197: 7075: 6949: 6929: 6631: 6598: 6578: 6530: 6429: 6258: 6243: 6238: 6183: 6123: 6113: 6108: 5455: 5302:"What is WebP? Pros and cons of this next-gen image format" 5225:"What is WebP? Pros and cons of this next-gen image format" 4825: 3866: 3812: 3776: 3685: 3437: 3197: 3148:

MS08-024: Cumulative Security Update for Internet Explorer.

2976: 2895: 2879: 2851: 2773: 2762: 2737: 2118: 2031: 1932:

Zero (so that the raw byte value passes through unaltered)

1886: 1877:

is used for the entire image, while for each image line, a

1839: 1185: 938: 790: 541: 435:

PNG supports palette-based images (with palettes of 24-bit

377: 347: 230: 93: 5790:"Cross-Browser Variable Opacity with PNG: A Real Solution" 5356:"PNG vs AVIF: The Ultimate Image Format Battle | Coconut©" 2199:

Contents of a minimal PNG file representing one red pixel

1885:

predicted color of the pixel from the actual value, as in

386: 8306: 8294: 8136: 7952: 7856: 7659: 7256: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6608: 6593: 6449: 6335: 6203: 5771:"PNG Files Do Not Show Transparency in Internet Explorer" 5520: 4968:"PNG Group animation proposal comparison + test-software" 4101:

PNG (Portable Network Graphics) Specification Version 1.0

3245: 3236: 3205: 3171: 2948: 2891: 2860: 2673: 2565:, and on the right side their equivalent characters from 2101:

An APNG (animated PNG) file (displays as static image in

852: 344: 5703:"You cannot view some PNG images in Internet Explorer 6" 5127:"Extensions to the PNG 1.2 Specification, Version 1.5.0" 4533:"Extensions to the PNG 1.2 Specification, version 1.5.0" 3363:

Other notable examples of poor PNG compressors include:

2941:. It is published as free software under the terms of a 2677: 2627:: images can be compressed efficiently and consistently. 1232:(XMP) uses this chunk with a keyword 'XML:com.adobe.xmp' 1062:

interlace method (1 byte, values 0 "no interlace" or 1 "

5649:"Unable to view .png images with Internet Explorer 4.0" 3465:

A simple comparison of their features is listed below.

3176:

PNG icons have been supported in most distributions of

2070:

An illustration of Adam7 interlacing over a 16×16 image

4900:"chromium / chromium / src / 59.0.3047.0..59.0.3053.0" 3219: 3039:, with the GIMP also often being bundled with popular 6041:

The GD-library to generate dynamic PNG-files with PHP

6040: 3180:

since at least 1999, in desktop environments such as

3164:

8.0 and below have inconsistent/broken gamma support.

2655: 893: 595:. Version 1.2, released on 11 August 1999, added the 548:, proposed the PING name, eventually becoming PNG, a 398: 380: 368: 356: 6053:: Encoding human readable data inside an IDAT block. 5406:"AVIF vs. WebP: 4 Key Differences and How to Choose" 5381:"AVIF vs. WebP: 4 Key Differences and How to Choose" 4925:"Dev.Opera — What's new in Chromium 59 and Opera 46" 3844: 3842: 3840: 3838: 2666: 371: 341: 4506:. W3C Color on the Web Community Group. 3 May 2023. 3268:PNG files vary in size due to a number of factors: 2916:, but requires an additional download for use with 2507:DEFLATE compression method using a 256-byte window 563:. Other suggestions later implemented included the 471:and other information such as textual comments and 383: 5961: 4826:"Can I use... Support tables for HTML5, CSS3, etc" 4504:"Adding support for HDR imagery to the PNG format" 4155: 3275:Color depth can range from 1 to 64 bits per pixel. 3167:8.0 and below don't have color-correction support. 3117:and many others. For the complete comparison, see 2676:can achieve greater compression than PNG (see the 5030:Deutsch, L. Peter; Gailly, Jean-Loup (May 1996). 4519:"PNG Digital Signatures: Extension Specification" 4299:PNG (Portable Network Graphics) Specification 1.0 4258:PNG (Portable Network Graphics) Specification 1.0 3835: 3638:pngcrush -rem gAMA -rem cHRM -rem iCCP -rem sRGB 3119:Comparison of web browsers (Image format support) 2551:CRC of chunk's type and content (but not length) 2456:CRC of chunk's type and content (but not length) 1322:Allowed combinations of color type and bit depth 944:A chunk consists of four parts: length (4 bytes, 16:Family of lossless-compression image file formats 8545: 5504:. Oregon Water Science Center. 16 February 2006. 4048:"Portable Network Graphic .PNG File Description" 2109:The core PNG format does not support animation. 1291:stores the time that the image was last changed. 5984:"Portable Network Graphics (PNG) Specification" 2221:00 00 00 01 00 00 00 01 08 02 00 00 00 90 77 53 1904:) or some combination thereof, and encodes the 47:. The reason given is: add a comparison to the 5947:(36es). Specialized Systems Consultants, Inc. 3956:International Organization for Standardization 3056: 2651:: the algorithms used are free and accessible. 667:Authors (in alphabetical order by last name): 6710: 6072: 5516:"Why There Are No GIF files on GNU Web Pages" 5330:"AVIF: Meet the Next Level Image File Format" 5029: 3739:(mentioned above) can also handle ICO files. 2633:: the implementation of the standard is easy. 2561:, with on the left side byte values shown in 2117:The complexity of MNG led to the proposal of 2074:PNG offers an optional 2-dimensional, 7-pass 2026:The Paeth filter is based on an algorithm by 5119: 4360: 4358: 2578:Reasons to use this International Standard: 2228:00 00 00 0C 49 44 41 54 08 D7 63 F8 CF C0 00 1053:color type (1 byte, values 0, 2, 3, 4, or 6) 1050:bit depth (1 byte, values 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16) 6036:More information about PNG color correction 5611: 5609: 5607: 5605: 4897: 4516: 3848:Use pngout -f6 to reuse previous filter set 2757:JPEG's lossy compression also suffers from 2744:(and photo-like) images, since JPEG uses a 2409:Compression method 0 (only accepted value) 6717: 6703: 6079: 6065: 5731: 5273: 5140: 4898:chrome-cron; et al. (27 March 2017). 4780:"PNG: The Portable Network Graphic Format" 4186:sfn error: no target: CITEREFRoelofs1999 ( 4137:"Registration of new Media Type image/png" 4097: 3628: 3486:Multiple trials on filters in a single run 3411:optimizing line-by-line filter choice, and 3329:software) save PNGs with large amounts of 2708:if the PNG image has more than 256 colors. 1801:PNG uses a two-stage compression process: 1276:can store text that can be represented in 796:(refer to hex editor image on the right): 501: 6086: 5852: 4678: 4676: 4653:"PNG Specification: Chunk Specifications" 4394: 4364: 4355: 4307: 4270: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4113: 3975: 3973: 3317: 5602: 5177: 5175: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5167: 5165: 3680:implementations that can produce higher 3625:, acting as a re-deflater, like advdef. 3325:Many graphics programs (such as Apple's 3308: 3188:support for PNG icons was introduced in 3134:5.0 and 5.01 have broken OBJECT support. 2726: 2096: 2065: 1900:), and the pixel above and to the left ( 1864: 1856: 1764: 1497: 762: 92:A PNG image of four differently colored 5959: 5934: 5590:"PNG Transparency in Internet Explorer" 5181: 5150:. International Telecommunication Union 5055: 4871: 4774: 4635: 4295: 4289: 4254: 4226: 4181: 3979: 3664: 3394:(optionally) removing ancillary chunks, 3089:PNG compatible browsers include: Apple 3067:PNG support first appeared in 1997, in 1805:pre-compression: filtering (prediction) 1285:or trailing spaces are also disallowed. 424:(GIF)—unofficially, the initials 141:PNG (including a single trailing space) 8559:Computer-related introductions in 1996 8546: 5787: 5083:"A Basic Introduction to PNG Features" 4673: 4194: 4098:T. Boutell; et al. (March 1997). 3970: 3648: 3172:Operating system support for PNG icons 3011:). Some programs bundled with popular 2949:Bitmap graphics editor support for PNG 2425:Filter method 0 (only accepted value) 1480:. Notice that this is not the same as 1121:values, background color, and textual 6698: 6632:Exchangeable image file format (Exif) 6060: 5822:"IE7 alpha transparent PNG + opacity" 5324: 5322: 5299: 5222: 5162: 5025: 5023: 5021: 4739:. Academic Press, San Diego: 93–100. 4734: 4153: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3735:files, thereby reducing their sizes. 3370:Microsoft Picture It! Photo Premium 9 2955:Comparison of raster graphics editors 5788:Lovitt, Michael (21 December 2002). 5250:"An image format for the Web | WebP" 5186:Chapter 9. Compression and Filtering 4395:Laphroaig, Manul (31 October 2017). 4365:Laphroaig, Manul (31 October 2017). 4157:"The GIF Is Dead. Long Live the GIF" 3818: 3718: 3337:viewing. Unoptimized PNG files from 3263: 2882:is an image format developed by the 2485:IDAT chunk has 12 bytes of content 2162:Structure of a very simple PNG file 1056:compression method (1 byte, value 0) 994:Chunk types are given a four-letter 898:After the header, comes a series of 645: 490:media type. PNG was published as an 29: 8589:World Wide Web Consortium standards 5982: 5502:"Use of PNG Images to Display Data" 4853:. mobilexweb.com. 17 September 2014 4700: 4589: 4569: 4549: 4464: 4444: 4424: 4345: 4329: 4227:Roelofs, Greg (29 September 2011). 4207: 4071: 4005: 3385: 3220:File size and optimization software 3071:4.0b1 (32-bit only for NT), and in 2923: 2863:files could previously accomplish. 2662:Comparison of graphics file formats 2313:IHDR chunk has 13 bytes of content 1532:red, green and blue: rgb/truecolor 1112: 13: 8508:Comparison of audio coding formats 6642:Extensible Metadata Platform (XMP) 5928: 5554:"Resource page for gif2png 2.5.11" 5319: 5105:"GIF, PNG, JPG. Which One To Use?" 5018: 4818: 4745:10.1016/B978-0-08-050754-5.50029-3 4296:Boutell, Thomas (1 October 1996). 3939: 3618: 3452: 3230: 2656:Comparison with other file formats 1178:is for storing digital signatures. 1172:without requiring a color profile. 1066:interlace") (13 data bytes total). 1029: 620:Animated Portable Network Graphics 184:PNG Development Group (donated to 147:Uniform Type Identifier (UTI) 14: 8600: 5995: 3005:Xara Photo & Graphic Designer 2667:Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) 1838:DEFLATE implementations, such as 1266:stereo-image indicator chunk for 494:RFC 2083 in March 1997 and as an 6677: 6666: 6665: 6051:Encoding Web Shells in PNG files 5968:(2nd ed.). O'Reilly Media. 5739:"PNG Frequently Asked Questions" 5300:Ellis, Matt (22 February 2021). 5223:Ellis, Matt (22 February 2021). 4760: 3367:Microsoft's Paint for Windows XP 3128:4.0 crashes on large PNG chunks. 3063:Web browser image format support 2943:permissive free software license 2801:Joint Photographic Experts Group 2693:Whereas GIF is limited to 8-bit 2607:Soundness to transmission errors 1506:, adjusted contrast for clarity. 789:A PNG file starts with an eight- 768: 583:on 1 October 1996, and later as 364: 337: 84: 34: 5903: 5873: 5846: 5814: 5781: 5763: 5745: 5713: 5695: 5677: 5659: 5641: 5623: 5582: 5564: 5546: 5528: 5508: 5494: 5473: 5448: 5423: 5398: 5373: 5348: 5293: 5267: 5242: 5216: 5190: 5097: 5075: 5049: 5000: 4982: 4960: 4952:. 20 April 2007. Archived from 4942: 4917: 4891: 4865: 4843: 4796: 4768: 4728: 4710: 4659: 4645: 4603: 4525: 4510: 4496: 4478: 4388: 4248: 4220: 4154:Limer, Eric (30 October 2019). 3920: 3911: 3902: 3893: 3884: 3860: 3851: 3825: 3789:Multiple-image Network Graphics 3414:optimizing DEFLATE compression. 2377:8 bits per pixel (per channel) 1603: 1316: 1125:information. PNG also supports 1059:filter method (1 byte, value 0) 612:Multiple-image Network Graphics 8070:ISO/IEC base media file format 5107:. Sitepoint.com. 3 August 2009 5056:Deutsch, L. Peter (May 1996). 4990:"PNG Third Edition, Explained" 4684:"PNG Specification: Rationale" 4255:Boutell, T. (1 October 1996). 4147: 4129: 4091: 4065: 4040: 4015: 3397:reducing color depth, either: 2712: 2061: 1796: 1556:grayscale and alpha: level of 1168:. It is intended for use with 784: 758: 56:Last update: 26 September 2024 1: 4950:"Vote failed: APNG 20070405a" 4517:Thomas Kopp (17 April 2008). 4052:surferhelp.goldensoftware.com 4027:Oxford Learner's Dictionaries 3980:Roelofs, Greg (29 May 2010). 3933: 3216:makes extensive use of PNGs. 3192:. PNG icons are supported in 2649:Freedom of legal restrictions 2595:Coding and decoding in series 2573: 2393:Color type 2 (RGB/truecolor) 1612: 565:deflate compression algorithm 8584:Raster graphics file formats 5935:Roelofs, Greg (April 1997). 5274:Wes Fenlon (28 April 2023). 4074:"Web Review: PNG's NOT GIF!" 3418: 2557:Displayed in the fashion of 2092: 2030:. Compare to the version of 1852: 1256:indicates that the standard 1230:Extensible Metadata Platform 7: 5911:"PNG can be a lossy format" 5855:"GNOME 1.0 Library Roadmap" 5853:Fulbright, Michael (1999). 5617:"Browsers with PNG Support" 3748: 3057:Web browser support for PNG 2156: 1826:involving a combination of 1609: 1606: 1572:red, green, blue and alpha 1150:coordinates of the display 522:Graphics Interchange Format 447:images (with or without an 422:Graphics Interchange Format 10: 8605: 8513:Comparison of video codecs 7023:(GB/T 33475.2,GY/T 299.1) 3526:Reuses previous filter set 3377:When the color depth of a 3226:PNG: The Definitive Guide. 3060: 3015:which support PNG include 2952: 2799:is an image format by the 2791: 2659: 2329:Identifies a Header chunk 2232:00 03 01 01 00 18 DD 8D B0 2040:discrete wavelet transform 2003:, whichever is closest to 505: 482:PNG files have the ".png" 362:, colloquially pronounced 18: 8554:Portable Network Graphics 8526: 8500: 8345: 8319: 8173: 8150: 8122: 8099: 8034: 8025: 7940: 7821: 7810: 7602: 7554: 7531: 7503: 7445: 7407: 7322: 7221: 7210: 7038: 7007: 6958: 6920: 6868: 6751: 6740: 6660: 6622: 6564: 6481: 6458: 6094: 5964:PNG: The Definitive Guide 5540:World Wide Web Consortium 4904:chromium.googlesource.com 4878:chromium.googlesource.com 4872:scroggo (14 March 2017). 4578:Physical pixel dimensions 3908:-f OR zopflipng --filters 3084:World Wide Web Consortium 2932:of the PNG format is the 2206: 2203: 2188: 2181: 2174: 2167: 1845:Compared to formats with 1821:lossless data compression 1598: 1595: 1592: 1587: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1129:through the inclusion of 1074:World Wide Web Consortium 998:ASCII type/name; compare 618:developers published the 418:lossless data compression 329:Portable Network Graphics 281: 268: 244: 226: 210: 192: 180: 169: 163: 155: 145: 133: 126: 119: 112: 105: 81: 77:Portable Network Graphics 43:This article needs to be 5775:Microsoft Knowledge Base 5757:Microsoft Knowledge Base 5725:Microsoft Knowledge Base 5707:Microsoft Knowledge Base 5689:Microsoft Knowledge Base 5671:Microsoft Knowledge Base 5653:Microsoft Knowledge Base 3808:Scalable Vector Graphics 3704:DEFLATE implementation. 3440:DEFLATE at level 3, and 3080:Free Software Foundation 2930:reference implementation 2854:is a format invented by 2601:Progressive presentation 2496:Identifies a Data chunk 1842:, are widely available. 894:"Chunks" within the file 606:Although GIF allows for 498:15948 standard in 2004. 335:, officially pronounced 121:Internet media type 100:to indicate transparency 8337:Alliance for Open Media 5881:"Windows Vista – Icons" 5334:Alliance for Open Media 4640:Significant Bits (sBIT) 3629:Ancillary chunk removal 3621:or in combination with 2884:Alliance for Open Media 2874: 2846: 2806: 2722: 2217:00 00 00 0D 49 48 44 52 2214:89 50 4E 47 0D 0A 1A 0A 2168:89 50 4E 47 0D 0A 1A 0A 1220:contains a keyword and 502:History and development 170:89 50 4e 47 0d 0a 1a 0a 7257:MPEG-1 Layer III (MP3) 6025:Test inline PNG images 5960:Roelofs, Greg (2003). 5887:. 2007. Archived from 3318:Image editing software 3212:as well. In addition, 2999:, Pixel image editor, 2733: 2361:Image is 1 pixel high 2345:Image is 1 pixel wide 2106: 2071: 1870: 1862: 1785:can be "associated" (" 1507: 781: 658:Editor: Thomas Boutell 520:algorithm used in the 198:; 27 years ago 23:. For other uses, see 8275:QuickTime File Format 6331:PBM / PGM / PPM / PNM 6088:Graphics file formats 6046:PNG Adam7 interlacing 5254:Google for Developers 4804:"Introduction to PNG" 3917:zopflipng --filters=p 3796:Similar file formats 3783:JPEG Network Graphics 3772:graphics file formats 3309:Lossy PNG compression 3078:Despite calls by the 2836:, which can compress 2812:Tag Image File Format 2746:lossy encoding method 2730: 2100: 2084:bicubic interpolation 2069: 1868: 1860: 1836:Permissively licensed 1765:Transparency of image 1501: 927:forward compatibility 766: 739:, Willem van Schaik, 733:Glenn Randers-Pehrson 661:Contributing Editor: 467:, encoding the basic 156:UTI conformation 8534:Compression software 8091:MPEG media transport 7168:Sorenson Video/Spark 5521:GNU Operating System 5014:. 21 September 2023. 4667:"PNG News from 2006" 4492:. 21 September 2023. 4473:Embedded ICC profile 3832:better than another. 3665:DEFLATE optimization 3634:this with pngcrush: 2823:Compression Tag 0008 2713:section on animation 2235:00 00 00 00 49 45 4E 2130:(all versions), and 1896:), the pixel above ( 1713:Truecolor and alpha 1690:Grayscale and alpha 1440:Truecolor and alpha 1400:Grayscale and alpha 632:PlayStation Portable 486:and the "image/png" 25:PNG (disambiguation) 8532:for techniques and 8530:Compression methods 7026:HDR Vivid(GY/T 358) 6647:GIF § Metadata 5990:. 10 November 2003. 5986:(Second ed.). 5891:on 11 November 2007 5524:. 16 December 2008. 4978:on 24 January 2009. 4956:on 3 February 2008. 4776:Crocker, Lee Daniel 4718:"Filter Algorithms" 4401:. No Starch Press. 4371:. No Starch Press. 3875:zip format in 7-zip 3649:Filter optimization 2934:programming library 2678:section on filesize 2468:Offset into chunk 2464: 2281: 2200: 2163: 1584: 1323: 1087:: a list of colors. 719:, Dave Martindale, 673:Christian Brunschen 603:) on 3 March 2004. 196:1 October 1996 78: 8564:Graphics standards 5861:on 30 January 2010 4785:Dr. Dobb's Journal 4537:ftp-osl.osuosl.org 3802:for portable icons 3766:Image file formats 3682:compression ratios 3244:compared to GIF's 2734: 2637:Interchangeability 2462: 2285:Offset into chunk 2279: 2198: 2161: 2107: 2072: 2052:Lee Daniel Crocker 1871: 1863: 1747:relative luminance 1582: 1508: 1321: 1131:ICC color profiles 1006:that provides the 873:has been used—the 829:50 4E 47 782: 681:Lee Daniel Crocker 671:, Thomas Boutell, 601:ISO/IEC 15948:2004 107:Filename extension 76: 8569:Image compression 8541: 8540: 8315: 8314: 8233:DivX Media Format 8021: 8020: 7806: 7805: 7206: 7205: 7096:Microsoft Video 1 7031:AVS3 P2(GY/T 368) 7017:(GB/T 20090.2/16) 6692: 6691: 6002:PNG Specification 5834:on 27 August 2011 5802:on 18 August 2011 5598:. 5 October 2004. 5542:. 7 October 1996. 5336:. 8 November 2023 4722:PNG Specification 4334:5.2 PNG signature 4265:. sec. 8.4. 4162:Popular Mechanics 4078:people.apache.org 3819:Explanatory notes 3755:Computer graphics 3719:Icon optimization 3700:contains its own 3614: 3613: 3294:heuristics exist. 3264:File size factors 3186:Microsoft Windows 3111:Internet Explorer 3069:Internet Explorer 3013:operating systems 2918:Microsoft Windows 2871:savings of WebP. 2672:On small images, 2555: 2554: 2460: 2459: 2277: 2276: 2196: 2195: 2103:some web browsers 2024: 2023: 1847:lossy compression 1819:, a non-patented 1732: 1731: 1576: 1575: 1459: 1458: 1333:Bits per channel 1212:ICC color profile 1072:As stated in the 992: 991: 891: 890: 713:Alexander Lehmann 652:computer graphics 646:PNG Working Group 550:recursive acronym 524:(GIF) format was 432:"PNG's not GIF". 430:recursive acronym 326: 325: 181:Developed by 98:graphics software 72: 71: 57: 8596: 8307:VOB, IFO and BUP 8081:Motion JPEG 2000 8032: 8031: 7819: 7818: 7778:aptX Low Latency 7555:Chinese Standard 7219: 7218: 7008:Chinese Standard 6780:Motion JPEG 2000 6749: 6748: 6719: 6712: 6705: 6696: 6695: 6681: 6669: 6668: 6081: 6074: 6067: 6058: 6057: 6018:The Story of PNG 6012:libpng Home Page 5991: 5979: 5967: 5956: 5923: 5922: 5920: 5918: 5907: 5901: 5900: 5898: 5896: 5877: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5866: 5857:. Archived from 5850: 5844: 5843: 5841: 5839: 5830:. Archived from 5818: 5812: 5811: 5809: 5807: 5798:. Archived from 5785: 5779: 5778: 5767: 5761: 5760: 5749: 5743: 5742: 5735: 5729: 5728: 5717: 5711: 5710: 5699: 5693: 5692: 5681: 5675: 5674: 5663: 5657: 5656: 5645: 5639: 5638: 5627: 5621: 5620: 5619:. 14 March 2009. 5613: 5600: 5599: 5586: 5580: 5579: 5568: 5562: 5561: 5550: 5544: 5543: 5536:"PNG Fact Sheet" 5532: 5526: 5525: 5512: 5506: 5505: 5498: 5492: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5477: 5471: 5470: 5468: 5466: 5452: 5446: 5445: 5443: 5441: 5427: 5421: 5420: 5418: 5416: 5402: 5396: 5395: 5393: 5391: 5377: 5371: 5370: 5368: 5366: 5352: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5341: 5326: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5297: 5291: 5290: 5288: 5286: 5271: 5265: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5246: 5240: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5220: 5214: 5213: 5211: 5209: 5194: 5188: 5179: 5160: 5159: 5157: 5155: 5144: 5138: 5137: 5135: 5133: 5123: 5117: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5101: 5095: 5094: 5092: 5090: 5079: 5073: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5062:Ietf Datatracker 5053: 5047: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5036:Ietf Datatracker 5027: 5016: 5015: 5004: 4998: 4997: 4986: 4980: 4979: 4974:. Archived from 4964: 4958: 4957: 4946: 4940: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4921: 4915: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4895: 4889: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4869: 4863: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4847: 4841: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4822: 4816: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4800: 4794: 4793: 4772: 4766: 4765: 4764: 4758: 4732: 4726: 4725: 4714: 4708: 4698: 4692: 4691: 4680: 4671: 4670: 4663: 4657: 4656: 4649: 4643: 4633: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4607: 4601: 4598:Significant bits 4597: 4587: 4581: 4577: 4567: 4561: 4557: 4547: 4541: 4540: 4529: 4523: 4522: 4514: 4508: 4507: 4500: 4494: 4493: 4482: 4476: 4472: 4462: 4456: 4452: 4442: 4436: 4432: 4422: 4416: 4415: 4392: 4386: 4385: 4362: 4353: 4350:5.3 Chunk layout 4343: 4337: 4327: 4321: 4320: 4311: 4309:10.17487/RFC2083 4293: 4287: 4286: 4274: 4272:10.17487/RFC2083 4252: 4246: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4224: 4218: 4215: 4205: 4192: 4191: 4179: 4173: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4159: 4151: 4145: 4144: 4133: 4127: 4126: 4117: 4115:10.17487/RFC2083 4095: 4089: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4069: 4063: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4044: 4038: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4019: 4013: 4003: 3997: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3982:"History of PNG" 3977: 3968: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3948: 3927: 3924: 3918: 3915: 3909: 3906: 3900: 3897: 3891: 3888: 3882: 3864: 3858: 3855: 3849: 3846: 3833: 3829: 3714: 3709: 3695: 3691: 3645: 3468: 3467: 3386:Optimizing tools 3278:ancillary chunks 2981:GraphicConverter 2924:Software support 2819:Lempel–Ziv–Welch 2779: 2465: 2461: 2282: 2278: 2272: 2268: 2265: 2261: 2258: 2254: 2253:..............wS 2250: 2247: 2240: 2236: 2233: 2229: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2215: 2201: 2197: 2190: 2183: 2176: 2169: 2164: 2160: 2020: 1921:Predicted value 1912: 1911: 1585: 1583:PNG color types 1581: 1510: 1509: 1324: 1320: 1307: 1303: 1296: 1290: 1275: 1265: 1258:sRGB color space 1255: 1249: 1243: 1237: 1219: 1209: 1203: 1193: 1183: 1177: 1163: 1145: 1139: 1127:color management 1113:Ancillary chunks 1107: 1099: 1092: 1082: 1047:height (4 bytes) 1040: 959: 958: 920: 912:container format 884: 866: 848: 830: 816: 799: 798: 777:application for 772: 725:Keith S. Pickens 693:Jean-loup Gailly 677:Adam M. Costello 598: 593:color correction 559: 538:Usenet newsgroup 518:data compression 514:Lempel–Ziv–Welch 473:integrity checks 405: 401: 396: 395: 392: 391: 388: 385: 382: 379: 376: 373: 370: 359: 354: 353: 350: 349: 346: 343: 318: 315: 313: 311: 309: 302: 299: 297: 295: 293: 291: 274: 227:Extended to 206: 204: 199: 171: 128: 114: 88: 79: 75: 67: 64: 58: 55: 38: 37: 30: 21:Papua New Guinea 8604: 8603: 8599: 8598: 8597: 8595: 8594: 8593: 8544: 8543: 8542: 8537: 8522: 8496: 8341: 8311: 8169: 8146: 8118: 8095: 8017: 7936: 7834: 7813: 7802: 7598: 7570:(GB/T 33475.3) 7564:(GB/T 20090.10) 7550: 7527: 7499: 7441: 7403: 7318: 7314:MPEG-H 3D Audio 7240:MPEG-1 Layer II 7230: 7213: 7202: 7034: 7003: 6954: 6916: 6864: 6760: 6743: 6736: 6723: 6693: 6688: 6656: 6618: 6560: 6477: 6454: 6090: 6085: 6020:by Greg Roelofs 5998: 5976: 5931: 5929:Further reading 5926: 5916: 5914: 5909: 5908: 5904: 5894: 5892: 5879: 5878: 5874: 5864: 5862: 5851: 5847: 5837: 5835: 5820: 5819: 5815: 5805: 5803: 5786: 5782: 5769: 5768: 5764: 5751: 5750: 5746: 5737: 5736: 5732: 5719: 5718: 5714: 5701: 5700: 5696: 5683: 5682: 5678: 5665: 5664: 5660: 5647: 5646: 5642: 5629: 5628: 5624: 5615: 5614: 5603: 5588: 5587: 5583: 5576:burnallgifs.org 5572:"Burn All GIFs" 5570: 5569: 5565: 5552: 5551: 5547: 5534: 5533: 5529: 5514: 5513: 5509: 5500: 5499: 5495: 5485: 5483: 5479: 5478: 5474: 5464: 5462: 5454: 5453: 5449: 5439: 5437: 5429: 5428: 5424: 5414: 5412: 5404: 5403: 5399: 5389: 5387: 5379: 5378: 5374: 5364: 5362: 5354: 5353: 5349: 5339: 5337: 5328: 5327: 5320: 5310: 5308: 5298: 5294: 5284: 5282: 5272: 5268: 5258: 5256: 5248: 5247: 5243: 5233: 5231: 5221: 5217: 5207: 5205: 5204:. 13 April 2023 5196: 5195: 5191: 5180: 5163: 5153: 5151: 5146: 5145: 5141: 5131: 5129: 5125: 5124: 5120: 5110: 5108: 5103: 5102: 5098: 5088: 5086: 5081: 5080: 5076: 5066: 5064: 5054: 5050: 5040: 5038: 5028: 5019: 5006: 5005: 5001: 4988: 4987: 4983: 4966: 4965: 4961: 4948: 4947: 4943: 4933: 4931: 4923: 4922: 4918: 4908: 4906: 4896: 4892: 4882: 4880: 4870: 4866: 4856: 4854: 4849: 4848: 4844: 4834: 4832: 4824: 4823: 4819: 4809: 4807: 4802: 4801: 4797: 4773: 4769: 4759: 4755: 4737:Graphics Gems 2 4733: 4729: 4716: 4715: 4711: 4699: 4695: 4682: 4681: 4674: 4665: 4664: 4660: 4651: 4650: 4646: 4634: 4630: 4619: 4617: 4609: 4608: 4604: 4595: 4588: 4584: 4575: 4568: 4564: 4555: 4548: 4544: 4531: 4530: 4526: 4515: 4511: 4502: 4501: 4497: 4484: 4483: 4479: 4470: 4463: 4459: 4450: 4443: 4439: 4430: 4423: 4419: 4409: 4393: 4389: 4379: 4363: 4356: 4344: 4340: 4328: 4324: 4294: 4290: 4253: 4249: 4239: 4237: 4225: 4221: 4213: 4206: 4195: 4185: 4180: 4176: 4166: 4164: 4152: 4148: 4143:. 27 July 1996. 4135: 4134: 4130: 4108:. sec. 3. 4096: 4092: 4082: 4080: 4072:Roelofs, Greg. 4070: 4066: 4056: 4054: 4046: 4045: 4041: 4031: 4029: 4021: 4020: 4016: 4004: 4000: 3990: 3988: 3978: 3971: 3961: 3959: 3950: 3949: 3940: 3936: 3931: 3930: 3925: 3921: 3916: 3912: 3907: 3903: 3898: 3894: 3889: 3885: 3865: 3861: 3856: 3852: 3847: 3836: 3830: 3826: 3821: 3751: 3743:Icons for macOS 3721: 3712: 3707: 3693: 3689: 3667: 3651: 3637: 3631: 3576:0–4 or adaptive 3551:0–4 or adaptive 3477:Color reduction 3421: 3388: 3346:Adobe Photoshop 3339:Adobe Fireworks 3320: 3311: 3266: 3250:Adobe Photoshop 3233: 3231:Compared to GIF 3222: 3174: 3099:Mozilla Firefox 3065: 3059: 3047:Adobe Fireworks 3043:distributions. 2961:Adobe Photoshop 2957: 2951: 2926: 2877: 2849: 2826: 2809: 2794: 2777: 2759:generation loss 2725: 2669: 2664: 2658: 2576: 2526:0x63F8CFC00000 2441:Not interlaced 2270: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2262: 2260:....IDAT..c.... 2259: 2256: 2255: 2252: 2251: 2248: 2245: 2238: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2223: 2220: 2219: 2216: 2213: 2191: 2184: 2177: 2170: 2159: 2095: 2080:Adam7 algorithm 2064: 2004: 1981:, rounded down 1855: 1799: 1767: 1682:color, palette 1589: 1568: 1560:for each pixel 1552: 1540: 1528: 1516: 1319: 1305: 1301: 1294: 1288: 1273: 1263: 1253: 1247: 1241: 1235: 1217: 1207: 1201: 1191: 1181: 1175: 1161: 1143: 1137: 1115: 1105: 1097: 1090: 1080: 1044:width (4 bytes) 1038: 1032: 1030:Critical chunks 918: 896: 882: 864: 846: 828: 814: 787: 761: 729:Robert P. Poole 648: 596: 557: 556:, and also the 554:PING is not GIF 510: 504: 410:raster-graphics 403: 399: 367: 363: 357: 340: 336: 322: 306: 303:(specification) 288: 269: 202: 200: 197: 193:Initial release 140: 129: 115: 101: 90: 68: 62: 59: 54: 52: 39: 35: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8602: 8592: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8539: 8538: 8527: 8524: 8523: 8521: 8520: 8518:List of codecs 8515: 8510: 8504: 8502: 8498: 8497: 8495: 8494: 8493: 8492: 8491: 8490: 8485: 8475: 8470: 8465: 8455: 8454: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8428: 8427: 8426: 8421: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8400: 8399: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8374: 8373: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8351: 8349: 8343: 8342: 8340: 8339: 8334: 8329: 8323: 8321: 8320:Collaborations 8317: 8316: 8313: 8312: 8310: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8298: 8297: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8272: 8271: 8270: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8224: 8223: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8177: 8175: 8171: 8170: 8168: 8167: 8162: 8156: 8154: 8148: 8147: 8145: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8128: 8126: 8120: 8119: 8117: 8116: 8111: 8105: 8103: 8097: 8096: 8094: 8093: 8088: 8086:MPEG-21 Part 9 8083: 8078: 8075:MPEG-4 Part 14 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8056: 8055: 8044: 8042: 8029: 8023: 8022: 8019: 8018: 8016: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7944: 7942: 7938: 7937: 7935: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7848: 7846: 7816: 7808: 7807: 7804: 7803: 7801: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7734: 7733: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7655:Monkey's Audio 7652: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7606: 7604: 7600: 7599: 7597: 7596: 7595:(SJ/T 11299.4) 7590: 7585: 7579: 7578: 7577: 7565: 7558: 7556: 7552: 7551: 7549: 7548: 7543: 7537: 7535: 7529: 7528: 7526: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7509: 7507: 7501: 7500: 7498: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7451: 7449: 7443: 7442: 7440: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7413: 7411: 7405: 7404: 7402: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7345: 7344: 7339: 7328: 7326: 7320: 7319: 7317: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7275: 7274: 7269: 7259: 7254: 7252:MPEG-1 Layer I 7249: 7248: 7247: 7236: 7234: 7216: 7208: 7207: 7204: 7203: 7201: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7144: 7143: 7138: 7130: 7129: 7128: 7123: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7042: 7040: 7036: 7035: 7033: 7032: 7029: 7028: 7027: 7018: 7011: 7009: 7005: 7004: 7002: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6965: 6963: 6956: 6955: 6953: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6926: 6924: 6918: 6917: 6915: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6878: 6876: 6866: 6865: 6863: 6862: 6861: 6860: 6858:Part 2 / LCEVC 6855: 6845: 6844: 6843: 6833: 6832: 6831: 6821: 6820: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6799: 6798: 6797: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6766: 6764: 6746: 6738: 6737: 6722: 6721: 6714: 6707: 6699: 6690: 6689: 6687: 6686: 6674: 6661: 6658: 6657: 6655: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6628: 6626: 6620: 6619: 6617: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6570: 6568: 6562: 6561: 6559: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6487: 6485: 6479: 6478: 6476: 6475: 6470: 6464: 6462: 6456: 6455: 6453: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6416: 6415: 6410: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6389: 6388: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6297: 6296: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6100: 6098: 6092: 6091: 6084: 6083: 6076: 6069: 6061: 6055: 6054: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6027: 6022: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5997: 5996:External links 5994: 5993: 5992: 5980: 5974: 5957: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5924: 5902: 5872: 5845: 5813: 5780: 5762: 5744: 5730: 5712: 5694: 5676: 5658: 5640: 5637:. 5 June 2007. 5622: 5601: 5581: 5563: 5545: 5527: 5507: 5493: 5472: 5447: 5422: 5397: 5372: 5360:www.coconut.co 5347: 5318: 5292: 5266: 5241: 5215: 5189: 5161: 5139: 5118: 5096: 5074: 5048: 5017: 4999: 4996:. 24 May 2023. 4981: 4959: 4941: 4916: 4890: 4864: 4842: 4817: 4795: 4767: 4753: 4727: 4709: 4693: 4672: 4658: 4644: 4628: 4602: 4582: 4562: 4542: 4524: 4509: 4495: 4477: 4457: 4437: 4417: 4407: 4387: 4377: 4354: 4338: 4322: 4288: 4247: 4219: 4193: 4174: 4146: 4128: 4090: 4064: 4039: 4014: 3998: 3969: 3958:. 3 March 2004 3937: 3935: 3932: 3929: 3928: 3919: 3910: 3901: 3892: 3883: 3859: 3850: 3834: 3823: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3816: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3804: 3803: 3794: 3793: 3792: 3786: 3780: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3750: 3747: 3720: 3717: 3666: 3663: 3650: 3647: 3643:OutputFile.png 3630: 3627: 3612: 3611: 3608: 3605: 3602: 3599: 3596: 3593: 3587: 3586: 3583: 3580: 3577: 3574: 3571: 3568: 3562: 3561: 3558: 3555: 3552: 3549: 3546: 3543: 3537: 3536: 3533: 3530: 3527: 3524: 3521: 3518: 3514: 3513: 3510: 3507: 3504: 3501: 3498: 3495: 3491: 3490: 3487: 3484: 3481: 3478: 3475: 3472: 3463: 3462: 3456: 3445: 3429: 3420: 3417: 3416: 3415: 3412: 3409: 3408: 3407: 3404: 3401: 3395: 3387: 3384: 3372: 3371: 3368: 3319: 3316: 3310: 3307: 3302: 3301: 3298: 3295: 3291: 3288: 3285: 3282: 3279: 3276: 3273: 3265: 3262: 3232: 3229: 3221: 3218: 3173: 3170: 3169: 3168: 3165: 3162: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3141: 3138: 3135: 3132: 3129: 3115:Microsoft Edge 3061:Main article: 3058: 3055: 2985:Helicon Filter 2973:Paint Shop Pro 2953:Main article: 2950: 2947: 2925: 2922: 2906:Microsoft Edge 2876: 2873: 2848: 2845: 2838:bilevel images 2834:CCITT Group IV 2824: 2808: 2805: 2793: 2790: 2724: 2721: 2717: 2716: 2709: 2702: 2691: 2684: 2681: 2668: 2665: 2660:Main article: 2657: 2654: 2653: 2652: 2646: 2640: 2634: 2628: 2622: 2616: 2610: 2604: 2598: 2592: 2586: 2575: 2572: 2553: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2542: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2531: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2520: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2509: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2498: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2487: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2476: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2458: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2443: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2434: 2431: 2427: 2426: 2423: 2421: 2418: 2415: 2411: 2410: 2407: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2395: 2394: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2379: 2378: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2367: 2363: 2362: 2359: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2347: 2346: 2343: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2331: 2330: 2327: 2324: 2322: 2319: 2315: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2306: 2303: 2299: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2291:Decimal Value 2289: 2286: 2275: 2274: 2242: 2239:44 AE 42 60 82 2209: 2208: 2207:As characters 2205: 2194: 2193: 2186: 2179: 2172: 2171:PNG signature 2158: 2155: 2144:Microsoft Edge 2094: 2091: 2063: 2060: 2022: 2021: 1990: 1987: 1983: 1982: 1973:Mean of bytes 1971: 1968: 1964: 1963: 1956: 1953: 1949: 1948: 1947:(to the left) 1941: 1938: 1934: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1923: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1854: 1851: 1832:Huffman coding 1813: 1812: 1806: 1798: 1795: 1766: 1763: 1754: 1753: 1750: 1736: 1730: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1714: 1711: 1707: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1684: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1661: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1638: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1615: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1601: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1574: 1573: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1561: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1545: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1533: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1521: 1518: 1514: 1457: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1437: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1417: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1397: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1374: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1352: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1335: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1318: 1315: 1310: 1309: 1299: 1292: 1286: 1278:ISO/IEC 8859-1 1271: 1261: 1251: 1245: 1239: 1233: 1215: 1205: 1199: 1189: 1179: 1173: 1159: 1141: 1114: 1111: 1102: 1101: 1095: 1088: 1070: 1069: 1068: 1067: 1060: 1057: 1054: 1051: 1048: 1045: 1031: 1028: 996:case sensitive 990: 989: 986: 980: 977: 973: 972: 969: 966: 963: 895: 892: 889: 888: 885: 879: 878: 867: 861: 860: 849: 843: 842: 837:, the letters 831: 825: 824: 817: 811: 810: 807: 786: 783: 773:viewed with a 767:The PNG image 760: 757: 756: 755: 721:Owen Mortensen 697:Chris Herborth 685:Andreas Dilger 665: 659: 647: 644: 636:Microsoft Edge 503: 500: 484:file extension 475:documented in 428:stood for the 416:that supports 324: 323: 321: 320: 304: 285: 283: 279: 278: 275: 266: 265: 248: 242: 241: 228: 224: 223: 212: 211:Type of format 208: 207: 194: 190: 189: 182: 178: 177: 167: 161: 160: 157: 153: 152: 149: 143: 142: 137: 131: 130: 125: 123: 117: 116: 111: 109: 103: 102: 91: 82: 70: 69: 42: 40: 33: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8601: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8574:ISO standards 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8551: 8549: 8535: 8531: 8525: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8505: 8503: 8499: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8480: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8460: 8459: 8456: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8433: 8432: 8429: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8416: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8379: 8378: 8375: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8357: 8356: 8353: 8352: 8350: 8348: 8344: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8324: 8322: 8318: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8296: 8293: 8292: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8269: 8266: 8265: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8222: 8219: 8218: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8178: 8176: 8172: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8157: 8155: 8153: 8149: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8129: 8127: 8125: 8121: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8106: 8104: 8102: 8098: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8054: 8051: 8050: 8049: 8046: 8045: 8043: 8041: 8037: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8024: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7945: 7943: 7939: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7852:CCITT Group 4 7850: 7849: 7847: 7845: 7841: 7837: 7832: 7828: 7824: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7809: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7783:aptX Adaptive 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7731: 7730: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7607: 7605: 7601: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7583: 7580: 7575: 7572: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7563: 7560: 7559: 7557: 7553: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7538: 7536: 7534: 7533:Bluetooth SIG 7530: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7510: 7508: 7506: 7502: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7452: 7450: 7448: 7444: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7414: 7412: 7410: 7406: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7334: 7333: 7330: 7329: 7327: 7325: 7321: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7279:MPEG Surround 7277: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7264: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7246: 7243: 7242: 7241: 7238: 7237: 7235: 7233: 7228: 7224: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7209: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7133: 7131: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7118: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7043: 7041: 7037: 7030: 7025: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7016: 7013: 7012: 7010: 7006: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6957: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6927: 6925: 6923: 6919: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6879: 6877: 6875: 6871: 6867: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6850: 6849: 6846: 6842: 6839: 6838: 6837: 6834: 6830: 6829:Part 2 / HEVC 6827: 6826: 6825: 6822: 6818: 6817:Part 33 / IVC 6815: 6813: 6812:Part 10 / AVC 6810: 6808: 6805: 6804: 6803: 6800: 6796: 6793: 6792: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6767: 6765: 6763: 6758: 6754: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6739: 6734: 6730: 6727: 6720: 6715: 6713: 6708: 6706: 6701: 6700: 6697: 6685: 6684: 6680: 6675: 6673: 6672: 6663: 6662: 6659: 6653: 6652:Steganography 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6629: 6627: 6625: 6621: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6571: 6569: 6567: 6563: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6488: 6486: 6484: 6480: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6465: 6463: 6461: 6457: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6405: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6387: 6384: 6383: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 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Libpng.org. 4668: 4662: 4654: 4648: 4641: 4637: 4632: 4616: 4612: 4606: 4599: 4591: 4586: 4579: 4571: 4566: 4559: 4551: 4546: 4538: 4534: 4528: 4520: 4513: 4505: 4499: 4491: 4487: 4481: 4474: 4466: 4461: 4454: 4453:Image trailer 4446: 4441: 4434: 4426: 4421: 4414: 4410: 4408:9781593278984 4404: 4400: 4399: 4391: 4384: 4380: 4378:9781593278984 4374: 4370: 4369: 4361: 4359: 4351: 4347: 4342: 4335: 4331: 4326: 4318: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4301: 4300: 4292: 4285: 4281: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4259: 4251: 4236: 4235: 4230: 4223: 4217: 4209: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4189: 4183: 4178: 4163: 4158: 4150: 4142: 4138: 4132: 4124: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4102: 4094: 4079: 4075: 4068: 4053: 4049: 4043: 4028: 4024: 4018: 4011: 4007: 4002: 3987: 3983: 3976: 3974: 3957: 3953: 3947: 3945: 3943: 3938: 3923: 3914: 3905: 3896: 3887: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3863: 3854: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3828: 3824: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3801: 3798: 3797: 3795: 3790: 3787: 3784: 3781: 3778: 3775: 3774: 3773: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3761:Image editing 3759: 3756: 3753: 3752: 3746: 3744: 3740: 3738: 3737:FileOptimizer 3734: 3730: 3726: 3716: 3705: 3703: 3699: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3662: 3658: 3655: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3640:InputFile.png 3635: 3626: 3624: 3620: 3609: 3606: 3603: 3600: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3588: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3575: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3563: 3559: 3556: 3553: 3550: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3538: 3534: 3531: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3519: 3516: 3515: 3511: 3508: 3505: 3502: 3499: 3496: 3493: 3492: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3474:Chunk removal 3473: 3470: 3469: 3466: 3460: 3457: 3454: 3449: 3446: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3430: 3426: 3423: 3422: 3413: 3410: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3392: 3391: 3383: 3380: 3375: 3369: 3366: 3365: 3364: 3361: 3358: 3354: 3349: 3347: 3343: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3323: 3315: 3306: 3299: 3296: 3292: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3280: 3277: 3274: 3271: 3270: 3269: 3261: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3238: 3228: 3227: 3217: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3190:Windows Vista 3187: 3183: 3179: 3166: 3163: 3160: 3156: 3153: 3150: 3147: 3142: 3139: 3136: 3133: 3130: 3127: 3126: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3095:Google Chrome 3092: 3087: 3085: 3081: 3076: 3074: 3070: 3064: 3054: 3052: 3049:(formerly by 3048: 3044: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2956: 2946: 2944: 2940: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2928:The official 2921: 2919: 2915: 2914:Google Chrome 2911: 2907: 2902: 2899: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2862: 2857: 2853: 2844: 2841: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2820: 2815: 2813: 2804: 2802: 2798: 2789: 2787: 2781: 2775: 2770: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2755: 2752: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2729: 2720: 2714: 2710: 2707: 2706:posterization 2703: 2700: 2696: 2695:indexed color 2692: 2690:transparency. 2689: 2688:alpha channel 2685: 2682: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2670: 2663: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2581: 2580: 2579: 2571: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2543: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2532: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2521: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2510: 2506: 2503: 2500: 2499: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2488: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2477: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2466: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2448: 2445: 2444: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2428: 2424: 2422: 2419: 2416: 2413: 2412: 2408: 2406: 2403: 2400: 2397: 2396: 2392: 2390: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2380: 2376: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2364: 2360: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2348: 2344: 2342: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2332: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2316: 2312: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2300: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2283: 2273: 2243: 2241: 2211: 2210: 2202: 2187: 2180: 2178:Image header 2173: 2166: 2165: 2154: 2151: 2147: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2112: 2104: 2099: 2090: 2087: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2068: 2059: 2055: 2053: 2047: 2045: 2044:Haar wavelets 2041: 2038:, and to the 2037: 2036:lossless JPEG 2033: 2029: 2028:Alan W. 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